List of Heads of State 1939

Overview
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: King Faruq (1936–1952)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha ( 1928–1929 , 1937–18 August 1939)
  - Prime Minister Ali Maher Pascha ( 1936 , August 18, 1939–1940, 1942, 1952 )

Ethiopia (occupied by Italy 1936–1941)
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974) (1916–1930 regent, 1936–1941 in exile)

Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President Edwin Barclay (1930–1944)

South Africa
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  - Governor General : Patrick Duncan (1937–1943)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister J.BM Hertzog (1924–5 September 1939)
  - Prime Minister Jan Smuts ( 1919–1924 , September 5, 1939–1948)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  - Governor General : John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1935–1940)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1921–1926, 1926–1930 , 1935–1948)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934–1940)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President León Cortés Castro (1936–1940)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado (1938–1940)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez ( 1931–1934 , 1935–1944)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1931–1944)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Sténio Vincent (1930–1941)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Tiburcio Carías Andino (1933–1949)

Cuba
- Head of State and Government: President Federico Laredo Brú (1936–1940)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Anastasio Somoza García (1937–1947, 1950–1956 )

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Juan Demóstenes Arosemena Barreati (1936– December 16, 1939)
  - President Ezequiel Fernández Jaén (December 16, 1939– December 18, 1939) (acting)
  - President Augusto Samuel Boyd (December 18, 1939–1940) (Acting)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Roberto María Ortiz (1938–1942)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Germán Busch ( 1936 , 1937–23 August 1939) (until 1938 chairman of the government junta)
  - President Carlos Quintanilla Quiroga (August 23, 1939–1940) (Acting)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954 )

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938–1941)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Aurelio Mosquera Narváez (1938– November 17, 1939)
  - President Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río (November 17, 1939– December 11, 1939, 1940–1944 ) (acting)
  - President Andrés Córdova (December 11, 1939–1940) (acting)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Santos (1938–1942)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Félix Paiva (1937–15 August 1939)
  - President José Félix Estigarribia (August 15, 1939–1940)

Peru
- Head of State:
  - President Oscar R. Benavides ( 1914–1915 , 1933– December 8, 1939)
  - President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (December 8, 1939–1945, 1956–1962 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ernesto Montagne (1936-12 April 1939)
  - Prime Minister Alberto Rey de Castro y Romaña (April 12, 1939– December 8, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Alfredo Solf y Muro (December 8, 1939–1944)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Baldomir (1938–1943)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Eleazar López Contreras ( 1935–1936 , 1936–1941)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)

China
- Head of State: Chairman of the National Government Lin Sen (1931–1943)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Executive Yuan HH Kung (1938-20 November 1939)
  - Chairman of the Executive Yuan Chiang Kai-shek (November 20, 1939–1945)

British India
- Emperor : George VI. (1936–1947)
- Viceroy : Victor Alexander John Hope (1936–1943)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Prince Konoe Fumimaro (1937–5 January 1939)
  - Prime Minister Hiranuma Kiichirō (January 5 - August 30, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Abe Nobuyuki (August 30, 1939–1940)

Manchukuo (controversial)
- Head of State: Emperor Puyi (1932–1945)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Zhang Jinghui (1935–1945)

Nepal

Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1932–1945)

Siam (today: Thailand)

Head of State: King Ananda Mahidol (1935–1946)

Head of Government: Field Marshal Phibul Songkhram (1938–1944)

Middle East

Iraq
- Head of State:
  - King Ghazi (1933– April 4, 1939)
  - King Faisal II (April 4, 1939-1958)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (1938–1940)

Yemen
- Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

Persia (today: Iran)
- Head of State: Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941)
- Head of Government:?

Saudi Arabia
- Head of state and head of government: King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (1932–1953)

Transjordan (today: Jordan )
- Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State: King Mohammed Sahir Shah (1933–1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (1929–1946)

Mongolia
- Head of State: Chairman of the Great State Chural Dansranbilegiin Dogsom (1936– July 9, 1939)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Anandyn Amar (1936–7 March 1939)
  - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Chorloogiin Tschoibalsan (March 24, 1939–1952)

Tibet (controversial)
- Ruler: Dalai Lama Tendzin Gyatsho (1935–1951)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General: Earl Alexander Hore-Ruthven (1936–1945)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Joseph Lyons (1932– April 7, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Earle Page (April 7 - April 26, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Robert Menzies (April 26, 1939-1941)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Governor General: Viscount George Monckton-Arundell (1935–1941)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage (1935–1940)

Europe

Albania (occupied by Italy 1939–1943)
- Head of State:
  - King Ahmet Zogu (1925–8 April 1939, 1943–1946 )
  - King Victor Emmanuel III (April 16, 1939–1943) (1936–1941 Emperor of Ethiopia, 1900–1946 King of Italy)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kostaq Kota ( 1928–1930 , 1936–8 April 1939)
  - Prime Minister Shefqet Vërlaci ( 1924 , April 12, 1939–1941)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Leopold III. (1934–1951) (1940–1945 in German captivity, 1945–1950 in exile in Switzerland)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak (1938–22 February 1939, 1946, 1947–1949 )
  - Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot (February 22, 1939–1945) (1940–1944 in exile)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Georgi Kjosseiwanow (1935–1940)

