Baku Commune

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Flag of Baku Commune.
Banknote issued by the Baku Commune, 1918.

The Baku Commune ( Azerbaijani Bakı Kommunası , Russian Бакинская коммуна ) was an independent Soviet republic in Azerbaijan that was established in 1918 and disintegrated again.

Beginning

The first regional Soviet in the Transcaucasus region was constituted on October 31st July at the instigation of the Bolsheviks . / November 13, 1917 greg. in Baku .
Under the name of Baku Commune, the cities of Quba , Schemacha , Lənkəran , Salyan , Dshewat u. a. regional administrative structures of individual Soviet councils. At the meeting of the Baku Soviet on April 25, 1918, the Baku Council of People's Commissars (Russian Бакинский совнарком ) was founded, which was chaired by the battle- hardened Georgian of Armenian descent Stepan Shahumyan . As early as 1914 he led the oil workers' strike in Baku and organized the Transcaucasian structures of his party before the revolution of 1917. Other members of the government and people's commissars were:

  • Eižens Bergs
  • Prokofi Japaridze (for Internal Affairs), Bolshevik
  • Grigori Kaminski
  • Meshady Azizbekov (Government Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner for Internal Affairs), Bolshevik
  • Grigory Korganov (for military and naval units), Bolshevik
  • Irakli Metaxa
  • Nariman Narimanov (for urban economy), Bolshevik
  • Ivan Fioletov (for economics), Bolshevik
  • A. Karinjan (for Justice), Bolshevik
  • N. Kolesnikowa (for popular education), Bolshevik
  • I. Sucharzew (for traffic, maritime transport, postal and telegraph systems), social revolutionary
  • Mir-Gassan Wesirow (for Agriculture), Social Revolutionary
  • I. Zybulski (for nutrition), Bolshevik

Political impact

Stepan Shahumyan, Chairman of the Baku Commune, 1968 Soviet postage stamps (Michel 3536, Scott 3515).

Under the leadership of Stepan Georgievich Shahumyan, the Baku Council of People's Commissars passed decrees on nationalization in June 1918. The commissioners were in an alliance with the Gummet (energy), a social democratic group with Bolshevik characteristics from the Muslim population. This later formed the CP of Azerbaijan with another political group. Important decisions of this government concerned the nationalization of the entire oil industry, the banks and the Caspian merchant fleet as well as a judicial reform. Furthermore, the land of the regional nobility (Beis) was confiscated and distributed to the landless farmers. In the course of the economic upheaval, regulations were created for an 8-hour working day and income increases.

As in all other revolutionary areas of the crumbling tsarist empire, new means of payment were issued to control the regional economy. The People's Commissar Nariman Kerbalaj Najafogly Narimanov was responsible for the banknotes issued by the Soviet . The copies that came into circulation bore his signature.
Narimanov took over the management of the Middle East Department of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in 1919 and returned to the region in 1920 to head the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee. In this way he helped to bring Azerbaijan into the realm of the Bolsheviks of Moscow.

Decay and fate

Until the establishment of the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic , the Baku Commune was the only Soviet outpost in the Transcaucasus. Even so, the headquarters in Moscow did not provide effective military support. Therefore, in June / July, Turkish units with German support first pushed forward to Baku and forced the takeover of government by the left and bourgeois nationalists ( Zentrokaspi ) on July 31, 1918 . English troops advancing from Iran arrived in Baku on August 4, 1918. Now the representatives of the Baku Commune fled together with numerous politically like-minded people by ship in the direction of Astrakhan , where they hoped for support from the Soviet forces there. But they were stopped by military fire from their persecutors and forced to turn back. The intervention forces arrested 35 members of the Council of People's Commissars. In the turmoil of the Battle of Baku between Turkish military units and British intervention troops , Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan managed to free the captured commissioners. Some fled on the steamer "Turkmen" across the Caspian Sea towards Astrakhan. Due to a mutiny in the partly English and partly Armenian crew, the ship turned to Krasnovodsk . There, 26 commissioners were arrested by the British military mission and, with the agreement of the Social Revolutionary regional government, they were shot between the Akhtscha-Kuima and Perewal stations.

The 26 commissioners were: Tatewos Minassowitsch Amirjan, Arsen Minassowitsch Amirjan, Meschadi Asisbekow, Bagdassar Airapetowitsch Awakjan, Meir Welkowitsch Bassin, Eugene Avgustowitsch Berg (Eižens Bergs), Anatoli Abramowitschianowit, Anatoli Abramowitschjanowit, Armenovi Arjanovitsch, Aryanovich Aryanomionov, Arjanovich Aryanovich, Solomonofschjanowit, Solomonofschjanowit, Solomonosjanowit, Arjanovich Arjanovich, Aryanovich Aryanovich, Solomonofschjanowit Dovich, Aryanovich Aryanovich, Aryanovich Aryanovich, Solomonofschjanowit Fioletow, Ivan Yakovlevich Gabyschew, Mark Romanovich Koganow, Grigory Nikolayevich Korganov, Aram Marti Rosso Petrovich Kostandjan, Ivan Vasilyevich Malygin, Irakli Panaitowitsch Metaxa, Isaj Abramovich Mishneh, Ivan Mikhailovich Nikolaischwili, Suren Grigorievich Ossepjan, Grigory Konstantinovich Petrov, Vladimir Fedorovich Polukhin, Stepan Georgievich shahumyan region, Jakow Dawidowitsch Sewin, Fyodor Fyodorowitsch Solnzew, Mir-Gassan Wesirow.

aftermath

From Baku, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour issued a call on August 26, 1918 to the people of Russia that the foreign powers would stand up against the danger of disintegration in the Russian empire. On December 28 of the same year, the Azerbaijani government received diplomatic recognition from the British General William Thomson .

The expulsion of the foreign troops and the overthrow of the Azerbaijani government they supported by Soviet forces in the years 1920 to 1921 led to a violent settlement with their representatives and supporters in the population. At the forefront of these actions was the party official and organizer Sergei Kirov , who was dispatched from Moscow and had extensive powers of attorney. His tough approach earned him the nickname “Butcher of the Caucasus”. On April 28, 1920 Azerbaijan was under Soviet rule.

Commemoration

Painting “Execution of the 26 Baku Commissioners” by Isaak Brodski

A memorial was erected in the city park of Baku in Soviet times to the 26 executed commissioners and numerous other victims of these clashes. A single relief shows the execution scene. The central monument is a rotunda. Here, in another relief, a man with a bowl of the “eternal flame” rises from the ground. In the socialist era, the custom began to use the location as a photo opportunity for newlyweds. The monument was demolished in January 2009 due to construction work in its area or for political reasons.

At the site of the execution , in the western part of Turkmenistan , there is a monument to the southwest of the place Nebitdag to commemorate this event.

In memory of the executed commissioners, a town in southern Azerbaijan, near the Kura Delta, was named 26 Bakı komissarı (Russian имени 26 Бакинских Комиссаров / imeni 26 Bakinskich Komissarow ), now part of the town of Həsənabad.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Day.Az of January 22, 2009 (accessed November 14, 2009)