2020
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2020 | |
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![]() The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic with far-reaching consequences for society , the economy and sport worldwide . |
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![]() Thomas Kemmerich was elected Prime Minister of Thuringia by votes of the AfD . His election and resignation sparked a government crisis. |
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![]() The death of George Floyd in the United States led to protests against racially motivated police violence worldwide. In the United States, this case led to days of unrest, some of it severe, and night curfews in over 40 cities. |
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![]() As a result of the 2020 presidential election in Belarus , there were the largest protests in the country's history. |
2020 in other calendars | |
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From urbe condita | 2773 |
Armenian calendar | 1468-1469 |
Ethiopian calendar | 2012-2013 |
Badi calendar | 176-177 |
Bengali calendar | 1426-1427 |
Berber calendar | 2970 |
Buddhist calendar | 2564 |
Burmese calendar | 1382 |
Byzantine calendar | 7528-7529 |
Chinese calendar | |
- era | 4716-4717 or 4656-4657 |
- 60 year cycle | |
French revolutionary calendar |
- CCXXVIII CCXXIX 228-229 |
Hebrew calendar | 5780-5781 |
Hindu calendar | |
- Vikram Sambat | 2076-2077 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1942-1943 |
Iranian calendar | 1398-1399 |
Islamic calendar | 1441-1442 |
Japanese calendar | |
- Nengō (era): | Reiwa 2 |
- Kōki | 2680 |
Coptic calendar | 1736-1737 |
Korean calendar | |
- Dangun era | 4353 |
- Juche era | 109 |
Minguo calendar | 109 |
Modern Olympics | XXXII |
Seleucid calendar | 2331-2332 |
Thai solar calendar | 2563 |
The year 2020 is the current leap year with 366 days. It started on Wednesday January 1st and ends on Thursday December 31st . So far, the year has been dominated by the global COVID-19 pandemic , which has resulted in numerous social and economic restrictions.
Events
Politics and world events
- German-Danish year of friendship
- January 1 to June 30: Croatian EU Council Presidency
- January 1: Simonetta Sommaruga becomes President of Switzerland again .
- January 3: Iranian General Qasem Soleimani is killed in a US drone attack.
- January 7th: Swearing-in of the new black - green government in Austria - Federal Government Brief II
- January 16: After the resignation of Dmitri Medvedev , Mikhail Mishustin becomes the new Russian Prime Minister
- January 21 to 24: World Economic Forum in Davos
- January 26th: Municipal council elections in Lower Austria and regional elections in Burgenland
- January 31: The United Kingdom comes in the wake of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar European Union membership referendum from the European Union from
- February 4th to 5th: European Police Congress in Berlin
- February 14-16: Munich Security Conference
- February 23: State election in Hamburg . The ruling red-green coalition under Peter Tschentscher ( SPD ) was able to retain its majority.
- March 15th: Local elections in Bavaria
- March 16: National shutdown begins in the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- March 22: 75th anniversary of the founding of the Arab League
- March 27: North Macedonia joins NATO as the 30th member .
- April 1: United States Census 2020 , the 24th census in the United States
- April 10: 50th anniversary of the dissolution of the Beatles
- April 15: General election in South Korea 2020
- April 28: Colombia becomes the 37th member state of the OECD .
- May: The German Daycare Prize 2020 is awarded.
- May 8: 75th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe; one-time holiday in Berlin
- May 25: Police officer killing of African American George Floyd in Minneapolis
- May 27: Protests against racist police violence begin in Minneapolis following the death of George Floyd . In the days that followed, they spread to numerous states in the United States and subsequently to many other countries.
- May 29: US President Donald Trump announces the United States' exit from the World Health Organization after criticizing its actions in the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China . The resignation will take effect on July 6, 2021.
- June 26: 75th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations (UN)
- June 28th: Municipal elections in Styria
- July 1 to December 31: Germany holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union .
- August 6: 75th anniversary of the atomic bomb being dropped on Hiroshima
- September 4th: Opening of the Ceneri Base Tunnel
- September 13: Local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia
- September 13: Municipal council and mayoral elections in Vorarlberg
- September 19: 71st Ordinary Federal Party Congress of the FDP in Berlin
- September 19: 75th anniversary of the founding of the State of Hesse
- October 3: 30th anniversary of German reunification with the capital Berlin and the re-establishment of the states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia .
- October 11: Election to the state parliament and municipal council in Vienna
- October 31: Berlin Brandenburg Airport opens
- November: G20 summit in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- November 2nd: Terrorist attack in Vienna
- November 3rd: US presidential election
- November 8: 60th anniversary of the election of John F. Kennedy as President of the United States
- Dec. 7: 50th anniversary of the knee Falls of Willy Brandt in Warsaw
Exact date unclear
- 13th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) in Phnom Penh
- The GSM (2G) mobile communications standard will be switched off throughout Switzerland by the end of 2020
Terrorist attacks (selection)
- February 19: Attack in Hanau
- November 2nd: Terrorist attack in Vienna
Disasters
Natural disasters
- Bush fires in Australia 2019/2020
- Heat wave in Siberia 2020
- Drought in the Czech Republic: The Czech Republic is experiencing an exceptional drought that is judged to be the worst in 500 years.
- January 24: 41 people die in a magnitude 6.7 earthquake in eastern Anatolia ; over 1600 are injured. The epicenter is in Elazığ Province .
- May 20: Cyclone in Bangladesh and India
- August 11: Eruption of the Sinabung volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumatra
- The California wildfires are becoming one of the greatest disasters in recent American history.
- October 31: earthquake measuring 6.9 in Izmir, Turkey and subsequent tsunami
Serious accidents
- January 1st: More than 50 animals, including many great apes, die in a major fire in the monkey house at Krefeld Zoo . The cause of the fire was a Chinese sky lantern .
- January 8: Ukraine International Airlines flight 752 is shot down a few minutes after take-off from Tehran ( Iran ) due to the tense situation in Iran as a result of the fatal attack on Iranian General Qasem Soleimani . The plane was on its way to Kiev ( Ukraine ). All 176 people on board, including 167 passengers and nine crew members, died.
- May 22: Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 crashes into a residential area in Karachi, killing 97.
- May 29: Diesel oil disaster near Norilsk
- August 4th: Blast disaster in the port of Beirut , Lebanon. Over 220 people die and over 6,000 are injured.
Society, culture, economy
- January 5: The 2020 Golden Globe Awards ceremony in Beverly Hills
- 17th to 26th January: International Green Week Berlin
- January 25: First flight of the ultra-long-haul version of the Boeing 777-9 wide-body aircraft
- February 2nd to 5th: International confectionery fair in Cologne
- February 7th: Dresden Semper Opera Ball
- February 9th 2020 Academy Awards in Los Angeles
- February 20 to March 1: Berlin International Film Festival 2020 ( Berlinale )
- March 29th: Broadcasting of the last episode of the German ARD television series Lindenstrasse
- April 24th: German Film Award in Berlin
- May 14th to 31st: Theater der Welt in Düsseldorf
Sports

- Jan 1st: Peter Wright wins the PDC World Darts Championship
- January 9th to 26th: 2020 European Handball Championship in Norway , Austria and Sweden
- Jan 10th to 19th: Winter Youth Olympic Games 2020 in Lausanne ( Switzerland )
- Jan. 29 to Feb. 2: German Masters ( Snooker ) 2020 in the Tempodrom in Berlin
- Feb 2: Super Bowl LIV at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida
- Feb. 26 to Mar. 1: UCI Track World Championships 2020 in the Velodrom in Berlin
- Apr 5: WWE WrestleMania 36 at the WWE Performance Center (without audience)
- June 27: last matchday of the Bundesliga 2019/20 (without audience); The German champions are FC Bayern Munich for the 8th time in a row .
- August 21: Final of the 2019/20 UEFA Europa League in Cologne ; The winner will be Sevilla FC for the 6th time .
- 23 August: 2019/20 UEFA Champions League final in Lisbon ; The winner is FC Bayern Munich , which won the second triple after 2013 .
- September 13: ISTAF in Berlin
Memorial days
- January 2nd: 100th birthday of the British writer Isaac Asimov
- January 20th: 100th birthday of the Italian film director Federico Fellini
- January 24: 100th anniversary of the death of the Italian painter Amedeo Modigliani
- March 20: 250th birthday of the German writer Friedrich Hölderlin
- March 30: 200th birthday of the British writer Anna Sewell
- April 6: 500th anniversary of the death of the Italian painter Raffael
- April 15: 100th birthday of the German politician Richard von Weizsäcker
- May 11th: 300th birthday of the German writer Hieronymus Carl Friedrich von Münchhausen
- May 12: Florence Nightingale's 200th birthday
- May 18: 100th birthday of John Paul II.
- June 2: 100th birthday of the German literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki
- June 14: 100th anniversary of the death of the German sociologist Max Weber
- August 27: 250th birthday of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- September 12: 100th birthday of the German cabaret artist Lore Lorentz
- September 24th: 100th anniversary of the death of Russian goldsmith Peter Carl Fabergé
- October 31: 100th birthday of the German soccer player Fritz Walter
- November 9: 100th birthday of the Iranian physicist and astronomer Alenoush Terian
- November 28: 200th birthday of the German philosopher Friedrich Engels
- December 17th: 250th birthday of the German / Austrian composer Ludwig van Beethoven
science and technology
Astronomy, cosmology and space travel

- January 3 - Scientists prove that there are active volcanoes on Venus . They found that lava flows previously dated to be 250,000 years old or less are likely only a few years old. Since 1963, extraterrestrial microorganisms have been considered as a possible explanation for UV absorption in the Venusian atmosphere . These could exist in the lower clouds of Venus and get nutrients supplied by volcanoes.
- January 7th - Astronomers report the discovery of the "Radcliffe Wave" - the largest known gas cloud in the Milky Way , in which stars are formed. It could be the origin of the sun . This will cross the cloud again in approx. 13 million years.
- January 10 - penumbral eclipse ( lunar eclipse )
- January 15 - Scientists reveal the origin of the available phosphorus on earth: it was formed in star-forming gas clouds such as “AFGL 5142” during the formation of stars and then reached the earth via fusible comets - such as Churyumov-Gerasimenko - in the form of phosphorus monoxide . The chemical element is essential for all known living things.
- February 3 - First discovery of a periodicity in one of the mysterious Fast Radio Bursts is reported - FRB 180916 emits radio waves in a ~ 16-day cycle
- February 22nd - Scientists find a protein called "hemolithin" inside the meteorite "Acfer 086" found in 1990. Proteins are essential components for the creation of life . If their controversial study is confirmed in the peer review , this would support the panspermia hypothesis. The protein could have originated in protoplanetary or interstellar gas.
- February 27th - Astronomers report that a cavity in the gas cloud of the Ophiuchus galaxy supercluster is the result of the largest known explosion in the universe. A formerly active galaxy core with the mass of several billion suns - a supermassive black hole - caused the cavity, in which approx. 15 Milky Way galaxies fit next to each other, to arise through the emission of radiation and particles .
- March 10th - Study: Discrepancy in measurements of the Hubble constant could be explained by a large "Hubble-Bubble" with a different density.
