snooker

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Snooker table at start of frame

Snooker ([ ˈsnuːkɐ ], British [ ˈsnuːkə ]) is a variant of the precision sport of billiards .

Snooker is played on a snooker table bordered on each side by boards with a total of six pockets embedded in them. At the beginning of a round (“ frame ”) there are 22 billiard balls on the table: 21 object balls and the white cue ball. This comes with the cueencountered Ideally, he touches an object ball in such a way that it runs into one of the six pockets. If a shot fails to pot a ball or commits an infraction, the opponent comes to the table. The player receives points for punching a ball: The 15 red balls are each worth one point, the other object balls ("colors") have increasing number of points (yellow → 2, green → 3, brown → 4, blue → 5, pink → 6, black → 7). At the beginning of a recording (“ Break’) one of the reds must be played. If this is successfully punched, a color follows, then a red again and so on. After punching, the reds stay in the pocket, the suits return to the table first. Only when all the reds have been punched are the colors finally punched. The round ends with all object balls being punched or one player resigning. The winner of the frame is the one with the most points at the end. A game usually consists of several frames. Technical and tactical aspects such as posture, concentration and advantages gained are decisive for victory and defeat. For example, the opponent is often forced to break the rules, since opponent fouls bring you points. Such a situation is, for example, snooker , where the direct path to the next ball is blocked. Although the name of this game situation is identical to the name of the entire game, there is probably no direct connection.

In addition to the "normal" snooker, there are also some, mostly less common variations. The most famous of these variants is the Six Red snooker . In general, snooker is now mostly popular in the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China . While snooker has only been a mass sport in China for a few years due to the progressive globalization of the sport, the United Kingdom is the homeland of snooker. Although it was invented outside the British Isles in British India in the 1870s , the very name "snooker" probably derives from a term used for cadets at England's Royal Military Academy Woolwich . It was also in the UK where the sport first became very popular. It hosted the first World Snooker Championships in 1927 and is home to almost every major player in history including Joe Davis , Ray Reardon , Steve Davis , Stephen Hendry and Ronnie O'Sullivan . The popularity of the sport declined in the post-war period , but since the late 1960s it has had a fairly broad media reception, as well as an artistic and cultural reception. Despite some good players and important tournaments, snooker is still a marginal sport in the DA-CH region.

game material

snooker table

Graphic of a snooker table with the balls on it; foot straps below, head straps above

Snooker tables come in various sizes, but 12 foot tables are used professionally. All tables are twice as long as wide. Measured between the outer edges, the professional tables have an area of ​​about 366 × 183 centimeters and an inner area of ​​about 357 × 178 centimeters. With a height of about 85 to 86 centimeters, the table has a total weight of about 1.5  tons . The playing surface consists of a 4.5 to 6 centimeter thick slab of slate on which a green worsted cloth is stretched. Nowadays, heating the playing surface is common for some positive effects. The playing surface is surrounded on each side by bands made of special elastic rubber. They are also covered with the worsted cloth and should enable a "even and dynamic tee shot" after ball contact. This effect can be increased by integrated steel strips. At each corner and in the middle of each long side, the bands are interrupted by pockets, which have a different shape compared to the pool table and are therefore more difficult to hit. The legs of the table are usually made of oak or mahogany .

There are various white markings on the snooker table. 737 millimeters below the footboard there is a solid line called the Baulk line . It is of limited importance in snooker and originated in English billiards . In the middle, the Baulk line delimits a semicircle oriented towards the upper band with a radius of 292 millimeters, the so-called D . The cue ball is played out of the area within the D at the beginning of a frame or in the case of a "ball in hand". In addition, there are three spots on the Baulk line within the D , two at the beginning and end of the semicircle, respectively, and one in the middle of the other two. From left to right, they are the markings for the colors yellow, brown and green. There are also three additional touchdown marks: for the blue ball in the middle of the table, for the pink ball in the middle between blue and the headboard, and for the black ball 324 millimeters above the headboard. Under the touchdown mark for pink, the fifteen reds are arranged in a triangle.

queue

Queue with extensions

The cue [ kø ] is the game device in snooker. It's basically a pointed wooden stick. The cue is a wooden stick that weighs 450 to 490 grams and is 140 to 150 centimeters long. The minimum length is 91.4 centimeters, but the optimal length is usually in the range mentioned and depends on the height of the player. Ash wood is mainly used for the upper part of the cue , more rarely also maple wood , since ash is comparatively hard and stable and offers good vibration behavior. The grip area, on the other hand, is often made of ebony for reasons of aesthetics and balance . Lacquering, decorations and inlay work are detrimental to stability and grip and are therefore usually left out. Most cues can be broken down into two or three pieces for easy portability. To protect the cue during transport, professional players in particular use special containers to minimize the risk of damage. For transport and storage, a division in the middle of the cue is best for two-piece cues, but in terms of the impact feeling it is worse compared to a division into three quarters and one quarter (¾ shaft, ¼ grip). That being said, there are various extensions that can be screwed onto the handle.

Especially for regular players, the player's performance also depends on the use of a specific cue. Since cues vary in subtlety, they will suit a particular player's style of play differently. Losing or damaging the cue you are used to can lead to a noticeable loss of performance for professional players.

ferrule and bitter orange

Billiard chalk (left) and cue (right) with ferrule (gold) and bitter orange (blue)

At the upper end, the cue is closed off by the ferrule , a part usually made of brass . A small piece of leather is attached to the ferrule , the so-called tip -off . The tip is designed to ensure a more controlled shot. It is convex and therefore only touches the ball with the smallest possible area. In addition, the surface of the tip-off should be as rough as possible in order to create better adhesion when the ball comes into contact. The diameter of the tip is related to that of the cue, but is on average 9 to 11.5 millimeters and is therefore smaller than its counterpart in pool billiards; there the cue tips are larger than in snooker because of the larger balls. There are leatherettes made of hard leather and leatherettes made of soft leather; both variants have special subtleties and are important for the snooker game of the individual person. There are also tips that overlap the edge of the cue and those that end with the cue. While the use of a particular style of brim is a matter of taste, some players feel they have better control of the ball with an overlapping brim. In general, the bitter orange is a consumable item that can be partially maintained by certain means, but must be renewed after a certain period of time. The length of time depends, among other things, on the hardness of the impact.

The bitter orange is chalked with a special billiard chalk , which is supposed to improve adhesion when hitting. Depending on the quality, the chalk is more or less handy; the more completely the bitter orange is chalked, the better the effect. It can be optimized by turning the chalk on the bitter orange. In general, the chalk used in snooker, which is mostly turquoise to green in the form of a cuboid, is lower in fat than in pool billiards and soils less, but the tip of the finger has to be chalked on more often. In addition to this usual chalk, there is another frequently used type of chalk, the so-called Taom chalk , which, in contrast to normal chalk, is round. It is designed to reduce kicks but increases the likelihood of the cue tip slipping off the cue ball.

auxiliary cues

In addition, there are also some auxiliary cues that are intended to simplify playing in certain situations. The auxiliary cues are an additional support or shelf for the cue during the shot. There are a total of five of these auxiliary cues, which are generally part of the equipment of a snooker table. The end of the auxiliary cue is held firmly in the hand and the forearm horizontal, which means that the posture is more lateral and therefore different than in the game without an auxiliary cue. As in the rest of the game, make sure that at least one foot touches the ground. The “cross” is used most often, with an X attached to the top. It is used by placing the cue in a corner of the cross. Depending on the position of the auxiliary cue, the ball can be hit higher or lower. In other situations - for example, when playing over a disruptive ball - the "spider" is also used. It is available in a total of three variants and is sometimes also referred to as a "bridge". Each variant has a wreath on the front with different pads for the cue; in the case of the "extended spider" this wreath is shifted forward. When used, however, the cue ball is hit steeper than usual. In cases similar to the spider, the "swan neck" is used, where you hit the ball even more steeply and where you can also easily slip off with the cue. In addition, the "Hookrest" was a new kind of auxiliary cue, which was bent in the middle next to the normal X in order to be able to avoid annoying balls. Despite the simplification of the game, this cue did not catch on because the bypassed balls interfered with the use of the main cue.

  • "Gooseneck", "Spider" and "Cross"

  • The "Cross"

  • The spider"

  • The "extended spider"

  • The "Swan Neck"

balls

A set of snooker balls

In snooker there are 22 balls in total; in addition to the cue ball and the 15 red ones, one each in the colors yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black. Compared to pool billiards, there are more balls overall and, above all, significantly more of one color (of the red ones). Bullets have been made from a wide variety of materials over time: originally stone or leather , and later metal , ivory , or bone . However, this had the disadvantage that the mass of the sphere was not evenly distributed and the center of gravity could therefore deviate from the desired center of gravity in the center of the sphere. As a result, it could happen with slow shots that the bullet leaned to one side during the barrel, making the shot unpredictable. After celluloid billiard balls were tried out in the 19th century, special plastics such as phenolic resin are now being used. Such plastics allow the mass of the balls to be optimally distributed and improve the stability of the balls. The diameter of each individual ball is approximately 52.5 millimeters; a tolerance of ± 0.05 millimeters is possible. This makes the snooker ball significantly smaller than a billiard ball in pool billiards or carom billiards . In addition, the snooker ball with a weight of 142 grams is also lighter than other billiard balls; a tolerance of ± 3 grams is allowed in the entire set. The manufacturer usually guarantees that sets intended for professional snooker do not differ by more than one gram between the lightest and heaviest balls. Apart from that, the cleanliness of the ball is also important; the cleaner the ball, the less chance of kicks . A ball is generally cleaned with a cloth made of microfiber or lint-free cotton, and there are also various special cleaning agents.

gameplay

Bullet score
White Snooker ball white.png (game ball)
Red Snooker ball red.png 1
yellow Snooker ball yellow.png 2
green Snooker ball green.png 3
Brown Snooker ball brown.png 4
blue Snooker ball blue.png 5
pink Snooker ball pink.png 6
black Snooker ball black.png 7

A game of snooker is usually played between two individual players, more rarely between two teams of two or four people. Before the start of a game, it is decided either by a coin toss (or similar) or by a so-called “ gang decision ” which player is allowed to decide on the kick-off. The latter can then choose either himself or the opponent as the trigger. After that, the kick-off right changes with each frame. The kicking player has the ball in hand at the beginning , so he can place the white cue ball anywhere within the D. Ball in hand is a technical term in the sport of snooker. Snooker has - in addition to billiards terminology - a number of its own technical terms, which are compiled in the list of snooker terms . Although this terminology is influenced by the German language in German-speaking countries, it is shaped by British vocabulary and French loanwords. Snooker also has its own set of rules, which is quite extensive. A hyperlink to the official rules and regulations of the world professional snooker governing body, the World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association , is in the web links .

Structure of a maximum break

The aim of snooker is to score so many points during a game that the opponent cannot score more points. Points are scored primarily by punching at least one ball into one of the six pockets on the table. To do this, you hit the white cue ball with the cue ball in such a way that the cue ball touches at least one other ball and then at least one ball ideally falls into one of the six pockets of the table. Only the game ball may be hit and only with the tip of the cue on the side of the tip of the cue. The shot occurs only when no more balls are moving and all the necessary balls are on the table. Except for pushing the cue-ball, the player may not touch the balls (an exception to this is the cue-ball in Ball in Hand ). Each shot by a player must begin by potting a red, followed by potting a different colored ball of the player's choice before another red must be potted, etc. The pocketed red balls remain in the pockets while the pocketed different colored balls are returned be placed on their positions ( spots ) . If your own spot is blocked by another ball, the ball is placed on the next free spot with the highest value. If all spots are blocked, the ball is placed as close as possible to its spot as seen from the headboard.

Punching each ball earns points, with red earning the least points with one point and black earning the most points with seven points (cf. the table on the left above this text). Only when there are no more red balls on the table and the last ball belonging to a red ball of a different color has been pocketed does the last phase of the game ( final game on the colors ) begin . In this phase, the differently colored balls are punched in the order of their number of points - starting with the smallest value - and remain in the pocket if the ball is successfully punched. Unlike in 8-Ball , for example, the player has to say which ball he wants to play next. Technically, one then speaks of nominating a ball . This ball is then Ball on . In the case of colors, the explicit verbatim nomination can be omitted if the referee can clearly see which color the player wants to allude to. A player's shot ends when a shot fails to pocket a ball or makes a mistake in relation to the rules. The frame ends at the latest when the blacks sink into the colors in the endgame, so that only the white is left on the table. Whoever has the most points at the end of the frame wins the frame. In the event of a tie, there is a so-called re-spotted black , in which the black is placed on the table again for decision and the cue ball is played from D to the black; the next point win then decides the frame. A player can also concede a frame if he already needs snooker (see below). If a game situation occurs during the frame in which the game comes to a standstill, a so-called re-rack can occur, in which the frame is started again from the beginning, in which case the points earned so far in the frame are reset . An entire match almost always consists of several frames; Professional tournaments are usually played in a best-of mode . A zero win is called a white wash .

The series of consecutively successfully holed balls in accordance with the rules or their total number of points is called a " break ". Ideally, a maximum score of 147 points is possible ( maximum break , with a very rare exception , up to 155 points are theoretically possible). A break of a hundred or more points is also referred to as a century break . If the player manages to pot all the balls remaining on the table with a break, this is referred to as a clearance . In each shot, the cue-ball must touch at least one red or color, as the case may be, and the first ball touched must be a ball that the player is allowed to play (ball on) . When attempting a hole, multiple reds can fall into one pocket. However, if a ball of a different color also falls or two balls fall on a ball of a different color when trying to make a hole, this is a foul. The only ball that must never fall is the cue ball. If a ball falls unintentionally or accidentally in accordance with the rules, it is referred to as a fluke .

Fouls , i.e. violations of the rules, are also rewarded with points, but for the opponent. Four to seven foul points are awarded for each foul. More than four penalty points will only be given if balls are involved that have the corresponding point value. Fouls are sometimes mutually provoked. Shortly before the end of the frame, a player who can no longer catch up with his opponent's lead with the balls on the table can catch up again with foul points. Colloquially, this is referred to as the player needs/needs snooker . In principle, it is possible to force several fouls in a row. The only exception to this is when only the cue ball and black are left on the table; in this case the frame ends either after the blacks have been successfully punched or after the next foul. This also applies in the case of a re-spotted black . All balls must remain on the table or in the pockets. If a ball falls off the table, that is also a foul. Also prohibited are jump shots (see graphic below ) and punctures . Penetrations are mishandled shots where the tip of the cue hits the cue ball more than once. Here there is a difference to the term double kiss , which describes the legal double contact of game and object ball. If the Referee considers that the foul offender did not do his best or the Referee sees a simpler solution, he may also award a miss , subject to exceptional exceptions where the player does not need or already needs snooker as a result. This rule is aimed at avoiding tactical fouls. Following a foul, the offender's opponent player decides who resumes play, which means he can either continue play or force the offender to do so. In the event of a miss , the opponent also has the option of having the shot repeated. A miss has no additional effect on the foul points. If the opponent snookers on the ball to be played next after a foul, the opponent also gets a freeball , where you can nominate a replacement ball and then play it. If the referee overlooks a foul, the player is required to report it to the referee. Like the dress code in professional snooker and the composure required of the players, this rule contributes to the image of “gentlemen's sport”. The referees must also act in a spirit of composure during the game. They should carry out their tasks as inconspicuously as possible, for example during the shot they should stand out of the field of vision of the player who shot the ball.

technology

John Higgins in the shoving stance: left shoving hand, right leading hand (seen from camera)
The different types of impact (side view):
1. normal impact
2. follow -up
3. return
4. jump shot (trick shot)
5. headbutt / massé impact

Posture during a kick is designed to give stability to the body. With the two legs and the leading hand, there are three centers of gravity, with the leading hand being the hand of the slightly bent arm that is not used to push. The latter takes over the other arm, the so-called shock arm. Ideally, the upper arm should be at right angles to the forearm, run parallel to it above the cue and have room for the hit or swing, while the leg on the same side of the body is vertical and straight on the ground. When hitting, the torso is bent forward with the head above the cue and ideally the chin resting on the cue. The guide eye, with which the object ball to be hit is aimed, is located almost above the cue. The pushing hand grips the upper end of the cue, which is held approximately horizontally, as an extension of the forearm; the stronger or longer the shock, the further back. The guide hand stabilizes, whereby a distinction is made between different types depending on the situation and hand position, which can basically be divided into the "open buck" with the outstretched fingers on the table and the "closed buck" with the ball of the hand on the table. There is also the "buck over a ball", in which you can lead the cue stick over a ball by bending your wrist upwards, which is also called "attack", as well as a form of the buck especially for the gang.

The different possibilities with the swerve (english)

A high level of concentration during the game is of elementary importance, especially when planning the break and, above all, with the respective shot. Especially in professional snooker, concentration or mental strength is crucial. The shot itself begins with a swing of the forearm, followed by pulling back the cue to the lead or buck hand. The push-off is then carried out by an accelerated forward movement of the forearm together with the cue. Depending on how far the cue is guided and at what speed, a distinction is made between short, slow and long, fast push-offs. The longer a push-off, the longer the shot; long shots are also used to execute follow-up shots and returns, while short shots are used to execute drop shots. These three types of shots, in which the cue ball “runs after” after contact with the object ball, “runs back” again or “stops” after contact, also serve to control the cue ball and thus position play. For all three balls you vary the contact point between the cue and the cue ball, which means that the cue no longer hits the center of the cue ball, but slightly below it in the case of a stop ball, above it in the case of a follow-up ball and in the case of a return ball (also a draw ball) . called) further below than with the drop shot. Other shock types are the headbutt and the massé shock , as they are mainly used in carom billiards . However, they are quite risky and can also lead to damage to the table. Theoretically, so-called trick shots are also possible, but in practice they are forbidden in professional snooker. In addition, the spin is also used for positional play ; here the cue ball is not (only) hit vertically offset, but (also) horizontally offset from the center of the cue ball. As a result, the cue ball rotates itself and thus drifts more to the side hit by the cue ball. In addition, the placement position of the cue ball can be influenced by varying the impact speed.

Another term related to the execution of the shot is the term kick , which describes an unclean contact between the cue ball and the object ball, mainly caused by dirt on the ball. Such a kick usually has a counterproductive effect on the path of the object ball and the cue ball and is therefore avoided. In a hole attempt, ideally the cue ball hits the object ball, i.e. the ball to be holed, at a point from which a straight line can be drawn through the object ball to a pocket. This line also represents the path of the ball. The closer an object ball is to the pocket, the easier it is to punch since there is now some leeway in accuracy; in the event of deviations from the ideal case, the object ball may fall more quickly the closer it is to the pocket. A special case are combination shots, in which a successful hole is attempted through a combination of two object balls. The cue ball hits one of the two object balls in such a way that it touches the other object ball in such a way that it falls into a pocket. In order to open up the group of reds at the beginning of the frame and thus open up more possibilities, the so-called split is also an important part of the technique. In the split , one color, usually black or blue, is punched, but then the cue ball still runs into the group of reds and opens it with it. If an object ball is close to a rink, it can generally only be punched with a shot "over (a) rink", in which case the cue ball plays the object ball against the rink and this is then ideally repelled in such a way that it falls into a pocket the opposite side is running.

tactics

Opening shot in snooker (simulation)

In addition to the technical peculiarities, snooker is particularly characterized by tactical aspects. In its early days, snooker had very few tactical components as players holed whatever was holeable and then attempted to put the ball down safely. However, breakbuilding already developed with Joe Davis . Tactically, it all comes down to positional play. Ideally, the game ball is placed in such a way that punching the next ball is as easy as possible. It is tactically smart to always place the cue ball at a certain angle to the object ball in order to have more opportunities to put the cue ball down when pushing, i.e. it is easier to continue the break. On the other hand, punching several balls at the same time is tactically unwise. If both balls are playable according to the rules, this would be in accordance with the rules. However, the player misses the points of a different colored object ball that could have been potted if both reds had been potted individually.

There are also individual game situations in which tactical advantages play a role. So the touching ball is interesting for players. In this case, the cue ball stays in place so that it touches the next ball that can be played in accordance with the rules. If this happens, the cue ball only has to be played away without necessarily having to touch another ball. A player can gain tactical advantages from this, for example by initiating a snooker (see below). Tactics also play a role at the break: in the opening break, one of the last two reds in one of the two rear corners at the bottom end of the group, seen from the headboard, is usually targeted. Depending on the corner combined with a left or right kick of the cue ball and a suitable impact speed, the cue ball can be placed safely in the area behind the D. This can make it difficult for the opponent to start a break. In this case, as a so-called beginner , usually only the so-called long red remains . With this shot, an attempt is made to punch a red that may have been detached from the group. However, this is tactically risky, because if the hole attempt fails, it is likely that the opponent will lose a good starter.

A Snooker : Red cannot be played in full; the black prevents this on the left side

A basic distinction is also made between more defensive and more aggressive players. There are players who, for example, try to use every opportunity with regard to a split, ie who try offensively to win the game (e.g. Jimmy White ). But there are also those players who, for example, prefer to play a so-called safety instead of a split . This means that the opponent comes to the table, but if executed correctly, he only has a small chance of successfully punching a beginner. A safety is a term used to describe impacts that do not represent an attempt to make a hole, but are intended to place the cue ball and/or the object balls in such a way that it is difficult for the opponent to break into a break. The hope resonates that a better chance will open up after the opponent's push. Safety also serves to provoke fouls and thus score points. A variant of a safety is the snooker . The game ball is placed in such a way that the opponent cannot reach the next ball to be played directly. This is achieved by covering the direct path between the cue ball and the object ball with another, non-playable ball. The aim is that the object ball to be played can only be played via the gang, which makes the shot more difficult. Snooker tends to increase the chances of an opponent being fouled. Another defensive tactic is the so-called shot to nothing , in which an attempt is made to make a hole but the cue ball is placed like a safety.

variants

In the middle of the 20th century, old master Joe Davis developed one of the first variants of snooker with the Snooker Plus . To do this, he added two more balls to the normal picture on the snooker table. This expansion and with it Davis' variant never caught on. In 2010 and 2011 there was a tournament in the Power Snooker variant on the Main Tour , which was intended to make the game more entertaining and fast-paced with the help of various regulations such as a time limit and a Power Ball that brought bonus points , but was also unable to establish itself. From about the same time, the variant Six-Red-Snooker received more attention, which has also established itself in professional snooker with the 6-Red World Championship . It is played with six reds instead of fifteen, with the normal snooker rules largely remaining in effect with only a few additions and changes made, particularly in matters of foul and miss rules. There is also a special regulation for the professional snooker shoot-out , whereby the changes here are primarily aimed at temporal aspects and do not include any changes to the structure of the game. Historically established was the so-called Volunteer Snooker , in which, after punching a red and a suit, you could punch further colors at will. However, if one of these hole attempts went wrong, it was counted as a foul. In 1995, a team of different entrepreneurs such as Barry Hearn , professional Steve Davis and the television station ITV tried to create another variant, which resulted in the so-called tenball, a mixture of normal snooker and the pool billiard variant 9-ball . Although there was a tournament broadcast on television, the variant fell into oblivion after that.

In addition, there are various other variants, which, however, almost all have only a very limited geographical distribution or are not well known. In Brazil there is a variant called Sinuca brasileira , which is played with only one red and different rules, especially with regard to the shots. The Brazilian Igor Figueiredo , on the other hand, began playing snooker with the variant Ten Red Snooker , which includes only ten reds instead of fifteen. Snookerpool , which is played on pool tables, also works with only ten reds , of which there is also a variant with an additional peak time limit with Snookerpool Rapide . In the United States there is also a variant called American Snooker , which is now much less well known than it used to be. Considered a simplified form of regular snooker, American snooker is played with heavier balls and more massive pockets on a smaller table.

organization

The World Snooker Tour (formerly the Snooker Main Tour ) is the professional tour in snooker. In principle, the tour is open to everyone, but a sporting qualification is necessary. There are also various qualifying tournaments for the Main Tour, including the Q School , for example . Players who have this sporting qualification receive a two-year start authorization for the tour. Aside from this two-year rule, the only thing that is certain is the top 64 in the snooker world rankings . This world ranking list is calculated on the basis of the prize money earned by each player within the last two years. These professional players earn well through various sponsorship contracts and in particular through the tournament prize money. The most important professional tournaments are the so-called world ranking tournaments , the results of which have an influence on the world ranking. Among the most important are the World Snooker Championship and the UK Championship . The Snooker World Championship is held annually for 17 days at the Crucible Theater in Sheffield and is usually the final highlight of the season. Also one of the most important tournaments is the Masters , which as an invitational tournament has no influence on the world rankings. The field of participants in the Masters consists only of the best sixteen players in the world rankings. These three tournaments are collectively referred to as the Triple Crown .

With the World Seniors Tour there is also a tour especially for senior players. There is also a separate tour for women , the World Women's Snooker Tour . In the past, these could not establish themselves on the actual professional tour, even if there were individual professional players like Reanne Evans . For the 2021/22 season , the best two players on the women's tour also received starting places on the World Snooker Tour for the first time. Alongside Reanne Evans, this made Ng On Yee a professional player.

World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association logo

The world federation for the general sport of billiards is the so-called World Confederation of Billiard Sports . The governing body for professional snooker is the World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association (WPBSA). The association is financed by the professional players, who have to give 2.5% of the prize money they win to the association. The professional players are individual members of the association. The WPBSA can also impose penalties up to and including bans for violations of the regulations (excluding fouls during a game), but this rarely happens. The world association or its commercial subsidiary organization World Snooker Tour (formerly World Snooker ) is also responsible for the selection of the referees , with Jan Verhaas and Brendan Moore only two referees being permanently employed by the world association (as of 2020). All other referees work full-time elsewhere and, after receiving the appropriate licenses, are considered as referees by the world association and requested for certain tournaments. In addition, the world association takes care of the organization of the tournaments. The implementation is usually entrusted to two of the four employed tournament directors. The International Billiards & Snooker Federation (IBSF) is primarily responsible for the amateur sector and hosts various tournaments such as the amateur world championship . Members of the association are initially the continental associations for Africa , Asia , Europe and Oceania - the recognition of the continental association of the American double continent is pending - as well as the individual national associations. In 2017, the WPBSA established the World Snooker Federation as another amateur organisation, particularly for qualifying opportunities for the Main Tour , which also offers membership for continental and national federations.

story

A paille-maille player

The game of billiards itself likely has its origins in the game of paille-maille , played in France , Italy and England since the 13th century , played as a lawn game with two balls and a bat. The aim of the game was to hit one of the two balls with the bat, to send it through an iron gate and then to hit the second ball, which in turn should knock over a wooden cone. Various sports such as croquet , golf and billiards have developed from the paille-maille . A dry and level surface was important. The development of billiards probably began with this circumstance, for example, when a paille-maille game had to be moved to a table inside a building due to bad weather conditions. In any case, where exactly the game of billiards originated is unclear. The most likely are England or France. The term "billiards" also has a French origin, since the term developed from the Latin billa and the French bille - each meaning "ball" or "ball". It is similar with the queue . First, despite the smaller playing surface, the basic principles of the Paillie-Maillie were retained. In the course of time, however, the rules and the game material of the new sport were adapted and refined to the new circumstances. France played an important role in this development.

These changes included the introduction of the ties on the sides of the table to prevent the balls from falling. At the same time, in addition to cones and goals, holes and other obstacles were also very popular. These holes were not only at the four corners, but also, for example, in the middle of the table. Gradually, however, today's billiard game crystallized. From the 15th century, this was very popular in the European royal houses. In 1610 billiard tables were set up in public for the first time in France, but this took place in so-called ballrooms , which were only accessible to the upper class. Despite other government restrictions, the game of billiards spread throughout Europe in the 18th century. After carom billiards was first mentioned by name in 1775, the restrictions were gradually lifted after the French Revolution in 1789. In addition, the game materials have been further developed and different billiard variants have been developed over the years. In the 19th century, English billiards , played with three balls, were very popular , as were various types of pool billiards .

Invention and early development

Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain (1856-1944)

One such variant was Black Pool , played with fifteen reds and one black , from which, in 1875, according to the version most widely accepted today , British Lieutenant Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain , stationed in Jabalpur at the time , developed today's snooker by adding more colored balls. Clive Everton also sees influences from other billiard variants that were popular at the time, such as Life Pool and Pyramids , in the invention . Chamberlain also invented the name of the new game. Although there are differing accounts as to exactly what happened, the name 'snooker' is probably borrowed from the identical name given to new cadets at the Royal Military Academy Woolwich . Chamberlain only claimed the invention of snooker on March 19, 1938 in an article in The Field newspaper . A year later, this claim was supported by popular author Compton Mackenzie . Various other theories about the invention also circulated, especially before 1938. While there are some minor inconsistencies in Chamberlain's story, alternate histories are not even remotely verifiable.

Chamberlain's regiment was then transferred to a hill station in Ootacamund , where snooker rules were first written and posted at the club. In 1885 an English billiards player - now commonly identified as John Roberts Jr - was introduced to Chamberlain and the game of snooker through the Maharajah of Cooch Behar . Liked the game, Roberts introduced it to the UK by selling game sets upon his return. Due to its social nature, the game quickly became quite popular among the British population. From a gaming point of view, the quality of the game has improved due to this increasing popularity. In the 1910s, for example, the first breaks, which were high even by modern standards, were played. From 1916 the first championship in snooker was held, which later became the English Amateur Championship . Another reason for the rapid increase in popularity was that increasing industrialization meant that people had more time for leisure activities. In 1919, the previously inconsistent snooker rules were summarized by the Billiards Association and Control Council for the first time, with the re-spotted black being introduced, among other things.

Davis era, brief decline and professionalization

Joe Davis (1901-1978), circa 1920
Alex Higgins in 1969

Between the end of 1926 and 1927 a snooker world championship took place for the first time, which was won by Joe Davis . Davis gradually became the first major snooker player. The sport of snooker defined itself as "big business" at this time, since the few top players of that time were already earning a comparatively large amount of money. In the following years, a so-called Total Clearance was played for the first time and later a Maximum Break for the first time .Meanwhile, Davis dominated the snooker world championship well into the 1940s, winning 15 titles before retiring from the tournament undefeated in 1946. This undermined the legitimacy of the World Snooker Championships and simultaneously reduced interest in snooker. At the same time, after the Second World War , the sport had problems connecting to the old times with great popularity. There were also fewer sponsors, since they were less generous after the war. In the following two decades, the Snooker World Championship was held under different names and in different formats, sometimes with interruptions, and was dominated by Joe's brother Fred and John Pulman . In 1950, the BBC broadcast recordings of the then World Cup for the first time, before Joe Davis published a kind of textbook for snooker play in 1956 with the book How I Play Snooker . In 1963, an amateur world championship was held for the first time .

Steve Davis , dominant player of the 1980s

Finally, in 1968, a snooker governing body was founded with the World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association (WPBSA). The knockout world snooker championship returned the very next year . That year, John Spencer won the tournament, which was dominated in the following 1970s by the Welshman Ray Reardon and, in addition to Spencer, by the crowd 's favorite Alex Higgins . Also in 1969, as BBC2 program director David Attenborough saw snooker as a perfect way to showcase the possibilities of the new color television , the first Pot Black tournament was held and televised in series format. As a result, the players involved gained a lot of notoriety and were able to improve their income. In addition to the first sponsors, the BBC increased the transmission of snooker in the following years, for example at the Masters , while a snooker world ranking was established for the first time and after Terry Griffiths ' world title in 1979 in his first professional season and generally due to the growing popularity the professional player increased increase. In retrospect, inclusion in the BBC program is therefore seen as a "breakthrough" for the sport of snooker.

After Canadian Cliff Thorburn became world champion for the first time in 1980, the 1980s were playfully shaped by Steve Davis with the first officially recognized maximum break at the Classic in 1982 and a total of six world championship titles. The decade was entrepreneurially defined by Davis' manager Barry Hearn and his company Matchroom Sport , which signed numerous players and organized specially held snooker tournaments worldwide. During these years, the sport of snooker experienced an immense boom. Alongside the BBC, other channels such as Granada Television also began broadcasting snooker tournaments while at the same time setting new ratings records. Thus, over time, snooker has become a successfully marketed sport.

Globalization of Sport and Hearn Reforms

Ronnie O'Sullivan is considered one of the best players

While Davis seemed unbeatable until the end of the 1980s, he was replaced as the dominant player at the start of the new decade by Scot Stephen Hendry . Between 1990 and 1999 he won a total of seven world championships and set numerous records, some of which still exist today. In addition, Hendry changed the previously prevailing defensive style of play in snooker to a much more offensive style. Hendry's dominance of the 1990s is largely due to his introduction of what is now the standard long red entry . Other bases for his dominance were the frequent use of the middle pockets as a hole and punching from acute angles. During the same period, audiences found another favorite in Jimmy White , alongside Alex Higgins, as the former featured in six World Cup finals between 1984 and 1994, losing - mostly to Stephen Hendry - each time. Meanwhile, for the 1991/92 season , the WPBSA opened up the professional tour to any player who was willing to pay an entry fee, taking the professional numbers to over seven hundred players. A year after opening, a group of three players, later also dubbed the golden generation , arrived on the tour, consisting of Englishman Ronnie O'Sullivan , Scotsman John Higgins and Welshman Mark Williams . All three players became leading players over the next few years, each with multiple world championship titles. The trio shaped the 2000s in particular. O'Sullivan is often considered the leading player of the decade, but his inconsistent form and strong competition from Williams, Higgins and other players did not result in dominance à la Davis or Hendry. On February 5, 1998, the World Confederation of Billiard Sports was officially recognized as the world billiards federation by the International Olympic Committee and has since been a member of the Association of IOC Recognized International Sports Federations . In addition, since the same year, the World Association has also been a member of the International Association for World Games . That is why snooker has been part of the World Games since the 2001 edition . Between 1998 and 2010 snooker was also part of the Asian Games . According to corresponding announcements, the sport should return to their program for the 2030 edition .

Mark Selby shaped the 2010s

In the early years of the new millennium, snooker developed into a sport of global proportions. The rise of the Chinese Ding Junhui to the top of the world drew increased attention in Asia. Globally, the inclusion in the Eurosport program had the same effect. However, with the ban on tobacco company advertising in the UK, snooker lost one of its main sources of revenue. At the same time, the board of the WPBSA made some miscalculations. All in all, the sport of snooker began to decline. At times there was even a professional series competing with the Snooker Main Tour . Due to the reduced income of the players, the resentment grew, so that the then WPBSA chairman Sir Rodney Walker was voted out in a vote of no confidence and was replaced a short time later by Barry Hearn . For example, with the Players Tour Championship and a rapidly increasing number of ranking tournaments, Hearn established numerous tournaments worldwide and made it possible for the players to increase their income through increased prize money. The individual professional tournaments then took place in a wide variety of countries (see also below ). In this respect, the COVID-19 pandemic was a turning point, because during that same period the tournaments were increasingly held in England again. In terms of play, the 2010s were shaped by up-and-coming players such as Ding Junhui and especially Mark Selby , alongside the still strong trio of O'Sullivan / Higgins / Williams . Selby, with his string of world titles and long-standing world rankings, came as close as he could to a dominance like Davis and Hendry. In the transition to the 2020s, Selby weakened, which is why Judd Trump temporarily rose to become the leading player.

Barry Hearn's reforms included the introduction of a new World Snooker Ranking . The world rankings were first established in the mid-1970s. At first it was only calculated from the results of the Snooker World Championship , later also from those of other tournaments that had previously been awarded the status of a world ranking tournament . For these tournaments, the world rankings also formed the basis of the seeding list. The calculation basis for the world ranking list, which was then only updated at the end of the season, were so-called "world ranking list points", which were received in parallel with the prize money at every world ranking tournament. The exact number of points varied from time to time, but the World Snooker Championship and the UK Championship brought the most . After two seasons, old points were deleted. Under Barry Hearn's leadership, the world ranking system was fundamentally reformed in two steps in the 2010s. With these reforms, the prize money won in the last two years took the place of the world ranking points. In addition, the world ranking is now updated after each tournament. At regular intervals, the current ranking list is used as the seeding list for the upcoming world ranking tournaments, so there is also a regularly updated seeding list. In addition, the world rankings are also used to obtain professional eligibility for most players, because the top 64 are directly qualified for the next season. In addition, the world rankings are always an indication of the best players of the time. For most decades, the most influential players dominated and led the list : Ray Reardon in the 1970s, Steve Davis in the 1980s, Stephen Hendry in the 1990s and the trio of Mark Williams , John Higgins and Ronnie O'Sullivan in the 2000s. In addition to these three players, other players such as Neil Robertson , Mark Selby , Judd Trump and Ding Junhui joined the top of the world rankings in the 2010s, which Selby led for years.

zoom in and view information about the image
The world ranking positions of the dominant players at the respective start of the season from 1975 to 2021

popularity and distribution

Snooker is now a global sport with a fan base scattered around the world. Rolf Kalb states in his 2018 book that snooker is "played by over 120 million people worldwide and watched by 500 million viewers on television. " China is playing an increasingly important role in snooker. This is also reflected in the Main Tour tournaments. For a long time, these were mainly concentrated in the United Kingdom, even if individual tournaments were held in English-speaking countries. This only intensified from the mid-1980s, when more tournaments were held outside of the British Isles. In the same book, Kalb cites the example of the 2018/19 season , in which only nine out of 20 tournaments with ranking influence were held in the United Kingdom, but five alone in the People's Republic of China.

Other professional tournaments took place in India ( Indian Open ) and Belgium ( European Open ) . Although snooker has quite a large following in India, English billiards dominates the billiards scene there. In Belgium, the sport has received increased attention in recent years thanks to the successes of Luca Brecel . Historically, the reception of the BBC and its snooker broadcasts also played a role, creating communities of fans in both Belgium and the Netherlands. Seen from a global perspective, Canada and South Africa are a small exception alongside Europe and Asia . Both were important snooker nations in the second half of the 20th century, but have produced few good players since then.

In many countries, however, snooker is a fringe sport, including in the DA-CH area. Also, snooker is not well known in the United States , for example . It's also a marginal sport in Australia , although there are or have been some very good players like Neil Robertson and Eddie Charlton . Apart from that, some countries proved to be unsuitable for hosting professional snooker tournaments, examples being Brazil ( Brazil Masters ) or Bahrain ( Bahrain Championship ) .

Snooker in the UK

Alex Higgins was one of the UK crowd favorites (Graffiti in Belfast , 2011)

The UK is the heartland of snooker and is something of a national sport there . Snooker was already very popular in the first half of the 20th century, although there were fluctuations in the post-war period for various reasons . Since the first broadcast of Pot Blacks in 1969, snooker has received significantly more media coverage and has developed into one of the most popular sports in Britain. Over the decades, the number of viewers of snooker games has remained at a high level. The highlight was the 1985 World Snooker Championship final , watched by 18.5 million Brits.

It wasn't until the 2000s that popularity ratings began to decline in the UK as well. The reasons for this are the lack of audience favorites among the top players in the world, economic problems and the closure of snooker halls and the increased displacement of snooker by football . As a result, public interest and thus also television reporting waned. Added to this were the problems of professional snooker. The English journalist Barney Ronay assumed in 2010 that snooker would be an amateur sport again within the next few years. In the course of the Hearn reforms, the popularity figures are also increasing again in the United Kingdom. The UK is also a commercial leader in snooker, particularly in terms of prize money and endorsements.

Snooker in Asia

Asia became the focus of the snooker world in the mid-1980s at the latest, when Barry Hearn's company Matchroom Sport began organizing its own professional tournaments in Asian countries such as Malaysia , Hong Kong or the People's Republic of China . Most of the time, world-class players competed against some local amateurs. Only a short time later, a promising Asian talent turned professional in the form of the Thai James Wattana . Within a few years, Wattana rose to the top of the world and was regularly in the last rounds of important tournaments, including several Asian and Thai tournaments. The Thai public was very interested in snooker as a result of Wattana's successes. For example, Thai television broadcast specially held tournaments. In addition to Thailand, Wattana's successes also sparked interest in snooker in other Asian countries.

Ding Junhui sparked a snooker boom in China

As a kind of successor to Wattana, Hong Kong's Marco Fu and the Chinese Ding Junhui and Liang Wenbo joined the professional tour a few years later. Ding was the most important player in this group of three. At 18 he won the 2005 professional China Open against seven-time world champion Stephen Hendry , then a few months later the 2005 UK Championship against six- time world champion Steve Davis . Both of these achievements drew the attention of the Chinese public to the sport. As a result, the Chinese media reported more about the sport, which in turn fed back to the popularity of snooker in China. The fact that Chinese snooker players continued to enjoy success reinforced this. After numerous tournament wins, Ding was the first Asian in World Cup history to reach the final of the 2016 World Snooker Championship . Although he lost the final, an estimated 210 million Chinese watched on TV. The People's Republic is now considered the most important commercial market for snooker. There have even been offers from China to host the World Snooker Championship; however, the world association decided against it so as not to jeopardize income from BBC funds.

In addition, numerous high-quality snooker halls were built in China, in which an estimated 60 million people played snooker in 2017. In Shanghai alone there were more than 1,500 such venues in 2016. The Chinese government encouraged this development, since snooker halls take up very little space and are thus well-suited as leisure options in the space-constrained big cities. In addition, snooker is quite prestigious as part of the World Games, the Asian Games and the Southeast Asian Games , which further strengthened the Chinese government's willingness to promote it. Therefore, China has an enormous potential of young talents. As early as the late 2010s, the Chinese were the second largest group of players by nationality on the professional tour, after the English. For example, over 20% of the professional players of the 2021/22 season come from China. In addition to Ding Junhui, two other young Chinese, Yan Bingtao and Zhou Yuelong , had already made it to the top of the world by this time, and other talents such as Zhao Xintong and Xiao Guodong had made it to the advanced level.

Snooker in Germany

In Germany, snooker is less popular than in the UK or comparable countries, but the sport has experienced a revival in recent years.

Rolf Kalb in 2012

After the sport of snooker came to Germany through British soldiers stationed in Germany, three Britons opened a snooker hall in Hanover for the first time on German soil in November 1984; half a year later another followed in Gifhorn . A snooker club was founded at both locations during this time, on the one hand the 1. DSC Hannover and on the other hand the RSC Gifhorn . At about the same time, the German Pool Billard Bund (DPBB) also became interested in snooker and hosted the first open German snooker championship in 1986. The two clubs in Hanover and Gifhorn tried to establish a connection with the association, but this initially failed due to the passive attitude of the DPBB. However, since the DPBB was looking for a venue for the next edition of the championship, a purposeful cooperation with RSC Gifhorn was established, whose premises were chosen as the venue. However, due to various disagreements, the two clubs distanced themselves from the DPBB and, following the championship, founded the German Snooker Control Association (DSKV), which became a member of the European Billiards and Snooker Association and the International Billiards & Snooker Federation . From 1988 or 1989, the DSKV carried out an open championship with international participation and also a German snooker championship. In addition, some DSKV players played in tournaments at international level.

In the meantime, the German Billiard Union had emerged from the DPBB . In July 1997, the two associations agreed that the DSKV should join the DBU at the beginning of 1998, as both sides hoped that such a membership would strengthen snooker in Germany. Around the same period, the first edition of the 1. Bundesliga Snooker took place, the top division in German snooker. Germany is the only country where snooker is organized as a team sport. In the early 2000s, after several successful broadcasts, Eurosport decided to intensify broadcasts in German-speaking countries, which made the sport much better known in Germany. Apart from that, professional snooker tournaments also took place on German soil from the mid-1990s, first with the European Snooker League in 1994 in Bingen am Rhein . In the same decade, the world association tried to establish a temporary ranking tournament in Germany with the German Open , but the attempt went wrong for various reasons. In addition to an event of the World Series of Snooker and various exhibitions, a snooker tournament was established in Fürth from 2004 , which originally took place under the name Snooker Grand Prix Fürth as an anniversary event for the local snooker club with the participation of Paul Hunter and Matthew Stevens . From 2005 the Pro-Am event was called the Fürth German Open and from 2007 in memory of the Hunter who had died a year earlier, the Paul Hunter Classic . It later became part of the Snooker Main Tour and for a time also a ranking tournament. Since 2011, another professional tournament, the German Masters , has been held in Berlin 's Tempodrom , which has been a ranking tournament since its inception.

In 2004 there were over 300 snooker clubs and around 4000 active players in Germany. The latter figure was also cited by Rolf Kalb in 2018. Carsten Scheele, on the other hand, estimated in 2016 that around 5,000 players would play regularly on around 1,500 snooker tables. According to him, the game is primarily played in urban areas, while there are comparatively few players in sparsely populated regions such as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Among the first better-known German players were Mike Henson , who was born in Scotland and later moved to Germany, and Sascha Diemer , who under Henson's tutelage developed into one of the leading German snooker players of his time. After Henson had been a professional player for four seasons in the 1990s and had played the first maximum break on German soil in 1994, Lasse Münstermann became a German main tour professional again for the 2000/01 season . Between 2006 and the first years of the 2010s, Patrick Einsle was able to qualify for the Main Tour several times, but was able to keep up with only a few players in terms of sport. As a result, he voluntarily gave up his starting authorization. In the 2010s, there were even two German professional players at times, when Lukas Kleckers and Simon Lichtenberg 's professional times overlapped at times. Other well-known people from snooker include the multiple German champion Thomas Hein , who, in addition to various activities at the DBU, is best known as a co-commentator at the Snooker World Championship. The best-known German-speaking snooker commentator is Rolf Kalb , who is sometimes credited with making snooker big in Germany.

Snooker in Austria and Switzerland

In Austria, the Austrian Snooker & Billiards Association (ÖBSV for short) has had its own national association since 1990, which is a member of the IBSF and the EBSA, among other things. The Austrian Snooker Championship has been held since 1991, which also takes place in other disciplines in addition to the "general class". In addition, Austria was and is the venue for various international snooker tournaments, primarily at amateur level. After the European Championships were held in Austria in 2004, the 2008 World Amateur Championships took place in Wels , Austria. Apart from that, since 2010 two other amateur tournaments have been held every year, the 3  Kings Open in Rankweil and the Vienna Open in Vienna , in which various professional players also take part. In 2020, the European Masters was the first ranking tournament to take place in Austria. In the absence of non-existent professional players, top Austrian players include Andreas Ploner and Florian Nüßle .

In Switzerland, snooker is also only a small fringe sport. With Alexander Ursenbacher , however, a snooker player comes from the country , who from 2013 was the first Swiss player to play on the main tour and was able to re-qualify for it several times. In 2020 he was the first Swiss player and the first player from a German-speaking region to reach the main round of the Snooker World Championship . In Switzerland, snooker is organized in the Swiss Snooker Association, which became a member of the World Snooker Federation in 2018 . This is also based in Lausanne . Switzerland has had its own national championship since 1988, which is the most important Swiss tournament alongside the amateur tournament Swiss Open , in which professional players also take part.

reception

Recording in the media

Television coverage, particularly by the BBC , helped snooker to break through. In 1989, snooker was the most televised sport in the UK and also led in terms of viewership shares. From the 21st century, Eurosport first began with a wide-ranging television coverage. With the takeover of the world association by Barry Hearn , the British television station ITV and China Central Television , among others, also increased or began broadcasting snooker tournaments. The People's Republic of China is now the largest TV market for snooker. In the UK, however, there is considerable media interest in the sport of snooker, both from the more reputable media, most of which have their own snooker specialists, and from the tabloids . In German-speaking countries, the media presence is comparatively low, but it is there. National magazines regularly publish articles about the sport. Even in local sports, snooker does get a certain amount of coverage.

Snooker was first mentioned in books in 1889. However, it was only since the 1930s that there were more publications about snooker, when the sport gradually supplanted English billiards . At that time, Joe Davis was one of the most important non-fiction authors. Davis' textbook How I Play Snooker is considered a kind of "snooker's bible". With the decline of the sport, the number of publications also decreased, before increasing again from 1969 with increasing popularity. In the 1980s, more than a hundred books and the like were eventually published about snooker. Since the turn of the millennium there has also been an increase in autobiographies and biographies on the market. One of the most important authors since 1969 is Clive Everton in particular , who is also the editor of the trade journal Snooker Scene .

Artistic-cultural perception

Had a hit with Snooker Loopy : Chas & Dave

The American writer Lionel Shriver published The Post-Birthday World (published under the title Liebesverbindungen in German ) a novel whose plot moves in the sport of snooker. In 2016 , the play The Nap by Richard Bean made its debut at the World Cup venue, the Crucible Theatre , which is about a Sheffield snooker player in the main round of the World Cup and features actors Jack O'Connell and Mark Addy and snooker player John Astley . The same year saw the release of the BBC -issued film dramedy Rack Pack , about the competition between Alex Higgins and Steve Davis . 2020 saw the premiere of the film Break , starring actors Rutger Hauer and David Yip , and cameos from Ken Doherty , Jack Lisowski and Liang Wenbo . There is also a painting by Damien Hirst showing Hirst's friend Ronnie O'Sullivan 's maximum break at the 1997 World Snooker Championships . There is also some music on and about the theme, including the song Snooker Loopy which became a chart hit in 1986 as a production by the duo Chas & Dave featuring several top players signed to Matchroom Sport , performing under the moniker Matchroom Mob . The German ex-professional Lasse Münstermann published a corresponding song in German. Finally, there are some snooker computer games . One such game is Snooker 19 , released in 2019 and licensed by the world governing body .  

literature

web links

Commons : Snooker  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Snooker  – Explanations of meaning, word origin, synonyms, translations
Portal: Billiards  - Overview of Wikipedia content related to billiards

International

National

itemizations

  1. ^ a b c Werner Grewatsch , Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 27 f .
  2. ^ a b c Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 12 onwards _
  3. ↑ Clive Everton: Snooker & Billiards . 2nd Edition. The Crowood Press, Marlborough 2014, ISBN 978-1-84797-792-2 , pp. 18 .
  4. ↑ Rolf Kalb: The fascinating world of snooker . Edel Books, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-8419-0611-3 , p. 151 .
  5. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 15 .
  6. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 14 f .
  7. ↑ a b Carsten Scheele: 111 reasons to love snooker . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86265-607-3 , p. 38 onwards _
  8. ↑ a b Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 13 .
  9. ^ a b c Werner Grewatsch , Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 28 f .
  10. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 18 onwards _
  11. ^ a b c d e Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 20 f .
  12. ^ a b Werner Grewatsch , Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 29 f .
  13. ^ a b Werner Grewatsch , Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 31 .
  14. ^ a b c Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 21 f .
  15. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 46 .
  16. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 22 f .
  17. ↑ Delnaz Marzun Jokhi: What is the difference between snooker, billiards, pool and side pocket? The Times Of India, 1 April 2007, accessed 23 July 2021 (English).
  18. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 30 .
  19. ^ a b c Werner Grewatsch , Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 14 f .
  20. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 16 .
  21. ↑ a b Clive Everton: Snooker & Billiards . 2nd Edition. The Crowood Press, Marlborough 2014, ISBN 978-1-84797-792-2 , pp. 12 f .
  22. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 87 f .
  23. ↑ a b c d e f Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 91 f .
  24. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 126 .
  25. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 109 .
  26. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker … billiards “made in England” . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 25 f .
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 85 onwards _
  28. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 89 f .
  29. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 88 f .
  30. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 139 .
  31. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 103 .
  32. ↑ Carsten Scheele: 111 reasons to love snooker . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86265-607-3 , p. 41 .
  33. ↑ a b c Carsten Scheele: 111 reasons to love snooker . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86265-607-3 , p. 50 .
  34. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 94 f .
  35. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 95 onwards _
  36. ↑ Carsten Scheele: 111 reasons to love snooker . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86265-607-3 , p. 48 .
  37. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 90 .
  38. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 104 .
  39. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 92 f .
  40. ^ a b c Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 97 onwards _
  41. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 100 .
  42. ↑ Carsten Scheele: 111 reasons to love snooker . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86265-607-3 , p. 17 f .
  43. ↑ Rolf Kalb: The fascinating world of snooker . Edel Books, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-8419-0611-3 , p. 147 .
  44. ^ a b Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 36-42 .
  45. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 34 f .
  46. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 26 onwards _
  47. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 36 .
  48. ↑ Werner Grewatsch, Marcus Rosenstein: Snooker ... billiards "made in England" . 6th revised edition. Weinmann, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-87892-061-8 , p. 38 onwards _
  49. ↑ Rolf Kalb, Thomas Hein: Snooker. The intelligent way to a better game . 2nd, expanded edition. Copress Verlag, Grünwald 2019, ISBN 978-3-7679-1256-4 , p. 35 .
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Variants of billiards in which world championships are or have been held
carom

Free game • Cadre 45/1 • Cadre 45/2 • Cadre 47/1 • Cadre 47/2 • Cadre 71/2 • One cushion • Three cushion • Pentathlon • Billiard Artistique • 5-pin billiards

pool billiards

3-Ball • 8-Ball • 9-Ball • 10-Ball • 14 and 1 Endless • 15-Ball • Artistic Pool • Bank Pool • Blackball • Cribbage Pool

snooker

Snooker • Six Red Snooker

Russian billiards

Free Pyramid • Dynamic Pyramid • Combined Pyramid

Other

English Billiards