Furnace (rocks)

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Oven (also stone oven or rock oven ) is a field name denoting strikingly shaped rocks in the Alps . The name occurs in the south of the German-speaking area on its own or in combination with other names of localities ( toponym ).

Summit : Mount Ofen in Switzerland (2.4.2)
Rocks : Ovens on the Handalm on the Weinebene (2.5.2)
Rock walls : The water furnace , a cirque on the Schneeberg (2.3.1)
Gorges : The Lammeröfen form a gorge on the Lammer (2.1.1)

Word and word interpretations

The word furnace as a term for rock forms is explained differently in the literature, references to an origin from the Celtic , the Slavic or the Common Germanic have been published.

According to the German dictionary (DWB) from 1889 (regardless of its meaning in the individual case) furnace is common Germanic, its roots go back to Sanskrit . This origin is also represented in 2007 by the dictionary of origin of the Duden ( Etymologieduden ) with evidence as far as Indo-European or Old Indian . In Kluge it is assumed (also without reference to the meaning treated here) that furnace is a loan word from an unknown language. In another source, the word (in its present meaning) is traced back to the Celtic: Oven is derived from Celtic offerende , 'sacrifice', which is and also related to words in several Celtic languages ​​such as Cornish , Old Irish , Cymrian or Breton was adopted into Latin ( offerre ). The word has for the DWB in the Bavarian-Austrian mountain dialect in addition to the general meanings for, 'etc. the fireplace, oven, furnace construction, stove figurative meaning , rock cave , durchklüftetes piece of rock'. The majority of the ovens stand for 'wildly jumbled rock debris' ( block heap ).

In Middle High German Pocket Dictionary of Matthias Lexer is oven mentioned meaning, cave, rock '. With reference to older literature, the word is explained by this author with Gothic auhns and Greek ἰπνός, which is connected with Sanskrit açna , New High German " stone ".

The Austrian dictionary describes the term as 'rugged rock, cave', "in proper names, for example Salzachöfen". (1.1.1)

In the Styrian vocabulary , the word furnace is described as 'smooth wall in the high mountains, rock wall ', ' niche in rock walls where chamois seek shelter in bad weather' or 'isolated large rocks in high mountains'.

The West Styrian dictionary mentions Ofen as an 'unassembled boulder in the middle of meadows, on the alpine pasture, in the forest' (for example: rock tower , rock spur ). It mentions a frequent connection with legends and also “Großofen (1.2.1) , Bärofen (1.2.2) , Teufelstein etc.” Corresponding to Schrattelofen (2.5.1) to Schrat 'Waldgeist, Kobold'. The word stone oven is documented in the West Styrian dictionary under the lemma Štõυ (n) oufen with a reference to the Styrian vocabulary ; in it it is described as ' broken rock face with caves'.

Explanations of the use of the word, which the ovens in the Koralm area (1.3) have in mind, are published in such a way that the name is derived from stone-walled (baking) ovens, which were set up in farms separately from the other buildings due to the risk of fire, or that The rocks in the alpine pastures offered wind and rain-proof places where campfires could be lit. Another explanation, based on the rock walls of the spy furnace (2.3.2) , mentions that rock slopes on the south side were referred to as furnace (with Eberhard Kranzmayer : " sunny rock walls"), which are heated by the sun's heat "similar to room ovens". Another interpretation using the example of the Sapotnigofens contains an indication that this name arose from the Slovenian dialect Zapotnîkova Peč . In this context, Heinz Dieter Pohl points out in his publication on mountain names that “... in Slavic 'furnace' and 'rock' are semantically related: Ur-Slavic * pekti- 'furnace, rock, cave', Slovenian peč 'furnace, rock', peča 'Felshöhle , Grotte' (see Petzen)… “, as the German word Pötsche , and suggests a derivation from the basic meaning 'rock (cave)' (see also the mountain Ofen / Peč (2.4.1) ). There is also a cave in the Gellért Hill in Budapest, but not only there, but the right side of the Danube in the Buda Mountains is full of caves, from which the name Pest and the German translation furnace originate, which is also today for the right side ( Buda ) ( 1.4.2) is used. However, the name Pest changed sides and today denotes the left half of the city.

According to him, all forms of “ovens” have a common characteristic ( tertium comparationis ) that they have a hollow shape: in the case of rock faces these are overhangs, in the case of Karen the cliff walls , in the case of caves their ceilings. After that, the term can be derived from the brick oven (their round shape).

Whether a designation actually contains the word furnace in the sense of a natural structure or whether it can be traced back specifically to technical smelting - such as glass furnace , blast furnace , lime kiln , brick kiln or oven - can only be determined in individual cases based on the local situation and its historical development ( Real sample). (1.4.1) For example, the designation of the furnace pass (1.5.1) in Graubünden is not traced back to rock forms, but demonstrably to ore processing in smelting furnaces. The same applies to Danöfen (1.5.2) in the Vorarlberg Klostertal (iron smelting, 'near the ovens').

Welschnofen , South Tyrol (from Italian nova ) and of course all place names on -hofen / -höfen ("house, farm") are definitely not part of the word field . In the Tyrol area and the surrounding area, the word Schrofen , which is related only in terms of content, is used, meaning steep, stony slope (too steep ).

Distribution and historical context

Distribution of the secured and possible toponymics for rock formations on "Ofen" (selection as of 2014)

The word is particularly widespread in the region of the Eastern Alps , which stretches across the mountains from Salzburg to Lower Carinthia and south-west Styria.

This area has always been an important transalpine axis and is considered an area in which both the Roman conquest of the Celtic in late antiquity and the Baiuwaric conquest of the Slavic in the late early Middle Ages took place largely peacefully and on the basis of cohabitation and assimilation, because settlement continuity can also be seen in the names of all places. However, the first settlement phase affects almost the entire Alpine region, the second all of Eastern Austria, so that a direct explanation for precisely this area is not conclusive. However, the Bavarian conquest in Tyrol ended much earlier (7th century) and to the west of the Salzach the Bavarians primarily came into contact with the Romans (or Romanised population that remained after the Romans left in the 5th century), which is a connection - at least a support - makes more plausible with slovenian peč .

The derivation from the Celtic can mean that at least some ovens are old sacrificial sites that were continued to be used by subsequent cultures.

To the west - in Salzburg and the surrounding area - the distribution area Palfen (probably Romanesque traditional pre-Roman) adjoins, largely without overlap, in almost the same meaning and width ('rock formation, rock wall', perhaps also 'cave'); north - Upper and Lower Austria - Parz stands for 'stone hill'.

Appearance

The large furnace (2.4.4) at Höllental
Schrattelofen in West Styria (2.5.1)

The use of the word is not tied to a specific look or rock.

An oven (or ovens ) can be an incision, a cliff , such as the Lammeröfen (2.1.1) or the Salzachöfen . (1.1.1)

A furnace is also referred to as rock that protrudes from its surroundings as a rock needle , such as the Mannagetta furnace . (2.2.1)

A valley head ( cirque ) with rock walls can also be named furnace , like the water furnace (2.3.1) on the southern slope of the Schneeberg .

As furnace also is spying oven (2.3.2) referred that a historic quarry from Roman 's time likewise Ofenau (2.3.3) on Hagengebirge (Flurname with -au ).

The name Ofen (2.4.1) is used for a single hill near Oberwölz in Upper Styria as well as for mountain peaks, for example the mountains Ofen (2.4.2) in Switzerland and (now called Dreiländereck ) (2.4.3) in the Karawanken.

The ovens on the Koralpe ( Schrattelofen , (2.5.1) ovens on the Handalm (2.5.2) etc.) give the impression of stacks of more or less thick rock slabs. A common feature of the ovens of this area is that they often bergeinwärts think (contrary to the inclination of a slope from that stand out). The difference to rock pulpits (protrusions that protrude from a larger block of rock) is seen in the fact that these ovens are independent, free-standing rock formations.

Similar shapes to the Koralpen kilns have been published for sandstones in northern Bohemia (“Silesian-Bohemian chalk deposits”) and the area of Yekaterinburg . Such rock formations can also be found in other places, such as in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains (for example the Hercules columns in the Bielatal or the Barbarine in Saxon Switzerland and rock formations in Bohemian Switzerland ). Other rock formations of the same kind in the Perm governorate were documented as rock tents .

Emergence

Weathering underneath the vegetation can result in shapes which, when the vegetation has been removed, are referred to as rock pillars or ovens.

Ovens were created through weathering and the removal of rock. Ovens that are formed by rock walls, such as the Lammeröfen (2.1.1) or the water oven , (2.3.1) were created by rivers that cut their valleys into the surrounding rock, rock walls in high mountains can also have been created by glaciers , the cirques and trough valleys formed.

