rock

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The Bastei bridge from Ferdinandstein, Saxon Switzerland: The formations are rock , the bridge is made of stone

A larger, coherent body of solid rock is referred to unspecifically as rock , rock or rock formation , especially if it is exposed on the surface of the earth and marked by weathering and erosion .

The terms rock and stone

The Vingerklip in the Ugab -Tal in Namibia (2014)

Exposed structures (" boulders, boulders ") are not referred to as rock, but as stone . Therefore, in terms of general understanding, the geologist speaks of natural rock , technically existing rock (otherwise explicitly of mountain or mountain range for the parent rock: the miner also digs in flat land).

In general geology and mining , rock is simply "solid, compact rock ", i.e. solid and semi-solid rock, distinguishing between loose rock without bond (stones, rubble , rubble , sediment , the soil , etc.), plastic rocks ( lava and magma ) and other special forms. "Rock" is a word for the material, "rock" for the condition and appearance. In the geosciences, the term appears in terms such as rock fall (the "sudden transformation of rock into stones").

As a geomorphological form, the term encompasses a range of rock formations and rock massive in individual layers ( cliff ), summit formations (summit rock) , or rock tower, pinnacle, needle to rock walls or small, plateau- like and pulpit-like rock pulpits , and primarily refers to "on the surface open-minded rock units".

In terms of landscape, ie in ecology , rock stands for "bare rock", ie zones of rock that are free from vegetation , soil and sediment layers , and ice-free in high mountains and in polar zones. One speaks of rock peaks , rock plateau , rock sea and the like.

Also climbers use the term for individual to erklimmende peak and slope formations, and basically for any natural minerals ( "the rock climbing") as opposed to artificial climbing, and " mountaineering can be" gone "" sections of the tour, which, as also the ice as a climbing medium in ice climbing .

Geological terms

  • Boulder : A large rock, detached from an original rock structure.
  • Rock castle : Also called rock spur, a larger, bastion-like rock formation with steep or vertical walls. Created by weathering and erosion.
  • Sea of ​​rocks : A pile of rocks.
  • Rock exposure: Distinctive individual rock that was cut out by removing it on all sides.
  • Rock group: A spatially related group of rock faces, rock towers or rock castles.
  • Felskuppe: A rounded mountain peak which is characterized by protruding underground solid rock.
  • Rock tower, rock needle : Slender, steep individual rock (rock exposure) that was excavated from all sides.
  • Rock wall, rock slope : A steep, vertical or overhanging slope area where solid rock protrudes.

etymology

Rock walls (cliffs) on the east coast of Madeira

The word rock is of Indo-European origin and related to French falaise "rock face", "cliff" and the old Icelandic fjall, fell , Norwegian also fjell , there it means "mountain" or "mountain range". Middle High German vëls is rare, however, it has only been in use since the days of Luther , and it is absent in Low German . Before that, stone is synonymous. Earlier forms appear as ahd.fëlis with linguistic proximity to Flint and Fluh .

Stone is a common Germanic word of stable form between steen in Low German and nasal staa in the southeast, which also has an equivalent in Greek στια stia , στιον stion " Kiesel ". In place and field names in Old and Middle High German (i.e. in the Middle Ages ) it is synonymous with “rock face”, “rock pinnacle”, “bare rock” en masse in place, castle and mountain names.

Even the English colloquial language knows stone and rock interchangeably, the technical language differentiates. The assignment also exists in Greek and Latin : πετρα petra "rock", but πετρος petros "stone" ( petrology "stone science ", petroleum "stone oil"), next to λίθος lithos "stone" and "rock" ( lithosphere "rock shell", lithography “Stone printing ”), the Latin loan form peter ( Simon Petrus ) stands for “stone”, “rock” in addition to lapis , especially rupes (to rumpere “to tear”). “Rock” is generally called saxum . From Latin, Italian pietra , Spanish piedra , French pierre exclusively mean “stone”, never “rock”.

Name customer

-fels , like -stein, which is synonymous in this context, is often used in place names:

Other typical word formations are Greifenstein ("Adlerfels"), Falkenstein / Falkenfels , Rabenstein ; or Rotenfels / Rothenstein (as well as Röth / t / d-, but this also for ' clearing '), Weißenfels / Weißenstein / Weißstein , Schwarzenfels / Schwarzstein / Schwarzenstein and other colored names; in contrast, the two words only show up in the name Steinfels .

Special forms in general (can be found analogously in other languages):

  • Wall , wall , tower , battlement , for corresponding individual formations - here you will also find other technical terms used in building and castle studies
  • Needle , for high, pointed individual formations
  • Cliff 'rock step, steep wall'

For rock formations there are regional:

Symbolic meaning

A rock is the symbol of immovability and imperturbability, as with mountain , but without its size, in addition, the meanings of rock in the sense of strength and hardness mix . The word appears in many idioms and quotations , for example in:

See also

Web links

Commons : Rocks and Rocks  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files
Wiktionary: Fels  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: rocks  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. a b rock , m. saxum, rupes, petra, scopulus . In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 3 : E – research - (III). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1862, Sp. 1499–1503 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  2. Stone. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 18 : Stehung – Stitzig - (X, 2nd section, part 2). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1941, Sp. 1965-2021 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  3. ^ Entry petra, Ion. and Ep. petrê, hê . In: Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott: A Greek-English Lexicon. (perseus.tufts.edu)
  4. entry petros, ho . In: Liddell, Scott
  5. entry lithos [i ^], ou, o . In: Liddell, Scott
  6. entry lapis, IDIS . In: Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short: A Latin Dictionary. (perseus.tufts.edu)
  7. entry rūpes, is . In: Lewis, Short
  8. Entry saxum (in inscrr. Also SAKSVM) . In: Lewis, Short