Tibetan calendar
The Tibetan calendar ( Tibetan བོད་ ཀྱི་ ལོ་ ཐོ; Wylie transcription : bod kyi lo tho , also le'u-tho ) is an astronomical, lunisolar calendar . For the Tibetan astronomy yearly, with the was Sanda Baku performed calculation of a calendar one of the main tasks.
The Tibetan year consists of 12 or 13 lunar months (Tib .: tshes-zla ), which roughly speaking begin with the first day after the new moon.
On the basis that 65 solar months (Tib .: khyim-zla ) correspond to 67 synodic or lunar months, a leap month (Tib .: zla-bshol ) was regularly added every 32.5 months , so that the Tibetan year on average corresponds to solar year.
Several different calendars were in use at the same time in the various regions of Tibet until modern times . The most common were the calendars according to the calendar calculation of the Kālacakratantra , the calendar calculation of the Phugpa school and the calendar calculation of the Tshurphu school .
history
During the time of the Tibetan Yar-lung Dynasty, the years were designated by the 12 animal names of the East Asian Zodiac Cycle. The months were named after the four seasons and the year began with summer. The translation of the Buddhist kālacakratantra in the second half of the 11th century marked the beginning of a complete change in the Tibetan calendar. The first chapter of this work contained u. a. the description of an Indian astronomical calendar, the representation of the calculations of the lengths of the orbits of the sun, moon and the five planets Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn as well as the solar and lunar eclipses. According to the Buddhist tradition, the contents of the kālacakratantra in the original version were taught by the Buddha himself.
Nevertheless, more than 200 years passed before the calendar of the Kālacakratantra was established as the official Tibetan calendar by the famous Tibetan clergyman and ruler Chögyel Phagpa Lodrö Gyeltshen in the second half of the 13th century.
Although numerous changes were made to this calendar over the following centuries, it retained its fundamental character as a lunisolar calendar of Indian origin.
Beginning of the year (lo-'go)
During the Tibetan Yar-lung Dynasty (7th - 9th centuries), the year began with the beginning of summer.
Since the 2nd half of the 13th century, the Tibetan civil year generally began on the 1st day of the 1st Hor month (Mongolian month). The beginning of the year was called Lo-gsar ( Losar ).
The beginning of the year in the Tibetan astronomical calendar was always the 3rd Hor month or Nag-zla ( Sanskrit : Caitra ) or the middle spring month.
It should be noted, however, that there were numerous other traditions for determining the beginning of the year in Tibet that were used side by side at the same time.
Basically, it should be noted that the beginning of the year in Tibet did not match those of the Gregorian or Julian calendar and varied from year to year. If it is determined that a certain Tibetan year is e.g. For example, if a certain year of the 19th century corresponds to the Gregorian calendar, it should be noted that such a Tibetan year usually begins in the period February – March of the relevant Gregorian year and ends in the period February – March of the following year.
Years (lo)
There were various methods of denoting the years in Tibet, which coexisted until modern times.
The Tibetan years are generally designated by specific names (e.g. wood mouse (Tib .: shing byi ), mouse (Tib .: byi ) or rab byung ) and are classified with these names in annual cycles, the 12 years or Can span 60 years. The first of the two sixty-year cycles was taken from China. The second cycle of sixty years was taken over from India and known in Tibet with the translation of the Kālacakratantra (11th century AD). It should be noted that the initial years of the two sixty-year cycles are not the same. The use of the twelve-year cycle is documented as early as the time of the Tibetan monarchy (7th - 9th centuries). A certain count of years with numbers occurs when the number of years is given that have passed from a certain event in a starting year (e.g. assumed founding of the Tibetan monarchy) up to a target year.