- March 12 - Astronomers report that interstellar comet 2I / Borisov is falling apart.
- April 8 - Scientists publish a study that the universe is no longer expanding in all directions at the same rate . For this purpose, the X-rays from galaxy clusters were examined. The study data challenges the standard cosmological model of the isotropic equality of the universe and suggests that there may be directions in the universe. The study confirms earlier studies that have already indicated this and are often referred to as the "crisis of cosmology" .
- April 13 - Discovery of the most luminous known Supernova SN 2016aps published.
- April 20 - Scientists report that interstellar comet 2I / Borisov contains a lot of CO and probably originates from the cold, outer region of a protoplanetary disk .
- April 24th - Scientists report to have confirmed discrepant measurements of the fine structure constant . The “constant”, which determines the strength of the electromagnetic force between charged particles, varied in four measurements of the second most distant quasar ULAS J1120 + 0641 from previous measurements. Your study confirms the theory that physical laws in the universe can vary in "directions" and that it is therefore anisotropic. This would have implications for theories about the emergence of the habitability of space .
- May 6th - Astronomers publish the discovery of the closest known black hole to date, about 1,000 light-years away, in the HR 6819 system .
- May 6 - A slingshot light sail probe proposal for ʻOumuamua is selected by NASA for further research.
- May 26 - Scientists publish a comprehensive theory for a natural origin of the interstellar object ʻOumuamua . They suggest it could be an "iceberg" of frozen molecular hydrogen (H 2 ). According to their theory, the solar system flew towards the relatively motionless object, causing its shape. According to this, the object was created inside a molecular cloud in which stars are formed. On August 17th this theory was refuted.
- May 30th - First manned mission of the US spacecraft Crew Dragon of the SpaceX company to the ISS .
- June 15 - A study shows that, according to current knowledge, there are currently over 30 civilizations with extraplanetary communication skills "Communicating Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence" (CETI) in the galaxy, provided that their creation time is around 5 billion and their lifespan is ~ 100 years.
- June 19 - According to reports and scientists, NASA has approved research funding for a search for extraterrestrial “technosignatures”. It is the first so supported project specifically designed to search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) in three decades. Technosignatures are indirect references to civilizations, such as the effects of large solar panels in space or environmental pollution.
- June 21 - Annular Solar Eclipse - Visible in western Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Saudi Arabia , Oman , Pakistan , India , the People's Republic and the Republic of China
- June 22nd - In a laboratory experiment with sound waves , physicists show that it is possible to generate energy using rotating black holes , thereby confirming a theory that is ~ 50 years old. Advanced civilizations may therefore be able to do so.
- June 24 - The discovery of the second oldest known quasar , Pōniuāʻena , is published.
- July - China, the United Arab Emirates and the US launch probes to Mars . Due to the favorable position of the planets with a short distance between Mars and Earth, they started only a few days apart. The arrival times are in spring 2021.
- July 10th - The study to discover the relatively close and large cosmic structure from galaxies South Pole Wall is published.
- July 19 - After 20 years of working with the Sloan Foundation Telescope, astrophysicists from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey publish the most complete 3D map of the universe, filling an 11 billion year gap in the universe's history of expansion. Their results support the theory of a “flat” universe and confirm discrepancies in the speed of expansion of space in different spacetime regions.
- Aug 17 - Astronomers show that the interstellar object ʻOumuamua is very likely not made of frozen hydrogen, after a study published in May suggested it was. The composition, the strange shape, and the observed acceleration of the object remain a mystery.
- September 1st - Physicists show in a new theory that "Generic objects of dark energy" (GEODEs) could explain the dark energy - which is assumed to be the cause of the increasing speed of expansion of the universe . GEODEs, which were first proposed in the 1960s, would look like black holes, but consist of dark energy and, after the collapse, would have formed very early, large stars. These objects could repel each other and be distributed in the intergalactic voids .
- September 7th - Scientists report that the largest search to date for low-frequency radio waves from extraterrestrial intelligences (> 10 million stars in the constellation Sails of the Ship ) was ended without a find.
- September 14th - The Royal Astronomical Society publishes a study in which scientists report the discovery of monophosphane in Venus' atmosphere in June 2017. In the concentration found, this was known to be a strong indicator of extraterrestrial microbial life . According to researchers, the gas could be traced back to abiotic chemistry, atmospheric or geological processes that were still unknown and unexplained until the study was published, the result of incorrect data from the two corresponding observatories, or a biosignature for extraterrestrial liferepresent. Further studies on this have been published, started and announced. The ESA -Raumsonde BepiColombo was perhaps to confirm mid-October able measurements.
- September 18 - Scientists identify 24 super-habitable exoplanets - or very promising candidates - with better conditions for life than Earth using data on the more than 4,000 known exoplanets.
- September 18 - Evidence for what may be the first find - or first direct measurement - of an extragalactic planet is released.
- Sep 27 - Analysis of ~ 1980 data by NASA's Pioneer Program supports an apparent presence of monophosphine in the harsh Venusian atmosphere , reported in September .
- October - A possible discovery of glycine on Venus - relevant to the origin of life and previously discovered on meteorites - by ALMA is announced. Two preprint data analyzes explain that there is no statistical evidence of a PH 3 discovery and that the corresponding data processing was incorrect. A data analysis sets a maximum value of possible PH 3 on and above the clouds of Venus. As of October 28th, science journalists will report that ESO ALMA scientists have found problems (calibration problems) with the data used by the authors of the study published on September 14th, and have therefore taken this data offline, scrutinized it and reprocessed it.
- October 8th - The largest, most detailed 3D maps in the universe , "PS1-STRM", are published online.
- October 15 - The discovery of a highly reactive potential precursor molecule for life , cyclopropenylidene, on Saturn's moon Titan is announced.
- October 20 - NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe collects a sample of an asteroid (asteroid Bennu ) - the third such mission. The sample could provide clues about the early solar system, the origin of life on Earth, and options for asteroid defense. According to plan, the spacecraft will drop the sample on Earth in 2023.
- October 26 - Astronomers report the discovery of water outside the South Pole on the sunlit side of the moon . This suggests that water for potential future lunar missions - such as oxygen for astronauts or hydrogen for transport - may be more accessible than previously thought. Daytime temperatures on the moon are above the boiling point of water. The discovery was made using three space probes and the only telescope on board a modified aircraft, SOFIA .
- October 26 - Astronomers confirm a weak force, the Jarkowski Effect , acting on asteroid Apophis . The probability of impact in 2068 is currently classified as very low.
- October 28 - Scientists update estimates of the occurrence of stony planets in habitable zones around sun-like stars : ~ 300 million in the Milky Way and ~ 4 within 30 light years.
- December 14th - Total Solar Eclipse - Visible in the Pacific, Chile, Argentina and the South Atlantic
- December 21st - Great conjunction
Environmental science and paleontology
- January 13th - Scientists report that the oldest known material on earth is particles of the Murchison meteorite : they are about 7 billion years old (the earth about 4.5 billion years).
- Jan 16 - Scientists show that the dinosaur extinction was caused by the meteorite impact, not volcanism.
- Jan 21 - Researchers show that ozone-depleting substances (ODS) caused most of the Arctic warming between 1955 and 2005. To do this, they used a climate model with which they examined two scenarios: ODS and all natural and man-made emissions were fed into one, and only the latter into the other. ODS caused around half of the Arctic ice loss. ODS have been banned since 1989 , causing the ozone hole to recede.
- January 28th - Researchers deliver results from the study of over 100 tropical forests and coral reefs disrupted by extreme weather events and local human activities.
- January 21st - Scientists use dating and simulations to show that the Yarrabubba impact is the oldest known asteroid impact , occurred about 2.2 billion years ago and could have ended the Ice Age at that time.
- January 21 - Study: Measurement of the highest emissions of the greenhouse gas fluoroform .
- January 23 - Scientists show that epaulette sharks ("running sharks") are the newest type of shark.
- February 24 - According to a study, over 20% of Australian forests burned down in the 2019-20 Australian bushfires . The extent is new and has not occurred in the last 20 years. A connection with climate change was not sufficiently proven at the time of publication. One author of the study points out that this at least amplified the extreme heat waves of summer. The fires differ in several ways from previous fires of this magnitude.
- February 24th - Study to discover the oldest green plant ( Chlorophyta ): approx. 1 billion years old alga Proterocladus antiquus with a size of approx. 2 mm and the ability to photosynthesize.
- February 25th - Researchers report the first finding of an animal that produces its energy without mitochondria or oxygen. The <10-cell salmon parasite Henneguya zschokkei has lost the ability to convert oxygen (aerobic cell respiration) in the course of evolution , which proves that even multicellular organisms can survive without oxygen or oxygen cell respiration and that evolution can lead to apparently less complex organisms.
- March 4th - A study of around 100 institutions over a period of 30 years shows that the ability of tropical forests to absorb CO 2 is dwindling due to climate change and deforestation . In the study, scientists use data and models to project a long-term decline in the African CO 2 sink - 14% by 2030 - and a change in the Amazon rainforest to a CO 2 source - instead of a sink - by the mid-2030s.
- March 4 - Scientists report that climate change affected the 2019/2020 bush fires in Australia , increasing the risk of such large-scale fires by> 30%.
- Mar 10 - Researchers show larger ecosystems collapse faster - even if they transition to collapse more slowly. According to their study, large ecosystems could completely collapse faster than previously thought. The Amazon rainforest - to a savanna - in ~ 50 and the coral reefs of the Caribbean in ~ 15 years.
- April 1 - A scientific review of data and studies on earlier interventions concludes that the ecosystems of the oceans can be restored health to the 2050th You can choose between the legacy of an irreversibly disturbed and a pulsating, resilient ocean within a narrow time frame. UN sustainability goal # 14 can be achieved if its main stressors, such as climate change, are sufficiently mitigated .
- April 7 - After examining the coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef , scientists report that a third mass coral bleaching has occurred in 5 years, affecting all three regions of the reef on the northeast coast of Australia for the first time.
- April 20 - Scientists report that a strong impairment of brain performance in rooms by CO 2 concentrations of up to 1400 ppm is foreseeable by the end of the century due to increasing CO 2 concentrations and / or lack of ventilation in rooms with comparatively clean ambient air.
- May 4 - Researchers project that without measures to protect the climate - or unsustainably high emigration rates - a third of the world's people would experience an average annual temperature of> 29 ° C within the next 50 years in various scenarios of population growth . These are currently only found on 0.8% of the earth's surface - especially in the Sahara . The hardest hit areas are among the poorest in the world and currently have little adaptive capacity .
- May 13th - Scientists publish the results of the breeding of 10 heat- resilient microalgae strains , which they allow to evolve for four years with increasing temperatures. Three of the strains increased the bleaching tolerance of coral reefs after they were brought back to the coral larvae . Further tests - for example with adult corals or for the durability of the heat resistance - are still pending.
- May 13th - Researchers identify the first persistent animal and arthropod living on land : Kampecaris obanensis , which lived 425 million years ago and is evidence of a rapid co-evolution of plants and insects into complex forest systems.
- May 15 - Study: the first mass extinction on earth about 450 million years ago, the Ordovician mass extinction , could have been caused by global warming and not by cooling and icing.
- May 26th - Study: the Chicxulub impact body hit, in addition to a particularly effective position, at a “worst case” angle for the dinosaurs (45 to 60 °).
- June 1 - Scientists use data on critically endangered vertebrates to show the global " sixth mass extinction " is accelerating. They point to a number of likely reasons - such as the fact that some species become extinct and endanger other species.
- June 11 - Researchers reveal crocodile ancestors walked on their two hind legs.
- June 12 - A study shows that the burning of coal and other organic matter in Siberia was a cause of the largest known mass extinction , the Permian-Triassic boundary ~ 252 million years ago.
- June 17 - A study suggests that the Arctic Ocean will become more acidic and absorb more CO 2 than previously projected.
- June 19 - Scientists, as part of the Scientists' Warning to Humankind series , warn that global growth in prosperity , when measured by GDP , has dramatically increased resource consumption and pollution , and the world's wealthiest citizens - in terms of resource-intensive ones Consumption - responsible for most of the harmful effects on the environment as well as a transition to safer, more sustainable conditions. To do this, they summarize the evidence and present some possible solutions. According to the study, there must be profound changes in lifestylesand behavioral patterns accompany technological advances. Existing societies, economies and cultures stimulate overconsumption and structures that optimize economic growth in market-based economic systems, measured by GDP , prevent social change.
- August 1 - The number of fires in the Amazon increased 28% in July compared to July 2019 , according to satellite data.
- August 13 - Scientists report that the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has passed the reversal point. This ice melt is the largest contributor to sea level rise , which threatens coastal regions and island states, and makes storms and floods more frequent and more severe. A large-scale decline in 2000-2005 led to the transition to a stage of sustained mass loss dynamics.
- August 20 - Scientists report that the Greenland Ice Sheet lost a record mass of ice in 2019. They provide explanations for the anomalous, lower ice loss in 2017 and 2018.
- August 24th - Researchers show that around 300 million people live on tropical forest restoration opportunity land.
- Aug 26 - Scientists report that the Last Ice Age was ~ 6.1 ° C colder than average temperatures at the start of the Industrial Age.
- August 31 - Study: Ice losses in Greenland and Antarctica correspond to worst-case scenarios of projections of sea level rise in the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC .
- September 10th - Researchers use models to show how the UN Sustainable Development Goals on biodiversity can be achieved while feeding the world's population. Trends could be turned positive by 2050, for example through sustainable efficiency improvements in agriculture and more plant-based nutrition. According to an affiliate report from the Living Planet Index , vertebrate populations dwindled by ~ 70% in 50 years.
- September 11th - Scientists publish a higher resolution of climate history since the time of the dinosaur extinction 66 million years ago with newly integrated data. You identify four climatic stages , which are separated by transition phases, with greater precision. These phases are associated with changing greenhouse gas concentrations and polar ice volumes. The warmest climatic stage lasted from 56 to 47 million years ago and was ~ 14 ° C warmer than modern average temperatures.
- September 1 - Researchers show that mining for renewable energies will endanger environmental protection and publish a world map of the corresponding areas, as well as estimates of area overlaps with environmental protection areas. According to the authors, careful strategic planning is required.
- September 4th - An interactive world map of regions with different climate and nature conservation goals is published.
- September 4th - Review : Electromagnetic radiation likely has negative effects on, declining , insects.
- September 4 - Scientists report that plant-based diets, in four types of countries, can offset between 9 and 16 years of past CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels.
- 8 September - The European Environment Agency reports that environmental factors such as air pollution contributed 13% of human deaths in the EU in 2012.
- September 15 - An analysis by NASA and NOAA confirms that solar cycle 25 began in December 2019 - after 11 years of solar cycle 24.
- September - INPE reports satellite data , according to which in August 1,359 km² of the Amazon rainforest and in 2020 2.2 million hectares of the Pantanal wetland - ~ 12% - burned down. These data show that previous responses to the fires - such as public media coverage and debate, public contemplation of economic action, and the current military operation - have not been effective. The 6,087 km² forest loss in 2020 corresponds to ~ 95% of the same period of the previous year and roughly the size of Palestine .
- October 5th - A scientific analysis with data on 123 countries over 25 years shows that a large proportion of electricity generation from nuclear power shows no tendency towards significantly reduced CO 2 emissions per inhabitant, whereas this is the case with renewable energies. According to the study, tensions between the two national development strategies can reduce their climate protection effectiveness - for example due to different infrastructure requirements and limited budgets for investments in the energy system.
- October 5th - Scientists create what may be the first scientific estimate of how much microplastic is currently in the earth's ocean floor after examining six areas ~ 3 km deep ~ 300 km off the Australian coast. The highly variable numbers of microplastic fragments were proportional to the amount of plastic on the ocean surface. After a calculated average mass of micro plastic per cm³ are ~ 14 million tons MikroPlastik in the seabed - about the plastic mass that passes annually in oceans .
- October 7 - A study shows that nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions are rising faster than in IPCC emissions scenarios .
- October 14 - Researchers report the development of a multi-criteria optimization to prioritize areas for restoration . Their estimated cost-benefit ratios are based on contemporary valuations for work, material expenditure and loss of income - for example with beef - on the side of costs, and biodiversity , local benefits for the environment, reduction of poverty and climate stabilization on the side of benefits. The latter are the highest in combination with the protection of existing ecosystems.
- October 19 - Scientists use biogeochemical modeling to show how the largest known mass extinction 252 million years ago, the Permian-Triassic boundary , took place and was triggered by volcanic CO 2 emissions .
- October 28 - The discovery of a 500m high coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef is announced.
Life sciences
- January 15 - After twelve years of research, microbiologists successfully report that they isolated the slowly reproducing Lokiarchaeota from deep-sea mud and then cultivated them. The Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum strand MK-D1 has long “tentacles” in which partner microbes nest, which, as “proto mitochondria ” , could possibly give it improved chances of survival with increasing oxygen and were enclosed and endogenized by the tentacles - as ancestors of the mitochondria. This is how eukaryogenesis took place in their E 3 model .
- Jan. 24 - Researchers report the discovery of cell-less mitochondria in human blood. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of most cells in most eukaryotes - they generate their source of chemical energy, ATP . According to the researchers, these loose mitochondria could be involved in many physiological - including disease-related - processes.
- Jan. 27 - Researchers report the development of a nanoparticle that induces immune system cells - monocytes and macrophages - within the body to eat plaques in the walls of arterial blood vessels. The particle contains carbon nanotubes, which contain a drug that deactivates the SHP1 gene in blood cells. Such plaques - mostly stored fats - cause atherosclerosis , currently the leading cause of death worldwide.
- 30./31. January - Summaries of research on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its outbreak are published. They contain information on the transferability , the fatality , the incubation time before the onset of symptoms (approx. 2 to 14 days), the worldwide capacity for and the course of containment to date, the time until a vaccine is available (probably over 1 year) and similar outbreaks ( SARS ).
- March 4 - Scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 in a human body for the first time . They are trying to restore the eyesight of a patient with Leber's congenital amaurosis using genome editing , after tests in human cells, mice and monkeys were successful and they received official approval. To do this, you inject three drops under the patient's retina. The change in DNA is permanent and - unlike human germline engineering - not inheritable .
- March 5 - Neuroscientists show that rats perceive the suffering of other rats as negative and that the same brain region is activated as in humans. Most stopped choosing their favorite candy when it resulted in an electric shock to a neighbor rat. An anesthetic of the brain region or a higher amount of the candy changed this behavior. Morality could therefore have old evolutionary roots.
- March 14th - Scientists develop a CRISPR -Cas13d-based system ("PAC-MAN") that can find and destroy viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and could be further developed into a system that can be quickly adapted to new viruses .
- March 16 - Scientists develop an open source platform for the design of RNA target sequences in order to be able to edit viruses or human RNA - for more temporary edits than DNA.
- March 16 - The first phase I clinical trial of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine begins.
- March 20 - WHO announces a large-scale study (the "Solidarity trial") to test four potential drugs to treat COVID-19 . This later turns out to be ineffective.
- March 23 - Researchers report that squid by RNA editing by ADAR2 - enzyme protein templates outside of brain cells (their squid giant axon change). In other organisms - such as humans - RNA "blueprints" of the templates in the DNA are only "post-processed" to a significantly smaller extent and exclusively within the cell nucleus. The ability could enable them to better adapt to changing environments and also be relevant to more flexible, lower-risk RNA editing technologies .
- April 6 - Scientists report the discovery of metabolic genes in non-metabolism viruses ( nucleocytoviricota ), suggesting that they alter the metabolism of their host cells.
- April 27th - Scientists manage to make plants shine independently and permanently brighter than ever before by means of gene editing . To do this, they inserted genes from a bioluminescent fungus into the plant genome.
- May 8 - Researchers report the development of man-made chloroplasts - the components of plant cells that photosynthesize. To do this, they combined a photosynthesis system made from spinach chloroplasts with a bacterial enzyme and an artificial enzyme network. The system is more energy efficient than natural chloroplasts and could have other uses.
- May 11th - Researchers report the development of synthetic red blood cells , which for the first time have all of the basic properties and capabilities of natural red blood cells. They also enable functional loads such as hemoglobin , nanoparticles , biosensors and drugs to be charged . Red blood cells are the most common cells in the blood and carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.
- May 21 - Researchers report the development of a system for accurately measuring hemoglobin levels in the blood using smartphone photos of the inner eyelid . You are working on an app and have not published the source code . Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein complex in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
- June 1 - Study: In corvids , extended parenthood and childhood are central to the evolution of cognition and have profound consequences for learning and intelligence. On evolutionary timescales, the longer development time - including constant learning opportunities, security and access to role models - leads to expanded cognitive abilities compared to other bird species.
- June 2nd - Scientists demonstrate a continuous chemical reaction network in which simple substances in water and under radiation react to form important starting materials for RNA . With their system they show that some prerequisites for the natural development of life could exist under conditions of the early earth.
- June 3 - Researchers show red foxes in and around London are becoming more similar to domesticated dogs as they adapt to the urban environment. They show differences in skull features that correspond to the description of domestication of the dog ancestors - the first domesticated animals.
- June 4th - A study shows that fruit flies inherit epigenetic modifications in order to ensure the successful development of the embryo with previously unknown coded biological information.
- June 10th - A study shows that human egg cells per person prefer sperm from certain men and that this is a kind of independent selection.
- June 11th - Two teams of neuroscientists show which neurons in mice control their hibernation-like torpor state and induce this state in mice, including those with non-calorie restrictions, as well as in torpor-less rats. In this state, the body temperature, the heartbeat and the metabolic rate are lowered.
- June 12 - Preliminary results of the first clinical trial , started in 2019, for the treatment of inherited genetic diseases with CRISPR-Cas9 outside of China indicate a success of the treatment.
- July 8th - Scientists edit the genes of mitochondria for the first time using a novel, CRISPR-free, gene editor.
- July 10 - Scientists report that a liver protein benefits of exercise performance and health of the brain causes. They show that the concentration of GPLD1 protein in the blood is increased after exercise and that an increased production of this protein by the liver in genetically modified old mice also keeps their brains young and high-performing. It increased z. B. BDNF , neurogenesis and memory performance.
- July 17 - researchers report that yeast cells having the same genes on a different one of two ways to age - nukleolarer and mitochondrial decay, determine the molecular mechanism that determines which aging process is begun, and create by genetic modification for increased Sir2 - expression a third mechanism with a significantly longer lifespan .
- July 28th - Marine biologists report the discovery of 101.5 million year old microorganisms in a kind of hibernation about 70 m below the sea floor. The microbes were resurrected in the laboratory two years earlier and could be the longest-lived organisms found to date .
- August 26th - Scientists report that extremophilic bacteria on earth ( Deinococcus radiodurans ) were able to survive in space for three years in an experiment on the ISS , which, for example, supports the panspermia hypothesis.
- September 8th - Scientists show that a suppression of the signaling proteins myostatin and activin A in mice with a solution containing a protein (ACVR2B) that binds to these leads to the fact that the mice maintain their muscle and bone mass in weightlessness on the ISS . By editing the genes responsible for the production of myostatin, the mice had about twice the muscle mass of ordinary mice. The effects in humans are similar but largely unexplored with little clinical research on "ACE-031".
- September 8 - Researchers use recordings of neural activity to show that crows have perceptual awareness and that they have a brain area similar to the mammalian cerebral cortex . They thus support the theory that conscious experience does not require the cerebral cortex and that the basis for this - or even in general for a human-like consciousness - in these birds, already before their last common ancestor - 320 million years ago - or in parallel.
- September 18 - Researchers report the development of two systems for potentially stopping highly dangerous gene drives introduced into populations in the wild using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing . The senior author of the article points out that the two systems tested in the laboratory according to the study should not give a false sense of security for the use of gene drives.
- September 25th - A software for synthetic chemical reaction networks to study abiogenesis is released.
- September 28 - Researchers report genetically enhancing proteins from the Ideonella sakaiensis bacterium for faster breakdown of PET, as well as PEF, which may be relevant for recycling .
anthropology
- February 12 - Scientists confirm discovery of “ghost population” DNA in the DNA of modern-day West Africans . According to their estimates, this population split off from the ancestors of the Neanderthals and modern humans 360,000 to 1 million years ago and crossed with them within the last 124,000 years . Up to almost 20% of the West African DNA examined is made up of this DNA.
- April 1 - Scientists report the finding and dating of the oldest remains of a Homo erectus . The fossils are 2 million years old and show that this species lived in South Africa during the same period as other, sometimes upright, hominini genera Paranthropus and Australopithecus .
- April 1 - Scientists publish genetic information obtained through proteome analysis on Homo antecessor ~ 0.8 million years ago and Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago. The data show that H. antecessor was a closely related sister branch to the subsequent hominini, including modern humans and Neanderthals.
- May 29th - Scientists show how genomes in Europe - the genetic share of Mesolithic hunters and gatherers and Neolithic farmers - changed in the course of the Neolithic Revolution . They provided data on the genomes of 101 individuals in what is now France and Germany and show the complexity of the biological and cultural interaction dynamics during the Neolithic through a higher resolution of the regional variations of the lineages.
- June 3rd - The discovery of the oldest and largest known Mayan structure, the cult complex Aguada Fénix , is announced. The approximately 3,000 year old complex shows, among other things, the importance of community work - as in the early ceremonial complex - in the initial emergence of the Maya culture.
- June 12 - Earliest evidence of bow and arrow and possibly clothing production outside of Africa is published (~ 48kya in Sri Lanka).
- August 14 - Scientists report the discovery of a grass bed of more than 200,000 years ago - much older than the previously oldest known bed. The remains of insect-repellent plants and ash found underneath - often remains of previously burned beds - could have been used for a dirt-free, insulating and insect-repellent foundation, according to the authors of the study.
- September 16 - Genetic analysis paints a clearer picture of the Vikings and the Viking Age.
- Oct. 15 - A study shows that two Homo ( Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis ) were species nearing extinction, more than half of the habitat with air to the adjusted they lost (their climate-niche).
Other
- March 26th - After one of the first and largest public volunteers - distributed system projects SETI @ home announced its end on March 31, 2020 and due to increased interest due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the distributed system Folding @ home will be the first Computing system that achieves an exaFLOPS . The system simulated protein folding for research on COVID-19 and on April 13th reached a speed of approximately 2.43 x86 exaFLOPS - several times faster than the previous record holder, Supercomputer Summit .
- April 20 - Researchers report the development of a " memristor " that works with electrical voltages of action potentials below 100 mV. The “memory transistor” made of conductive microbial nanowires of the Geobacter sulfurreducens bacterium allows operation through action potentials of natural neurons and can process biosensor signals locally. The technology could be used for brain-inspired computing and direct communication with biological brain cells .
- May 5 - Study: According to a study, the magnetic north pole will move approximately 500 km towards Siberia within the next decade due to changes in the core-mantle boundary .
- June 9 - Researchers show that increased radioactivity in Europe 2017 in autumn 2017 was civil, and not military, VVER- related cause.
- June 11 - Researchers announce they have produced Bose-Einstein condensate on the ISS, which could enable improved studies of quantum physics , for example .
- June 17 - Researchers announce that they have successfully entangled the photons from two wired devices and have transmitted information without sending it over the cable. In addition, the first entanglement of phonons including a successful apparently retro-causal deletion of information is announced.
- July 1 - Scientists report using LIGO to measure for the first time that vacuum fluctuations can influence the movement of macroscopic objects on a human scale.
- July 8th - Researchers report the development of a modular, mobile chemist's robot that can operate laboratory instruments, work almost continuously and independently, based on experimental results, decide on its further actions.
- July 28th - The construction of the ITER fusion reactor experiment begins with a planned completion in 2025.
- August 17th - Researchers show in a new experimental model, which Schrödinger's cat and Wigner's friend is further developing , that if the quantum theory is also valid on more macroscopic levels of "observers", one of three conclusions to be drawn are those with the modern understanding of reality are very difficult to reconcile and thus deepen the conclusion of Bell's inequality .
- October 14th - Scientists develop the first room temperature superconductor - a combination of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen in which electrical current can remain at 15 ° C without an energy source or loss of electricity. They are currently working on lowering his requirement for extreme pressure. Possible applications include research equipment , computing, the energy system, transportation, and areas where semiconductors are used.
- October 16 - Scientists report the shortest period of time : a photon flies through a hydrogen molecule in 247 quadrillionths of a billionth of a second (zeptoseconds) .
- October 19 - Scientists show that the microplastic exposure when using polypropylene baby bottles is between 14.5 thousand and 4.5 million fragments per day and person. Higher levels of exposure are caused by warmer liquids, and similar levels of exposure are suspected for other polypropylene products such as break boxes.
- October 28 - A systematic, large-scale, cross-sectoral analysis of water , energy and soil insecurity in 189 countries, linking national and sectoral consumption to their sources of production, shows that countries and sectors are highly overused, insecure and degraded resources are exposed, and economic globalization with global supply chains has decreased security. The study comes to the conclusion that most countries are exposed to greater resource risks through international trade - especially with remote production sourcesand that diversifying trading partners is unlikely to help countries and sectors reduce them or improve their self-sufficiency .
Nobel Prizes
The announcement of the Nobel Prize winners for 2020 took place from October 5th to 12th. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the awards were given in virtual ceremonies on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death . Berit Reiss-Andersen , the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo , congratulated from Rome switched- WFP -directors David Beasley . In the late afternoon followed with a pre-recorded greeting from King Carl XVI. Gustaf in Stockholmthe virtual ceremonies for the other prize categories. The winners were not switched on, but were shown when the certificates and medals were handed over by Swedish diplomats in their respective homeland. If possible, the unusual large gala buffet, usually the highlight in the Swedish social calendar, should be made up for at the next award ceremony in 2021.
- Physiology or Medicine : Harvey J. Alter , Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice
- Physics : Roger Penrose , Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez
- Chemistry : Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna
- Literature : Louise Glück
- Peace : United Nations World Food Program
- Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics : Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson
In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 began in Wuhan , China . On January 30, 2020, the WHO classified COVID-19 as a health emergency of international concern , and on March 11, the disease was officially declared a pandemic. At the same time, numerous states around the world responded with restrictions on public life such as curfews and the cancellation of major events in order to slow the spread of the virus.
By early December 2020, the number of infected people rose to over 66 million worldwide; over 1.5 million sick people had died at this time. With just under 14.6 million infected people and over 280,000 deaths at this point in time, the USA accounted for almost a fifth of the world's registered cases and the most deaths worldwide. However, these are only the confirmed case numbers, without the unreported number . Calculations of excess mortality by the British business magazine The Economist have shown that by August 2020 around 1.5 to 2 million people have died from the effects of COVID-19 and that between 500 and 730 million have become infected. That is 9.3% of the world population.
The so-called “second wave” spread massively at the beginning of autumn.
Annual dedications
The organ of the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Health Assembly (WHA) , declared 2020 the International Year of the Nursing and Midwife, as this year marks the 200th birthday of Florence Nightingale .
Cultural references
- The film V for Vendetta is set in dystopian , futuristic London in 2020.
- The film Mission to Mars is set in 2020.
- The plot of the film 2020 - Texas Gladiators takes place in 2020.
- The plot of the film The Reign of Fire essentially takes place in 2020.
- The plot of the film Valerian - The City of a Thousand Planets begins in 2020.
- The action of the video game Crysis begins in 2020.
Died
For the detailed list of the deceased see Nekrolog 2020 .
January
- January 1 : Don Larsen , American baseball player (born 1929 )
- January 1 : David Stern , American basketball official (* 1942 )
- January 2 : Veronika Fitz , German folk actress (* 1936 )
- January 2 : John Baldessari , American artist (* 1931 )
- January 3 : Qasem Soleimani , Iranian general (* 1957 )
- January 5 : Hans Tilkowski , German football goalkeeper and coach (* 1935 )
- January 7th : Neil Peart , Canadian drummer and lyricist for the rock band Rush (* 1952 )
- January 8th : María del Pilar of Spain , Spanish noblewoman (* 1936 )
- January 10 : Wolfgang Dauner , German musician (* 1935 )
- January 10 : Alun Jones, Baron Chalfont , British politician (* 1919 )
- January 10 : Guido Messina , Italian cyclist (* 1931 )
- January 10 : Qaboos ibn Said , Omani Sultan (* 1940 )
- January 15 : Ferdinand Schmidt-Modrow , German actor (* 1985 )
- January 16 : Christopher Tolkien , British medievalist and author (* 1924 )
- January 17 : John Hine , British racing driver (* 1933 )
- January 17 : Oswald Oberhuber , Austrian painter and sculptor (* 1931 )
- January 20 : Wolfgang J. Fuchs , German non-fiction author, freelance journalist and comic book expert (* 1945 )
- January 20 : Joseph Hannesschläger , German actor and musician (* 1962 )
- January 21 : Hédi Baccouche , Tunisian politician (* 1930 )
- January 21 : Terry Jones , British comedian, film director and writer (* 1942 )
- January 21 : Tengis Sigua , Georgian politician (* 1934 )
- January 23 : Gudrun Pausewang , German writer (* 1928 )
- January 24th : Rob Rensenbrink , Dutch football player (* 1947 )
- January 24 : Pete Stark , American politician (* 1931 )
- January 26 : Kobe Bryant , American basketball player (* 1978 )
- January 27 : Lina Ben Mhenni , Tunisian university lecturer, blogger and journalist (* 1983 )
- January 27 : Olaf Bernstengel , German puppeteer (* 1952 )
- January 31 : Anne Cox Chambers , American diplomat and entrepreneur (* 1919 )
- January 31 : Mary Higgins Clark , American writer (* 1927 )
February
- February 2 : Mike Hoare , Irish mercenary and author (born 1919 )
- February 2 : Mike Moore , New Zealand politician (* 1949 )
- February 3 : Walentyna Shevchenko , Soviet-Ukrainian politician (* 1935 )
- February 4 : Kamau Brathwaite , Barbadian writer (* 1930 )
- February 4 : Daniel arap Moi , Kenyan politician (* 1924 )
- February 5 : Stanley Cohen , American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1922 )
- February 5 : Kirk Douglas , American actor (born 1916 )
- February 6 : Jhon Jairo Velásquez , Colombian hit man (* 1962 )
- February 7 : Orson Bean , American actor (born 1928 )
- February 7 : Lucille Eichengreen , American Holocaust survivor (* 1925 )
- February 7th : Nexhmije Pagarusha , Yugoslav or Kosovar singer (* 1933 )
- February 11 : Joseph Vilsmaier , German film director (* 1939 )
- February 15 : Karl Ludwig Schweisfurth , German entrepreneur and pioneer of organic food production (* 1930 )
- February 17th : Sonja Ziemann , German actress, dancer and singer (* 1926 )
- February 18 : José Fernando Bonaparte , Argentine paleontologist (* 1928 )
- February 19 : Inessa Koslowskaja , Russian neurophysiologist and aerospace specialist (* 1927 )
- February 19 : Pop Smoke , American rapper and songwriter (* 1999 )
- February 24th : Mario Bunge , Argentine philosopher (* 1919 )
- February 24 : Diana Serra Cary , American film actress (* 1918 )
- February 24 : Katherine Johnson , American mathematician (* 1918 )
- February 25 : Dmitri Yasov , Soviet politician and military (* 1924 )
- February 25 : Husni Mubarak , Egyptian politician and President (* 1928 )
- February 25 : Marie-Luise Nikuta , German dialect singer (* 1938 )
- February 26 : Nexhmije Hoxha , Albanian politician (* 1921 )
- February 27 : Burkhard Driest , German actor and author (* 1939 )
- February 28 : Freeman Dyson , British-American physicist and mathematician (* 1923 )
March
- March 1 : Ernesto Cardenal , Nicaraguan politician and poet (* 1925 )
- March 1 : Eberhard Figgemeier , German sports journalist (* 1947 )
- March 2 : Ulay , German artist (* 1943 )
- March 4 : Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Peruvian diplomat and politician (* 1920 )
- March 4 : Robert Schawlakadze , Soviet athlete and Olympic champion (* 1933 )
- March 6 : Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player (* 1936 )
- March 6 : McCoy Tyner , American musician (* 1938 )
- March 8 : Max von Sydow , Swedish actor (* 1929 )
- March 11th : Burkhard Hirsch , German politician (* 1930 )
- March 13 : Dana Zátopková , Czech javelin thrower and wife of Emil Zátopek (* 1922 )
- March 15 : Vittorio Gregotti , Italian architect (* 1927 )
- March 17th : Horst Felbermayr senior , Austrian entrepreneur and racing car driver (* 1945 )
- March 17 : Eduard Weniaminowitsch Limonow , Russian writer (* 1943 )
- March 17th : Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , Guinea-Bissau politician (* 1958 )
- March 17 : Betty Williams , Northern Irish peace activist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1943 )
- March 18 : Alfred Worden , American astronaut (* 1932 )
- March 20 : Kenny Rogers , American country singer and songwriter (* 1938 )
- March 20 : Borislav Stanković , Yugoslav basketball official (* 1925 )
- March 21 : Hellmut Stern , German musician and author (* 1928 )
- March 24th : Alfred Gomolka , German politician (* 1942 )
- March 24 : Terrence McNally , American playwright (* 1938 )
- March 24th : Albert Uderzo , French draftsman (* 1927 )
- March 26 : Michel Hidalgo , French football player and coach (* 1933 )
- March 26 : Jimmy Wynn , American baseball player (born 1942 )
- March 27 : Hamed Karoui , Tunisian politician (* 1927 )
- March 27 : Joseph Lowery , American pastor and civil rights activist (* 1921 )
- March 28 : Barbara Rütting , German actress, author and politician (* 1927 )
- March 28 : Thomas Schäfer , German politician (* 1966 )
- March 29 : Philip Warren Anderson , American physicist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1923 )
- March 29 : Krzysztof Penderecki , Polish composer (* 1933 )
- March 30th : Manolis Glezos , Greek politician and resistance fighter (* 1922 )
- March 30 : Hau Pei-tsun , Taiwanese-Chinese politician and military man (* 1919 )
- March 30th : Bill Withers , American singer (* 1938 )
- March 30th : Joachim Yhombi-Opango , Congolese politician (* 1939 )
- March 31 : Abd al-Halim Chaddam , Syrian politician (* 1932 )
April
- April 1 : Nur Hassan Hussein , Somali politician (* 1938 )
- April 1 : Rüdiger Nehberg , German activist for human rights (* 1935 )
- April 1 : Adam Schlesinger , American musician (* 1967 )
- April 2 : Oskar Fischer , German politician (* 1923 )
- April 2 : Astrid N. Heiberg , Norwegian psychiatrist (* 1936 )
- April 4 : Rafael Leonardo Callejas , Honduran politician (* 1943 )
- April 5 : Honor Blackman , British actress (born 1925 )
- April 5 : Margaret Burbidge , British-American astrophysicist (* 1919 )
- April 5 : Mahmud Jibril , Libyan politician (* 1952 )
- April 6 : William R. Polk , American historian and political advisor (* 1929 )
- April 8 : Valeriu Muravschi , Moldovan politician (* 1949 )
- April 9 : Ernst-Georg Schwill , German actor (* 1939 )
- April 11 : John Horton Conway , British mathematician (* 1937 )
- April 11 : Justus Dahinden , Swiss architect (* 1925 )
- April 11th : Edem Kodjo , Togolese politician (* 1938 )
- April 12 : Stirling Moss , British racing car driver (* 1929 )
- April 14 : Markus Raetz , Swiss artist (* 1941 )
- April 15 : Allen Daviau , American cameraman (* 1942 )
- April 15 : John Houghton , British climate researcher (* 1931 )
- April 15 : Horst Müller , German educator, amateur play director, theater director and author (* 1929 )
- April 16 : Ulrich Kienzle , German journalist, publicist and Middle East expert (* 1936 )
- April 16 : Luis Sepúlveda , Chilean writer and political activist (* 1949 )
- April 18 : Leon Boden , German actor and voice actor (* 1958 )
- April 19 : Richard Wadani , Austrian deserter of the Wehrmacht and political activist (* 1922 )
- April 20 : Hein Bollow , German jockey and gallop trainer (* 1920 )
- April 21 : Abdel Rahim el-Kib , Libyan politician (* 1950 )
- April 21 : Donald Kennedy , American biologist and editor (* 1931 )
- April 21 : Florian Schneider-Esleben , German musician (* 1947 )
- April 21 : Teruyuki Okazaki , Japanese karateka, 10th dan holder (* 1931 )
- April 21 : Laisenia Qarase , Fijian politician (* 1941 )
- April 22nd : Hartwig Gauder , German athlete (walker) and Olympic champion (* 1954 )
- April 23 : Norbert Blüm , German politician (CDU) and publicist (* 1935 )
- April 25 : Per Olov Enquist , Swedish writer (* 1934 )
- April 26 : Otto Mellies , German actor and voice actor (* 1931 )
- April 29th : Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto , Grand Master of the Order of Malta (* 1944 )
- April 29 : Denis Goldberg , South African civil rights activist (* 1933 )
- April 29 : Irrfan Khan , Indian actor (* 1967 )
- April 29 : Jānis Lūsis , Soviet javelin thrower and Olympic champion (* 1939 )
- April 29 : Maj Sjöwall , Swedish writer and translator (* 1935 )
- April 30th : Tony Allen , Nigerian musician (* 1940 )
- April 30 : Sam Lloyd , American actor (* 1963 )
May
- May 1st : Sabine Zimmermann , German TV presenter (* 1951 )
- May 5 : Millie Small , Jamaican musician (* 1946 )
- May 8 : Roy Horn , German magician and tamer (* 1944 )
- May 9 : Pascal FEOS , German disc jockey and music producer (* 1968 )
- May 9 : Little Richard , American rock 'n' roll singer and pianist (born 1932 )
- May 11 : Jerry Stiller , American actor (born 1927 )
- May 12 : Astrid Kirchherr , German photographer and artist (* 1938 )
- May 12 : Michel Piccoli , French theater and film actor (* 1925 )
- May 13 : Rolf Hochhuth , German playwright (* 1931 )
- May 15 : Fred Willard , American actor (born 1933 )
- May 16 : Henny Brenner , German writer (* 1924 )
- May 17 : Peter Thomas , German film composer, conductor and arranger (* 1925 )
- May 21 : Markus Klaer , German politician (* 1968 )
- May 21 : Gerd Strack , German soccer player (* 1955 )
- May 21 : Oliver E. Williamson , American economist (born 1932 )
- May 22 : Albert Memmi , Tunisian-French writer and sociologist (* 1920 )
- May 22nd : Mory Kanté , Guinean musician (* 1950 )
- May 22 : Jerry Sloan , American basketball player and coach (born 1942 )
- May 25 : George Floyd , American victim of police violence (* 1973 )
- May 25 : Renate Krößner , German actress (* 1945 )
- May 26 : Irm Hermann , German actress (* 1942 )
- May 27 : Larry Kramer , American author and playwright (* 1935 )
- May 27 : John D. Gearhart , American stem cell researcher (* 1943 )
- May 29 : Alfred Kolleritsch , Austrian writer (* 1931 )
- May 29 : Abderrahmane Youssoufi , Moroccan politician (* 1924 )
- May 31 : Christo , Bulgarian-American performance artist (* 1935 )
June
- June 2 : Werner Böhm , German musician (* 1941 )
- June 2 : Wes Unseld , American basketball player (born 1946 )
- June 8 : Klaus Berger , German theologian (* 1940 )
- June 8 : Bonnie Pointer , American singer (born 1950 )
- June 8 : Pierre Nkurunziza , Burundian politician (* 1964 )
- June 11 : Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet , Gabonese politician (* 1961 )
- June 14 : Keith Tippett , British jazz pianist (* 1947 )
- June 17th : Willie Thorne , English snooker player (born 1954 )
- June 18 : Claus Biederstaedt , German actor and voice actor (* 1928 )
- June 18 : Sergei Nikititsch Khrushchev , Russian-American aerospace engineer and political scientist (* 1935 )
- June 18 : Vera Lynn , British singer (born 1917 )
- June 19 : Ian Holm , British actor (born 1931 )
- June 19 : Carlos Ruiz Zafón , Spanish writer (* 1964 )
- June 21 : Jürgen Holtz , German actor and visual artist (* 1932 )
- June 22nd : Joel Schumacher , American film director and screenwriter (* 1939 )
- June 25 : Peter Toschek , German physicist (* 1933 )
- June 29 : Gernot Endemann , German actor and voice actor (* 1942 )
- June 29 : Carl Reiner , American actor, comedian and film director (* 1922 )
July
- July 1 : Heinrich Fink , German theologian, university professor and politician (* 1935 )
- July 1st : Georg Ratzinger , German priest and church musician. Brother of Benedict XVI. (* 1924 )
- July 2 : Tilo Prückner , German actor and author (* 1940 )
- July 3 : Lore Krainer , Austrian cabaret artist, singer, composer and author (* 1930 )
- July 4th : Frithjof Vierock , German actor (* 1943 )
- July 5 : Willi Holdorf , German athlete (decathlon) and football coach (* 1940 )
- July 6 : Ennio Morricone , Italian composer and conductor (* 1928 )
- July 8 : Amadou Gon Coulibaly , Ivorian politician (* 1959 )
- July 8 : Finn Christian Jagge , Norwegian ski racer (* 1966 )
- July 8 : Naya Rivera , American actress, singer and model (* 1987 )
- July 8 : Flossie Wong-Staal , Sino-American virologist and molecular biologist (* 1946 )
- July 8 : William Wolff , German-British journalist and rabbi (* 1927 )
- July 9 : Park Won-soon , South Korean lawyer and politician (* 1956 )
- July 10 : Miloš Jakeš , Czechoslovak politician (* 1922 )
- July 13 : Grant Imahara , American engineer and television presenter (* 1970 )
- July 13 : Zindzi Mandela , South African poet and politician (* 1960 )
- July 14 : Noël Martin , British-Jamaican building contractor, victim of right-wing violence in Germany (* 1959 )
- July 14 : Gabriele Buschmeier , German musicologist (* 1955 )
- July 16 : Delphine Zanga Tsogo , Cameroonian author and politician (* 1935 )
- July 17 : John Lewis , American politician and civil rights activist (* 1940 )
- July 20 : Viktor Alexandrowitsch Tschischikow , Russian illustrator (* 1935 )
- July 21 : Andrew Mlangeni , South African anti-apartheid activist (* 1925 )
- July 22nd : Stephan Trepte , German rock musician (* 1950 )
- July 24th : Benjamin William Mkapa , Tanzanian politician (* 1938 )
- July 24 : Regis Philbin , American television presenter (* 1931 )
- July 25th : Peter Green , British blues rock guitarist (* 1946 )
- July 26 : Olivia de Havilland , British-American actress (born 1916 )
- July 26th : Hans-Jochen Vogel , German politician (* 1926 )
- July 27 : Owen Arthur , Barbadian politician (* 1949 )
- July 28 : Gisèle Halimi , French lawyer and politician (* 1927 )
- July 30th : Lee Teng-hui , Taiwanese politician (* 1923 )
- July 31 : Alan Parker , British director and screenwriter (born 1944 )
August
- August 3 : John Hume , Northern Irish politician and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (* 1937 )
- August 4th : Frances E. Allen , American computer scientist (* 1932 )
- August 7th : Adin Steinsaltz , Israeli rabbi (* 1937 )
- August 9 : Fips Asmussen , German comedian and solo entertainer (* 1938 )
- August 11th : Trini Lopez , American pop singer (born 1937 )
- August 18 : Ben Cross , British actor (born 1947 )
- August 19 : Helmut Hubacher , Swiss politician, author and columnist (* 1926 )
- August 24 : Pascal Lissouba , Congolese politician (* 1931 )
- August 24 : Erika Richter , German dramaturge (* 1938 )
- August 24th : Wolfgang Uhlmann , German chess player (* 1935 )
- August 28 : Chadwick Boseman , American actor (born 1976 )
- August 29 : Uli Stein , German cartoonist and photographer (* 1946 )
- August 31 : Pranab Mukherjee , Indian politician (* 1935 )
September
- September 2 : David Graeber , American anthropologist (* 1961 )
- September 3 : Birol Ünel , German actor (* 1961 )
- September 5 : Jiří Menzel , Czech director and actor (* 1938 )
- September 9 : George Bizos , South African human rights attorney (* 1927 )
- September 9 : Shere Hite , American or German sexologist (* 1942 )
- September 10 : Diana Rigg , British actress (* 1938 )
- September 11th : Christian Poncelet , French politician (* 1928 )
- September 14 : William H. Gates, Sr. , American attorney, philanthropist, and author (born 1925 )
- September 15 : Moussa Traoré , Malian President (* 1936 )
- September 18 : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , American lawyer and judge at the Supreme Court (* 1933 )
- September 18 : Joachim Kunert , German director (* 1929 )
- September 19 : John Turner , Canadian politician (born 1929 )
- September 21 : Arthur Ashkin , American physicist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1922 )
- September 21 : Michael Lonsdale , French-British actor (* 1931 )
- September 22nd : Michael Gwisdek , German actor and director (* 1942 )
- September 23 : Juliette Gréco , French chanson singer and actress (* 1927 )
- September 27 : Wolfgang Clement , German politician (* 1940 )
- September 29 : Hans Rudolf Güdemann , German architect and urban planner (* 1938 )
- September 29 : Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah , Kuwaiti Emir (* 1929 )
October
- October 1 : Maud Hansson , Swedish actress (* 1937 )
- October 4 : Günter de Bruyn , German writer (* 1926 )
- October 5 : Karlheinz Drechsel , German music journalist and jazz musician (* 1930 )
- October 6 : Herbert Feuerstein , German cabaret artist (* 1937 )
- October 6 : Ruth Klüger , German-American literary scholar and writer (* 1931 )
- October 6 : Johnny Nash , American singer (* 1940 )
- October 6 : Eddie Van Halen , Dutch-American musician (* 1955 )
- October 7 : Mario J. Molina , Mexican chemist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1943 )
- October 8 : Ali Khalif Galaid , Somali politician (* 1941 )
- October 8 : Charles Moore , American hurdler and Olympic champion (* 1929 )
- October 11 : Erich Gusko , German cameraman (* 1930 )
- October 12 : Conchata Ferrell , American actress (* 1943 )
- October 14 : Rhonda Fleming , American actress and singer (* 1923 )
- October 14 : Herbert Kretzmer , South African songwriter (* 1925 )
- October 14 : Kuniwo Nakamura , Palau politician (* 1943 )
- October 15 : Bhanu Athaiya , Indian costume designer (* 1926 )
- October 16 : José Alvarez-Brill , German musician, composer and producer (* 1963 )
- October 16 : Anthony Chisholm , American actor (* 1943 )
- October 18 : René Felber , Swiss politician (* 1933 )
- October 19 : Horst Beseler , German writer (* 1925 )
- October 19 : Spencer Davis , British rock musician (born 1939 )
- October 23 : Jerry Jeff Walker , American singer (born 1942 )
- October 24 : Izzat Ibrahim ad-Duri , Iraqi politician (* 1942 )
- October 25 : Lee Kun-hee , South Korean manager, CEO of the Samsung Group (* 1942 )
- October 25 : Thomas Oppermann , German politician, Vice President of the German Bundestag (* 1954 )
- October 27 : Cornelius Weiss , German chemist and politician (* 1933 )
- October 30 : Amfilohije Radović , Serbian Orthodox Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Coastal Country (* 1938 )
- October 30 : Mesut Yılmaz , Turkish politician (* 1947 )
- October 31 : Sean Connery , British actor (born 1930 )
November
- November 1 : Stephan Orlac , German actor (* 1931 )
- November 2 : Dietrich Adam , German actor (* 1953 )
- November 2 : Rajko Đurić , Yugoslav or Serbian author and politician (* 1947 )
- November 2 : Ahmed Laraki , Moroccan politician (* 1931 )
- November 3 : Justin Sonder , German Holocaust survivor (* 1925 )
- November 4th : Ken Hensley , British keyboardist, guitarist and singer (* 1945 )
- November 7th : Anneliese Friedmann , German publisher (* 1927 )
- November 9th : Amadou Toumani Touré , Malian politician (* 1948 )
- November 10 : Saeb Erekat , Palestinian politician (* 1955 )
- November 11 : Khalifa bin Salman Al Chalifa , Bahraini politician (* 1935 )
- November 12 : Jerry Rawlings , Ghanaian politician (born 1947 )
- November 12th : Masatoshi Koshiba , Japanese physicist and Nobel Prize winner (* 1926 )
- November 12 : Gernot Roll , German cameraman and director (* 1939 )
- November 16 : Walid al-Muallim , Syrian politician and diplomat (* 1941 )
- November 18 : Michel Robin , French actor (born 1930 )
- November 19 : Harald Ringstorff , German politician and Prime Minister of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (* 1939 )
- November 20 : Daniel Cordier , French resistance fighter, art dealer and historian (* 1920 )
- November 20 : Udo Walz , German hairdresser (* 1944 )
- November 22 : Geert Müller-Gerbes , German press officer, journalist and television presenter (* 1937 )
- November 23 : David Dinkins , American politician (* 1927 )
- November 23 : Karl Dall , German television presenter, singer, actor and comedian (* 1941 )
- November 24th : Tandja Mamadou , Nigerien politician (* 1938 )
- November 25 : Diego Maradona , Argentinian football player and coach (* 1960 )
- November 25 : James Wolfensohn , Australian-American economist (* 1933 )
- November 26 : Sadiq al-Mahdi , Sudanese politician (* 1935 )
- November 28 : David Prowse , British actor (born 1935 )
- November 29th : Papa Bouba Diop , Senegalese football player (* 1978 )
December
- December 2 : Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , French politician, President (* 1926 )
- December 2 : Zafarullah Khan Jamali , Pakistani politician (* 1944 )
- December 6 : Tabaré Vázquez , Uruguayan politician (* 1940 )
- December 7th : Chuck Yeager , American test pilot and World War II veteran (* 1923 )
- December 9 : Vyachaslau Kebitsch , Belarusian politician (* 1936 )
- December 9 : Paolo Rossi , Italian football player (* 1956 )
- December 10 : Tommy Lister , American wrestler and actor (* 1958 )
- December 10 : Barbara Windsor , British actress (born 1937 )
Gallery of the deceased
- (The years refer to the year of admission)
January 1: Don Larsen (2013)
January 1: David Stern (2007)
January 5: Hans Tilkowski (2005)
January 8th: María del Pilar of Spain (2013)
January 10: Wolfgang Dauner (1992)
January 10: Qaboos ibn Said (2013)
January 20: Joseph Hannesschläger (2011)
January 21: Terry Jones (2014)
January 23: Gudrun Pausewang (2008)
January 24: Rob Rensenbrink (1978)
January 26: Kobe Bryant (2012)
January 31: Mary Higgins Clark (2009)
February 2: Mike Hoare (1981)
February 4: Daniel arap Moi (1979)
February 5: Kirk Douglas (1969)
February 17th: Sonja Ziemann (2006)
February 24: Katherine Johnson (2008)
February 25: Husni Mubarak (2009)
February 25: Marie-Luise Nikuta (2006)
March 4th: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (2015)
March 4: Robert Shawlakadse (1960)
March 8: Max von Sydow (2016)
March 13: Dana Zátopková (2007)
March 17: Betty Williams (1978)
March 17: Alfred Worden (1971)
March 20: Kenny Rogers (1997)
March 21: Hellmut Stern (2011)
March 24: Albert Uderzo (2012)
March 27: Joseph Lowery (2000)
March 28: Barbara Rütting (2014)
March 28: Thomas Schäfer (2019)
March 29: Philip Warren Anderson (1977)
March 29: Krzysztof Penderecki (2008)
March 30: Bill Withers (1976)
April 1: Rüdiger Nehberg (2014)
April 2: Oskar Fischer (1989)
April 5: Honor Blackman (2000)
April 9: Ernst-Georg Schwill (2013)
April 11: John Horton Conway (2005)
April 12: Stirling Moss (2014)
April 16: Ulrich Kienzle (2017)
April 18: Leon Boden (2008)
April 20: Hein Bollow (2011)
April 23: Norbert Blüm (2011)
April 29: Jānis Lūsis (2011)
April 29: Maj Sjöwall (2009)
May 8: Roy Horn (year unknown)
May 9: Little Richard (2007)
May 11: Jerry Stiller (2005)
May 12: Michel Piccoli (2011)
May 13: Rolf Hochhuth (2005)
May 26: Irm Hermann (2008)
May 29: Alfred Kolleritsch (2014)
May 31: Christ (2009)
June 8: Pierre Nkurunziza (2008)
June 18: Claus Biederstaedt (2010)
June 19: Ian Holm (2004)
June 19: Carlos Ruiz Zafón (2008)
June 29: Carl Reiner (2011)
July 2: Tilo Prückner (2018)
July 5: Willi Holdorf (1964)
July 6: Ennio Morricone (2007)
July 13: Grant Imahara (2007)
July 17: John Lewis (2006)
July 25: Olivia de Havilland (1945)
July 26: Hans-Jochen Vogel (2015)
August 9: Fips Asmussen (2012)
August 11: Trini Lopez (1963)
August 28: Chadwick Boseman (2016)
August 28: Uli Stein (2007)
September 10: Diana Rigg (1973)
September 15: Moussa Traoré (1989)
September 18: Ruth Bader Ginsburg (2016)
September 21: Michael Lonsdale (2013)
September 22: Michael Gwisdek (2015)
September 23: Juliette Gréco (2006)
September 27: Wolfgang Clement (2004)
September 29: Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (2018)
October 6: Eddie Van Halen (1993)
October 12: Conchata Ferrell (2016)
October 25: Thomas Oppermann (2020)
October 31: Sean Connery (1999)
November 2: Dietrich Adam (2015)
November 4th: Ken Hensley (1977)
November 9th: Amadou Toumani Touré (2010)
November 12: Jerry Rawlings (2011)
November 19: Harald Ringstorff (2008)
November 23: Karl Dall (2009)
November 25: Diego Maradona (2017)
December 2: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1978)
December 10: Barbara Windsor (2010)
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Press conference of the Federal Government - accessed on August 4, 2019
- ↑ www.weforum.org
- ↑ europaeischer-polizeikongress.de
- ↑ a b c d Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo, DIZ München GmbH, Munich Germany: The most important anniversaries in 2020 personalities January 1, 2010 Freya von Moltke - January 10 ... January 30, 2019, accessed on January 22, 2020 .
- ↑ German Daycare Award 2020 - accessed on August 18, 2019
- ↑ Award ceremony 2019 - accessed on August 18, 2019
- ↑ Council of the European Union (EU Council of Ministers) , overview page of the Federal Government - accessed on May 19, 2019
- ↑ Ceneri 2020 celebrations , media information from AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd from August 29, 2019, accessed on January 15, 2020
- ↑ FDP Federal Party Congress - accessed on July 23, 2020
- ↑ BER Airport is scheduled to open on October 31, 2020. In: zeit.de. November 29, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2019 .
- ^ Dates of the G20 , overview of the Federal Government - accessed on July 13, 2019
- ↑ Czech Republic: "Drought worse than coronavirus" . In: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk , June 12, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2020
- ↑ Crash of passenger plane - Iran rejects speculation about shooting down. January 9, 2020, accessed January 9, 2020 .
- ↑ First Flight: Boeing's 777x Finally Takes To The Skies On Its Maiden Flight , forbes.com, January 25, 2020, accessed February 4, 2020
- ↑ Homepage of the International Confectionery Fair - accessed on August 18, 2019
- ↑ Date information - accessed on May 17, 2019
- ↑ Berlinale - accessed on May 17, 2019
- ↑ The presentation of the German Film Prize 2020 - accessed on April 1, 2020
- ↑ The EHF EURO 2020 schedule is available - accessed on January 19, 2020
- ↑ Date information Tempodrom - accessed on May 19, 2019
- ↑ Homepage - accessed on June 22, 2019
- ↑ ISTAF - accessed on July 23, 2020
- ↑ nytimes.com
- ^ Advances.sciencemag.org
- ↑ theguardian.com
- ↑ Wissenschaft.de
- ↑ nature.com
- ↑ phys.org
- ↑ fr.de
- ↑ arxiv.org
- ↑ Becky Ferreira: Something in Deep Space Is Sending Signals to Earth in Steady 16-Day Cycles - Scientists have discovered the first fast radio burst that beats at a steady rhythm, and the mysterious repeating signal is coming from the outskirts of another galaxy. . In: Vice , February 7, 2020.
- ↑ arxiv.org
- ↑ nature.com
- ↑ Astronomers detect regular rhythm of radio waves, with origins unknown (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ M. Amiri, BC Andersen, KM Bandura, et al .: Periodic activity from a fast radio burst source . In: Nature . 582, No. 7812, June 2020, pp. 351-355. arxiv : 2001.10275 . doi : 10.1038 / s41586-020-2398-2 .
- ↑ Michelle Starr: Scientists Claim to Have Found The First Known Extraterrestrial Protein in a Meteorite . In: ScienceAlert.com , March 2, 2020.
- ^ Protein discovered inside a meteorite , Phys.org. March 3, 2020.
- ↑ arxiv.org
- ↑ heise.de
- ↑ Dennis Overbye: This Black Hole Blew a Hole in the Cosmos - The galaxy cluster Ophiuchus was doing just fine until WISEA J171227.81-232210.7 - a black hole several billion times as massive as our sun - burped on it. . In: The New York Times , March 6, 2020.
- ↑ S. Giacintucci, M. Markevitch, M. Johnston-Hollitt, DR Wik, QHS Wang, TE Clarke: Discovery of a Giant Radio Fossil in the Ophiuchus galaxy cluster . In: The Astrophysical Journal . 891, No. 1, February 27, 2020, ISSN 1538-4357 , p. 1. arxiv : 2002.01291 . bibcode : 2020ApJ ... 891 .... 1G . doi : 10.3847 / 1538-4357 / ab6a9d .
- ^ University of Geneva: Solved: The mystery of the expansion of the universe . In: Phys.org , March 10, 2020.
- ↑ Lucas Lombriser: Consistency of the local Hubble constant with the cosmic microwave background . In: Physics Letters B . 803, April 10, 2020, p. 135303. arxiv : 1906.12347 . bibcode : 2020PhLB..80335303L . doi : 10.1016 / j.physletb.2020.135303 .
- ↑ Interstellar comet Borisov may be breaking up as it exits solar system . In: New Scientist , March 20, 2020.
- ↑ Drahus, Michal: ATel # 1349: Multiple Outbursts of Interstellar Comet 2I / Borisov . In: The Astronomer's Telegram , March 12, 2020.
- ↑ esa.int
- ↑ Rethinking cosmology: Universe expansion may not be uniform (Update) ( en ) Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ↑ Nasa study challenges one of our most basic ideas about the universe (en) . In: The Independent , April 8, 2020.
- ↑ Parts of the universe may be expanding faster than others . In: New Atlas , April 9, 2020.
- ^ Doubts about basic assumption for the universe (en) . In: EurekAlert! .
- ↑ K. Migkas, G. Schellenberger, TH Reiprich, F. Pacaud, ME Ramos-Ceja, L. Lovisari: Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX-T scaling relation . In: Astronomy & Astrophysics . 636, April 8, 2020, ISSN 0004-6361 , p. A15. arxiv : 2004.03305 . bibcode : 2020A & A ... 636A..15M . doi : 10.1051 / 0004-6361 / 201936602 . Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ↑ Scientists discover supernova that outshines all others (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ Matt Nicholl, Peter K. Blanchard, Edo Berger, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Sebastian Gomez, Ragnhild Lunnan, Adam A. Miller, Wen-fai Fong, Giacomo Terreran, Alejandro Vigna-Gómez, Kornpob Bhirombhakdi, Allyson Bieryla, Pete Challis , Russ R. Laher, Frank J. Masci, Kerry Paterson: An extremely energetic supernova from a very massive star in a dense medium . In: Nature Astronomy . April 13, 2020, pp. 1–7. arxiv : 2004.05840 . bibcode : 2020NatAs.tmp ... 78N . doi : 10.1038 / s41550-020-1066-7 .
- ↑ Interstellar comet Borisov came from a cold and distant home star . In: New Scientist .
- ↑ ALMA reveals unusual composition of interstellar comet 2I / Borisov (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ D. Bodewits, JW Noonan, PD Feldman, MT Bannister, D. Farnocchia, WM Harris, J.-Y. Li, KE Mandt, J. Wm Parker, Z.-X. Xing: The carbon monoxide-rich interstellar comet 2I / Borisov . In: Nature Astronomy . April 20, 2020, pp. 1–5. arxiv : 2004.08972 . bibcode : 2020NatAs.tmp ... 85B . doi : 10.1038 / s41550-020-1095-2 .
- ↑ MA Cordiner, SN Milam, N. Biver, D. Bockelée-Morvan, NX Roth, EA Bergin, E. Jehin, AJ Remijan, SB Charnley, MJ Mumma, J. Boissier, J. Crovisier, L. Paganini, Y. -J. Kuan, DC Lis: Unusually high CO abundance of the first active interstellar comet . In: Nature Astronomy . April 20, 2020, pp. 1–6. arxiv : 2004.09586 . bibcode : 2020NatAs.tmp ... 84C . doi : 10.1038 / s41550-020-1087-2 .
- ↑ The laws of physics may break down at the edge of the universe (en) . In: Futurism .
- ↑ New findings suggest laws of nature 'downright weird,' not as constant as previously thought (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ David Field: New Tests Suggest a Fundamental Constant of Physics Isn't The Same Across The Universe . In: ScienceAlert.com , April 28, 2020.
