List of Heads of State 1944

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt
  • Head of State: King Faruq (1936–1952)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Mustafa an-Nahhas Pascha ( 1928, 1930, 1936–1937 , 1942–10 October 1944, 1950–1952 )
    • Prime Minister Ahmed Maher Pasha (October 10, 1944–1945)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State: Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974) (1916–1930 regent, 1936–1941 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Makonnen Endelkachew (1943–1957)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Edwin Barclay (1930– Jan 3, 1944)
    • President William S. Tubman (January 3, 1944–1971)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
    • Governor General : Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet (1943–1946) (acting)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Smuts ( 1919–1924 , 1939–1948)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
    • Governor General : Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1940–1946) (1924–1931 Governor General of South Africa)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1921–1926, 1926–1930 , 1935–1948)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–1946)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (1940–8 May 1944)
    • President Teodoro Picado Michalski (May 8, 1944–1948)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government: President Rafael Trujillo ( 1930–1938 , 1942–1952)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez ( 1931–1934 , 1935– May 9, 1944)
    • President Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (May 9, 1944– October 20, 1944) (acting)
    • President Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (October 20, 1944–1945) (acting)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1931– July 4, 1944)
    • President Juan Federico Ponce Vaidez (July 4, 1944– October 20, 1944) ( Acting )
    • Revolutionary government junta Francisco Javier Arana , Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán , Jorge Toriello Garrido (October 20, 1944–1945)

• Haiti
  • Head of State or Government: President Élie Lescot (1941–1946)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Tiburcio Carías Andino (1933–1949)

• Cuba
  • Head of State:
    • President Fulgencio Batista (1940-10 October 1944, 1952-1959 )
    • President Ramón Grau San Martín ( 1933–1934 , October 10, 1944–1948)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ramón Zaydín y Márquez Sterling (1942–16 March 1944)
    • Prime Minister Anselmo Alliegro y Milá (March 16, 1944– October 10, 1944) (President 1959)
    • Prime Minister Félix Lancís Sánchez (1944–13 October 1945, 1950–1951 )

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Anastasio Somoza García (1937–1947, 1950–1956 )

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government: President Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango (1941–1945)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1943– March 9, 1944)
    • President Edelmiro Julián Farrell (February 25, 1944–1946) (acting until March 9, 1944)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government: President Gualberto Villarroel López (1943–1946)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954 )

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (1942–1946)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río ( 1939 , 1940–29 May 1944)
    • President Julio Teodoro Salem (May 29, 1944– May 31, 1944) (acting)
    • President José María Velasco Ibarra ( 1934–1935 , May 31, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, 1968–1972 )

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfonso López Pumarejo ( 1934–1938 , 1942–1945)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Higinio Morínigo (1940–1948) (provisional until 1943)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1939–1945, 1956–1962 )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Alfredo Solf y Muro (1939–3 December 1944)
    • Prime Minister Manuel Cisneros Sánchez (December 3, 1944–1945, 1956–1958 )

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Juan José de Amézaga (1943–1947)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Isaías Medina Angarita (1941–1945)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)

• China
  • Head of State: Chairman of the National Government Chiang Kai-shek (1943–1948)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Executive Yuan Chiang Kai-shek (1939–1945)

• British India
  • Emperor : George VI. (1936–1947)
  • Viceroy : Archibald Wavell (1943–1947)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Tōjō Hideki (1941–22 July 1944)
    • Prime Minister Koiso Kuniaki (July 22, 1944–1945)

• Manchukuo (controversial)
  • Head of State: Emperor Puyi (1932–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Zhang Jinghui (1935–1945)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1932–1945)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Head of State: King Ananda Mahidol (1935–1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Field Marshal Phibul Songkhram (1938–1 August 1944)
    • Major Kuang Abhayawongse (August 1, 1944–1945)

Middle East

• Iraq
  • Head of State: King Faisal II (1939-1958)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (1941–3 June 1944)
    • Prime Minister Hamdi al-Patschatschi (1944–1946)

• Iran
  • Head of State: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941–1979)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ali Soheili (1943–1944)
    • Prime Minister Mohammad Saed (1944)