There are different opinions about the origins of the ovens in the Lavanttal Alps (3.1) : It is unclear whether these rocks got their appearance (only) on the surface of the earth as a result of the weather. These influences would have worked mainly through wind and water, as represented by Alois Kieslinger . This author associates the formation of these ovens with weathering conditions such as those that prevailed in deserts or areas close to glaciers in previous geological periods .

Hans Peter Cornelius puts up for discussion to explain the origin of the ovens (already) below the surface of the earth with unevenly deep weathering of rock layers ( banks ), which already attacked the rock still in the vicinity. As a result, the furnaces would have been formed as remnants of not yet weathered rock before the overlying layers were removed. Later, after removing these layers, they would have appeared on the surface as "subsequently exposed unevenness". Kieslinger has also documented that the crystalline rocks in the Lavanttal Alps can weather many meters deep. This wool sack weathering, which is typical for gneiss / granite, loosens the rock, creates blocks of stone and can cause large masses of blocks to move and (on steep slopes, in quarries) to fall.

Cornelius thinks that the emergence of some of the distinctive “devil's stones” that exist in various other areas can also be explained in this way and that this emergence should also be kept in mind for the emergence of the island mountains in tropical landscapes. Peter Beck-Mannagetta viewed the ovens as “ mountains of witnesses ”.

The spy furnace (2.3.2) was a quarry in Roman times, its appearance can be traced back to human influence. It has not been documented that it was previously referred to as an “oven” due to its original appearance (as the outcrop of a marble deposit ). German-speaking population only came around the 8th century AD with the Bavarian colonization in his field , the previously Slav was speaking residents, in turn, immigrated did not open until the 6th century. It has not been proven whether this population used a similar word (such as the "furnace", which is traced back to Germanic origins) for striking rock forms . Before the Slavic settlement, the area belonged to the Celtic settlement area (until the first century it belonged to the independent Noricum , then to the Roman province of the same name). The idea that there is a Celtic expression has been published.

rocks

Plate gneiss formation ( St. Oswald in Freiland in the Koralpen area)

Depending on their location, ovens consist of different rocks from the Alps : in the ( northern and southern ) limestone Alps mostly from limestone or dolomites , in the Austrian Central Alps from crystalline such as gneiss and slate and other rocks depending on geological unit, in the western Alps from the rocks of the Penninic . In 2010, Josef Hasitschka pointed out that the name furnace and its compositions not only appear frequently in the crystalline areas of the Sau and Koralpe, but also (125 times) in the limestone stocks of the northern Alps .

The ovens in the Lavanttal Alps (3.1) are usually made of crystalline (often in slab gneiss complexes), rocks made of eclogite amphibolite and pegmatite also occur. The Bärofen south of the Hebalm near Preitenegg in Carinthia contains a common occurrence of gabbro and eclogite- gabbro. A number of other furnaces in this area consist of injection mica schist, Gößnitz gneiss or Hirschegger gneiss, the latter between Reinischkogel and Rosenkogel .

in the Salzachöfen (1.1.1)

The spy furnace (2.3.2) consists of slightly mica-containing , white-gray banded marble , it is part of a marble deposit in the crystalline area of ​​the Koralpe.

The water oven (2.3.1) and the large oven (2.4.4) (which used to be called the water oven ) in Höllental are made of limestone ( Wetterstein limestone , banky to massive). The Lammeröfen (2.1.1) and the Salzachöfen (1.1.1) are also in limestone ( Dachstein lime ).

The Berg Ofen (2.4.2) in Switzerland consists of Verrucano on a layer of flysch .

List of place names on stove

Sorting into orographic groups roughly east to west, north to south (coordinates not for derived names;  map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap ): f1Georeferencing

  • Water furnace , Kartal im Höllental am Schneeberg (Lower Austria, ⊙ )(2.3.1)
  • Großofen , rocky summit in Höllental am Schneeberg (Lower Austria, ⊙ )(2.4.4)
  • Ofenloch , cave at Dürrenstein (Göstling Alps, ⊙ )
  • Ofenau , location and high valley near Göstling an der Ybbs (Göstlinger Alpen, ⊙ ), with a wall on the Ofenauer Fürhaupt (pre-summit of the Hocheck)
  • Ofnerkogel , mountain in the Jassnitztal (Fischbach Alps, ⊙ )
  • Donnerofen , Kar am Geierhaupt (Seckauer Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Karöfen , Kar am Almspitz (Rottenmanner Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Sandriedleröfen , rock fragments at the Wirtspitz near Rottenmann (Rottenmanner Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Sheep ovens , rock ridge of the sheep's teeth near Rottenmann (Rottenmanner Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Lachtalöfen , Kar am Hohen Zinken in the Lachtal (Wölzer Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Maißöfen , rock ridge in the Schöttlbachtal near Oberwölz (Wölzer Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Gastrumerofen , Berg near Oberwölz (Wölzer Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Ofen , hill near Oberwölz (Wölzer Tauern, ⊙ )(2.4.1) , Homestead Tretter at the stove
  • Müllneröfen , rocky slope in the Eselsberg valley near Oberwölz (Wölzer Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Ofnerkogel , mountain of Gleinalpe am Gaberl (Lavanttal Alps,(3.1) ⊙ )
  • Lahnofen , rocks on the Packalpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Mannagetta oven , rocks on the Koralpe(1.3) (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )(2.2.1)
  • Schrattelofen , rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )(2.5.1)
  • Großofen , rocks near Modriach ( Hebalm , on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )(1.2.1)
  • Bärofen , rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )(1.2.2)
  • Handalmöfen , numerous rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttal Alps, ⊙ )(2.5.2)
  • Weinofen , summit of the Weinebene on the Koralpe (Lavanttal Alps, ⊙ )
  • Burgstallofen , rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Spitzelofen , quarry on the Koralpe (Lavanttal Alps, ⊙ )(2.3.2)
  • Berensteinerofen , rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Geißofen , rocks on the Koralpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Osterwitzofen , rocks in the Seetal Alps (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Three ovens , rocks on the Saualpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Kaiserofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Host oven , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Big Sauofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Luritzofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Small Sauofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Blast furnaces , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Sapotnigofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ : Slovenian. Zapotnikova peč to Pötsche )
  • Fuchsofen , rocks on the Saualpe ( ⊙ )
  • Wasserofen , summit of the Packalpe (Lavanttaler Alps, ⊙ )
  • Weißofen , rocky side summit of the Mittagskogel in the north of the Gurktal (Gurktal Alps, ⊙ )
  • Urletzeröfen , rock faces of the Urlitzerkopf on the same Mittagskogel (Gurktal Alps, ⊙ )
  • Oven , corridor near Laßnitz near Murau (Gurktal Alps), there location Bauer im Ofen ( ⊙ ), Ofnerkogel , opposite the valley Rotofner farm
  • Aiblofen ( ⊙ ), Bärofen ( ⊙ ), Gamsofen ( ⊙ ), rock faces on the Grimmingbach in the Tauplitz (Dead Mountains)
  • Ofen , high valley in the Dead Mountains ( ⊙ ) there also Vorderer and Hinterer Ofenkogel (Ofnerkogel) and the Ofenloch cave ( ⊙ )
  • Salt furnace cave near Grundlsee (Dead Mountains, ⊙ )
  • Gamsofen , cave near Bad Ischl (Dead Mountains, ⊙ )
  • Greißleröfen , rock face on Grimming in the Ennstal ( ⊙ )
  • Ovens , gorge on the Dachstein in the Ennstal ( ⊙ )
  • Kochofen , summit at the Ennstal (Schladminger Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Sauofen , summit of the Schladminger Tauern ( ⊙ )
  • Tanzöfen , Kargebiet am Arnlug (Schladminger Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Wolfsöfen , rock ridge between Sauerfeld and Murtal (Murberge, ⊙ )
  • Blast furnaces , rock ridge in the Göriachtal (Lungau, Schladminger Tauern, ⊙ )
  • Lammeröfen , Klamm der Lammer (Land Salzburg, ⊙ )(1.1.1)
  • Sulzenofen , cave near Werfen (Tennengebirge, ⊙ )
  • Frauenofen , cave near the Salzachöfen (Tennengebirge, ⊙ )
  • Ofenrinne , Steilkar near the Salzachöfen (Tennengebirge, ⊙ )
  • Salzachöfen (Pass Lueg) , Salzach Gorge (State of Salzburg, ⊙ )(2.1.1)
  • Ofenau , location and limestone quarry near Golling am Hagengebirge (Berchtesgaden Alps, ⊙ ),(2.3.3) with the Ofenauer mountain above it
  • Oven Lochbach even Modermühl bach in Kuchl from Langenberg (Osterhorngruppe, ⊙ )
  • Ofental am Hochkalter (Berchtesgaden Alps, ⊙ ) with Ofentalscharte and Ofentalhörnl
  • Rotofen (Vorderer, Mittlerer, Hinterer) , mountain in the Lattengebirge (Berchtesgaden Alps, ⊙ )
  • Birkofen , Kar in the rear Gössbachtal (Maltatal) , at the Gösskarspeicher; Ankogel group of the Hohe Tauern, ( ⊙ )
  • Weißofen , summit near Bad Bleiberg (Gurktal Alps, ⊙ )
  • Ofen (Dreiländereck) , mountain in the Karawanken (Gurktal Alps, ⊙ ); slow. Peč zu Pötsche ), Italian translated Monte Forno(2.4.1)
  • Egglofen , Alm in the Zillergrund (Zillertal, Ötztal Alps, ⊙ )
  • Ofenberg , Inselberg near Griesen west of Garmisch (Ammer Mountains , ⊙ )
  • Ofenloch , Kar at the Praxmarerspitze in the Samertal north of Innsbruck (Karwendel, ⊙ )
  • Öfnerspitze , mountain between Oberstdorf and Arlberg (Allgäu Alps, ⊙ )
  • Ofen , mountain between Elm and Flims (Glarus / Bündner Alps, ⊙ )(2.4.2)

Questionable Etymology:(1.4.1)

  • Ofen , Hungarian. Buda , place on the Danube (Hungary, ⊙ ); District of Budapest (opposite Pest maybe to peč )(1.4.2)
  • Ofenloch , Graben near Brunn an der Wild (Waldviertel, ⊙ )
  • Ofen , location near Braunau (Innviertel, ⊙ )
  • Ofensberg , homestead in Iglsbach im Fritztal (Land Salzburg, ⊙ )
  • Ponöfen , valley shoulder and location near Ehrwald (Wetterstein Mountains, ⊙ )
  • Ovens , Maisäss in the Rappenloch Gorge near Dornbirn (Vorarlberg Rhine Valley, ⊙ )
  • Oven , location near Gaißau on the Old Rhine (Vorarlberger Rheintal, ⊙ )
  • Ofental near Annweiler am Trifels (Rhineland-Palatinate)
  • Krufter Ofen , Berg near Kruft in the Eifel ( ⊙ )

Verifiably related to technical furnaces: lime kilns , location near Eferding (Hausruckviertel); Danöfen , location in Klostertal (Vorarlberg);(1.5.2) Ofenpass (Graubünden);(1.5.1)

See also

literature

  • Josef Hasitschka: Is the “stove” really warm? A topographical and etymological search for traces of the field name Ofen. In: Gerhard Pferschy, Gernot P. Obersteiner (Ed.), Meinhard Brunner (Red.): Rutengangs: Studies for the historical regional studies. Ceremony for Walter Brunner on his 70th birthday. (= Research on the historical regional studies of Styria. Volume 54; = Journal of the Historisches Verein für Steiermark. Special volume 26). Graz 2010, ISBN 978-3-901251-34-4 , pp. 6-17.
  • Georg Dénes: The term “furnace” = “cave” in the place names of Hungary and the name of the Hungarian capital. In: Association of Austrian cave researchers (ed.): The cave. 36, 1985, ISSN  0018-3091 ZDB -ID 505258-0 , pp. 7-12 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ). This publication also deals with the connections between the meanings of the word oven in Slavic and German.
  • Hans Peter Cornelius: On the interpretation of the "stone ovens" of the Kor and Saualpen area (Styria-Carinthia). In: Reports of the Geological Reichsanstalt Vienna. 1943, pp. 49-52.
  • Alois Kieslinger: Geology and petrography of the Koralpe. Part III: The “stone ovens” of the Koralpen region. Part IV: Old and young weathering in the Koralpen area. (= Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Meeting reports of the mathematical-scientific class. Volume 136, Department 1). Verlag der Akademie, Vienna 1927, pp. 79-104.

Web links

Wiktionary: Oven  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • f1Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
  • Austrian Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying: Austrian map 1: 50,000. Electronic form Austrian Map online - You can search for ovens with another word as the first part of their name by entering * oven .
  • Bavarian Surveying Administration, Bavarian State Ministry of Finance: Geodata Bavaria .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b furnace , point 6. In: Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm : German dictionary . Volume 13: N-Quurren . Leipzig 1889, Sp. 1158 line 21. Reprint from Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. Munich 1991, ISBN 3-423-05945-1 . dtv 5945 structure quoted from: The digital Grimm - electronic edition of the first processing . Version 12/04. Two thousand and one, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 3-86150-628-9 . Competence center for electronic cataloging and publication processes in the humanities at the University of Trier in conjunction with the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences.
  2. ↑ Duden. Volume 7: The dictionary of origin. Etymology of the German language. 4th edition. Bibliographisches Institut & FABrockhaus, Mannheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-411-04074-2 , p. 568.
  3. ↑ Elmar Seebold: Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language. 24th edition. De Gruyter , Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-11-017473-1 , p. 663.
  4. ↑ a b Inge Resch-Rauter: Our Celtic heritage. Field names, legends, fairy tales and customs as bridges into the past. Téletool Edition. Vienna 1992. ISBN 3-9500167-0-8 , pp. 85–86 and 478 .. (4th edition Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-9500167-0-3 ).
  5. ↑ a b Konopasek, spy stove . P. 48, refers to Resch-Rauter: Celtic heritage .
  6. ^ Matthias Lexer: Middle High German Pocket Dictionary. 3. Edition. Leipzig 1885, Verlag S. Hirzel , p. 184.
  7. ^ Matthias Lexer: Middle High German Concise Dictionary. Leipzig 1872–1878. Publishing house S. Hirzel. Volume 2. Column 194.
  8. ↑ Austrian dictionary. Published on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Education, Art and Culture. 41st edition. Österreichischer Bundesverlag Vienna 2006, 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-06309-0 , p. 470.
  9. ^ Theodor Unger, Ferdinand Khull: Styrian vocabulary as a supplement to Schmeller's Bavarian dictionary. collected by Theodor Unger, edited for print and edited by Ferdinand Khull. Leuschner and Lubensky's University Bookstore. Graz 1903, p. 482 ( Viewer , literature.at).
  10. ↑ For the women's oven at Freiland and its “witch seats”: Koralmöfen. In: Franz Brauner: What the homeland tells. West Styria. The Kainach, Sulm and Laßnitz valleys. Styrian home books. Issue 12. Leykam Graz 1953, pp. 105-106.
  11. ↑ For the women's oven in Gutaring , the legend of which is referred to as "a remnant of Bavarian Heidenthumes ": Matthäus Larger: The church art monuments in Gutaring. In: Joseph Alexander Freiherr von Helfert (Hrsg.): Mittheilungen of the kk Central Commission for research and preservation of art and historical monuments. XXV. Volume New Series, Kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1899, p. 131. ( PDF ; 25.3 MB)
  12. ^ A b Claus Jürgen Hutterer , Walter Kainz, Eduard Walcher: West Styrian Dictionary. Grammar and vocabulary according to subject groups. In the series: Writings on the German language in Austria . Volume 13/14. Edited by Peter Wiesinger . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1987, ISBN 3-205-07321-5 , p. 305.
  13. ↑ Unger-Khull, Styrian vocabulary. P. 573 ( Viewer - the source citation "Voitsbg. L. = G. = P." Means a regional court protocol from Voitsberg , "Fol." Stands for Folio , Blatt.)
  14. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 91.
  15. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 92.
  16. ↑ Robert Konopasek: Spitzelofen, a marble quarry from Roman times in Carinthia. In: Res montanarum. Journal of the Montanhistorisches Verein Österreich. Issue June 38, 2006. Leoben. ISSN  1727-1797 , p. 48 (footnote 23) and 64 with reference to a letter from Fritz Lochner von Hüttenbachs to this author dated November 3, 2004.
  17. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer: Place name book of Carinthia. Part 1: The settlement history of Carinthia from prehistoric times to the present in the mirror of the names. Archive for patriotic history and topography. Volume 50. Klagenfurt 1956, p. 148.
  18. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer: Place name book of Carinthia. Part 2: Alphabetical Carinthian settlement name book with the official and dialect forms, the oldest and most important documentary evidence, the etymology and compilations of the basic words and suffixes . At the same time expert for part 1. Archive for patriotic history and topography. Volume 51. Klagenfurt 1958, p. 195.
  19. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer: Place name book of Carinthia. Part 2, p. 194.
  20. ^ Heinz Dieter Pohl: Keyword oven. In: Bergnames (accessed March 10, 2011).
  21. ^ Dénes: Place names of Hungary .
  22. ↑ Hasitschka, Ofen, p. 8.
  23. ↑ Cornelius, Stone Ovens. P. 49.
  24. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 80.
  25. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 89.
  26. ^ O. Clerc: La ville d'Ekathérinbourg et quelques-uns de ses remarquables au point de vue d'archéologie préhistorique. Guide des excursions du VII Géol Congress. Int. Petersbourg. 1897, No. 7. Quoted from: Kieslinger, Steinöfen. Pp. 88 and 93.
  27. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 91: "Kamennýa palátki".
  28. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. P. 88; Cornelius, stone ovens. P. 49.
  29. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. Pp. 85-88; with references to other literature of the time.
  30. ↑ a b c Cornelius, Stone ovens. P. 51.
  31. ↑ Kieslinger, Weathering. P. 98.
  32. ↑ Guided tours and specialist excursions in 1970. B. 16th hiking conference of the Geological Society in Vienna: "Tertiary, volcanism and the edge mountains of southern Styria." ; Peter Beck-Mannagetta: Explanations for the excursion day May 9, 1970. In: Communications of the Geological Society in Vienna. 63rd volume. Vienna 1970, p. 284. (Articles 273–298, PDF; 2.3 MB)
  33. ^ A b Peter Beck-Mannagetta: The geology of the catchment area of ​​the Laßnitz ( western Styria ). In: Communications from the Alpine Geological Association. Volume 34, year 1941. Vienna 1942. Page 25 (PDF; 2.0 MB).
  34. ↑ Drawing in: Konopasek, Spitzelofen. P. 54, Figure 14.
  35. ↑ Peter Beck-Mannagetta, Martin Kirchmayer: The quartz, mica and feldspar grain structures in the eight plate gneiss complexes of the Koralpe. In: Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute. Volume 131, Issue 4. Vienna 1988. ISSN  0016-7800 pages 505-532 (PDF; 2.2 MB), on the Mannagetta oven p. 511, on the Randlofen p. 521-522.
  36. ↑ Kieslinger, stone ovens. Pp. 80-81.
  37. ↑ Peter Beck-Mannagetta, Martin Kirchmayer: Structural investigations on a granite-based pegmatoid in the southeastern Koralpe with remarks about the Koralm crystalline (Austria). In: Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute. October 1985. Volume 128 Issue 2. ISSN  0016-7800 . Page 184 (PDF; 1.3 MB)
  38. ↑ Peter Beck-Mannagetta: On the tectonics of the Stainzer and Gamser slab gneiss in the Koralpe (Styria). In: Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute. 90th year, Vienna. 1945. Page 154 (PDF; 1.4 MB).
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Schnabel (editor): Geological map of Lower Austria 1: 200,000. Legend, brief explanation. Joint project State of Lower Austria-Federal Geological Institute. Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-85316-017-4 . Sheet Lower Austria South, eliminated as 548, 549. Notes. Pp. 38-39.
  40. ↑ Alexander Tollmann : Tectonic map of the Northern Limestone Alps. In: Communications from the Geological Society in Vienna. 61st volume. Vienna 1968, pp. 152–156. ( PDF ; 6.7 MB)
  41. ↑ Kupferzeche Hüttau nearby, on the other hand near place names farmstead Schroffen and Berg Schroffkoppen
  42. ↑ in the area you can find both plate limestone and good sea clays (lime and / or brick kilns?). Details of clay occurrences in research on German regional studies , volumes 77–80, S. Hirzel, 1953, p. 46
  43. ↑ so called as early as 1466; Kar-like high valley, also local to Schröfen , but also clearing by charcoal burning possible; The development of the Eight Valley ( Memento of the original from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / stadtarchiv.dornbirn.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Dornbirn writings. 30, pp. 151–157, owA (pdf, other edition with images pdf ( Memento of the original from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. , both at stadtarchiv.dornbirn.at). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / stadtarchiv.dornbirn.at
  44. ↑ 1610 Zum Closter bei den Offen , there - locally for 'bei', also as an old name for the whole of the forest; after Robert R. v. Srbik: A few things about mining in Vorarlberg and Walter Weinzierl: Mining in Klostertal and on Tannberg , both on haben.at; same origin for the Flur Daneu near Nüziders, 1544 the Allmain Thanew and 1690 Danöw , after Walter Weinzierl: mining in Bludenz and Nüziders . on: haben.at