2020

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2020
SARS-CoV-2 without background.png

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic with far-reaching consequences for society , the economy and sport worldwide .

2020-02-05 Thuringian State Parliament, election of the Prime Minister 1DX 2723 by Stepro.jpg

Thomas Kemmerich was elected Prime Minister of Thuringia by votes of the AfD . His election and resignation sparked a government crisis.

Protest against police violence - Justice for George Floyd, May 26, 2020 25.jpg

The death of George Floyd in the United States led to protests against racially motivated police violence worldwide. In the United States, this case led to days of unrest, some of it severe, and night curfews in over 40 cities.

2020 Belarusian protests - Minsk, 16 August p0038.jpg

As a result of the 2020 presidential election in Belarus , there were the largest protests in the country's history.

2020 in other calendars
From urbe condita 2773
Armenian calendar 1468-1469
Ethiopian calendar 2012-2013
Badi calendar 176-177
Bengali calendar 1426-1427
Berber calendar 2970
Buddhist calendar 2564
Burmese calendar 1382
Byzantine calendar 7528-7529
Chinese calendar
 - era 4716-4717 or
4656-4657
 - 60 year cycle

Earth Pig (己亥, 36) -
Metal Rat (庚子, 37)

French
revolutionary calendar
CCXXVIII - CCXXIX
228-229
Hebrew calendar 5780-5781
Hindu calendar
 - Vikram Sambat 2076-2077
 - Shaka Samvat 1942-1943
Iranian calendar 1398-1399
Islamic calendar 1441-1442
Japanese calendar
 - Nengō (era): Reiwa 2
 - Kōki 2680
Coptic calendar 1736-1737
Korean calendar
 - Dangun era 4353
 - Juche era 109
Minguo calendar 109
Modern Olympics XXXII
Seleucid calendar 2331-2332
Thai solar calendar 2563

The year 2020 is the current leap year with 366 days. It started on Wednesday January 1st and ends on Thursday December 31st . So far, the year has been dominated by the global COVID-19 pandemic , which has resulted in numerous social and economic restrictions.

Events

Politics and world events

Exact date unclear

Terrorist attacks (selection)

Disasters

Natural disasters

Serious accidents

Society, culture, economy

After 35 years, the last episode of Lindenstrasse ran in March 2020.

Sports

The Summer Olympics planned for 2020 in Tokyo have been postponed to 2021 due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Memorial days

December 17, 2020 will be Ludwig van Beethoven's 250th birthday.

science and technology

Astronomy, cosmology and space travel

September 14: Scientists report the discovery of monophosphane in the atmosphere of Venus , suggesting life there .
  • January 3 - Scientists prove that there are active volcanoes on Venus . They found that lava flows previously dated to be 250,000 years old or less are likely only a few years old. Since 1963, extraterrestrial microorganisms have been considered as a possible explanation for UV absorption in the Venusian atmosphere . These could exist in the lower clouds of Venus and get nutrients supplied by volcanoes.
  • January 7th - Astronomers report the discovery of the "Radcliffe Wave" - ​​the largest known gas cloud in the Milky Way , in which stars are formed. It could be the origin of the sun . This will cross the cloud again in approx. 13 million years.
  • January 10 - penumbral eclipse ( lunar eclipse )
  • January 15 - Scientists reveal the origin of the available phosphorus on earth: it was formed in star-forming gas clouds such as “AFGL 5142” during the formation of stars and then reached the earth via fusible comets - such as Churyumov-Gerasimenko - in the form of phosphorus monoxide . The chemical element is essential for all known living things.
  • February 3 - First discovery of a periodicity in one of the mysterious Fast Radio Bursts is reported - FRB 180916 emits radio waves in a ~ 16-day cycle
  • February 22nd - Scientists find a protein called "hemolithin" inside the meteorite "Acfer 086" found in 1990. Proteins are essential components for the creation of life . If their controversial study is confirmed in the peer review , this would support the panspermia hypothesis. The protein could have originated in protoplanetary or interstellar gas.
  • February 27th - Astronomers report that a cavity in the gas cloud of the Ophiuchus galaxy supercluster is the result of the largest known explosion in the universe. A formerly active galaxy core with the mass of several billion suns - a supermassive black hole - caused the cavity, in which approx. 15 Milky Way galaxies fit next to each other, to arise through the emission of radiation and particles .
  • March 10th - Study: Discrepancy in measurements of the Hubble constant could be explained by a large "Hubble-Bubble" with a different density.
  • March 12 - Astronomers report that interstellar comet 2I / Borisov is falling apart.
  • April 8 - Scientists publish a study that the universe is no longer expanding in all directions at the same rate . For this purpose, the X-rays from galaxy clusters were examined. The study data challenges the standard cosmological model of the isotropic equality of the universe and suggests that there may be directions in the universe. The study confirms earlier studies that have already indicated this and are often referred to as the "crisis of cosmology" .
  • April 13 - Discovery of the most luminous known Supernova SN 2016aps published.
  • April 20 - Scientists report that interstellar comet 2I / Borisov contains a lot of CO and probably originates from the cold, outer region of a protoplanetary disk .
  • April 24th - Scientists report to have confirmed discrepant measurements of the fine structure constant . The “constant”, which determines the strength of the electromagnetic force between charged particles, varied in four measurements of the second most distant quasar ULAS J1120 + 0641 from previous measurements. Your study confirms the theory that physical laws in the universe can vary in "directions" and that it is therefore anisotropic. This would have implications for theories about the emergence of the habitability of space .
  • May 6th - Astronomers publish the discovery of the closest known black hole to date, about 1,000 light-years away, in the HR 6819 system .
  • May 6 - A slingshot light sail probe proposal for ʻOumuamua is selected by NASA for further research.
  • May 26 - Scientists publish a comprehensive theory for a natural origin of the interstellar object ʻOumuamua . They suggest it could be an "iceberg" of frozen molecular hydrogen (H 2 ). According to their theory, the solar system flew towards the relatively motionless object, causing its shape. According to this, the object was created inside a molecular cloud in which stars are formed. On August 17th this theory was refuted.
  • May 30th - First manned mission of the US spacecraft Crew Dragon of the SpaceX company to the ISS .
  • June 15 - A study shows that, according to current knowledge, there are currently over 30 civilizations with extraplanetary communication skills "Communicating Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence" (CETI) in the galaxy, provided that their creation time is around 5 billion and their lifespan is ~ 100 years.
  • June 19 - According to reports and scientists, NASA has approved research funding for a search for extraterrestrial “technosignatures”. It is the first so supported project specifically designed to search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) in three decades. Technosignatures are indirect references to civilizations, such as the effects of large solar panels in space or environmental pollution.
  • June 21 - Annular Solar Eclipse - Visible in western Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Saudi Arabia , Oman , Pakistan , India , the People's Republic and the Republic of China
  • June 22nd - In a laboratory experiment with sound waves , physicists show that it is possible to generate energy using rotating black holes , thereby confirming a theory that is ~ 50 years old. Advanced civilizations may therefore be able to do so.
  • June 24 - The discovery of the second oldest known quasar , Pōniuāʻena , is published.
  • July - China, the United Arab Emirates and the US launch probes to Mars . Due to the favorable position of the planets with a short distance between Mars and Earth, they started only a few days apart. The arrival times are in spring 2021.
  • July 10th - The study to discover the relatively close and large cosmic structure from galaxies South Pole Wall is published.
  • July 19 - After 20 years of working with the Sloan Foundation Telescope, astrophysicists from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey publish the most complete 3D map of the universe, filling an 11 billion year gap in the universe's history of expansion. Their results support the theory of a “flat” universe and confirm discrepancies in the speed of expansion of space in different spacetime regions.
  • Aug 17 - Astronomers show that the interstellar object ʻOumuamua is very likely not made of frozen hydrogen, after a study published in May suggested it was. The composition, the strange shape, and the observed acceleration of the object remain a mystery.
  • September 1st - Physicists show in a new theory that "Generic objects of dark energy" (GEODEs) could explain the dark energy - which is assumed to be the cause of the increasing speed of expansion of the universe . GEODEs, which were first proposed in the 1960s, would look like black holes, but consist of dark energy and, after the collapse, would have formed very early, large stars. These objects could repel each other and be distributed in the intergalactic voids .
  • September 7th - Scientists report that the largest search to date for low-frequency radio waves from extraterrestrial intelligences (> 10 million stars in the constellation Sails of the Ship ) was ended without a find.
  • September 14th - The Royal Astronomical Society publishes a study in which scientists report the discovery of monophosphane in Venus' atmosphere in June 2017. In the concentration found, this was known to be a strong indicator of extraterrestrial microbial life . According to researchers, the gas could be traced back to abiotic chemistry, atmospheric or geological processes that were still unknown and unexplained until the study was published, the result of incorrect data from the two corresponding observatories, or a biosignature for extraterrestrial liferepresent. Further studies on this have been published, started and announced. The ESA -Raumsonde BepiColombo was perhaps to confirm mid-October able measurements.
  • September 18 - Scientists identify 24 super-habitable exoplanets - or very promising candidates - with better conditions for life than Earth using data on the more than 4,000 known exoplanets.
  • September 18 - Evidence for what may be the first find - or first direct measurement - of an extragalactic planet is released.
  • Sep 27 - Analysis of ~ 1980 data by NASA's Pioneer Program supports an apparent presence of monophosphine in the harsh Venusian atmosphere , reported in September .
  • October - A possible discovery of glycine on Venus - relevant to the origin of life and previously discovered on meteorites - by ALMA is announced. Two preprint data analyzes explain that there is no statistical evidence of a PH 3 discovery and that the corresponding data processing was incorrect. A data analysis sets a maximum value of possible PH 3 on and above the clouds of Venus. As of October 28th, science journalists will report that ESO ALMA scientists have found problems (calibration problems) with the data used by the authors of the study published on September 14th, and have therefore taken this data offline, scrutinized it and reprocessed it.
  • October 8th - The largest, most detailed 3D maps in the universe , "PS1-STRM", are published online.
  • October 15 - The discovery of a highly reactive potential precursor molecule for life , cyclopropenylidene, on Saturn's moon Titan is announced.
  • October 20 - NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe collects a sample of an asteroid (asteroid Bennu ) - the third such mission. The sample could provide clues about the early solar system, the origin of life on Earth, and options for asteroid defense. According to plan, the spacecraft will drop the sample on Earth in 2023.
  • October 26 - Astronomers report the discovery of water outside the South Pole on the sunlit side of the moon . This suggests that water for potential future lunar missions - such as oxygen for astronauts or hydrogen for transport - may be more accessible than previously thought. Daytime temperatures on the moon are above the boiling point of water. The discovery was made using three space probes and the only telescope on board a modified aircraft, SOFIA .
  • October 26 - Astronomers confirm a weak force, the Jarkowski Effect , acting on asteroid Apophis . The probability of impact in 2068 is currently classified as very low.
  • October 28 - Scientists update estimates of the occurrence of stony planets in habitable zones around sun-like stars : ~ 300 million in the Milky Way and ~ 4 within 30 light years.
  • December 14th - Total Solar Eclipse - Visible in the Pacific, Chile, Argentina and the South Atlantic
  • December 21st - Great conjunction

Environmental science and paleontology

  • January 13th - Scientists report that the oldest known material on earth is particles of the Murchison meteorite : they are about 7 billion years old (the earth about 4.5 billion years).
  • Jan 16 - Scientists show that the dinosaur extinction was caused by the meteorite impact, not volcanism.
  • Jan 21 - Researchers show that ozone-depleting substances (ODS) caused most of the Arctic warming between 1955 and 2005. To do this, they used a climate model with which they examined two scenarios: ODS and all natural and man-made emissions were fed into one, and only the latter into the other. ODS caused around half of the Arctic ice loss. ODS have been banned since 1989 , causing the ozone hole to recede.
  • January 28th - Researchers deliver results from the study of over 100 tropical forests and coral reefs disrupted by extreme weather events and local human activities.
  • January 21st - Scientists use dating and simulations to show that the Yarrabubba impact is the oldest known asteroid impact , occurred about 2.2 billion years ago and could have ended the Ice Age at that time.
  • January 21 - Study: Measurement of the highest emissions of the greenhouse gas fluoroform .
  • January 23 - Scientists show that epaulette sharks ("running sharks") are the newest type of shark.
  • February 24 - According to a study, over 20% of Australian forests burned down in the 2019-20 Australian bushfires . The extent is new and has not occurred in the last 20 years. A connection with climate change was not sufficiently proven at the time of publication. One author of the study points out that this at least amplified the extreme heat waves of summer. The fires differ in several ways from previous fires of this magnitude.
  • February 24th - Study to discover the oldest green plant ( Chlorophyta ): approx. 1 billion years old alga Proterocladus antiquus with a size of approx. 2 mm and the ability to photosynthesize.
  • February 25th - Researchers report the first finding of an animal that produces its energy without mitochondria or oxygen. The <10-cell salmon parasite Henneguya zschokkei has lost the ability to convert oxygen (aerobic cell respiration) in the course of evolution , which proves that even multicellular organisms can survive without oxygen or oxygen cell respiration and that evolution can lead to apparently less complex organisms.
  • March 4th - A study of around 100 institutions over a period of 30 years shows that the ability of tropical forests to absorb CO 2 is dwindling due to climate change and deforestation . In the study, scientists use data and models to project a long-term decline in the African CO 2 sink - 14% by 2030 - and a change in the Amazon rainforest to a CO 2 source - instead of a sink - by the mid-2030s.
  • March 4 - Scientists report that climate change affected the 2019/2020 bush fires in Australia , increasing the risk of such large-scale fires by> 30%.
  • Mar 10 - Researchers show larger ecosystems collapse faster - even if they transition to collapse more slowly. According to their study, large ecosystems could completely collapse faster than previously thought. The Amazon rainforest - to a savanna - in ~ 50 and the coral reefs of the Caribbean in ~ 15 years.
  • April 1 - A scientific review of data and studies on earlier interventions concludes that the ecosystems of the oceans can be restored health to the 2050th You can choose between the legacy of an irreversibly disturbed and a pulsating, resilient ocean within a narrow time frame. UN sustainability goal # 14 can be achieved if its main stressors, such as climate change, are sufficiently mitigated .
  • April 7 - After examining the coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef , scientists report that a third mass coral bleaching has occurred in 5 years, affecting all three regions of the reef on the northeast coast of Australia for the first time.
  • April 20 - Scientists report that a strong impairment of brain performance in rooms by CO 2 concentrations of up to 1400 ppm is foreseeable by the end of the century due to increasing CO 2 concentrations and / or lack of ventilation in rooms with comparatively clean ambient air.
  • May 4 - Researchers project that without measures to protect the climate - or unsustainably high emigration rates - a third of the world's people would experience an average annual temperature of> 29 ° C within the next 50 years in various scenarios of population growth . These are currently only found on 0.8% of the earth's surface - especially in the Sahara . The hardest hit areas are among the poorest in the world and currently have little adaptive capacity .
  • May 13th - Scientists publish the results of the breeding of 10 heat- resilient microalgae strains , which they allow to evolve for four years with increasing temperatures. Three of the strains increased the bleaching tolerance of coral reefs after they were brought back to the coral larvae . Further tests - for example with adult corals or for the durability of the heat resistance - are still pending.
  • May 13th - Researchers identify the first persistent animal and arthropod living on land : Kampecaris obanensis , which lived 425 million years ago and is evidence of a rapid co-evolution of plants and insects into complex forest systems.
  • May 15 - Study: the first mass extinction on earth about 450 million years ago, the Ordovician mass extinction , could have been caused by global warming and not by cooling and icing.
  • May 26th - Study: the Chicxulub impact body hit, in addition to a particularly effective position, at a “worst case” angle for the dinosaurs (45 to 60 °).
  • June 1 - Scientists use data on critically endangered vertebrates to show the global " sixth mass extinction " is accelerating. They point to a number of likely reasons - such as the fact that some species become extinct and endanger other species.
  • June 11 - Researchers reveal crocodile ancestors walked on their two hind legs.
  • June 12 - A study shows that the burning of coal and other organic matter in Siberia was a cause of the largest known mass extinction , the Permian-Triassic boundary ~ 252 million years ago.
  • June 17 - A study suggests that the Arctic Ocean will become more acidic and absorb more CO 2 than previously projected.
  • June 19 - Scientists, as part of the Scientists' Warning to Humankind series , warn that global growth in prosperity , when measured by GDP , has dramatically increased resource consumption and pollution , and the world's wealthiest citizens - in terms of resource-intensive ones Consumption - responsible for most of the harmful effects on the environment as well as a transition to safer, more sustainable conditions. To do this, they summarize the evidence and present some possible solutions. According to the study, there must be profound changes in lifestylesand behavioral patterns accompany technological advances. Existing societies, economies and cultures stimulate overconsumption and structures that optimize economic growth in market-based economic systems, measured by GDP , prevent social change.
  • August 1 - The number of fires in the Amazon increased 28% in July compared to July 2019 , according to satellite data.
  • August 13 - Scientists report that the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has passed the reversal point. This ice melt is the largest contributor to sea ​​level rise , which threatens coastal regions and island states, and makes storms and floods more frequent and more severe. A large-scale decline in 2000-2005 led to the transition to a stage of sustained mass loss dynamics.
  • August 20 - Scientists report that the Greenland Ice Sheet lost a record mass of ice in 2019. They provide explanations for the anomalous, lower ice loss in 2017 and 2018.
  • August 24th - Researchers show that around 300 million people live on tropical forest restoration opportunity land.
  • Aug 26 - Scientists report that the Last Ice Age was ~ 6.1 ° C colder than average temperatures at the start of the Industrial Age.
  • August 31 - Study: Ice losses in Greenland and Antarctica correspond to worst-case scenarios of projections of sea ​​level rise in the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC .
  • September 10th - Researchers use models to show how the UN Sustainable Development Goals on biodiversity can be achieved while feeding the world's population. Trends could be turned positive by 2050, for example through sustainable efficiency improvements in agriculture and more plant-based nutrition. According to an affiliate report from the Living Planet Index , vertebrate populations dwindled by ~ 70% in 50 years.
  • September 11th - Scientists publish a higher resolution of climate history since the time of the dinosaur extinction 66 million years ago with newly integrated data. You identify four climatic stages , which are separated by transition phases, with greater precision. These phases are associated with changing greenhouse gas concentrations and polar ice volumes. The warmest climatic stage lasted from 56 to 47 million years ago and was ~ 14 ° C warmer than modern average temperatures.
  • September 1 - Researchers show that mining for renewable energies will endanger environmental protection and publish a world map of the corresponding areas, as well as estimates of area overlaps with environmental protection areas. According to the authors, careful strategic planning is required.
  • September 4th - An interactive world map of regions with different climate and nature conservation goals is published.
  • September 4th - Review : Electromagnetic radiation likely has negative effects on, declining , insects.
  • September 4 - Scientists report that plant-based diets, in four types of countries, can offset between 9 and 16 years of past CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels.
  • 8 September - The European Environment Agency reports that environmental factors such as air pollution contributed 13% of human deaths in the EU in 2012.
  • September 15 - An analysis by NASA and NOAA confirms that solar cycle 25 began in December 2019 - after 11 years of solar cycle 24.
  • September - INPE reports satellite data , according to which in August 1,359 km² of the Amazon rainforest and in 2020 2.2 million hectares of the Pantanal wetland - ~ 12% - burned down. These data show that previous responses to the fires - such as public media coverage and debate, public contemplation of economic action, and the current military operation - have not been effective. The 6,087 km² forest loss in 2020 corresponds to ~ 95% of the same period of the previous year and roughly the size of Palestine .
  • October 5th - A scientific analysis with data on 123 countries over 25 years shows that a large proportion of electricity generation from nuclear power shows no tendency towards significantly reduced CO 2 emissions per inhabitant, whereas this is the case with renewable energies. According to the study, tensions between the two national development strategies can reduce their climate protection effectiveness - for example due to different infrastructure requirements and limited budgets for investments in the energy system.
  • October 5th - Scientists create what may be the first scientific estimate of how much microplastic is currently in the earth's ocean floor after examining six areas ~ 3 km deep ~ 300 km off the Australian coast. The highly variable numbers of microplastic fragments were proportional to the amount of plastic on the ocean surface. After a calculated average mass of micro plastic per cm³ are ~ 14 million tons MikroPlastik in the seabed - about the plastic mass that passes annually in oceans .
  • October 7 - A study shows that nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions are rising faster than in IPCC emissions scenarios .
  • October 14 - Researchers report the development of a multi-criteria optimization to prioritize areas for restoration . Their estimated cost-benefit ratios are based on contemporary valuations for work, material expenditure and loss of income - for example with beef - on the side of costs, and biodiversity , local benefits for the environment, reduction of poverty and climate stabilization on the side of benefits. The latter are the highest in combination with the protection of existing ecosystems.
  • October 19 - Scientists use biogeochemical modeling to show how the largest known mass extinction 252 million years ago, the Permian-Triassic boundary , took place and was triggered by volcanic CO 2 emissions .
  • October 28 - The discovery of a 500m high coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef is announced.

Life sciences

  • January 15 - After twelve years of research, microbiologists successfully report that they isolated the slowly reproducing Lokiarchaeota from deep-sea mud and then cultivated them. The Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum strand MK-D1 has long “tentacles” in which partner microbes nest, which, as “proto mitochondria ” , could possibly give it improved chances of survival with increasing oxygen and were enclosed and endogenized by the tentacles - as ancestors of the mitochondria. This is how eukaryogenesis took place in their E 3 model .
  • Jan. 24 - Researchers report the discovery of cell-less mitochondria in human blood. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of most cells in most eukaryotes - they generate their source of chemical energy, ATP . According to the researchers, these loose mitochondria could be involved in many physiological - including disease-related - processes.
  • Jan. 27 - Researchers report the development of a nanoparticle that induces immune system cells - monocytes and macrophages - within the body to eat plaques in the walls of arterial blood vessels. The particle contains carbon nanotubes, which contain a drug that deactivates the SHP1 gene in blood cells. Such plaques - mostly stored fats - cause atherosclerosis , currently the leading cause of death worldwide.
  • 30./31. January - Summaries of research on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its outbreak are published. They contain information on the transferability , the fatality , the incubation time before the onset of symptoms (approx. 2 to 14 days), the worldwide capacity for and the course of containment to date, the time until a vaccine is available (probably over 1 year) and similar outbreaks ( SARS ).
  • March 4 - Scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 in a human body for the first time . They are trying to restore the eyesight of a patient with Leber's congenital amaurosis using genome editing , after tests in human cells, mice and monkeys were successful and they received official approval. To do this, you inject three drops under the patient's retina. The change in DNA is permanent and - unlike human germline engineering - not inheritable .
  • March 5 - Neuroscientists show that rats perceive the suffering of other rats as negative and that the same brain region is activated as in humans. Most stopped choosing their favorite candy when it resulted in an electric shock to a neighbor rat. An anesthetic of the brain region or a higher amount of the candy changed this behavior. Morality could therefore have old evolutionary roots.
  • March 14th - Scientists develop a CRISPR -Cas13d-based system ("PAC-MAN") that can find and destroy viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and could be further developed into a system that can be quickly adapted to new viruses .
  • March 16 - Scientists develop an open source platform for the design of RNA target sequences in order to be able to edit viruses or human RNA - for more temporary edits than DNA.
  • March 16 - The first phase I clinical trial of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine begins.
  • March 20 - WHO announces a large-scale study (the "Solidarity trial") to test four potential drugs to treat COVID-19 . This later turns out to be ineffective.
  • March 23 - Researchers report that squid by RNA editing by ADAR2 - enzyme protein templates outside of brain cells (their squid giant axon change). In other organisms - such as humans - RNA "blueprints" of the templates in the DNA are only "post-processed" to a significantly smaller extent and exclusively within the cell nucleus. The ability could enable them to better adapt to changing environments and also be relevant to more flexible, lower-risk RNA editing technologies .
  • April 6 - Scientists report the discovery of metabolic genes in non-metabolism viruses ( nucleocytoviricota ), suggesting that they alter the metabolism of their host cells.
  • April 27th - Scientists manage to make plants shine independently and permanently brighter than ever before by means of gene editing . To do this, they inserted genes from a bioluminescent fungus into the plant genome.
  • May 8 - Researchers report the development of man-made chloroplasts - the components of plant cells that photosynthesize. To do this, they combined a photosynthesis system made from spinach chloroplasts with a bacterial enzyme and an artificial enzyme network. The system is more energy efficient than natural chloroplasts and could have other uses.
  • May 11th - Researchers report the development of synthetic red blood cells , which for the first time have all of the basic properties and capabilities of natural red blood cells. They also enable functional loads such as hemoglobin , nanoparticles , biosensors and drugs to be charged . Red blood cells are the most common cells in the blood and carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.
  • May 21 - Researchers report the development of a system for accurately measuring hemoglobin levels in the blood using smartphone photos of the inner eyelid . You are working on an app and have not published the source code . Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein complex in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
  • June 1 - Study: In corvids , extended parenthood and childhood are central to the evolution of cognition and have profound consequences for learning and intelligence. On evolutionary timescales, the longer development time - including constant learning opportunities, security and access to role models - leads to expanded cognitive abilities compared to other bird species.
  • June 2nd - Scientists demonstrate a continuous chemical reaction network in which simple substances in water and under radiation react to form important starting materials for RNA . With their system they show that some prerequisites for the natural development of life could exist under conditions of the early earth.
  • June 3 - Researchers show red foxes in and around London are becoming more similar to domesticated dogs as they adapt to the urban environment. They show differences in skull features that correspond to the description of domestication of the dog ancestors - the first domesticated animals.
  • June 4th - A study shows that fruit flies inherit epigenetic modifications in order to ensure the successful development of the embryo with previously unknown coded biological information.
  • June 10th - A study shows that human egg cells per person prefer sperm from certain men and that this is a kind of independent selection.
  • June 11th - Two teams of neuroscientists show which neurons in mice control their hibernation-like torpor state and induce this state in mice, including those with non-calorie restrictions, as well as in torpor-less rats. In this state, the body temperature, the heartbeat and the metabolic rate are lowered.
  • June 12 - Preliminary results of the first clinical trial , started in 2019, for the treatment of inherited genetic diseases with CRISPR-Cas9 outside of China indicate a success of the treatment.
  • July 8th - Scientists edit the genes of mitochondria for the first time using a novel, CRISPR-free, gene editor.
  • July 10 - Scientists report that a liver protein benefits of exercise performance and health of the brain causes. They show that the concentration of GPLD1 protein in the blood is increased after exercise and that an increased production of this protein by the liver in genetically modified old mice also keeps their brains young and high-performing. It increased z. B. BDNF , neurogenesis and memory performance.
  • July 17 - researchers report that yeast cells having the same genes on a different one of two ways to age - nukleolarer and mitochondrial decay, determine the molecular mechanism that determines which aging process is begun, and create by genetic modification for increased Sir2 - expression a third mechanism with a significantly longer lifespan .
  • July 28th - Marine biologists report the discovery of 101.5 million year old microorganisms in a kind of hibernation about 70 m below the sea floor. The microbes were resurrected in the laboratory two years earlier and could be the longest-lived organisms found to date .
  • August 26th - Scientists report that extremophilic bacteria on earth ( Deinococcus radiodurans ) were able to survive in space for three years in an experiment on the ISS , which, for example, supports the panspermia hypothesis.
  • September 8th - Scientists show that a suppression of the signaling proteins myostatin and activin A in mice with a solution containing a protein (ACVR2B) that binds to these leads to the fact that the mice maintain their muscle and bone mass in weightlessness on the ISS . By editing the genes responsible for the production of myostatin, the mice had about twice the muscle mass of ordinary mice. The effects in humans are similar but largely unexplored with little clinical research on "ACE-031".
  • September 8 - Researchers use recordings of neural activity to show that crows have perceptual awareness and that they have a brain area similar to the mammalian cerebral cortex . They thus support the theory that conscious experience does not require the cerebral cortex and that the basis for this - or even in general for a human-like consciousness - in these birds, already before their last common ancestor - 320 million years ago - or in parallel.
  • September 18 - Researchers report the development of two systems for potentially stopping highly dangerous gene drives introduced into populations in the wild using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing . The senior author of the article points out that the two systems tested in the laboratory according to the study should not give a false sense of security for the use of gene drives.
  • September 25th - A software for synthetic chemical reaction networks to study abiogenesis is released.
  • September 28 - Researchers report genetically enhancing proteins from the Ideonella sakaiensis bacterium for faster breakdown of PET, as well as PEF, which may be relevant for recycling .

anthropology

  • February 12 - Scientists confirm discovery of “ghost population” DNA in the DNA of modern-day West Africans . According to their estimates, this population split off from the ancestors of the Neanderthals and modern humans 360,000 to 1 million years ago and crossed with them within the last 124,000 years . Up to almost 20% of the West African DNA examined is made up of this DNA.
  • April 1 - Scientists report the finding and dating of the oldest remains of a Homo erectus . The fossils are 2 million years old and show that this species lived in South Africa during the same period as other, sometimes upright, hominini genera Paranthropus and Australopithecus .
  • April 1 - Scientists publish genetic information obtained through proteome analysis on Homo antecessor ~ 0.8 million years ago and Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago. The data show that H. antecessor was a closely related sister branch to the subsequent hominini, including modern humans and Neanderthals.
  • May 29th - Scientists show how genomes in Europe - the genetic share of Mesolithic hunters and gatherers and Neolithic farmers - changed in the course of the Neolithic Revolution . They provided data on the genomes of 101 individuals in what is now France and Germany and show the complexity of the biological and cultural interaction dynamics during the Neolithic through a higher resolution of the regional variations of the lineages.
  • June 3rd - The discovery of the oldest and largest known Mayan structure, the cult complex Aguada Fénix , is announced. The approximately 3,000 year old complex shows, among other things, the importance of community work - as in the early ceremonial complex - in the initial emergence of the Maya culture.
  • June 12 - Earliest evidence of bow and arrow and possibly clothing production outside of Africa is published (~ 48kya in Sri Lanka).
  • August 14 - Scientists report the discovery of a grass bed of more than 200,000 years ago - much older than the previously oldest known bed. The remains of insect-repellent plants and ash found underneath - often remains of previously burned beds - could have been used for a dirt-free, insulating and insect-repellent foundation, according to the authors of the study.
  • September 16 - Genetic analysis paints a clearer picture of the Vikings and the Viking Age.
  • Oct. 15 - A study shows that two Homo ( Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis ) were species nearing extinction, more than half of the habitat with air to the adjusted they lost (their climate-niche).