• Yemen
  • Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

• Saudi Arabia
  • Head of state and head of government: King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (1932–1953)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Head of State: King Mohammed Sahir Shah (1933–1973)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (1929–1946)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Great State Chural Gontschigiin Bumtsend (1940–1953)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Chorloogiin Tschoibalsan (1939–1952)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Tendzin Gyatsho (1935–1951)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Governor General: Earl Alexander Hore-Ruthven (1936–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister John Curtin (1941–1945)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Governor General: Marshal Baron Cyril Newall (1941–1946)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter Fraser (1940–1949)

Europe

• Albania (occupied by Germany 1943–1944)
  • Party leader: Secretary of the Central Committee Enver Hoxha (1941–1985) (1944–1954 Prime Minister)
  • Head of State:
    • Chairman of the Regency Council Mehdi Bej Frashëri (1943–28 November 1944)
    • Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Omer Nishani (May 26, 1944–1953)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister
    • Prime Minister Rexhep Mitrovica (1943–18 July 1944)
    • Prime Minister Fiqri Dine (July 18, 1944– September 7, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ibrahim Biçakçiu (September 7, 1944– October 26, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Enver Hoxha (October 22, 1944–1954) (1941–1985 party leader)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France :
      • Henri Philippe Pétain (1940–1944)
      • Charles de Gaulle (1944-1946)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Ramon Iglésias Navarri (1940–1969)

• Belgium (occupied by Germany 1940–1944)
  • Head of State: King Leopold III. (1934–1951) (1940–1945 in German captivity, 1945–1950 in exile in Switzerland)
    • Military governor: Alexander von Falkenhausen (1940–18 July 1944)
    • Reich Commissioner Josef Grohé (July 18, 1944 - September 1944)
    • Regent: Prince Karl (September 20, 1944–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot (1939–1945) (1940–1944 in exile)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Simeon II (1943–1946) (Prime Minister 2001–2005)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dobri Boschilow (1943–1 June 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov (June 1, 1944– September 2, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Konstantin Muraviev (September 2, 1944– September 9, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Kimon Georgiev ( 1934–1935 , September 9, 1944–1946)

• Denmark (occupied by Germany 1940–1945)
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Erik Scavenius (1942–1945)

• German Empire
  • Head of State and Government: "Führer and Reich Chancellor" Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)

• Finland
  • Head of State:
    • President Risto Ryti (1940–4 August 1944) (1939–1940 Prime Minister)
    • President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (August 4, 1944–1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Edwin Linkomies (1943–8 August 1944)
    • Prime Minister Antti Hackzell (August 8, 1944– September 21, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Urho Castrén (September 21, 1944– November 17, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Juho Kusti Paasikivi ( 1918 , November 17, 1944–1946) (1946–1956 President)

• France (occupied by Germany 1940 – July 1944; government controlled by the so-called Vichy regime in the east and south of Germany)
  • Head of State: Head of State Philippe Pétain (1940–20 August 1944) (1940–1942 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Pierre Laval ( 1931–1932, 1935–1936 , 1942–17 August 1944)
  • Head of State and Government: President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic Charles de Gaulle (August 20, 1944–1946) (President 1959–1969; Prime Minister 1958–1959)

• Greece (1941–1944 occupied by Germany and (until 1943) Italy)
  • Head of State: King George II ( 1922–1924 , 1935–1947) (1941–1946 in exile)
    • Regent Damaskinos Papandreou (November 30, 1944–1946) (1945 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Emmanouil Tsouderos (1941-14 April 1944) (in exile from 1941)
    • Prime Minister Sophoklis Venizelos (April 14, 1944– April 26, 1944, 1950, 1950–1951 ) (in exile)
    • Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou (April 26, 1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965 ) (in exile until October 18, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis (1943–1944) (government under the control of the Axis powers)

• Ireland
  • Head of State: President Douglas Hyde (1938–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Éamon de Valera (1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959 ) (1959–1973 President)

• Iceland (independent since June 17, 1944)
  • Head of State: President Sveinn Björnsson (June 17, 1944–1952)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Björn Þórðarson (June 17, 1944– October 21, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ólafur Thors (October 21, 1944–1947, 1949–1950, 1953–1956, 1959–1963 )

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio (1943–9 June 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ivanoe Bonomi ( 1921–1922 , June 9, 1944–1945)
  • Republic of Salò (in northern Italy occupied by Germany)
    • Head of State and Government: Benito Mussolini (1943–1945)

• Yugoslavia (occupied by Germany from 1941 to 1945 and Italy (until 1943))
  • Head of State: King Peter II (1934–1945) (1941–1945 in exile)

• Croatia (1941-1945 under the sovereignty of Germany and (until 1943) Italy)
  • Head of State: "Führer" Ante Pavelić (1943–1945) (1941–1943 Head of Government)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Mandić (1943–1945)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Franz Josef II. (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government Josef Hoop (1928–1945)

• Luxembourg (occupied by Germany 1940–11 September 1944)
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Pierre Dupong (1937–1953) (1940–1945 in exile)
• CdZ area Luxembourg
  • Head of Civil Administration Gustav Simon (1940–11 September 1944)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government:
    • Minister of State Émile Roblot (1937–29 September 1944)
    • Minister of State Pierre Blanchy (September 29, 1944– October 13, 1944, 1949, 1962–1963 ) (acting)
    • Minister of State Pierre de Witasse (October 13, 1944–1948)

• Netherlands (occupied by Germany 1940–1945)
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (1940–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Reichskommissar Arthur Seyß-Inquart (1940–1945) (1938 Federal Chancellor of Austria)

• Norway (occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945)
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold (1935–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Reich Commissioner Josef Terboven (1940–1945)
  • Prime Minister Vidkun Quisling ( 1940 , 1942–1945)

• Netherlands (occupied)
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
  • Governor: Reich Commissioner Arthur Seyß-Inquart (1940–1945)

• Norway ( occupied )
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957)
  • Governor: Reich Commissioner Josef Terboven (1940–1945)

• Poland (controversial)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Osóbka-Morawski (July 22, 1944–1947)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President Óscar Carmona (1925–1951)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (1932–1968)

• Romania (occupied from September)
  • Head of State: King Michael I (1940–1947)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ion Antonescu (1940-23 August 1944)
    • Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu (23 August-27 August 1944)
    • Prime Minister Constantin Sănătescu (August 27 - December 2, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Nicolae Rădescu (December 2, 1944–1945)

• San Marino
  • Capitani Reggenti :
    • Marino Della Balda ( 1921 , 1943–1 April 1944, 1947, 1950–1951 ) and Luigi Zafferani (1943–1 April 1944)
    • Francesco Balsimelli (April 1, 1944– October 1, 1944) and Sanzio Valentini (April 1, 1944– October 1, 1944)
    • Teodoro Lonfernini (October 1, 1944–1945) and Leonida Suzzi Valli (October 1, 1944–1945, 1963 )

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson (1936–1946)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Walther Stampfli (1944)
  • Federal Council :
    • Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1929–31 December 1944)
    • Philipp Etter (1934–1959)
    • Enrico Celio (1940–1950)
    • Walther Stampfli (1940–1947)
    • Karl Kobelt (1941–1954)
    • Eduard von Steiger (1941–1951)
    • Ernst Nobs (January 1, 1944–1951)

• Slovakia
  • Head of State: Jozef Tiso (1939–1945)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka (1939–5 September 1944)
    • Prime Minister Štefan Tiso (September 5, 1944–1945)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (1922–1946)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Josef Stalin (1941–1953)

• Spain
  • Head of State and Government: General Francisco Franco (1939–1975)

• Turkey
  • Head of State: President İsmet İnönü (1938–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu (1942–1946)

• Hungary
  • Head of State:
    • Reich Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–15 October 1944)
    • "Leader of the Hungarian Nation" Ferenc Szálasi (October 16, 1944–1945)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Miklós Kállay (1942–23 March 1944)
    • Prime Minister Döme Sztójay (March 23 - August 29, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Géza Lakatos (August 29 - October 15, 1944)
    • Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi (October 15, 1944–1945)

• Vatican city
  • Head of State: Pope Pius XII. (1939-1958)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1940–1945)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares