stone
A stone describes a compact object made of mineral or rock . Alemannic dialects and Bavarian dialects still use “stone” in old place and field names.
etymology
That is common. French MHG. , Ahd. Stone based as the slaw. Clan of carbon black. Stena "wall, a wall" in an educational to the IE. Root stāi- , STI "[is] densify clotting".
Stone and rock
In contrast to rocks , stones no longer have a firm connection to the rock unit to which they originally belonged, regardless of whether they are still in their original location (grown, adjacent rock) or not (dislocated).
earth sciences
The Geology and Petrology use as precise terms:
- According to DIN 4022 , "stones" are only objects over 63 mm (see grain size classification ) - rubble and rubble are exposed stones in the form of rubble or round stones, gravel is larger than 2 mm, stone in the true sense according to DIN between 6.3 and 20 cm, but a block , if larger than 20 cm (see e.g. block dump , block glacier )
- Sand are pieces of rock under 2 mm
- Silt or silt: the finest stones (grain size) below 0.063 mm
Special forms of stones are:
- Reading stone , these are the stones of the ground (the pedosphere )
- Talus , the scree or scree slope
- Block heap , reading stones exposed by erosion as a landscape form
- Debris , stones in the stream bed of the water, also in fossil, no longer moved sections, for example as a rock unit in a sediment sequence of a moraine
- Moraine for the bed load as well as the deposits of a glacier
- Erratic boulders are stones carried by glaciers, regardless of whether they are exposed or deep
- Inclusion , stones that are solidified in other rock, such as conglomerate (round pieces) and breccia (angular), and xenolites
- Gem (Gem), special stones, usually more or less pure minerals, rare rock: Here, the term stone generally a piece of a mineral, a single crystal or crystal agglomeration.
- Geode , a stone that forms in the rock in cavities (and often still has cavities with crystals inside, the druse )
- Oolite ( pea stone or roe stone ), a stone that is created by the formation of waves
- Concretion , a stone created by precipitation ( sintering ), such as lawn iron stone or cave pearls
- Boulder , a large stone in nature, with a diameter of up to a few meters
Rock is not only found on Earth , but also on the Moon , the three terrestrial planets and most asteroids . Stones have already been brought to earth from the moon ( moon rocks ). Other non-terrestrial rocks can be found as meteorites . In the solar system they also form the particles of the planetary rings . In the broadest sense, all celestial bodies that do not have any tectonics of their own are stones (including the moon, but not the earth with its hot, highly active core or the gas planets ).
- Stone in the sense of geology
Gravel on the beach - surf debris
Devil's Marbles ,
Australia -
Weathering in situ
Block dump , Heiligkreuzgebirge - weathering and rock fall
Boulder , Rügen - translocation through a glacier
Construction
A basic distinction is made in construction:
- Round stone, round piece, if it has already been repelled in the bed load of the rivers, or by machine by rolling
- Quarry stone that has broken out of the rock, whether natural or in the quarry
- Broken minerals , artificially crushed stones
According to the size ( grading curve ) a distinction is made between:
- Rock powder , stones under 0.063 mm
- Sand less than 2 mm, as broken sand or round sand
- Gravel (round stone) and quarry stone with grain sizes from 2 to 32 mm
- Gravel , scree deposits or broken minerals with a grain size between 32 and 63 mm, round material of this size is called coarse gravel
- Schroppen , material over 63 mm, rock decomposition up to the maximum transportable size
A distinction is made according to use:
- Natural stone : these are stones of any format of natural origin, as brick , paving stone , natural stone slab , etc.
-
Ashlar :
- hewn, split or pinched natural stones
- Artificially produced building material by solidifying ( drying , burning) loose material ( loam , clay mineral , gypsum , cement ), such as brick (bricks), earthenware or concrete paving stones
Aggregate is the charge for concrete or asphalt with various grain sizes of gravel is for the subsequent rolling in asphalt.
There are also a number of specialist names for special formats for various purposes.
- Stone in the sense of construction
Megalithic complex, at Abercastle, Wales, Neolithic
Roman stone paving , Herculaneum, 1st century BC Chr.
Stone stele in front of stone masonry, Tikal, around 500 AD
Vinh Moc tunnel , Vietnam, 20th century
Some known stones
- Mount Augustus in Australia is the largest exposed stone on earth and not the Uluṟu .
- Blockheide in the Waldviertel
- Externsteine in the Teutoburg Forest, rock needles with stones on top
- Golden rock , gilded Buddhist sanctuary in Burma
- Schwanenstein , boulder on the Baltic coast
- Georgenstein (Isar)
- Wandering rocks in Death Valley
- Boots (rock)
See also
- Earth pyramid
- Boulder
- Hoodoo (geology)
- Hungerstein (bottom of water)
- Millstone
- Rauk
- Hard coal
- Stone setting , Megalith , dolmens , megalithic grave , menhir , stone works of early humans
- Rocking stone
- Weathering of wool sacks (special form of weathering only for granites)
- Wurzburg stone
jobs
Norms
- DIN 4022 Geotechnical calculations for structural purposes
- DIN 18196 Earthworks and foundation engineering - Soil classification for structural purposes
Other stone formations
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- Concrement : gallstone , bladder stone , rhinolite (nose stone) - stone formations in medicine
- Tartar
- Sinter : scale , urine scale , Weinstein , Biorock - chemical precipitations
- Lithops , living stone
literature
- Wolfhard Wimmenauer: Petrography of igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks . Stuttgart (Enke) 1985, ISBN 3-432-94671-6
- Roland Vinx: Rock determination in the field . Munich (Elsevier) 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1513-6
- Hans Murawski / Wilhelm Meyer: Geological dictionary . 11th edition, Munich (Spektrum-Akademischer Verlag) 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1445-8
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ The dictionary of origin (= Der Duden in twelve volumes . Volume 7 ). 5th edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2014 ( p. 816 ). See also DWDS ( "Stein" ) and Friedrich Kluge : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 7th edition. Trübner, Strasbourg 1910 ( p. 441 ).