Denmark
- Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ( 1924–1926 , 1929–1942)

German Empire
- Head of State and Government: "Führer and Reich Chancellor" Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Konstantin Päts ( 1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933 , 1933–1940) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kaarel Eenpalu (1938– October 12, 1939) (1932 President)
  - Prime Minister Jüri Uluots (October 12, 1939–1940)

Finland
- Head of State: President Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940) (1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1936–1937 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander ( 1922, 1924 , 1937–1 December 1939)
  - Prime Minister Risto Ryti (December 1, 1939–1940) (President 1940–1944)

France
- Head of State: President Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
- Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Édouard Daladier ( 1933, 1934 , 1938–1940)

Greece
- Head of State: King George II ( 1922–1924 , 1935–1947) (1941–1946 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (1936–1941)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Douglas Hyde (1938–1945)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Éamon de Valera (1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959 ) (1959–1973 President)

Italy

Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)

Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)

Yugoslavia
- Head of State: King Peter II (1934–1945) (1941–1945 in exile)
  - Regent: Prince Paul (1934–1941)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović (1935–5 February 1939)
  - Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković (February 5, 1939–1941)

Latvia
- Head of State: President Kārlis Ulmanis (1936–1940) (1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931 , 1934–1940) (1936–1940 President)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Franz Josef II. (1938–1989)
- Head of Government Josef Hoop (1928–1945)

Lithuania
- Head of State: President Antanas Smetona ( 1918–1920 , 1926–1940)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vladas Mironas (1938–28 March 1939)
  - Prime Minister Jonas Černius (March 28, 1939– November 21, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Antanas Merkys (November 21, 1939–1940)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Pierre Dupong (1937–1953) (1940–1945 in exile)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Roblot (1937–1944)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn ( 1925–1926 , 1933–1939)
  - Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer ( 1926–1929 , 10 August 1939–1940) (in exile from 1940)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold (1935–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)

Poland
- Head of State: President Ignacy Mościcki (1926-30 September 1939)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (1936–30 September 1939)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Óscar Carmona (1925–1951)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (1932–1968)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles II (1930–1940)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Miron Cristea (1938–6 March 1939)
  - Prime Minister Armand Călinescu (March 7 - September 21, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Gheorghe Argeşanu (September 21 - September 28, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Constantin Argetoianu (September 28 - November 24, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu (November 24, 1939–1940)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Carlo Balsimelli ( 1920–1921, 1933–1934 , 1938–1 April 1939, 1942–1943 ) and Celio Gozi (1938–1 April 1939, 1942 )
  - Pompeo Righi ( 1932, 1935–1936 , April 1, 1939– October 1, 1939) and Marino Morri ( 1927, 1931–1932, 1935–1936 , April 1, 1939– October 1, 1939)
  - Marino Michelotti ( 1934–1935 , October 1, 1939–1940, 1943 ) and Orlando Reffi (October 1, 1939–1940)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson (1936–1946)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Philipp Etter (1939, 1942, 1947, 1953 )
- Federal Council :
  - Giuseppe Motta (1911-1940)
  - Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1929-1944)
  - Rudolf Minger (1930–1940)
  - Philipp Etter (1934–1959)
  - Johannes Baumann (1934–1940)
  - Hermann Obrecht (1935–1940)
  - Ernst Wetter (January 1, 1939–1943)

Slovakia
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jozef Tiso (March 14 - October 26, 1939)
  - Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka (October 27, 1939–1944)
- Head of State: Jozef Tiso (October 26, 1939–1945)

Soviet Union
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Kalinin (1922–1946)
- Head of Government (nominal) : Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vyacheslav Molotov (1930–1941)
- Head of Government (de facto) : General Secretary of the CPSU Josef Stalin (1922–1953)

Spain ( civil war )
- Spanish Republic
  - Head of State:
    - President Manuel Azaña (1936– March 1, 1939)
    - (officiating) Diego Martínez Barrio (March 1 – March 4, 1939)
    - President of the National Defense Council (incumbent) Segismundo Casado (March 4 - March 13, 1939)
    - President of the National Defense Council José Miaja (March 13 - March 25, 1939)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Juan Negrín (1937–6 March 1939)
- Estado Español
  - Head of State:
    - Caudillo Francisco Franco (1936–1975)
  - Head of Government:
    - District President Francisco Franco (1938–1973)

Czechoslovakia (occupied March 15 by the German Empire and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovakia)
- Head of State: President Emil Hácha (1938–15 March 1939)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rudolf Beran (1938–15 March 1939)

Turkey
- Head of State: President İsmet İnönü (1938–1950)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Celâl Bayar (1937-25 January 1939)
  - Prime Minister Refik Saydam (January 25 - April 3, 1939)

Hungary
- Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Béla Imrédy (1938–16 February 1939)
  - Prime Minister Pál Teleki (February 16, 1939–1941)

Vatican city
- Head of State:
  - Pope Pius XI (1929-10 February 1939)
  - Pope Pius XII (March 2, 1939–1958)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1937-1940)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares