List of heads of state 1940

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt
  • Head of State: King Faruq (1936–1952)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ali Maher Pascha ( 1936 , 1939–28 June 1940, 1942, 1952 )
    • Prime Minister Hassan Sabry Pascha (June 28, 1940– November 14, 1940)
    • Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pascha (November 15, 1940–1942, 1949–1950, 1952 )

• Ethiopia (occupied by Italy 1936–1941)
  • Head of State and Government: Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974) (1916–1930 regent, 1936–1941 in exile)

• Liberia
  • Head of State and Government: President Edwin Barclay (1930–1944)

• South Africa
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
    • Governor General : Patrick Duncan (1937–1943)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Smuts ( 1919–1924 , 1939–1948)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
    • Governor General :
      • John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1935-11 February 1940)
      • Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (February 11, 1940-1946) (1924-1931 Governor General of South Africa)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1921–1926, 1926–1930 , 1935–1948)

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934-30 November 1940)
    • President Manuel Ávila Camacho (December 1, 1940–1946)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Central America

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President León Cortés Castro (1936– May 8, 1940)
    • President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (May 8, 1940–1944)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado (1938–7 March 1940)
    • President Manuel de Jesus Troncoso de la Concha (March 7, 1940–1942)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez ( 1931–1934 , 1935–1944)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government: President Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1931–1944)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government: President Sténio Vincent (1930–1941)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government: President Tiburcio Carías Andino (1933–1949)

• Cuba
  • Head of State:
    • President Federico Laredo Brú (1936-10 October 1940)
    • President Fulgencio Batista (October 10, 1940-1944, 1952-1959 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Saladrigas y Zayas (October 10, 1940–1942) (newly created office)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Anastasio Somoza García (1937–1947, 1950–1956 )

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Augusto Samuel Boyd (1939–1 October 1940) ( Acting )
    • President Arnulfo Arias Madrif (October 1, 1940–1941, 1949–1951, 1968 )

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Roberto María Ortiz (1938–1942)
    • President Ramón Castillo (July 3, 1940–1943) (acting until 1942)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Carlos Quintanilla Quiroga (1939– April 15, 1940) ( Acting )
    • President Enrique Peñaranda del Castillo (April 15, 1940–1943)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Getúlio Vargas (1930–1945, 1951–1954 )

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938–1941)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Andrés Córdova (1939–10 August 1940) (acting)
    • President Julio Enrique Moreno ( 1926 , August 10, 1940– September 1, 1940) (acting)
    • President Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río ( 1939 , September 1, 1940–1944)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Santos (1938–1942)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President José Félix Estigarribia (1939–7 September 1940)
    • President Alejandro Marín Iglesias (September 7, 1940– September 8, 1940) ( Acting )
    • President Higinio Morínigo (September 8, 1940–1948) (acting until 1943)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1939–1945, 1956–1962 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Alfredo Solf y Muro (1939–1944)

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Baldomir (1938–1943)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Eleazar López Contreras ( 1935–1936 , 1936–1941)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bhutan
  • Ruler: King Jigme Wangchuk (1926–1952)

• China
  • Head of State: Chairman of the National Government Lin Sen (1931–1943)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Executive Yuan Chiang Kai-shek (1939–1945)

• British India
  • Emperor : George VI. (1936–1947)
  • Viceroy : Victor Alexander John Hope (1936–1943)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Abe Nobuyuki (1939–16 January 1940)
    • Prime Minister Yonai Mitsumasa (January 16 - July 22, 1940)
    • Prime Minister Prince Konoe Fumimaro (July 22, 1940–1941)

• Manchukuo (controversial)
  • Head of State: Emperor Puyi (1932–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Zhang Jinghui (1935–1945)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Tribhuvan (1911–1955)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1932–1945)

• Siam (today: Thailand)
  • Head of State: King Ananda Mahidol (1935–1946)
  • Head of Government: Field Marshal Phibul Songkhram (1938–1944)

Middle East

• Iraq
  • Head of State: King Faisal II (1939-1958)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Nuri as-Said (1938-21 March 1940)
    • Prime Minister Raschid Ali al-Gailani (March 21, 1940–1941)

• Yemen
  • Ruler: King Yahya bin Muhammad (1918–1948)

• Persia (today: Iran)
  • Head of State: Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941)
  • Head of Government:?

• Saudi Arabia
  • Head of state and head of government: King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (1932–1953)

• Transjordan (today: Jordan )
  • Ruler: Emir Abdallah ibn Husain I (1921–1951)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Head of State: King Mohammed Sahir Shah (1933–1973)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (1929–1946)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Great State Chural Gontschigiin Bumtsend (July 6, 1940–1953)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Chorloogiin Tschoibalsan (1939–1952)

• Tibet (controversial)
  • Ruler: Dalai Lama Tendzin Gyatsho (1935–1951)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Governor General: Earl Alexander Hore-Ruthven (1936–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Menzies (1939–1941)

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Governor General: Viscount George Monckton-Arundell (1935–1941)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage (1935-27 March 1940)
    • Prime Minister Peter Fraser (March 27, 1940-1949)

Europe

• Albania (occupied by Italy 1939–1943)
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1939–1943) (1936–1941 Emperor of Ethiopia, 1900–1946 King of Italy)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Shefqet Vërlaci ( 1924 , 1939–1941)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France :
      • Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
      • Henri Philippe Pétain (1940–1944)
    • Bishop of Urgell :
      • Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (1920–1940)
      • Ramon Iglésias Navarri (1940–1969)

• Belgium (occupied by Germany 1940–1944)
  • Military governor: Alexander von Falkenhausen (May 20, 1940–1944)
  • Head of State: King Leopold III. (1934–1951) (1940–1945 in German captivity, 1945–1950 in exile in Switzerland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot (1939–1945) (1940–1944 in exile)

• Bulgaria
  • Head of State: Tsar Boris III. (1918–1943)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Georgi Kjosseiwanow (1935–15 February 1940)
    • Prime Minister Bogdan Filow (February 15, 1940–1943)

• Denmark (occupied by Germany April 1940–1945)
  • Head of State: King Christian X (1912–1947) (1918–1944 King of Iceland)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ( 1924–1926 , 1929–1942)

• German Empire
  • Head of State and Government: "Führer and Reich Chancellor" Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)

• Estonia (occupied by the Soviet Union on June 17, 1940; incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 6, 1940)
  • Head of State: President Konstantin Päts ( 1921–1922, 1923–1924, 1931–1932, 1932–1933 , 1933–23 July 1940) (1918–1919, 1934–1937 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jüri Uluots (1939–21 June 1940)

• Finland
  • Head of State:
    • President Kyösti Kallio (1937–19 December 1940) (1922–1924, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1936–1937 Prime Minister)
    • President Risto Ryti (December 19, 1940–1944) (acting until December 21, 1940) (Prime Minister 1939–1940)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Risto Ryti (1939–21 December 1940) (1940–1944 President)
    • Prime Minister Rudolf Walden (December 21, 1940–1941) (acting)

• France (from July 1940 west and north of France occupied by Germany)
  • Head of State:
    • President Albert Lebrun (1932–11 July 1940)
    • Head of State Philippe Pétain (July 11, 1940–1944) (1940–1942 President of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government:
    • President of the Council of Ministers Édouard Daladier ( 1933, 1934 , 1938– March 21, 1940)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Paul Reynaud (March 21, 1940– June 16, 1940)
    • President of the Council of Ministers Philippe Pétain (June 16, 1940–1942) (Head of State 1940–1944)

• Greece
  • Head of State: King George II ( 1922–1924 , 1935–1947) (1941–1946 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (1936–1941)

• Ireland
  • Head of State: President Douglas Hyde (1938–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Éamon de Valera (1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959 ) (1959–1973 President)

• Italy
  • Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
  • Head of Government: Duce Benito Mussolini (1922–1943)

• Yugoslavia
  • Head of State: King Peter II (1934–1945) (1941–1945 in exile)
    • Regent: Prince Paul (1934–1941)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković (1939–1941)

• Latvia (occupied by the Soviet Union on June 17, 1940; incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940)
  • Head of State:
    • President Kārlis Ulmanis (1936–21 July 1940) (1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940 Prime Minister)
    • President Augusts Kirhenšteins (July 21, 1940– August 25, 1940) (Prime Minister 1940)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis ( 1918–1919, 1919–1921, 1925–1926, 1931 , 1934–19 June 1940) (1936–1940 President)
    • Prime Minister Augusts Kirhenšteins (June 19, 1940– August 25, 1940) (1940 President)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Franz Josef II. (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government Josef Hoop (1928–1945)

• Lithuania (occupied by the Soviet Union on June 15, 1940; incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 3, 1940)
  • Head of State:
    • President Antanas Smetona ( 1918–1920 , 1926–15 June 1940)
    • President Antanas Merkys (June 15, 1940– June 17, 1940) ( Acting ) (Prime Minister 1939–1940)
    • President Justas Paleckis (June 17, 1940– August 3, 1940) (1940 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Antanas Merkys (1939–1940) (1940 President)
    • Prime Minister Justas Paleckis (June 17, 1940– June 24, 1940) (1940 President)
    • Prime Minister Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius (June 24, 1940– August 25, 1940) (acting)

• Luxembourg (occupied by Germany May 10, 1940-1944)
  • Head of State: Grand Duchess Charlotte (1919–1964) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Pierre Dupong (1937–1953) (1940–1945 in exile)
• CdZ area Luxembourg
  • Head of Civil Administration Gustav Simon (August 7, 1940–1944)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince Louis II (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State Émile Roblot (1937–1944)

• Netherlands (occupied by Germany May 10, 1940-1945)
  • Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer ( 1926–1929 , 1939–1940) (in exile from 1940)
    • Prime Minister Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (September 3, 1940–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • German military commander Alexander von Falkenhausen (May 20, 1940– May 29, 1940)
  • Reichskommissar Arthur Seyß-Inquart (May 29, 1940–1945) (1938 Federal Chancellor of Austria)

• Norway (occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945)
  • Head of State: King Haakon VII (1906–1957) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold (1935–1945) (1940–1945 in exile)
  • Reich Commissioner Josef Terboven (April 25, 1940–1945)
  • Prime Minister Vidkun Quisling (April 9, 1940– April 15, 1940, 1942–1945 )

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President Óscar Carmona (1925–1951)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (1932–1968)

• Romania
  • Head of State:
    • King Charles II (1930–6 September 1940)
    • King Michael I (September 6, 1940-1947)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu (1939–4 July 1940)
    • Prime Minister Ion Gigurtu (July 4 - September 4, 1940)
    • Prime Minister Ion Antonescu (September 4, 1940–1944)

• San Marino
  • • Marino Michelotti ( 1934–1935 , 1939–1 April 1940, 1943 ) and Orlando Reffi (1939–1 April 1940)
    • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi ( 1911–1912, 1917–1918, 1924, 1931, 1934–1935 , April 1, 1940– October 1, 1940) and Filippo Mularoni ( 1923, 1929 , April 1, 1940– October 1, 1940)
    • Federico Gozi ( 1935 , October 1, 1940–1941) and Salvatore Foschi ( 1935 , October 1, 1940–1941)

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Gustav V (1907–1950)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson (1936–1946)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Marcel Pilet-Golaz ( 1934 , 1940)
  • Federal Council :
    • Giuseppe Motta (1911-23 January 1940)
    • Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1929-1944)
    • Rudolf Minger (1930–31 December 1940)
    • Philipp Etter (1934–1959)
    • Johannes Baumann (1934–31 December 1940)
    • Hermann Obrecht (1935–31 July 1940)
    • Ernst Wetter (1939–1943)
    • Enrico Celio (February 22, 1940–1950)
    • Walther Stampfli (August 1, 1940-1947)

• Slovakia
  • Head of State: Jozef Tiso (1939–1945)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka (1939–1944)

• Soviet Union
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Kalinin (1922–1946)
  • Head of Government (nominal) : Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vyacheslav Molotov (1930–1941)
  • Head of Government (de facto) : General Secretary of the CPSU Josef Stalin (1922–1953)

• Spain
  • Head of State and Government: General Francisco Franco (1939–1975)

• Turkey
  • Head of State: President İsmet İnönü (1938–1950)
  • Head of Government:?

• Hungary
  • Head of State: Imperial Administrator Miklós Horthy (1920–1944)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pál Teleki (1939–1941)

• Vatican city
  • Head of State: Pope Pius XII. (1939-1958)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: King George VI. (1936–1952)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1937-10 May 1940)
    • Prime Minister Winston Churchill (May 10, 1940-1945)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares