Socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic include, among other effects, in particular numerous economic and sociological changes due to the spread of the SARS2 coronavirus and the containment measures that followed , in particular the worst global economic crisis since that of 1929 or since the Second World War and a serious increase of mental illness , famine , poverty and mass unemployment .

The governments responded by canceling major events , closing schools and training centers, entry bans and bans going out and out of contact, sometimes also with measures to control production and distribution chains, subsidies or even direct aid for the population and companies. There were occasional bottlenecks in the retail sector for certain foods and goods, in particular there was also a long-term, transnational shortage of respiratory masks and other protective clothing. In the industrialized nations, the closings and exit restrictions resulted in a surge in digitization , including an expansion of online work from home and an increased use of delivery services by consumers. The type of social contact in leisure time also necessarily took place virtually in many regions during this time, with increased communication on the Internet and in social media. A worldwide noticeable decline in economic power was observed.

In April 2020, the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE) called for solidarity with people and states more affected by the pandemic in a declaration on European solidarity and the protection of fundamental rights during the COVID-19 pandemic . The socio-economic effects of the pandemic can be countered with direct support. In addition to saving human lives, care should be taken to ensure that the crisis is not misused to usurp power and that the monitoring data collected to deal with the crisis are deleted. After the crisis, a common strategy for dealing with future threat situations should be developed from the experience gained .

background

→ Main articles : COVID-19 pandemic , COVID-19  and SARS-CoV-2

The COVID-19 pandemic (also coronavirus pandemic or corona pandemic, formerly also coronavirus epidemic) is an outbreak of the novel respiratory disease COVID-19 (or "Covid-19", for corona virus disease 2019 ). This disease first became noticeable in December 2019 in the megacity of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei , developed into an epidemic in January 2020 in the People's Republic of China and finally spread worldwide in March 2020. In order to counteract the spread to states without efficient health systems, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an international health emergency on January 30, 2020 . On March 11, 2020, the WHO officially declared the previous epidemic a pandemic , the first since the H1N1 pandemic in 2009/10 .

Economy and Stock Exchanges

See also : Economic Crisis 2020

Overview of the expected percentage decline in economic power per country for 2020. The states marked in brown can expect a decline in economic power. The countries marked in green expect an increase in economic power. There is no data for countries marked in gray. Source: Economic Outlook Report of the International Monetary Fund .

As a result of the pandemic, many economies around the world were affected, in some cases dramatically, and millions of people were unemployed. Retail, restaurant and conference organizers, sporting events, tourism in general and commercial aviation were directly affected by the impact.

Locked clothing department in a retail store in March 2020.

Queue outside a supermarket in Italy in March 2020.

Passers in Iranian Shiraz with mouth guard next to a closed shop, in mid-March 2020th

Buildings or production facilities of companies based in China, regardless of their size, will be closed for two weeks at the behest of the Chinese government as soon as an employee falls ill with the corona virus. Sales in the Chinese auto market in February 2020 were 80% lower than in the same period of the previous year. New car sales in China collapsed 92%. Toyota temporarily stopped production in China at the end of January 2020.

In mid-March, Daimler and Volkswagen announced that they would immediately stop their car production in Europe for at least two weeks.

As with the SARS pandemic of 2002/2003, the economic effects can already be seen shortly after the first cases of illness became known. It is estimated that the SARS pandemic cost the global economy about $ 40 billion (which is about 0.5 per thousand of global GDP).

Real estate trading in China also experienced a slump. South Korea reported a 50 percent decline in imports from China.

The Shanghai Composite Index lost more than 10% within two weeks, of which it made up more than 5% since February 3 (as of February 13, 2020). The German and US stock exchanges only recorded a temporary decline at the end of January. With the news of corona cases in Italy, the German and American stock markets suffered a drop of over 10% from the highs recently reached within four days. On February 27, 2020, the Dow Jones recorded the highest loss in points (in percentage terms, however, there were several times higher losses). The DAX lost 12.4% in the last week of February. In contrast, the gold price as a less risky investment rose temporarily to the highest level in the last seven years. Two weeks later, for the first time, global price losses were the same as since the Great Recession during the global financial crisis in 2008. On March 9, the DAX suffered the largest daily percentage loss since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 . The Swiss Market Index SMI stood at 11,263 points on February 19 and lost 27.5% of its value to its low of 8161 points on March 23. It then recovered to 9452 points before Easter on April 9, which corresponds to an annual loss of 11%. On April 20, 2020 , the oil price in the USA also fell briefly into negative territory for the first time since futures trading began. The COVID-19 pandemic also resulted in bankruptcies (see: Economic Crisis 2020 ).

The International Air Transport Association (IATA; umbrella organization of international aviation) estimated on 21 February 2020, the economic losses expected for international air traffic to a volume of about US $ 30 billion, of which 27.8 billion US dollars in Asia -Pacific and $ 1.5 billion the rest of the world.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has launched a € 750 billion emergency purchase program to cushion the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic , with which it will buy up government bonds from indebted EU member states by the end of 2020 . In order to avoid financial bottlenecks for companies, short-term corporate bonds ( commercial papers ) are also to be purchased for the first time . The volume of all bond purchases by the ECB will thus increase to EUR 1.1 trillion this year.

The market research institute GfK analyzed the effects of changed purchasing behavior of consumers during the pandemic within the EU-5 group, with studies of individual countries being presented as examples. In the first phase, known as the “panic phase”, there was an increased demand for essential goods, in particular the need for equipment for home work ( notebooks , tablets and monitors approx. 50% increase in Great Britain and France). There was increasing demand for these in online retail . In the subsequent, early phase of the lockdown, a sharp increase in products for electronic entertainment as well as for food preparation and storage was observed, with which consumers were preparing for longer periods of staying at home ( freezers + 185% in Germany). At the same time, other issues such. B. for clothing. Sales in online retail doubled by mid-April 2020, while in stationary retail it fell by half. In the later phase of the lockdown and the incipient reopening, these trends flattened or reversed again.

tourism

In a survey by Chinese economists, a third of the companies surveyed said that their cash reserves could be used up within a month because the customers (due to the curfew) were absent. Hotels, restaurants and entertainment venues are particularly affected.

The Chinese authorities closed major tourist attractions such as parts of the Great Wall of China and other attractions in the major cities of Beijing and Shanghai. The travel restrictions imposed by the Chinese governments are causing significant short-term cuts in the economic conditions in Japan, Thailand and Vietnam. The Thai tourism industry is facing a slump in sales, as around 60% of Chinese tourists came to the country on the basis of group travel that has now been banned. For Vietnam, Chinese visitors make up a third of all international tourists in the country and in Australia, for example, the figure is 15 percent. It is expected that the affected countries in the Asia-Pacific region will react with a range of fiscal and monetary policy instruments in order to have a positive short-term influence on economic effects. Switzerland Tourism wants to promote international tourism again as quickly as possible and has already applied for 40 million francs to the federal government.

On 04/21 the Munich Oktoberfest (19 September to 4 October), which has an economic value of more than one billion euros and attracts tourists from all over the world every year, was canceled.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic , several cruise ships were quarantined and had to change their route to dock in a different port. In the course of the pandemic, numerous countries around the world temporarily closed their ports to cruise ships. Several cruise lines temporarily ceased operations.

measure up

Additional business losses are expected in the wake of the epidemic due to the loss of overseas orders in the conference and incentive events segments . The MWC Barcelona mobile communications fair planned for February 24-27 was canceled by the organizers on February 12, a few days later the International Inventions Fair planned for the end of March in Geneva and the Auto China auto show planned for the end of April in Beijing . The Geneva Motor Show , which was planned for March 5th to 15th, was also canceled on February 28th. The Electronic Entertainment Expo scheduled for June 9-11, 2020 in Los Angeles was canceled in March, instead it is to take place as an online event via livestream. In Germany u. a. the Leipzig Book Fair planned for March 12th to 15th, 2020 on March 3rd and the Hanover Fair planned for April 2020 on March 26th, the drupa planned for June 23rd to July 3rd, 2020 in Düsseldorf , which is normally canceled only takes place every four years, has been postponed to April 20-30, 2021.

See also : List of canceled events in Germany due to the COVID-19 pandemic

resources

→ Main article : Manufacture of protective equipment and medical devices in the COVID-19 pandemic

In early February, the WHO warned of a shortage in the supply of breathing masks and other personal protective equipment. The demand has risen a hundredfold, the prices up to twenty times. The Robert Koch Institute and the National Center for Infection Prevention have published advice for the resource-saving use of mouth and nose protection (MNS) and FFP masks . In Germany, the Ministry of Health centralized the procurement of medical protective equipment for medical practices, hospitals and federal authorities; at the same time, an extensive export ban on breathing masks and other protective equipment was imposed, but shortly afterwards it was converted into a permit requirement. Several companies announced production increases or resumed disused production lines. Companies in other sectors switched production lines to the production of breathing masks. Automotive and medical technology manufacturers are cooperating to address bottlenecks. Italy deployed members of the military to support a ventilator manufacturer. On March 27, 2020, US President Donald Trump obliged General Motors to produce breathing apparatus based on the Defense Production Act of 1950 . In the wake of the pandemic, several open source projects for the manufacture of simple ventilators have been emerging since spring 2020 .

Media reported that laboratory testing capacity in Europe has increased. Doctors sometimes reported bottlenecks, for example with swab tubes or with an enzyme from a test used by the Berlin Charité. In early March, the media reported delays in evaluating tests in Germany.

Federal Health Minister Jens Spahn warned of possible drug shortages. He called for a review of the company's dependency on China for pharmaceutical production and for changes to the EU competition rules to be initiated so that certain active ingredients would be manufactured in the EU again.

Faced with a shortage of disinfectants, pharmacies began to temporarily manufacture them again using their own prescriptions. Some liquor manufacturers switched to the production of disinfectants.

Due to hamster purchases , various products such as rice, pasta, canned food and toilet paper are temporarily sold out.

In some cases, there were mass purchases of goods and resale at inflated prices. However, sales platforms sometimes excluded sellers who demand exorbitant prices.

Working world

The Chinese authorities extended the holidays after the Chinese New Year celebrations on January 25, 2020. In Russia, on March 25, 2020, the following week was declared a nationwide paid holiday week, but the companies had to pay for the continued payment of wages. The period was then extended to one month until April 30th.

During this time, Japanese companies increasingly worked at home, and meetings were increasingly held as video conferences . Employees were advised to work flexible hours to avoid peak times on public transport. Also in Germany was from March 2020 increasingly in the home office work, so by teleworking Included, virtual conferences . The EU Commission also ordered teleworking at home for thousands of employees in non-critical functions from March 16, 2020.

At the beginning of April 2020, around a third of humanity was no longer allowed to work as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. In Germany, attempts were made to avoid a sharp rise in the number of unemployed through short-time work benefits and assistance for employers . At the beginning of April 2020, the EU Commission President proposed the solidarity instrument Sure for financial support for employees and the self-employed , which was compared with the Marshall Plan . The financial aid should amount to up to 100 billion euros and be financed through loans and diversions in the EU budget. This should support short-time working and other measures in the EU that protect employees and self-employed against layoffs or loss of income. Swiss companies that had to cease operations as ordered by the authorities received instant loans of up to 500,000 francs from the banks within hours, for which the federal government guaranteed. In order to avoid layoffs, the criteria for short-time work have been simplified. In the United States, unemployment has increased by more than 22 million people in four weeks since mid-March 2020. Service-sector companies that suffered large sales losses as a result of measures against the pandemic laid off their employees. Since there is less welfare state aid in the US than in Europe , the US government has adopted support measures of around 100 billion US dollars for unemployment benefits and food aid in response to the pandemic. Globally, the pandemic could have caused job losses of 305 million full-time equivalent jobs in Q2 2020, according to the International Labor Organization .

The situation was more dramatic in numerous developing and emerging countries without social security. For example, according to the International Labor Organization in India, around 81% of workers are employed in the informal sector , for example as day laborers - without contracts, sick pay or insurance. Every day without work is a day without income for them; many have hardly any reserves. In Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa, the slump in tourism has resulted in a loss of income for hundreds of thousands, and here too there is a lack of social security.

The COVID-19 pandemic is widely seen as a trigger for the digitization of processes in companies ( digital business transformation ). There was also a surge in digitization in the health care system, in administration and in education, including in schools. A warning was given to switch to data-secure applications after the initial, crisis-related switch.

It was critically noted that a work-life balance in the home office with simultaneous care of small children is hardly given in practice and that the burden of childcare actually falls mainly on women. Therefore, a gender-equitable distribution of care work is necessary, as well as a debate about the fact that a lower performance by women during the pandemic should not have any influence on a subsequent promotion. During the pandemic, parents are particularly disadvantaged in their academic careers compared to childless people, as academic careers are based on the number of publications; the time spent caring for children during the pandemic should be viewed as a kind of parental leave and should be removed from this evaluation. The virus threatens "decades of progress in gender equality policy".

After an accumulation of cases of infection in the meat industry in Germany (see: Corona infections at Tönnies ), some politicians called for changes to the rules on employment contracts and animal husbandry.

Socio-economic situation, social inequality

Different sections of the population suffer disproportionately from the consequences of the virus. For example, there are disproportionately high virus-related death rates among African Americans in the United States.

The effects on the population were particularly great due to the simultaneous occurrence of several crises: In the town of Ponce in Puerto Rico , which had previously been badly hit by the earthquake , the virus made it difficult to clean up and accommodate the evacuees with the need to enable social distancing . In the Philippines , the pandemic made it difficult to evacuate tens of thousands and, more generally, to accommodate an estimated 200,000 people who had to leave their homes because of Typhoon Vongfong.

Precarious life situations

It is believed that many people who do not have health insurance, for example in the United States, or who fear losing their job if infected, would not follow instructions to seek medical help or go to home if they experienced symptoms isolate. There are also an estimated 10.5 to 12 million people in the United States who are illegally staying in the country and who fear reprisals or harm in their efforts to obtain permanent residence status if they report infection or seek medical help. If people take part in normal everyday life despite symptoms, this promotes the spread of the virus.

Poverty and world hunger

Several aid organizations drew attention to the fact that the loss of income due to work bans will lead to an increase in poverty and world hunger , meaning that people around the world will suffer from undernourishment or malnutrition in the long term. The Welthungerhilfe reported worldwide around 820 million people suffering from hunger and because of drought have no reserves or similar disasters. According to forecasts, an additional 35 to 65 million people will be affected by the effects of the pandemic and thus worsen the global hunger situation. Numerous deaths as a result of malnutrition are also to be expected. In July 2020, the development organization of the United Nations UNDP recommended the introduction of a temporary unconditional basic income for social stability and the containment of the pandemic under the difficult living conditions of poorer countries. Economic reconstruction and recovery plans should not be limited to large markets and players and should keep the small regional businesses running.

school closings

School closings of the respective countries decided due to COVID-19 (as of June 7, 2020)

Regional school closings

Nationwide school closings

No school closings

No data

In the course of March 2020, the affected states decided to close regional or national schools . Other educational institutions such as kindergartens , universities or adult education institutions were also affected; in some states the closings lasted for several months. The UNESCO ( United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization) reported on April 7, 2020 that over 91% of schoolchildren and students worldwide were affected by closings of their educational institutions, that is more than 1.5 billion learners in 188 countries . Compared to March 24, 2020 with 1.3 billion learners in 138 countries, this was another increase. The closings have had an unprecedented impact on teachers, students, parents and carers, and state governments have been challenged to ensure education continues .

To this end, most states introduced modalities of distance learning or expanded existing procedures using the Internet and special online platforms . Teachers and school administrators were encouraged to maintain communication with students and parents via e-mail or other application software , thus sending learners practice materials or using lessons on online platforms. UNESCO leads on a website the offer of massive open online course (MOOC) (English, such as "huge open online courses," compare Open Educational Resources ) platforms, complemented by additional offers of digital learning . Video conferencing was sometimes used for electronic communication. Course content was also available on television and in several countries (e.g. Argentina, China, Costa Rica, Germany, France, Iran, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam) other media spread, in Turkey distance learning has been broadcast on the state television TRT since March 23, 2020 , which was developed with teachers and the Turkish Ministry of Education.

Experts expressed concerns about the fairness of these new forms of learning, as children and young people who do not have the necessary access to this information and communication technology are disadvantaged because they either lack the terminals or the Internet access is poor or poor. Individual countries (e.g. China or France) tried to counter these problems by making terminal equipment available (on loan) or by giving grants for mobile phone contracts or other telecommunications. Hotlines for technical questions have also been set up. Other states rely on the sending of tasks by post. For many parents, legal guardians or carers, the school closings led to problems because they now had to support the children and young people in their new learning environment, often in addition to their own work or other obligations. Therefore, in some states there was online counseling by educators, courses or platforms that parents and teachers could use for exchange. If no exit restrictions had been imposed, teachers could visit families on a regular basis.

Longer school closings particularly affected final exams; in many countries these exams have been postponed for all school types, and online exams have also been carried out in some cases. In Japan and Thailand, final exams with special regulations were carried out in March 2020 to protect the participants from infections, with the number of test subjects being limited in particular. In some US states, final exams were canceled in the 2019/2020 school year.

School closings meant that school meals were suspended , with serious consequences for socially disadvantaged countries, where free or discounted school supplies make an important contribution to nutrition. Therefore, in Argentina, Japan and some US states, for example, people started to deliver school meals to families or to offer the option of picking them up from the educational establishment while observing hygiene regulations.

Practice of religion

Because of contact bans or spatial distancing , there were restrictions in the practice of religion. For example, since mid-March 2020 there have not been any "religious meetings" in Germany. This affected among other things Catholic, Protestant and Jewish services as well as Islamic Friday prayers . Instead, services were broadcast over the radio and the Internet. In Russia, it took a relatively long time for the Russian Orthodox Church to cancel services. After the governor of Saint Petersburg ordered the closing of churches in the city at the end of March 2020, on March 29, Patriarch Kirill called on believers across the country to pray at home. The Jehovah's Witnesses were - for the first time since the establishment of the religious community - called upon by their headquarters to temporarily suspend their missionary work on house and apartment doors. According to the rationale, this practice can create the impression that one disregards the health of those whom one wishes to convert. Online broadcasts replaced the weekly meetings. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also stopped doorstep missions; She also called back many of her missionaries from around the world. According to a Church historian in Salt Lake City , it was the second time after many of their missionaries were brought back from Europe during World War II .

The general audiences and the Angelus prayer from Pope Francis found in Vatican City from March 2020 no longer before large crowds instead, but were merely from the Apostolic Palace transmitted via live stream on the Internet. For the first time in the recent history of the Catholic Church , the papal blessing Urbi et orbi was donated on March 27, 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Actually, this is only given at Easter, Christmas and immediately after the first public appearance of the newly elected Pope. The Pope included two images of grace, which are normally kept in other churches in the city of Rome, and also at later services. The Catholic Church also resorted to pilgrimage shrines and corresponding practices of veneration in other places : in Prato on March 19, the relic of the Holy Belt was shown on an unscheduled basis as a sign that the city “was entrusting itself to Mary in this health emergency”. In Turin , the Shroud of Turin was displayed on April 11th (Holy Saturday) during a video-broadcast devotion, although the next exhibition was not actually planned for 2025.

Culture

Theater, concerts, festivals, etc.

The awarding of the Golden Raspberries 2020 , which was scheduled for March 14, has been canceled, the awarding of the Golden Camera , which was scheduled for March 21, 2020 , has been postponed to November 12, 2020. The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 planned for May 2020 has been canceled, and the Cannes International Film Festival , also planned for May 2020, is to be postponed.

In addition, various music festivals were canceled , such as For example the Glastonbury Festival and the Download Festival in England, the Roskilde Festival in Denmark, Nova Rock in Austria, Rock am Ring , Rock im Park and Parookaville in Germany.

On June 30, 2020 includes in Hamburg activities after 117 years, the "box office Schumacher" oldest, stationary box offices in the industry. In addition to the currently inevitably reduced business, the non-existent prospect for the resumption of major events are decisive here.

movie theater

The Chinese leadership's decision to temporarily close all 70,000 theaters in the country has seen the entertainment industry in China drop in sales of more than $ 1 billion.

Several film studios, including the Walt Disney Company , have postponed theatrical releases from March and April 2020. This concerns u. a. the movies Fast & Furious 9 , Mulan and James Bond 007: No Time to Die .

Drive-in theaters, which were experiencing a real renaissance, were excluded from the cinema closings. Some of the drive-in cinemas were also used for church events.

Numerous cinema releases have been postponed due to the pandemic.

Television and streaming

While the cinema industry experienced an unprecedented drop in visitor numbers, the number of users of video-on-demand ( streaming ) services, e.g. Netflix , rose.

Another consequence of the pandemic was that live or live-on-tape broadcasts of television shows were made without an audience in order to counter the risk of infection. In Germany, for example, the heute show on March 13, 2020 was initially accompanied with applause by a few people in the studio (caretaker, fire brigade), and shortly afterwards TV shows, talk shows and the current sports studio were broadcast without an audience. Other programs that were otherwise recorded with an audience were completely eliminated. Programs that took place without viewers as a result of the coronavirus pandemic were also referred to in the media as "ghost TV". In talk shows, this approach could bring the advantage of concentrating on the matter, as talk show guests were not encouraged by the applause of the studio audience.

Further effects were a broader range of offers in the media libraries of German public broadcasters and, because of the school closings, more programs in the television program for children and young people. Pay TV channels specializing in sports such as Sky Sport had problems with the cancellation of the football leagues .

The pandemic also had a major impact on the dubbing industry , where large studios were closed for a long time for the first time since the Second World War. The Synchronverband eV - Die Gilde stated in a press release on March 18, 2020 that member and partner studios would keep their studios and studios closed until at least April 19, 2020 due to the health situation. In coordination with the various industry associations, the work has been continued since April 20, 2020. The closure of the studios had a direct impact on the broadcasting of various series. Since the synchronized version of some series can only be created shortly before the broadcast date, e.g. B. If the episodes are to be broadcast shortly after the US broadcast, there were often not enough episodes already synchronized, so that the broadcasters were forced to either broadcast the episodes in the original sound (e.g. The Walking Dead on FOX or Star Wars: The Clone Wars at Disney + ) or to postpone the broadcast (e.g. Deputy - Los Angeles at 13th Street ).

See also : Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Anime Industry

Performing artist

In the course of the crisis, performing artists (actors, musicians) were affected existentially, as no appearances in front of an audience and no film productions were possible. That is why there were repeated calls for government support in the media. Due to the pandemic, companies in Germany could apply for exemption from KSK fees or deferred taxes. Insured persons could have their contributions reduced based on the lack of income.

Computer games

Computer games that are played by a large number of players simultaneously over the Internet (compare massively multiplayer online game , MMOG) experienced a great boom as a result of the pandemic: On the first weekend in March 2020, there was a new access record of more than 20 on the Steam game platform Millions of users. Over six million users played online at the same time. As an effect of spatial distancing (also incorrectly referred to as social distancing ), the need to interact virtually with others grew, which is supported by the multiplayer mode of MMOGs.

Book industry

The book industry was hit hard by the closure of most bookstores in German-speaking countries and the cancellation of the Leipzig Book Fair 2020 and a large number of other cultural events. Publishing houses and bookstores often had to apply for short-time working and other forms of government aid, publishing programs were thinned out and new publications were postponed. At the same time, book sales mainly shifted to the Internet. The Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels called on politicians to support the industry and customers to buy locally. Authors, translators and actors as well as publishers and venues made readings available online as a video stream.

Club life

Most of the clubs and associations have ceased their activities due to the pandemic. The entire volunteer work was almost completely brought to a standstill. Due to the cultural customs of many club events, the pandemic has also torn large financial holes in the club's coffers, which were offset by subsidies from the individual districts. Umbrella associations such as the Vereinsring Froschhausen have always informed their member associations about innovations. The extent of the losses cannot yet be foreseen.

Sporting events

Numerous sporting events were canceled or postponed due to the pandemic, initially events in China, later in Asia and, as the pandemic progressed, worldwide. Here are some examples:

Two races of the Alpine Ski World Cup , which should have taken place in Yanqing on February 15 and 16, 2020 , were canceled on January 29 by the Fédération Internationale de Ski for safety reasons. The races were intended as the final rehearsal for the 2022 Winter Olympics . The Indoor World Championships in Nanjing , China, was originally supposed to take place from March 13th to 15th, 2020. The date was canceled on January 29th by the World Athletics Federation , the World Indoor Championships should now be rescheduled in 2021. Relocation to another location was no longer possible. The Sanya E-Prix , scheduled for March 21, 2020, was canceled by the organizers of the FIA Formula E Championship on February 2. However, they kept the option of holding the race later. The China Open in snooker planned for March 30 to April 5, 2020 in Beijing has been postponed to an unspecified date on January 31 by the World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association . In February 2020, the Professional Squash Association postponed the hosting of two tournaments to a later date, including the Macau Open .

In the Formula 1 World Championship , the Chinese Grand Prix planned for April 19, 2020 at the Shanghai International Circuit was postponed indefinitely by the FIA on February 12. The opening race planned for March 15, 2020 in Melbourne, Australia , was canceled on March 13 at short notice. It had previously been announced that a member of the McLaren Racing Team had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and that the team would therefore not take part in the opening race. The other race until mid-June ( Bahrain Grand Prix , Grand Prix Vietnam , Dutch Grand Prix , Spanish Grand Prix , Monaco Grand Prix , Grand Prix Azerbaijan , Grand Prix of Canada ) have been postponed indefinitely, which in Melbourne and Monaco even completely canceled; whether there will be a 2020 season is still unclear. In mid-April there was a proposal that the season should start with the Austrian Grand Prix without spectators.

The German Open , an international badminton tournament that was supposed to start on March 3, 2020 in the Innogy Sports Hall in Mülheim an der Ruhr , was canceled on February 26 and postponed to an unspecified later date. The three-cushion world championship for national teams planned from March 5 to 8, 2020 in Viersen has been postponed to an unspecified later date by the Union Mondiale de Billard ; at the same time, an edition of the Survival 3C Masters planned in Seoul in mid-April was canceled. The Engadin Skimarathon , the largest cross-country skiing event in Switzerland, planned for March 8, also did not take place. The opening race of the UCI World Cup Milan – Sanremo planned for March 21, 2020 has been canceled. The traditional rowing regatta Boat Race on the Thames between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge , scheduled for March 29, was canceled by the organizers on March 16. According to World Wrestling Entertainment, the major event Wrestlemania 36 planned for April 5, 2020 in Tampa at Raymon James Stadium will be held on March 16 completely without spectators in the WWE Performance Center .

In tennis , the French Open planned for May and June 2020 have been moved to September and October. The Wimbledon Championships for 2020 were canceled in early April.

After the Gibraltar Open in snooker took place at the beginning of March 2020 during the three tournament days with only a hundred spectators and during the remaining two days completely behind closed doors, several snooker tournaments were held in the following days, including the Tour Championship planned for a few days after the Gibraltar Open and the Challenge Tour play-offs planned for the end of March have been postponed. The snooker world championship planned for the end of April to the beginning of May 2020 in Sheffield, Great Britain, and the World Cup qualification planned for the days before the start of the tournament were also postponed .

The hosting of the 2020 Summer Olympics planned for July and August 2020 was already questioned on February 19, 2020 by the virologist Hitoshi Oshitani from the Japanese University of Tōhoku at a press conference on the infections on the Diamond Princess cruise ship ; on March 24, the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo were finally postponed to 2021.

The game operation of leagues like the Italian football , the German football , the Russian football , the US Major League Soccer or the 1st and 2nd league in Spain has been temporarily suspended from March 2020th Before the interruption, the first ghost game ( Borussia Mönchengladbach against 1. FC Köln ) in the history of the Bundesliga took place on March 11, 2020 . Major League Soccer will start playing again on June 8th at the earliest. The men's European football championship originally planned for summer 2020 has been postponed to summer 2021 by UEFA . The Copa America planned for summer 2020 has also been postponed by a year.

The game operations in the leagues of other sports were also interrupted within the season from March 2020, for example in the German basketball league , in the US National Basketball Association (NBA) or the US ice hockey league ( National Hockey League , NHL) . The German Ice Hockey League even canceled their playing time completely. After the hockey season in Switzerland was canceled on March 12, 2020, the men's ice hockey world championship planned for May in Switzerland had to be canceled on March 21 . In the USA, the 2020 baseball season has also been postponed indefinitely.

The Giro d'Italia planned from May 9th to 31st, 2020 has been postponed. It will only take place after the UCI Road World Championships in Aigle-Martigny in Switzerland, which will be held from September 20th to 27th. The Tour de Suisse has been canceled entirely for 2020. The Tour de France will be postponed by two months. It will now be held from August 29th to September 20th.

Communication and social interaction

Social togetherness

Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen (right) uses a traditional Chinese greeting instead of shaking hands on March 5, 2020.

East Timor’s Vice Health Minister Amaral (left) shows on March 10, 2020 how to greet each other without shaking hands in times of the corona epidemic.

To prevent the virus from spreading, general hygiene rules were propagated at the beginning of March 2020, which also serve to protect against influenza and other contagious diseases. For example, shaking hands should be avoided. This led to new gestures in greeting , such as touching each other with the outside of the elbows , which in the US was known as "elbow bump". Different gestures developed in different countries, for example in France you should look each other in the eye, in Iran and other countries in the Near and Middle East the "footshake" instead of a handshake was common, that is, bumping the feet or toes against each other and in Singapore actually in was Thailand usual Wai -Greetings recommended.

A few days later, when COVID-19 manifested as a pandemic, it was necessary to stem this and to protect vulnerable groups from infection (see section Social prevention in a pandemic article ), to which was world curfews or output restrictions enacted, with different consequences:

During curfews, there were new forms of expression of cohesion: In Italy, flash mobs with singing on windows and balconies were arranged for March 13, 14 and 15 , in Spain people across the country thanked them with ovations on the evening of March 14, 2020 Windows and balconies for doctors, paramedics, nurses and other helpers. There were similar expressions of solidarity in Germany, France and Greece, for example. In Italy and elsewhere, people played and sang together from balconies and windows. With a music video, the State Police Orchestra NRW , together with NRW Interior Minister Herbert Reul , thanked the citizens for their sensible behavior in the crisis.

After there were isolated violations, especially by young people, despite exit restrictions in March 2020 (so-called corona parties ), WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warned this group not to underestimate the virus: "The virus could take you to the hospital for weeks - or even kill you. ”He appealed to minimize social contacts and to keep spatial distance in order to protect other people. The call for isolation at home was picked up by the media, on social media for example with the hashtags #StayTheFuckHome, #IStayAtHome, #MeQuedoEnCasa, #FiqueEmCasa and #WirBleibenZuhause . There were similar actions by health care workers who, for example, published photos of themselves in protective clothing on social media with the request "We'll stay here for you ... please stay at home for us!"

As a result of the spatial distancing , physical contact with family members who do not live in the same household or with acquaintances was severely restricted, in regions with curfews even completely prevented. Seniors are particularly affected by this. Alternatives to social contact were carried out using smartphones, tablets and laptops; in addition to chatting , telephoning and video calling - similar to the working world - video conferences with several interlocutors were used to compensate for postponed family celebrations or joint activities at the weekend. Private contacts as well as sports courses, church services and education have been shifted to video conferences.

In some countries, health workers were stigmatized in connection with the pandemic.

telecommunications

Internet providers recorded an approx. 10% higher data volume in view of video telephony, chats and media consumption on the DE-CIX . The French EU Commissioner Thierry Breton urged streaming and video platforms such as Netflix , YouTube and Prime Video to reduce the bit rates of their videos and consequently poorer picture quality. This was condemned as "senseless actionism" because the nodes like DE-CIX have 25% reserves and the providers as well as the federal government denied an overload.

Charitable Actions

By March 13, 30 of the almost 950 food banks in Germany had closed, on the grounds that customers and volunteers were typically among the risk groups (elderly, previously ill). As a substitute, “creative solutions” such as issuing pre-packed bags in the open air or a delivery service were considered. Previously, a decrease in the amount of food donations had been observed, as many people bought in advance and therefore less food was donated. The cafeterias run by the Catholic Church in Italy for the needy went over to not serving food to eat at the table, but to take away. In Mumbai , India , during the curfew in April 2020, the international Catholic missionary organization missio organized food for starving children and their families.

Exclusion or discrimination

As was the case during the SARS epidemic, outside Asia there was discrimination and exclusion of people of actual or alleged Chinese origin. In Germany, since the beginning of the epidemic, people of East Asian origin have turned to the federal anti-discrimination agency . Relatives and work colleagues of German infected people also reported hostility. In Ukraine, after 45 Ukrainians and 27 citizens of other countries had been flown out of Wuhan by state-organized evacuation, local residents protested violently against the people on February 20 while people were being transferred to a sanatorium in Novi Sanshary that had been converted into a quarantine station People who entered China. In China itself, residents of Hubei Province have faced discrimination. There is also hostility to the sales staff from hamster buyers . In some countries, there has been stigmatization and violence against health workers in connection with the pandemic.

Neighborhood help

The neighborhood help during the COVID-19 pandemic was aimed on the one hand at people with certain risk factors such as age or previous illness in self-isolation and on the other hand at sick people and suspected cases in quarantine at home . In many cases, errands such as shopping were carried out for the persons concerned. Care for children and pets was also offered.

The social network Facebook provided a function called “Community Help” that could be used by those who helped and those seeking help to network. The function is offered as part of Facebook Safety Check , which was already used in previous disaster scenarios. Previously, users of the social network had networked through informal groups for the purpose of neighborhood help. In addition, social platforms such as Nebenan.de or nextdoor are linked to neighborhood help during the pandemic. The platforms experienced strong growth in user numbers; nextdoor reported a seven-fold increase in user numbers during the pandemic.

The doctor and politician Kirsten Kappert-Gonther rated the strengthening of neighborhood help during the pandemic as “remarkable” and hopes that a “new, hopefully sustainable cohesion” will develop beyond the pandemic. The network researcher Benjamin Maier, who works at the Robert Koch Institute, described the solidarity measures as "honorable", at the same time he warned against a mix of groups of people through the neighborhood help. This could encourage the spread of the virus. For example, he advised only offering help in the immediate vicinity in order to reduce long distances and thus potential contacts with others in public spaces .

The trend towards neighborhood help could lead to a strengthening of the sharing economy and a re- regionalization in the long term , even if many sharing economy providers experienced short-term losses due to the contact restrictions.

Situation of individual population groups

Families and children

The children's charity UNICEF said that the pandemic meant that children were exposed to higher risks of abuse , gender-based violence, exploitation, marginalization and separation from their most important caregivers. The school closings led to the elimination of important social interactions in children and young people that are necessary for their development. This was only partially replaced by online communication; in addition, in some countries (e.g. China, Japan, Spain and the USA) psychological help was offered through hotlines.

In Germany, 120 university lecturers appealed to the public at the end of March that the protection of children in the Corona crisis had to be improved. For example, many children and adolescents from week groups, homes and psychiatric clinics who had been placed elsewhere were "released home", and in some cases direct contact with the families had been discontinued. At the beginning of April, the Association of Cities and the Child Protection Association also warned of covert violence against children in crisis. The youth welfare offices would try to keep in touch with the families in need of help via telephone, email or video calls, but home visits were also necessary. For this, the employees of the youth welfare offices would have to be selected as “systemically relevant professions” and equipped with protective clothing. The chairman of the Federal Association of State Youth Welfare Services (BAG) Lorenz Bahr pointed to the increasing number of people being taken into care in the urban environment, but concrete figures will only be available after a year at the earliest. The abuse commissioner of the federal government Johannes-Wilhelm Rörig opened a website with offers of help on April 9, 2020 and made an "urgent appeal to the population not to lose sight of children in the current dramatic situation".

In Spain, Vice-President Pablo Iglesias Turrión addressed the children directly on April 23, 2020, thanking them for their efforts and apologizing for the curfew and the restrictions it imposes on them. From that day, the almost absolute curfew that had been in force until then was relaxed to the effect that children under the age of 14 could share the same thing once a day - limited to one hour and a radius of up to one kilometer from the apartment - in a group of no more than three children Household are allowed to walk, roller-skate or ride a bicycle with an adult household member.

On the basis of a qualitative, non-representative study based on an analysis of blog posts by parents in Germany, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung showed at the beginning of May 2020 that parents had a particular need for support during the pandemic. Networks of relationships broke away at short notice due to school and daycare closings, contact restrictions and the exclusion of grandparents from childcare, and hot meals in daycare and school were also omitted. The growing up of the children has become “a purely private matter” again, with a retraditionalization of parental roles. Parents see themselves as the main victims of the situation, but their needs are not given priority. The care function of the school and its importance as a place to live for children is hidden. In addition, the teaching material is not suitable for students to work through independently. It is important to enable a smooth entry into school operations and to ensure that parents are also perceived politically and that the children's perspective is given greater consideration.

Situation of the homeless and beggars

The homeless and beggars are also badly affected by the pandemic. Harriet Wolff and Sebastian Wells from the taz analyze : "Anyone who has managed to get by as a homeless person in German cities by selling street newspapers and deposit collectors is almost always left behind." Another reason the beggar meets they call: "Those who can afford it pay by card during Corona and often don't have any cash left to donate."

Situation in refugee camps

The experts are particularly concerned about the possible spread to countries with inadequate health systems, overcrowded refugee camps and marginalized slums.

During the pandemic, Italy , Malta and Libya closed their ports in April to private sea ​​rescue ships that were used in the wake of the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean.

André Bochow wrote for the Neue Berliner Redaktionsgesellschaft: “Everywhere people are asked to restrict social contacts. In the overcrowded camps that is an impossibility. "

At the end of March 2020, there were increasing calls for evictions, for example from the Mória refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesbos . If the new type of corona virus spread there, both the more than 20,000 refugees and the island's population would be at risk. Neither the Greek government nor the EU Commission wanted to clear the refugee camps on Lesbos. Plans to evacuate at least 1,600 unaccompanied children and young people to EU countries have been postponed by the pandemic. On April 2, 2020, 3,000 people in the Ritsona refugee camp, 75 kilometers away from Athens, were placed under 14-day quarantine after the virus test of a woman who had given birth was positive. On April 15, 2020, the evacuation of individual refugee children from Greece began, starting with the departure of twelve refugee children to Luxembourg; 50 refugee children are expected to leave for Germany on April 18.

Refugee camps and marginalized Roma settlements

Experts are particularly concerned about the possible spread in marginalized slums, where members of the Roma national minorities have to live in many countries. When dealing with the risk group of Roma who have accumulated in slum settlements, ethnic discrimination and unequal treatment make things even more difficult. In particular, it is criticized that the measures serve to protect the dominant population and not that of the Roma national minorities.

As a previously forgotten risk group, “Hundreds of thousands of Roma in slums” in Central and Southeastern Europe came into focus in the media in April 2020 for the same reasons. As Keno Verseck reported in Deutsche Welle , “a corona disaster is looming here . But instead of helping those affected, governments often use the police and the military. ”For example, Željko Jovanović, head of the Roma program of the Open Society Foundation, warned against continuing to neglect the care of poor Roma. "So far, the majority society has ignored the fact that unemployment among Roma is bad for the whole economy and that right-wing extremist attacks on Roma are bad for democracy ... Now it must be clear that health protection for Roma has direct and immediate consequences for non- Roma has. "Krasimir Kanew, head of the Helsinki Committee in Sofia , said in Zeit online :" Because individual people who have entered are under quarantine, strict measures are imposed on the entire Roma collective. Compared to the other Bulgarians, however, the measures are individual. This shows that the Roma are seen as a collective threat to the health of the Bulgarians. ”This is ethnic discrimination. "Nobody thinks about the risk that the Roma could infect each other through these measures," said Kanew. He made it clear: "These are violations of the UN Convention on Human Rights".

Echo in culture and media

The pandemic was a dominant topic in everyday life and in the media for months. That is why there was naturally a diverse cultural and media reaction.

"Boomer remover"

The name “ boomer remover ” is used as a meme for the COVID-19 pathogen in social networks . The name, which can be roughly translated as “baby boomer remover”, refers to the fact that older people of the baby boomer generation and even older people belong to the risk groups. Due to the high mortality in this age group, the age pyramid could be changed, and the pandemic could counteract the increasing aging of Western societies - and thus also the collapse of the pension system that has been discussed for decades due to an unbalanced ratio of pension contributors and pensioners. Voices are being raised that corona parties or a lack of spatial distancing among young people are not only due to the negligence of a lack of social empathy , but also to accepting deaths out of self-interest or even wanton social Darwinism . In the United States, there is also a debate as to whether this behavior should be seen as a revenge against the generations who have accepted the sacrifice of young people in war operations for the benefit of the older establishment.

Media processing

The media reported that private households were taking precautionary stocking of food and hygiene items, which was sometimes critically assessed as "hamster purchases". The social psychologist Clifford Stott, on the other hand, described stockpiling as a rational strategy in a situation in which, in the sense of a self-fulfilling prophecy, a shortage is emerging. He advised media coverage that highlighted examples of altruism and recommended solidarity among neighbors.

In the media, characteristic aspects of the pandemic, such as wearing face masks, instructions on social distance, home office and hamster purchases (pasta, toilet paper) were discussed and sometimes seriously and sometimes satirically addressed.

Misinformation and conspiracy theories

→ Main article : Misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic

During the pandemic, a lot of misinformation, fake news and conspiracy theories were spread on social media , mostly without any evidence. Scientists compare the amount of disinformation with the denial of science , such as the AIDS denial at the beginning of the HIV epidemic, about which a variety of conspiracy theories, rumors and false claims also emerged. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , Director General of the WHO, emphasized in his speech on February 15, 2020 that in addition to the fight against the epidemic, a fight against fake news was necessary, the spread of which he classified as just as dangerous. He appealed to social media to counter the spread of misinformation and rumors .

Psychological consequences

The pandemic is sometimes fearful and can lead to interpersonal problems. The telephone counseling records a significantly increased number of callers. The pandemic also makes psychotherapy difficult. An evaluation of the Understanding Society survey carried out in the United Kingdom showed a negative impact of the pandemic on life satisfaction.

See also : Mass quarantine # Assessment of the measure

crime

In many countries, disinfectants and protective equipment have been stolen from warehouses and reserve stocks. The strong increase in demand for protective equipment was also exploited to sell cheaply produced, defective and sometimes counterfeit products. A European pharmaceutical company was defrauded by 6.64 million euros when it ordered protective equipment. In some countries there were attacks on health workers related to the pandemic.

After the exit restrictions began, there was a significant increase in domestic violence worldwide, according to the UN . In some EU countries, too, the number of cases rose by a third after the exit restrictions began.

See also : COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, section crime

literature

• Robert Koch Institute (Ed.): Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan - COVID-19 - novel coronavirus disease . March 4, 2020, p. 1–39 ( rki.de [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
• Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). (PDF; 1.6 MB) World Health Organization (WHO), February 28, 2020, accessed on March 2, 2020 . 
• Richard Baldwin , Beatrice Weder di Mauro : Economics in the Time of COVID-19 . Ed .: Center for Economic Policy Research, London. 2020, ISBN 978-1-912179-28-2 , pp. 123 . ( E-book version online )

Web links

• Sébastien Le Belzic: China: diary in quarantine. Film report about people living in quarantine in China. In: Website Arte . February 2020 (37 min, available until February 23, 2023). 
• Corona global - How the virus is changing the world. Article in the international journal . In: ZDF website . April 8, 2020(30 min, available until April 8, 2021). 

Individual evidence

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