- ^ Michael R. Wilczynska, John K. Webb, Matthew Bainbridge, John D. Barrow, Sarah EI Bosman, Robert F. Carswell, Mariusz P. Dąbrowski, Vincent Dumont, Chung-Chi Lee, Ana Catarina Leite, Katarzyna Leszczyńska, Jochen Liske , Konrad Marosek, Carlos JAP Martins, Dinko Milaković, Paolo Molaro, Luca Pasquini: Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago . In: Science Advances . 6, No. 17, April 1, 2020, p. Eaay9672. arxiv : 2003.07627 . bibcode : 2020SciA .... 6.9672W . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv.aay9672 . PMID 32426462 .
- ↑ Loren Grush: Astronomers say they've found the closest black hole to Earth - Don't worry, it's actually 1,000 light-years away . In: The Verge , May 6, 2020.
- ↑ Rivinius, Th .: A naked-eye triple system with a nonaccreting black hole in the inner binary . In: Astronomy & Astrophysics . 67, May 6, 2020, p. L3. arxiv : 2005.02541 . bibcode : 2020A & A ... 637L ... 3R . doi : 10.1051 / 0004-6361 / 202038020 .
- ↑ Scientists want to catch alien objects from other solar systems with a huge ring of satellites (en) . In: The Independent , 2020.
- ↑ To catch an interstellar visitor, use a solar-powered space slingshot . In: MIT News .
- ↑ Oumuamua: Neither nor Comet Asteroid, but a Cosmic Iceberg . In: The New York Times , 2020.
- ↑ Darryl Seligman, Gregory Laughlin: Evidence that 1I / 2017 U1 ('Oumuamua) was Composed of Molecular Hydrogen Ice . In: The Astrophysical Journal . 896, No. 1, 2020, p. L8. arxiv : 2005.12932 . bibcode : 2020ApJ ... 896L ... 8S . doi : 10.3847 / 2041-8213 / ab963f .
- ^ University of Nottingham : Research sheds new light on intelligent life existing across the galaxy . In: Phys.org , June 15, 2020.
- ↑ Tom Westby, Christopher J. Conselice: The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life . In: The Astrophysical Journal . 896, No. 1, June 15, 2020, p. 58. arxiv : 2004.03968 . bibcode : 2020ApJ ... 896 ... 58W . doi : 10.3847 / 1538-4357 / ab8225 .
- ↑ https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Spurensuche-nach-Technosignaturen-in-ausserirdischen-Atmosphaeren-3366832.html
- ↑ Does intelligent life exist on other planets? Techno Signatures may hold new clues (s) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ Experiment confirms 50-year-old theory describing how an alien civilization could exploit a black hole (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ Marion Cromb, Graham M. Gibson, Ermes Toninelli, Miles J. Padgett, Ewan M. Wright, Daniele Faccio: Amplification of waves from a rotating body . In: Nature Physics . June 22, 2020, pp. 1–5. arxiv : 2005.03760 . doi : 10.1038 / s41567-020-0944-3 .
- ↑ Astronomers discover 'monster' quasar from early universe (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ Jinyi Yang, Feige Wang, Xiaohui Fan, Joseph F. Hennawi, Frederick B. Davies, Minghao Yue, Eduardo Banados, Xue-Bing Wu, Bram Venemans, Aaron J. Barth, Fuyan Bian, Konstantina Boutsia, Roberto Decarli, Emanuele Paolo Farina, Richard Green, Linhua Jiang, Jiang-Tao Li, Chiara Mazzucchelli, Fabian Walter: P \ = {o} niu \ = {a} 'ena: A Luminous $ z = 7.5 $ Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole . In: The Astrophysical Journal Letters . June 23, 2020. arxiv : 2006.13452 . doi : 10.3847 / 2041-8213 / ab9c26 .
- ↑ China's Tianwen-1 Mars rover rockets away from Earth . In: BBC News , July 23, 2020.
- ↑ Hope probe: UAE launches historic first mission to Mars . In: BBC News , July 19, 2020.
- ↑ NASA, ULA Launch Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission to Red Planet . July 30, 2020. Accessed July 30, 2020.
- ↑ Dennis Overbye: Beyond the Milky Way, a Galactic Wall - Astronomers have discovered a vast assemblage of galaxies hidden behind our own, in the "zone of avoidance." . In: The New York Times , July 10, 2020.
- ↑ Pomarède, Daniel: Cosmic Flows-3: The South Pole Wall . In: The Astrophysical Journal . 897, July 10, 2020. arxiv : 2007.04414 . doi : 10.3847 / 1538-4357 / ab9952 .
- ↑ Spektrum.de
- ↑ Largest-ever 3D map of the universe released by scientists (en) . In: Sky News .
- ^ No need to Mind the Gap: Astrophysicists fill in 11 billion years of our universe's expansion history . SDSS. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ↑ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics : Scientists determine 'Oumuamua isn't made from molecular hydrogen ice after all . In: Phys.org , August 17, 2020.
- ↑ Thiem Hoang, Abraham Loeb: Destruction of Molecular Hydrogen Ice and Implications for 1I / 2017 U1 ('Oumuamua) . In: The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 899, August 17, 2020, p. L23. doi : 10.3847 / 2041-8213 / abab0c .
- ↑ Researchers predict location of novel candidate for mysterious dark energy (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ KS Croker, J. Runburg, D. Farrah: Implications of Symmetry and Pressure in Friedmann Cosmology. III. Point Sources of Dark Energy that Tend toward Uniformity . In: The Astrophysical Journal . 900, No. 1, September 1, 2020, ISSN 1538-4357 , p. 57. doi : 10.3847 / 1538-4357 / abad2f .
- ^ Australian telescope finds no signs of alien technology in 10 million star systems (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ CD Tremblay, SJ Tingay: A SETI survey of the Vela region using the Murchison Widefield Array: Orders of magnitude expansion in search space . In: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 37, September 7, 2020, ISSN 1323-3580 . doi : 10.1017 / pasa.2020.27 .
- ↑ a b Life on Venus? Astronomers See a Signal in Its Clouds - The detection of a gas in the planet's atmosphere could turn scientists' gaze to a planet long overlooked in the search for extraterrestrial life. . In: The New York Times , September 14, 2020.
- ↑ Is there life floating in the clouds of Venus? . In: BBC News , September 14, 2020.
- ↑ Phosphine on Venus - Lead scientist Jane Greaves explains the discovery . In: YouTube / RAS , September 14, 2020.
- ↑ Jane S. Greaves, et al .: Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus . In: Nature Astronomy . September 14, 2020. doi : 10.1038 / s41550-020-1174-4 . Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ^ Sara Seager, Janusz J. Petkowski, Peter Gao, William Bains, Noelle C. Bryan, Sukrit Ranjan, Jane Greaves: The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere . In: Astrobiology . August 13, 2020, ISSN 1531-1074 . doi : 10.1089 / ast.2020.2244 .
- ↑ arxiv.org
- ↑ Breakthrough Initiatives to Fund Study into Search for Primitive Life in the Clouds of Venus ( en ) Retrieved September 26, 2020.
- ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.09761
- ↑ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-nasa-probe-may-have-found-signs-of-life-on-venus-40-years-ago/
- ↑ In A Complete Fluke, A European Spacecraft Is About To Fly Past Venus - And Could Look For Signs Of Life (en) . In: Forbes .
- ↑ BepiColombo may be able to search for signs of life as it passes Venus . In: New Scientist .
- ↑ Scientists discover 24 'superhabitable' planets with conditions that are better for life than Earth (en) . In: Sky News .
- ↑ Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Rene Heller, Edward Guinan: In Search for a Planet Better than Earth: Top Contenders for a Superhabitable World . In: Astrobiology . September 18, 2020. doi : 10.1089 / ast.2019.2161 .
- ↑ Leah Crane: Astronomers may have found the first planet in another galaxy . In: New Scientist , September 23, 2020.
- ↑ Di Stafano, R .: M51-ULS-1b: The First Candidate for a Planet in an External Galaxy . In: arXiv , September 18, 2020.
- ^ A NASA Probe May Have Found Signs of Life on Venus 40 Years Ago (en) . In: Scientific American .
- ↑ Rakesh Mogul, Sanjay S. Limaye, MJ Way, Jr Cordova: Is Phosphine in the Mass Spectra from Venus' Clouds? . September 27, 2020. arxiv : 2009.12758 . Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ↑ Astronomers Report They've Detected the Amino Acid Glycine in the Atmosphere of Venus (en-gb) . In: Universe Today , October 15, 2020.
- ↑ Arijit Manna, Sabyasachi Pal, Mangal Hazra: Detection of simplest amino acid glycine in the atmosphere of the Venus . October 13, 2020. arxiv : 2010.06211 . Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ↑ a b c Doubts over a 'possible sign of life' on Venus show how science works . In: Science News , October 28, 2020.
- ↑ Promising sign of life on Venus might not exist after all (en) . In: National Geographic , October 23, 2020.
- ↑ Geronimo Villanueva, Martin Cordiner, Patrick Irwin, Imke de Pater, Bryan Butler, Mark Gurwell, Stefanie Milam, Conor Nixon, et al .: No phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus . October 28, 2020. arxiv : 2010.14305 . Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ IAG Snellen, L. Guzman-Ramirez, MR Hogerheijde, APS Hygate, FFS van der Tak: Re-analysis of the 267-GHz ALMA observations of Venus: No statistically significant detection of phosphine . November 16, 2020.
- ↑ T. Encrenaz, TK Greathouse, E. Marcq, T. Widemann, B. Bézard, T. Fouchet, R. Giles, H. Sagawa, J. Greaves, C. Sousa-Silva: A stringent upper limit of the PH3 abundance at the cloud top of Venus . In: Astronomy & Astrophysics . 643, November 1, 2020, ISSN 0004-6361 , p. L5. arxiv : 2010.07817 . bibcode : 2020A & A ... 643L ... 5E . doi : 10.1051 / 0004-6361 / 202039559 . Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ↑ Prospects for life on Venus take hit in phosphine reanalysis (en) . In: Astronomy.com .
- ^ Scientists found signs of life on Venus. Now they're not so sure . In: Wired UK , October 29, 2020.
- ↑ Astronomers produce largest 3-D catalog of galaxies (en) . In: phys.org .
- ↑ The Most Comprehensive 3D Map of Galaxies Has Been Released . In: Universe Today , October 14, 2020.
- ↑ Istvan Szapudi, Robert Beck: PS1-STRM ( en ) STScI / MAST. 2020. doi : 10.17909 / t9-rnk7-gr88 .
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- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 . In: nobelprize.org, October 8, 2020.
- ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 . In: nobelprize.org, October 9, 2020.
- ↑ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020 (American English).
- ↑ The true global dimensions of the pandemic - derStandard.de. Retrieved October 27, 2020 (Austrian German).
- ↑ Year of the Nurse and the Midwife 2020. who.int; accessed on March 19, 2020
- ^ HRH Duchess of Cambridge letter marks Year of the Nurse and the Midwife. who.int, December 27, 2019; accessed on March 19, 2020