German Billiard Union

German Billard Union 1911/1971 e. V.
Founded	April 18, 1911
Place of foundation	Café Bristol , Frankfurt / Main
president	Helmut Biermann
Chairman	s. Presidium currently
societies	801
Members	26,149
Association headquarters	Altenhöfener Str. 42 44623 Herne
Official languages)	German English
Homepage	portal.billardarea.de

The German Billard Union e. V. ( DBU ) is the professional association for billiards in the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB). The DBU was founded on June 20, 1992. It emerged from the German Amateur Billard Association (DABB), which was founded in 1911 in the Café Bristol in Frankfurt am Main , and was renamed the German Billard Association (DBB) in 1955 .

As an umbrella organization, the DBU only includes the 15 DBU regional associations . The 2019 inventory of the DOSB shows 26,149 club members and 801 clubs registered by the regional associations. In addition, the German Billard Union houses the German Billard Youth (DBJ), a department for youngsters.

history

prehistory

Even before the DABB was founded, billiards were played in Germany. The first known association in German-speaking countries was founded in 1813 with BC Hannover, in the Principality of Hannover , which at that time still belonged to England , followed by BG Münster in 1837. Billiards was one of the very first sports at the time. The leading nations at the time were Great Britain , France and the USA .

The pioneers and pioneers of this time, also in Germany, are the 'marqueers' , people who, similar to the croupiers , acted as referees and clerks and mainly lived on tips. Around 1850, the first professional players (professeurs) appeared who either worked freelance or were employed in cafes and billiard rooms. Among other things, they were responsible for accounting, maintaining the game material ( cues , tables), teaching and organizing exhibition fights.

In France, two competing associations were founded at the same time in 1903, the Fédération Française de Billard (FFB) and the Fédération des Sociétés Françaises des Amateurs de Billard (FSFAB) as the first national billiard associations in Europe. The USA had an association with the National Association of Amateur Billiard Players (NAABP) as early as 1899. In 1906 it was founded in Belgium (FABB), in 1909 in Switzerland and on January 22, 1911, the Netherlands followed suit with the NBB (Nederlandschen Biljart Bond). This year Germany did not have its own association, although well-known players such as Albert Poensgen , Jaques Zweifel or Hellmut Kux were already among the top international billiards. In order to be able to participate in international competitions, the players had to register as members of the French, Belgian or Swiss associations, so they were not listed as German participants in these competitions, but had the respective nationality of the association.

Above all, it was Poensgen who left no stone unturned in promoting gaming operations in Germany. So he organized exhibition matches with top French players, tournaments between the few clubs that were still available and gave presentations himself. One of the tournaments he initiated took place on April 13, 1911 in Frankfurt am Main . Participants were the French world champion Alfred Mortier , World Cup participant Paul Lejeune from France, the German amateur players Hellmut Kux and David Nussbaum (Jacques Doubt was unable to attend), himself and Comte Raymond de Drée (President of the FSFAB), Josef Klinger from the Belgian association FABB and the representatives of the associations from Cologne , Stuttgart , Solingen and Frankfurt. After the tournament, the athletes and representatives of the clubs present came together to advise and develop new forms of organization for German amateur billiards. It turned out that it was time to emulate the French, Belgians and Swiss.

German Amateur Billiards Association (DABB) 1911–1933

Article from April 18, 1911 in the
• Frankfurter Zeitung (above)
• Billardzeitung Fa. Dorfelder / Mainz (below)

The time had come on April 18, 1911. The foundation of the Dutch NBB in January also gave impetus. The founding documents have not been preserved, but the articles in the Frankfurter Zeitung and the Billardzeitung of these days have been preserved (see picture on the right). The founding members included:

• Robert Court, Leopold Seligmann, Freiherr Maximilian von Brachel - Cologne
• Hellmuth Kux - Hamburg
• Samuel Gottlieb, Sub. Karrer - Stuttgart
• Paul Haering - Solingen
• Albert Poensgen - Düsseldorf
• Georg Hoffmann, D. Leschkorn, O. Müller, Kurt Simon, H. Weisbarth, W. Wiederholt, S. Lissmann - Frankfurt am Main
• Hans Donalis - Berlin

as well as associate members:

• Josef Klinger - Brussels
• Alfred Mortier - Paris

Membership was intended for both clubs and individuals. The primary goal of the new association was to promote as many new associations as possible and to organize national championships and international tournaments for the first time.

The Frankfurt publisher Kurt Simon, grandson of the founder of the Frankfurter Zeitung Leopold Sonnemann , was elected the first president. Accordingly, it was decided to make the Main metropolis the first association headquarters. Almost at the same time, the professionals joined forces on May 1, 1911 in the German Billiard Masters Association (DBMV).

In 1913, the number of affiliated clubs had increased to 17. At the general assembly on March 30 of the same year, Simon no longer ran for president for health reasons. As the new president, captain a. D. Kranz Kübel from Berlin elected. He was also the chairman of the German Billiard Club in Berlin. He appointed Gustav Braunbeck from Berlin as his deputy, to whom it is also thanks that there was also an association body for the first time with the “Billiard World” from October 1913. From January 25th to 30th, the DABB hosted the first German 1st class championship. The first title holder was the favorite Albert Poensgen. A year earlier (January 6-11, 1912) the association had hosted a 2nd class championship in Cadre 45/2 .

The First World War then interrupted regular gaming operations until the end of 1918. Little or nothing is known about the period between 1914 and 1921. Documentation about games or tournaments is completely missing. The board no longer met and President Franz Kübel was reactivated and was involved in the war.

The first reconstruction took place in the Rhineland in 1921, initiated by the Cologne Billiards Club (KBC). The chairman of KBC, Robert Court, was one of the founding members of the DABB as early as 1911 and left no stone unturned in getting regular gaming back on its feet, even with great effort. So it was not surprising that he was elected third president in January of that year. He would hold this office for the next 31 years, longer than anyone before. Since these days Cologne has also been the official headquarters of the association, regardless of what name it currently bears, whether DABB, DABV, VDBA, DBB or DBU.

Court made sure that from April 1921 a regular German championship was organized again. He couldn't do this alone. Albert Poensgen, Carl Foerster , Werner Sorge, Albert Herging and Walter Lütgehetmann were among his strongest colleagues . A pure functionary system, as is common today, did not exist at the time. All officials, including the court, were also active tournament players. Court also took care of the new publication of the billiard newspaper "Billard-Welt" , which had to be discontinued at the beginning of the war in 1914 due to a lack of material and machinery. Under his leadership as editor-in-chief, the Cologne-based “one-man project” quickly became one of the most important publications in this field in Europe. She was able to face the French “Le Billard Sportif” and the Dutch “Biljartwereld” or “Biljartrevue” at eye level. So there were of course many helpers, clerks and employees over the years, but the paper always remained firmly in the hands of the editor-in-chief, Court. He managed to keep the newspaper alive during fascism and after the end of the Second World War it in 1947 to revive for the second time.

Through Poensgen's tireless efforts and his international recognition, the DABB was accepted into the world association UIFAB ( Union Internationale des Fédérations des Amateurs de Billard ), which had been founded three years earlier, on May 12, 1926 , the consequences of the war were overcome and the DABB once again became one of the most important associations in Europe. For the first time after 1908 and 1911 German players took part in the World and European Championships. Internationally successful in the late 20s were a. Poensgen, Ludwig Meyer, Werner Sorge and Carl Foerster. Poensgen was able to crown his efforts for the association and international recognition by winning the first German World Cup medal for Germany at the Cadre 45/2 World Cup in Geneva .

German Amateur Billiards Association (DABV) 1933–1945

In October 1933, by decree, the "synchronization of German billiards" took place. The DABB not only lost its independence, but also its name. The order was renamed "German Amateur Billiards Association" (DABV) and was combined with the sport of bowling as subject pillar 7 of the Reichsführerring. This was also in charge. In the course of this, all democratic structures were smashed and the Reich Sports Leader Hans von Tschammer und Osten entrusted Robert Court with his concerns. From then on, Court was no longer allowed to call itself president or chairman, but was given the title “Führer”, and the presidium was now called “Führer's Council”. The old districts were replaced by the 17 new districts , which were oriented more towards National Socialist issues than towards billiard sports structures and whose management was carried out by "politically impeccable" Gau leaders . At the same time as the renaming, all the clubs of the former DABB were given new statutes and compulsory levies. The compulsory membership in the DABV then led to a 50% wave of clubs disbanding. Most members no longer wanted to play billiards under such conditions. Political power intervened massively in sporting events. The ordinances on setting up the swastika flag and the obligatory Hitler salute were harmless, but the reprisals against Jews, critical athletes and functionaries were worse . They lost their play and start authorizations, offices and were ultimately excluded from the club system. Denunciation did not stop at sport either. The best-known example of this, August Tiedtke , the best German international player at the time , was banned from the Reichssportführer for two years after a colleague denounced him after his return from the USA. Tiedtke's undoing was the fact that he answered “yes” to an interview in the USA when asked whether he could imagine playing in the USA as well.

Of course, the “billiards world” was not spared political reprisals either. She had to publish propaganda calls and perseverance articles on a regular basis, and here too the swastika and the “German greeting” were omnipresent. Critical statements were also to be omitted and were checked and punished by the relevant bodies for compliance. Although Court, Poensgen and the other officials managed to maintain international tournament participation and contacts in addition to the national competitions during this difficult time, Germany's political interference in sport led to a dispute with the UIFAB, which resulted in the DABV Was excluded from UIFAB in 1934 and was no longer able to participate in international tournaments. And again it was Poensgen and Court who, in long discussions and negotiations, were finally able to convince the international billiards community in 1935 that the players and most of the officials feel committed not to the political system, but only to the sport, whereupon the exclusion was withdrawn.

During the war years, not only international but also national sporting activity came to a complete standstill. At the beginning of 1943, the billiards newspaper ceased its publication for the second time after 1914 due to the war. News about the occasional games that were still taking place was transmitted orally or by letter.

German Billiards Association (DBB) 1945–1999

After the war, most of the players had either fallen, taken prisoner of war, or had to do with buying their daily bread, so that sport was not given priority in the first years of peace. In addition, many venues and tables were destroyed, the remaining ones were "processed" into heating material.

In 1946, Hamburg was the first to set up its first tournament (Hamburg championship from 1946). Since the DABV no longer existed and the formation of associations was still forbidden by the Allies, a “working committee” was set up to host and sponsor the tournaments. In order to bring the well-known top players August Tiedtke, Gerd Thielens, Siegfried Spielmann and others from the various Allied zones to Hamburg, they were simply declared as members of these working committees.

In 1947 the allies lifted the association ban, but limited it to the respective zone. On July 12th, the representatives of more than 200 clubs met in Cologne-Vohwinkel and founded the Billiard Amateur Association of North Rhine-Westphalia (BAV). Cross-zonal organization was still not allowed, but the statutes of the FOT explicitly provided for the establishment of a new national association in this case. The BAV meanwhile continued the organization of the championships that had started in Hamburg and they managed to win over the players living in the other zones for these unofficial "German championships". Membership was not discussed, they were simply defined as a “guest player”. This was the only way to circumvent the restrictions imposed by the military government. When these were also repealed in February 1950, the now nationally operating "Association of German Billiards Amateurs" (VDBA) emerged from the regional BAV . The Cologne Robert Court was re-elected as president . A year later, he and Poensgen succeeded again in becoming members of UIFAB. It was also in 1947 when Court revived the billiards newspaper for the second time. In the early years with a pen or typewriter, printing machines were still in short supply. In 1952 it appeared for the first time as a printed edition after the war and, thanks in part to the tireless columnist Eduard Knops, known as Sponek , it quickly made a name for itself again as one of the most important European organs.

In the 1950s - the VDBA had renamed itself to the German Billiards Association (DBB) in 1955 - this again developed into the most important national association of the UIFAB alongside the French, Belgian and Dutch associations. This was clearly recognizable, among other things, from the fact that 14 world and European championships were held in Germany between 1952 and 1960. So you could draw at eye level with the classic billiard nations, even outperform them in some cases.

Despite his efforts and successes during his 31-year tenure, Court also felt bitterness, so that he was no longer available for the presidential election in August 1952. He handed over to the younger Karlheinz Krienen , who would hold this office until 1964. There have already been conflicts among courts, including among kriens. This led to a ten-month handover to Willi Richter before Kriegen took over his position again in March 1958. It is thanks to Krienen that the DABV cleared the last hurdle on the way to equality with other sports in 1954 and was included in the German Sports Association (DSB; later the German Olympic Sports Association ), which was founded in 1950 . Its strong commitment at international level helped the DBB to gain an unprecedented reputation among the other national associations. In 1956/57 he introduced the European youth tournaments, which culminated in 1967 with the introduction of the European Junior Championship - an initiative that goes back to wars. He also took care of the billiards newspaper, which under his leadership had a high level never reached again.

In the mid-1950s the DBB experienced a significant boom and the number of members increased. Title fights did not only take place on the big board , rather the small billiards was still indispensable for the youth work and the popular sport. There were also team competitions, but only on small billiards , but hardly any team competitions were held on match billiards at national level. This only changed about ten years later, in mid-1960, with the introduction of the billiards league .

From April 14th to 16th, 1961 the DBB celebrated its 50th anniversary with a big ceremony in Cologne. Part of the festival was not only a performance show by the regional associations and the reception of international guests, but also the award of outstanding personalities, including for the then 80-year-old Albert Poensgen for his long-term sacrifice and promotion of billiards.

The 1960 / 70s were the heyday of the DBB with such successful players as Gert Tiedtke , Dieter Müller , Klaus Hose (former national coach) and Siegfried Spielmann, and the presidency of the three chairmen Hildebrand (1964–1969), Schulz ( 1969–1972) and Faßbender (1972–1982) at this time. Against the background of the success of its players, the DBB came up with the idea of ​​a billiards sports center in 1970, which could only be realized 17 years later, on January 14, 1987, in Bottrop . Until then, a mobile pool table in match size served as an interim solution for training and competition purposes.

The 1980 / 90s were shaped by the presidency of Wolfgang Rittmann . He is counted among the "big three". Although he did not have to fight for the existence of the organization or recognition of the association at international level like Courts or Krienen, like the former, nor like the latter, he had to worry about sporting success, but he had to fight with the violent disputes between professionals and amateurs. After the reunification came the problems with the unification or takeover of the billiards association DBSV of the former GDR, which did not always go smoothly. He also had problems with the economic orientation of the marketing company SMV 1986 and the question of public relations. Rittmann had great success and merit by securing world and European championships in Germany. Between 1989 and 1995 the World Cup in triathlon with the billiards fair taking place at the same time became a great success. It is also thanks to him that the three-cushion team championships have been taking place in Germany ( Viersen ) without interruption since 1990 . Another step for Rittmann was the expansion of the association to include the various types of billiards and the merger of the association with the German Pool Billiards Association (DPBB). After long negotiations, disputes and laborious preliminary discussions, the two associations were dissolved in June 1992 and the German Billiard Union was re-established at the same time. It was easier with the colleagues in the snooker department. With their "German Snooker Control Association" (DSKV) they had existed and worked together with the DBU for a long time before it was merged into it in 1999.

German Billiards Sports Association of the GDR (DBSV) 1947–1990

On December 3, 1949, the first GDR association, the "Billiards Section", was founded in Jena. The aim was to host championships and team competitions in the Soviet occupation zone. Initially, the game was played on "small billiards" and from 1955 on match billiards. On April 13, 1958, the renaming or founding of the "German Billiard Sports Association" (DBSV) and admission to the CEB took place in Leipzig. In 1984 the DBSV had 9,405 members. On December 8, 1990, the former members and their new regional associations of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia were accepted by the DBB, including the carom variant of kegel billiards , which is typical in Saxony . Due to the new financial situation, during the GDR era, many associations were affiliated to larger commercial enterprises, the budget overburdened most of the associations, so that in many places the association was dissolved. During its existence it organized, among other things, the GDR three-cushion championship .

today

Due to discrepancies in his work, the incumbent President of the DBU, Michael John, was voted out of office on May 13, 2017 at an extraordinary general meeting in Bochum. A new president should be found and nominated within three months. On July 17, 2017, Helmut Biermann was elected as the new President. Biermann was Vice President of Competitive Sport of the DBU from 2003 to 2007 and General Secretary of the Confédération Européenne de Billard (CEB) from 2013 to 2017 . Since 1996 he has held the office of President of the Billiard Association of Westphalia.

Bureau

Current

The Presidium of the German Billard Union consists of the following people:

• President: Helmut Biermann
• Vice President Finance: Manfred Danlowski
• Vice President Competitive Sports: Nico Proboszcz
• Vice President Billiard Development: Enrico Wahle
• Secretary General: Cornelius O. Boensmann
• Press attendant: Yvonne Kampmann
• Youth manager German billiards youth: Lukas Blondeel

(As of January 6, 2019)

President

DABB, DABV, DBB and DBU (BRD)

No.	president	from	to	Association
1	Kurt Simon	April 18, 1911	March 30, 1913	DABB
2	Franz Kübel	March 30, 1913	January 1921	DABB
3	Robert Court	January 1921	17th August 1952	DABB / DABV / VDBA
4th	Karlheinz Krienen	17th August 1952	May 18, 1957	DABV / DBB
5	Willi Richter	May 18, 1957	March 30, 1958	DBB
6th	Karlheinz Krienen	March 30, 1958	October 24, 1964	DBB
7th	Kurt Hildebrand	October 24, 1964	17th May 1969	DBB
8th	Helmut Schulz	17th May 1969	September 30, 1972	DBB
9	Herbert Fassbender	December 9, 1972	February 13, 1982	DBB
10	Wolfgang Rittmann 1	February 13, 1982	June 22, 2002	DBB / DBU
11	Karl Rossrucker	June 22, 2002	June 2003	DBU
12	Uwe Schwab	August 2003	October 30, 2006	DBU
13	Dietmar Greger	March 31, 2007	June 18, 2011	DBU
14th	Manfred Pürner	June 18, 2011	February 18, 2012	DBU
15th	Hagen Goronczy	August 1, 2012	November 12, 2012	DBU
16	Michael John	February 23, 2013	May 13, 2017	DBU
17th	Helmut Biermann	17th July 2017	-	DBU

Remarks

¹ On May 29, 1989, Rittmann was also elected President of the Confédération Européenne de Billard (CEB), of which he was President until his death in January 2016. On November 20, 2010 he was elected Honorary President in Bad Wildungen.

DBSV (DDR)

• Walter Krüger (1949–1954)
• Ernst Ströhla (1954–1960)
• Hans Exner (1961–1973)
• Willi Blawid (1973-1978)
• Dieter Henschel (1978–1984)
• Rolf Weiß (1984–1990)

source

Awards

The efforts and encouragement of his athletes were not without consequences. In 1932, Albert Poensgen was the only billiard athlete to receive the “ Goldenes Band der Sportpresse ” award from the Association of German Sports Journalists for his efforts in the sport of billiards , which is still awarded today. The silver bay leaf , the highest award in German sport, received:

1. Walter Lütgehetmann , 1953
2. August Tiedtke , 1957
3. Siegfried Spielmann , 1971
4. Dieter Müller , 1974, 1980
5. Klaus Hose , 1980
6. Martin Horn , 1997
7. Christian Rudolph , 1997
8. Wolfgang Zenkner , 1997
9. Fabian Blondeel, 1997
10. Ralf Souquet , 1997
11. Oliver Ortmann , 1997
12. Franziska Stark , 1997

activities

The German Billard Union is the organizer of the annual German single championships in billiards. Among other things

• the German three-cushion championship ,
• the German Snooker Championship and
• the German pool championship

carried out.

The association also organizes the highest German team leagues in all billiards disciplines . These are:

Collision

• 1. Bundesliga three cushion
• 2. Bundesliga three cushion
• 1st Bundesliga all-around
• 2nd Bundesliga all-around
• Bundesliga 5 cones
• National team championship bowling

Pool

• 1st Bundesliga pool
• 2nd Bundesliga pool
• Regional league pool

snooker

• 1st Bundesliga snooker ,
• 2nd Bundesliga snooker ,

The most important tasks include the establishment of binding rules of the game for all disciplines, the establishment of sports regulations and the establishment of material standards.

Furthermore, the DBU, together with national associations from other countries, actively campaigned for the various billiards variants to be included in the Olympic program . Billiards has been an Olympic sport since 1992, but is currently only played at the World Games .

International network

Position of the DBU in the international association system

As the umbrella organization for billiards in Germany, the German Billiards Union has, in addition to contacts to the regional associations and clubs, a wide network of higher-level institutions. The partners of the DBU include:

• Confédération Européenne de Billard (CEB)
• European Pocket Billiard Federation (EPBF)
• European Billiards & Snooker Association (EBSA)
• Union Mondiale de Billard (UMB)
• World Pool Billiard Association (WPA)
• International Billiards & Snooker Federation (IBSF)
• World Confederation of Billiard Sports (WCBS)

The DBU is a member of the DOSB and is subject to NADA guidelines .

Regional associations

The following regional associations belong to the German Billiard Union:

• Bavarian Billard Association V. (BBV)
• Billard Landesverband Mittleres Rheinland e. V. (BLMR)
• Billard Landesverband Niedersachsen e. V. (BLVN)
• State Billiards Association Saxony-Anhalt e. V. (BLVSA)
• Billiard Association Baden-Württemberg e. V. (BVBW)
• Billard Association Berlin e. V. (BVB)
• Billard Association Niederrhein e. V. (BVNR)
• Billiard Association Rhineland-Palatinate e. V. (BVRP)
• Billiard Association Saar e. V. (BVS) (since 2013)
• Billiard Association Westphalia e. V. (BVW)
• Brandenburg Billard Association V. (BBBV)
• Hessian Billard Union e. V. (HBU)
• North German Billard Association V. (NBV)
• Saxon Billard Association V. (SBV)
• Thuringian Billard Association V. (TBV)

Web links

Commons : Deutsche Billard-Union  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• billardarea.de - Official website of the "German Billard Union" (DBU)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} 2019 inventory (PDF) German Olympic Sports Confederation, accessed on April 9, 2020 .  
2. ^ Anton Baumann: Thorough instruction and rules of the billiard game. Published for everyone who demands a proper knowledge of this noble game . Ed .: At the expense of the author. Vienna 1795, p. 46 ( google.de ).
3. ^ ^{A b c} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 1-3 .
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 4-14 .
5. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 15-22 .
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 23-40, 43 .
7. ^ ^{A b} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 41 .
8. ^ German Billiard Sports Association of the GDR. (No longer available online.) The Federal Archives, archived from the original on October 7, 2019 ; accessed on October 7, 2019 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ ^{a b} Markus Schönhoff: DBU President Michael John voted out (May 13, 2017). (No longer available online.) Kozoom , May 14, 2017, archived from the original on May 17, 2017 ; accessed on May 14, 2017 .  
10. ↑ ^{a b} Helmut Biermann new President of the German Billiard Union. (No longer available online.) German Billard Union (DBU), July 17, 2017, archived from the original on September 30, 2017 ; Retrieved July 17, 2017 .  
11. ^ Presidium. In: DBU. German Billard Union 1911/1971 e. V., accessed on January 6, 2019 .  
12. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 6 .
13. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 7 .
14. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 10 .
15. ^ ^{A b c} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 28 .
16. ^ ^{A b c} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 32 .
17. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 36 .
18. ^ ^{A b} Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 47 .
19. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 51 .
20. ^ General meeting 2012 in Frankenthal on DBU homepage. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
21. ↑ Election of President Michael John on Portal.Billardarea.de. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
22. ↑ Honorary President Wolfgang Rittmann has passed away. (No longer available online.) In: portal.billardarea.de. German Billard Union, January 29, 2016, archived from the original on February 27, 2018 ; accessed on January 29, 2016 .  
23. ^ CEB president Wolfgang Rittmann has passed away. (No longer available online.) In: eurobillard.org. Confédération Européenne de Billard , January 29, 2016, archived from the original on January 29, 2016 ; accessed on January 29, 2016 .  
24. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 52-53 .
25. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 41 .
26. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 15 .
27. ^ Dieter Haase: 100 years of billiards in Germany, 1911–2011 . Ed .: German Billard Union. Cologne 2011, DNB  1014024773 , p. 35 .
28. ^ Billard-Verband-Saar e. V. (No longer available online.) DBU, March 3, 2013, archived from the original on February 27, 2018 ; Retrieved January 18, 2013 .