Other

Nobel Prizes

The announcement of the Nobel Prize winners for 2020 took place from October 5th to 12th. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the awards were given in virtual ceremonies on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death . Berit Reiss-Andersen , the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo , congratulated from Rome switched- WFP -directors David Beasley . In the late afternoon followed with a pre-recorded greeting from King Carl XVI. Gustaf in Stockholmthe virtual ceremonies for the other prize categories. The winners were not switched on, but were shown when the certificates and medals were handed over by Swedish diplomats in their respective homeland. If possible, the unusual large gala buffet, usually the highlight in the Swedish social calendar, should be made up for at the next award ceremony in 2021.

Coronavirus

In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 began in Wuhan , China . On January 30, 2020, the WHO classified COVID-19 as a health emergency of international concern , and on March 11, the disease was officially declared a pandemic. At the same time, numerous states around the world responded with restrictions on public life such as curfews and the cancellation of major events in order to slow the spread of the virus.

By early December 2020, the number of infected people rose to over 66 million worldwide; over 1.5 million sick people had died at this time. With just under 14.6 million infected people and over 280,000 deaths at this point in time, the USA accounted for almost a fifth of the world's registered cases and the most deaths worldwide. However, these are only the confirmed case numbers, without the unreported number . Calculations of excess mortality by the British business magazine The Economist have shown that by August 2020 around 1.5 to 2 million people have died from the effects of COVID-19 and that between 500 and 730 million have become infected. That is 9.3% of the world population.

The so-called “second wave” spread massively at the beginning of autumn.

Annual dedications

The organ of the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Health Assembly (WHA) , declared 2020 the International Year of the Nursing and Midwife, as this year marks the 200th birthday of Florence Nightingale .

Cultural references

Died

For the detailed list of the deceased see Nekrolog 2020 .

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Gallery of the deceased

(The years refer to the year of admission)

See also

Web links

Commons : 2020  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  123. Pair of studies confirm there is water on the moon - New research confirms what scientists had theorized for years - the moon is wet. . In: The Washington Post , October 26, 2020. 
  124. Kenneth Chang: There's Water and Ice on the Moon, and in More Places Than NASA Once Thought - Future astronauts seeking water on the moon may not need to go into the most treacherous craters in its polar regions to find it. . In: The New York Times , October 26, 2020. 
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  148. Why These Australia Fires Are Like Nothing We've Seen Before . In: The New York Times , January 21, 2020. 
  149. Australia bushfires factcheck: are this year's fires unprecedented? . In: The Guardian , November 22, 2019. 
  150. Tiny Chinese seaweed is oldest green plant fossil ever found . In: The Guardian , February 24, 2020. 
  151. ^ Qing Tang, Ke Pang, Xunlai Yuan, Shuhai Xiao: A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte . In: Nature Ecology & Evolution . 4, No. 4, February 24, 2020, pp. 543-549. doi : 10.1038 / s41559-020-1122-9 . PMID 32094536 .
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  153. This Parasite Doesn't Need Oxygen to Survive . In: The New York Times , February 28, 2020. 
  154. Dayana Yahalomi, Stephen D. Atkinson, Moran Neuhof, E. Sally Chang, Hervé Philippe, Paulyn Cartwright, Jerri L. Bartholomew, Dorothée Huchon: A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 117, No. 10, March 10, 2020, ISSN  0027-8424 , pp. 5358-5363. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1909907117 . PMID 32094163 . PMC 7071853 (free full text).
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