Twelve-year cycle
In the "cycle of 12 years" (Tib .: lo-'khor bcu-gnyis ) the years were designated by the 12 animal names of the East Asian zodiac cycle . As far as can be proven, this cycle is the oldest Tibetan year counting, which was already used in the time of the Yar-lung dynasty. This cycle began with the mouse year (tib .: byi ) and ended with the pig year (tib .: phag ). In the handbook of white beryl by the regent Sanggye Gyatsho , the individual years were also represented graphically. These years are:
| byi-ba (mouse) | glang (beef) | stag (tiger) | yos (rabbit) | 'brug (dragon) | sbrul (snake) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| rta (horse) | lug (sheep) | spre'u (monkey) | bya (bird) | khyi (dog) | phag (pig) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Sixty year cycle
The " sixty year annual cycle " of the Sinotibetan divination calculation (Tib .: nag-rtsis ) was called drug-cu-skor .
In this year count, the animal names of the East Asian zodiac cycle, with which the twelve-year cycle is formed, with the 5 elements (tib .: 'byung-ba lnga ) of the Sinotibetan divination calculations wood (tib .: shing ), fire (tib .: me ), Earth (tib .: sa ), iron (tib .: lcags ) and water (tib .: chu ) combined. This gives 5 × 12 = 60 years. Insofar as a distinction is made between male (tib .: pho ) and female (tib .: mo ) in the animal names of the years , this gender designation is often added (e.g. shing-pho-byi and me-mo-yos ). The elements of the above assignment represent the life aspect "prosperity" (Tib .: dbang-thang ) of a person born in this year.
While the cycles were counted with ordinal numbers, the individual years within the cycles in Tibet were always listed by name only, so never counted. The first cycle of this year counting begins with the Shing-byi year (1024). The individual years of this sixty-year cycle are designated as follows (alternatively, own numerical number added in brackets):
No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname 1 shing pho byi 2 shing mo glang 3 me pho stag 4th me mo yos 5 sa pho 'brug 6th sa mo sbrul 7th lcags pho rta 8th lcags mo lug 9 chu pho spre'u 10 chu mo bya 11 shin pho khyi 12 shing mo phag 13 me pho byi 14th me mo glang 15th sa pho stag 16 sa mo yos 17th lcags pho 'brug 18th lcags mo sbrul 19th chu pho rta 20th chu mo lug 21st shing pho spre'u 22nd shing mo bya 23 me pho khyi 24 me mo phag 25th sa pho byi 26th sa mo glang 27 lcags pho stag 28 lcags mo yos 29 chu pho 'brug 30th chu mo sbrul 31 shing pho rta 32 shing mo lug 33 me pho spre'u 34 me mo bya 35 sa pho khyi 36 sa mo phag 37 lcags pho byi 38 lcags mo glang 39 chu pho stag 40 chu mo yos 41 shing pho 'brug 42 shing mo sbrul 43 me pho rta 44 me mo lug 45 sa pho spre'u 46 sa mo bya 47 lcags pho khyi 48 lcags mo phag 49 chu pho byi 50 chu mo glang 51 shing pho stag 52 shing mo yos 53 me pho 'brug 54 me mo sbrul 55 sa pho rta 56 sa mo lug 57 lcags pho spre'u 58 lcags mo bya 59 chu pho khyi 60 chu mo phag
Rab-byung cycle
This is a sixty year cycle of Indian origin, also known as (Sanskrit) Brhaspaticakra.
If years are given, the rab -byung cycles are counted with ordinal numbers (i.e. first rab-byung , second rab-byung, etc.). It should be noted, however, that here too the Tibetans used neither ordinals nor cardinal numbers for the individual years within this cycle of 60 years. So while the Rab-byung cycles are counted with ordinal numbers, the individual years are listed by their names. Tibetan coins from the first half of the 20th century were an exception , on which there were indications such as rab byung 15 lo 43 ("Rab byung (cycle) 15 year 43").
This sixty-year cycle was created in Tibet by adopting the Indian “Telinga year counting”, whereby the year 1027, which in Tibet is the 1st year of the 1st Rab-byung cycle , with the 1st year of the 70th cycle of the Telinga time calculation is to be equated. The Rab-byung cycle became known with the translation of the Kalacakratantra (2nd half of the 11th century) in Tibet. However, it was not used for dating purposes until many centuries later.
The individual years of this sixty-year cycle are designated as follows (auxiliary numerical number added in brackets):
No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname No. Surname 1 rab-byung 2 rnam-byung 3 dkar-po 4th rab-myos 5 skyes-bdag 6th anggira 7th dpal-gdong 8th dngos-po 9 na-tshod ldan 10 'dzin-byed 11 dbang-phyug 12 'bru mang-po 13 myos-ldan 14th rnam-gnon 15th khyu-mchog 16 sna-tshogs 17th nyi-ma 18th nyi sgrol-byed 19th sa-skyong 20th mi-zad 21st thams-cad ´dul 22nd kun-'dzin 23 'gal-ba 24 rnam-'gyur 25th bong-bu 26th dga'-ba 27 rnam-rgyal 28 rgyal-ba 29 myos-byed 30th gdong-ngan 31 gser-'phyang 32 rnam-'phyang 33 sgyur-byed 34 kun-ldan 35 ´phar-ba 36 dge-byed 37 mdzes-byed 38 khro-mo 39 sna-tshogs dbyig 40 zil-gnon 41 chaff 42 phur-bu 43 zhi-ba 44 thun-mong 45 'gal-byed 46 yongs-'dzin 47 bag-med 48 kun-dga ' 49 srin-bu 50 me 51 dmar-ser can 52 dus kyi pho-nya 53 don-grub 54 drag-po 55 blo-ngan 56 rnga-chen 57 khrag-skyug 58 mig-dmar 59 khro-bo 60 zad-pa
The years 2008-2020 and their Tibetan equivalents
Year ( Gregorian ) Year after rab byung Inscription after Wylie Year after drug cu skor Inscription after Wylie element animal gender 2008 rab byung 17 lo 22 kun ´dzin drug cu skor 17 lo 25 sa pho byi earth mouse male 2009 rab byung 17 lo 23 ´gal ba drug cu skor 17 lo 26 sa mo glang earth Beef Female 2010 rab byung 17 lo 24 rnam ´gyur drug cu skor 17 lo 27 lcags pho stag iron tiger male 2011 rab byung 17 lo 25 bong bu drug cu skor 17 lo 28 lcags mo yos iron Hare Female 2012 rab byung 17 lo 26 dga 'ba drug cu skor 17 lo 29 chu pho ´brug water Dragons male 2013 rab byung 17 lo 27 rnam rgyal drug cu skor 17 lo 30 chu mo sbrul water Snake Female 2014 rab byung 17 lo 28 rgyal ba drug cu skor 17 lo 31 shing pho rta Wood horse male 2015 rab byung 17 lo 29 myos byed drug cu skor 17 lo 32 shing mo lug Wood sheep Female 2016 rab byung 17 lo 30 gdong-ngan drug cu skor 17 lo 33 me pho spre'u Fire monkey male 2017 rab byung 17 lo 31 gser-'phyang drug cu skor 17 lo 34 me mo bya Fire bird Female 2018 rab byung 17 lo 32 rnam-'phyang drug cu skor 17 lo 35 sa pho khyi earth dog male 2019 rab byung 17 lo 33 sgyur-byed drug cu skor 17 lo 36 sa mo phag earth pig Female 2020 rab byung 17 lo 34 kun-ldan drug cu skor 17 lo 37 lcags pho byi iron mouse male
Year counting with cardinal numbers
We observe the use of cardinal numbers to denote years on Tibetan paper money from the first half of the 20th century . The epoch , i.e. the beginning of this year, is an assumed year of the establishment of the Tibetan monarchy , namely the year 255 AD, the presumed year of birth of King Thothori Nyantsen (Tib .: tho ris gnyan btsan ). A year such as 1659 can be read as "1659 since the establishment of the Tibetan monarchy". In the western calendar, 1659 corresponds to the year (1659 + 255 - 1 =) 1913. The introduction of this year count was directly related to the proclamation of Tibetan independence by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1912.
Since the second half of the 20th century, a year has also been used, after which z. B. 2009 is equated with the Tibetan year 2136. This relatively modern method of counting the year is also known as “Bot Gyalo”, or “Bö Gyello” (Tib .: rgyal lo ) would be better . The founding year of the Tibetan monarchy, which also serves as an era here, dates back to 127 BC. Relocated to Tibet , which is said to have been the year of the arrival of king gNya khri btsan po in Tibet.
On Tibetan calendars of the second half of the 20th century and on Tibetan coins , a year count called "rab lo" can be found , the epoch of which is the 1st year of the 1st Rab-byung cycle. This corresponds to the year 1027. "Rab lo" 928 thus corresponds to the year 1954.
Year ( Gregorian ) Beginning year 127 BC Chr. Beginning year 255 AD Beginning year 1027 AD From around February / March 2009 2136 1755 983 From around February / March 2010 2137 1756 984 From around February / March 2011 2138 1757 985 From around February / March 2012 2138 1758 986
Calendar months (zla ba)
Basically, a Tibetan calendar month (Tib .: zla ba ) is the time span between two new moons . This means that, as a rule, the new moon occurs on the 30th calendar day of a month and the full moon falls on the 15th calendar day.
Strictly speaking, this time interval is the so-called synodic month , i.e. the period of time that the moon needs for a change in elongation of 360 degrees to the sun. This period of time is referred to as tshes zla in Tibetan astronomy .
According to the definition of Tibetan astronomy and calendar calculation, a calendar month begins with the beginning of the natural day or day of the week in which the first lunar day (see below) ends. It ends at the end of the natural day or day of the week in which the 30th lunar day ends. As a result, the length of the Tibetan calendar month is based on the length of the synodic month, but is different from it.
Season months
During the Tibetan Yar-lung dynasty (7th-9th centuries), the calendar months were named after the four seasons:
First month of spring
dpyid-zla ra-baMiddle spring
month dpyid-zla 'bring-poLast month of spring
dpyid-zla mtha'-chungFirst month of summer
dbyar-zla ra-baMiddle summer
month dbyar-zla 'bring-poLast summer
month dbyar-zla mtha'-chungFirst month of autumn
ston-zla ra-baMiddle autumn month
ston-zla 'bring-poLast autumn month
ston-zla mtha'-chungFirst month of winter
dgun-zla ra-baMiddle winter month
dgun-zla 'bring-poLast winter month
dgun-zla mtha'-chung
Months of the zodiac cycle
From the 12th century onwards we observe the use of the twelve names of the East Asian zodiac cycle to denote the months, namely
- byi-ba (mouse), glang (cattle), stag (tiger), yos (rabbit), 'brug (dragon), sbrul (snake), rta (horse), lug (sheep), spre'u (monkey), bya (bird), khyi (dog) and phag (pig).
The distinction between male (tib .: pho ) and female months (tib .: mo ) corresponds to the differentiation in the corresponding designations of the years. In addition, according to the Sinotibetan divination calculations, analogous to the year names, there is the custom of assigning certain elements to the animal names, from which 60 month names result.
Lunar house months
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As early as the 9th century, the Tibetans were introduced to the Indian method of designating months with the sections of the ecliptic called lunar houses (tib .: rgyu skar ), which denotes a month after the lunar house in which, roughly speaking, the full moon takes place . This is not always the case with exact calculations according to the Tibetan calendar calculation, which of course was known to the Tibetan astronomers. Nevertheless, the traditional month name handed down from India was adopted.
The practical use of these terms for the calendar in Tibet goes back to the spread of the Kālacakratantra calendar from the 2nd half of the 11th century, although actual use did not begin until the second half of the 13th century. The moon houses used for the designation are:
- mchu, dbo, nag, sa ga, snron, chu stod, gro bzhin, khrums, tha skar, smin drug, mgo and rgyal .
The name of the month is obtained by adding the name "month" (tib .: zla ba ) to this name of the moon houses , such as B. in dbo zla ba .
Hor months
In the second half of the 13th century, the famous Tibetan ruler and cleric chos-rgyal 'Phags-pa Blo-gros rgyal-mtshan ( Chögyel Phagpa ) introduced the system of monthly counting with ordinal numbers. This is the so-called hor-zla count (Mongolian month).
These are:
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All these systems of monthly counting or month designation were in use in parallel in Tibet until 1960.
To determine the length of the month, see the following explanations on "Days (zhag)".
Assignment of the different types of month
In all Tibetan calendars, which were in the tradition of the calendar calculation of the Kālacakratantra, the 1st month or the first month of the civil year, which has been referred to as the 1st Hor month since the 13th century , was equated with the mChu month. Differences arose in the various astronomical schools with regard to the further assignment of the months of the year and the months of the zodiac cycle.
According to the Kālacakratantra, as shown on the left, the mChu month (later also the 1st Hor month) is equated with the last or 3rd winter month. The Kālacakratantra assumed that z. B. the summer solstice with the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign karkaṭa (Cancer, Cancer) and the winter solstice with the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign chu-srin (Capricorn, Capricornus) took place. The middle months of the season thus corresponded to the events of the solstices and the equinoxes of day and night. For example, corresponded to the second spring month of the day and night are equally long in the spring.
A change in this assignment emerged at the beginning of the 13th century at the time of Dragpa Gyeltshen , who pointed out that according to the Chinese calendar known to him, the mChu month corresponded to the 1st month of spring. A corresponding change for the Tibetan calendar, shown in the figure on the right, was then made by Chögyel Phagpa . The background to this change was undoubtedly also measurements of the solstices using a method described in the Kālacakrāvatāra of the Abhayākaragupta (1084–1130). It was found that the winter solstice took place exactly one solar month earlier than described in the Kālacakratantra. The same was true, of course, of the summer solstice and the equinoxes of the day and night. This consequently resulted in the months of the year being brought forward by one month.
With regard to the allocation of the months of the East Asian zodiac cycle, Dragpa Gyeltshen, Phagpa and the Tshurphu school equate the first hor month and tiger month (Tib .: stag ). The Phugpa school assumed the assignment of the 1st Hor month and the Dragon month (Tib .: ´brug ).
Leap months ( zla bshol )
Since the period of twelve lunar months is generally shorter than a solar year, the problem generally arises in the lunisolar calendar of compensating for this time difference. In the Tibetan calendar, this compensation is regulated by adding leap months (Tib .: zla bshol or zla lhag ). Various methods of adding leap months were used in Tibet during the 2nd millennium.
Days (zhag)
The days within a month in the Tibetan calendar are basically natural days.
They are counted (numbered) with cardinal numbers. These are always the numbers with which the assigned lunar days are counted. Some numbers may drop out or occasionally appear twice. The omission of numbers regularly leads to a shortening of some months, since months generally end with the day that bears the number (date number) 30. If this number is omitted, the month naturally ends on the day that has the number 29. The shortening of a month by omitting days is also common in the Gregorian calendar . The month of January comprises 31 days and the month of April 30 days.
Since a synodic month is shorter than a period of 30 natural days, the exact value is 29.53059 natural days, shortening a few months is inevitable if one wants to keep the rule that the full moon is on the 15th day and the new moon is on should fall on the 30th day of a month. Before the 12th century we observe the use of shortening certain months to 29 days, with the shortening of months for male years being made differently than for female years.
With the introduction of the Kalacakratantra calendar calculation in the second half of the 13th century, it was shortened using a complicated calculation process, so that certain date days in the middle of the month could now be omitted. In addition, it could now happen that two consecutive natural days were counted with the same number.
In the context of the Tibetan calendar, the use of three different types of days (Tib .: zhag ) is noteworthy, namely the khyim-zhag , tshes-zhag and the nyin-zhag .
The first two of these types of days are astronomical days.
Zodiac day
The time it takes for the central sun to pass through a zodiac sign ( khyim ) is called khyim-zla (solar month). The thirtieth part of a solar month is a khyim-zhag . We can call this Zodiac Day, as there is no common term for it in scientific terminology.
Lunar day
The time it takes for the moon to change its elongation by 12 degrees is known as the lunar day (Tib .: tshes-zhag ). The length of such a day varies considerably because of the irregularities in the movement of the sun and moon as a result of the orbital ellipses (see midpoint equation ).
The period of 30 lunar days is known as the synodic month (Tib .: tshes-zla ). This is the period from new moon to new moon. This period corresponds to the time that the moon needs for an elongation cycle of 360 degrees.
Natural day
The natural day (tib .: nyin-zhag ) in Tibet is defined as the period between two successive dawns.
Strictly speaking, a month that is listed in the Tibetan almanacs and that we call a Tibetan calendar month is not the same as a synodic or lunar month (Tib .: tshes-zla ). There is no special term for calendar month in Tibetan.
A Tibetan calendar month begins with the weekday or natural day (Tib .: gza ' or nyin-zhag ) in which the first lunar day (Tib .: tshes-zhag ) ends. A Tibetan calendar month ends with the weekday or natural day (Tib .: gza ' or nyin-zhag ) in which the 30th lunar day (Tib .: tshes-zhag ) ends. As a result, a Tibetan calendar month comprises 29 or 30 natural days.
Skipped and added days
In the sequence of the days of the week, there are no omitted or added days or days of the week that occur twice. But if these days are counted with a cardinal number under the designation tshes (date), it can happen that certain numbers do not appear or are assigned twice in a row. These lunar date numbers are given from 1 to 30. It can happen that a Monday with the date number 1 is followed by a Tuesday with the date number 3. On the other hand, it can happen that a Monday with the date number 1 is followed by a Tuesday with the same date number 1.
As a result, the conversion of Tibetan dates into the European calendar was considered difficult. On the other hand, reliable conversion tables calculated with computer programs have been available since 1973 , so that such conversions can now be carried out easily.
Days of the week
A weekday (tib .: gza ') is always a natural day (tib .: nyin-zhag ).
There are seven days of the week, which are named after the sun (tib .: nyi-ma ) and moon (tib .: zla-ba ) and with the names of the five planets Mars (tib .: mig-dmar ), Mercury (tib. : lhag-pa ), Jupiter (tib .: phur-bu ), Venus (tib .: pa-sangs ) and Saturn (tib .: spen-pa ). These are:
- gza 'nyi-ma (Sunday), gza' zla-ba (Monday), gza 'mig-dmar (Tuesday), gza' lhag-pa (Wednesday), gza 'phur-bu (Thursday), gza' pa-sangs (Friday) and gza 'spen-pa (Saturday).
Days of the zodiac cycle
According to the Sino-Tibetan divination calculations, the use of the twelve names of the East Asian zodiac cycle to denote the lunar days was introduced. In the handbook of white beryl by the regent Sanggye Gyatsho, the individual days were also represented graphically. These days are:
| byi-ba (mouse) | glang (beef) | stag (tiger) | yos (rabbit) | 'brug (dragon) | sbrul (snake) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| rta (horse) | lug (sheep) | spre'u (monkey) | bya (bird) | khyi (dog) | phag (pig) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_day.jpg) |
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The distinction between male ( T. pho ) and female days (T. mo ) corresponds to the differentiation in the corresponding designations of the years. In addition, according to the Sino-Tibetan divination calculations, analogous to the year names, there is the custom of assigning certain elements to the animal names, from which 60 day names result.
These day names are treated in the calendar like the numbers of the lunar days. If such a number fails, the day designation according to the zodiac cycle is also missing. If the number occurs twice, the name after the zodiac cycle appears twice.
Times of day
The times of day (tib .: dus tshod ) explained below refer to the division of the natural day (tib .: nyin zhag ) into twelve parts. Mathematical-astronomical subdivisions of this time unit used in Tibetan astronomy and calendar calculation are not dealt with here.
The twelve units of the division of the natural day are the periods of time
- Nam long dawn, also known as yos "rabbit",
- nyi shar sunrise, also known as ´brug "dragon",
- nyi dros morning, also called sbrul "snake",
- nyin phyed lunchtime, also called rta "horse",
- phyed yol early afternoon, also known as lug "sheep",
- myur kha late afternoon, also called sprel "monkey",
- nyi nub sunset, also known as bya "bird",
- sa sros dusk, also known as khyi "dog",
- srod 'khor late evening, also known as phag "pig",
- nam phyed midnight, also known as byi "mouse",
- phyed yol after midnight, also known as glang "beef",
- tho rang late night, also known as stag "tiger".
The times of day are also referred to as the years, months and days with the animal names of the East Asian zodiac cycle. The names of the five elements of the Sinotibetan divination calculations can be added to the designations with the animal names of the East Asian zodiac cycle.
Primary sources
- (Sanskrit) Kālacakratantra. (Tibetan) mChog gi dang-po sangs-rgyas las phyung-ba rgyud kyi rgyal-po dus kyi 'khor-lo.
- Grags-pa rgyal-mtshan: Dus-tshod bzung-ba'i rtsis-yig .
- sde-srid Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho: Phug-lugs rtsis kyi legs-bshad mkhas-pa'i mgul-rgyan vaidur dkar-po'i do-shal dpyod-ldan snying-nor .
- karma Nges-legs bstan-'dzin: gTsug-lag rtsis-rigs tshang-ma'i lag-len 'khrul-med mun-sel nyi-ma ñer-mkho'i' dod-pa 'jo-ba'i bum- bzang .
Secondary sources
- Alexander Csoma de Körős: A Grammar of the Tibetan Language . Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta 1834.
- Berthold Laufer : The Application of the Tibetan Sexagenary Cycle . In: T'oung Pao . 14, 1913, ISSN 0082-5433 , pp. 569-596.
- Winfried Petri: Indo-Tibetan Astronomy. Habilitation thesis to obtain the venia legendi for the subject history of natural sciences at the high natural sciences faculty of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich . Munich 1966
- Paul Pelliot : Le Cycle Sexagénaire dans la Chronologie Tibétaine . In: Journal Asiatique . 11. Ser., 1, 1913, ISSN 0021-762X , pp. 633-667, online .
- Dieter Schuh : Studies on the history of the Tibetan calendar calculation . Steiner, Wiesbaden 1973 ( Directory of oriental manuscripts in Germany . Supplement 16, ZDB -ID 538341-9 ).
- Dieter Schuh: Basics of the development of the Tibetan calendar calculation . In: Wolfgang Voigt (Ed.): XVIII. German Orientalist Day. From October 1st to 5th, 1972 in Lübeck. Lectures . Steiner, Wiesbaden 1974, ISBN 3-515-01860-3 , pp. 554-566 ( Journal of the German Oriental Society . Supplement 2), online .
- Dieter Schuh (Ed.): Contributions to the History of Tibetan Mathematics, Tibetan Astronomy, Tibetan Time Calculation (Calendar) and Sino-Tibetan Divination . Four volumes. In: Karl-Heinz Everding (Ed.): Archive for Central Asian Historical Research . Issue 17-20. Publishing information
- Zuiho Yamaguchi: Chronological Studies in Tibet . Chibetto no rekigaku: Annual Report of the Zuzuki Academic Foundation X, 1973, pp. 77-94.
- Zuiho Yamaguchi: The Significance of Intercalary Constants in the Tibetan Calender and Historical Tables of Intercalary Month . In: Ihara Shōren, Yamaguchi Zuihō (Ed.): Tibetan Studies . Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Volume 2: Language, history and culture . Naritasan Shinshoji, Narita-shi u. a. 1992, pp. 873-895 ( Monograph series of Naritasan Institute for Buddhist Studies . Occasional papers 2, 2, ZDB -ID 1225128-8 ).
See also
Web links
- Svante Janson: Tibetan Calendar Mathematics . (PDF; 268 kB) math.uu.se
- Calendar . In: Dieter Schuh (Ed.): Tibet-Encyclopaedia
Individual evidence
- ↑ Khro mo zhes pa 'byung ba gsum ldan shing pho' brug gi ra thu rgyal ba dgyes pa'i mchod sprin , Darmsala 1964, cover page (Tibetan calendar of 1964).