COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Distribution of Confirmed Cases by State and Frequency per 100k Population

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil describes the regional spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil . The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide outbreak of the novel respiratory disease COVID-19 . The respiratory disease first appeared at the end of December 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan , Hubei province . From there it first spread to China and developed into a pandemic .

A first case of COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was reported on 25 February 2020 a first fatality dated March 17, 2020. As of May 19, 2020 Brazil had approximately 255,000 infected people, which was the world after the USA and Russia on 3rd place There were around 17,000 deaths. Some estimates in May 2020 assumed that due to the small number of tests, the actual mortality was twice as high and the number of infected people was even 15 times as high as the official figures. As of July 4, 2020, Brazil had more than 1.5 million registered infected people and more than 63,000 dead. Only the United States had higher numbers of infected people. On August 8, 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported 100,000 corona deaths. Brazil is the second country after the USA to cross this threshold.

President Jair Bolsonaro was criticized by the World Health Organization (WHO) for playing down the pandemic and not taking the necessary measures.

Course and measures

January

As a preventive measure, the then Minister of Health Luiz Henrique Mandetta had reactivated an inter-ministerial working group on emergencies in the field of public health of national and international importance on January 31, 2020 , which had already met earlier on other epidemics.

February

On February 3, 2020, Health Minister Mandetta issued Ordinance No. 188 (published in the Official Gazette of February 4, 2020), which recognizes the international health emergency (Portuguese: ESPIN, Emergência em Saúde Pública de importância Nacional) and enables appropriate measures, so also an operational emergency center (Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública (COE-nCoV)) at the ministry level.

On February 10, 2020, President Jair Bolsonaro provided the Brazilian Ministry of Defense with R $ 11,287,803 , just over 2 million euros, to fight COVID. This was presumably the political measure against COVID.

At the end of February, a 61-year-old Brazilian businessman from São Paulo who had returned from a stay in Italy was the first confirmed case of coronavirus infection in South America. As of February 28, the health authorities in Brazil counted around 300 suspected cases. The Brazilian Minister of Health at the time, Luiz Henrique Mandetta , said they were preparing for an epidemic but were prepared for it based on experience with previous severe epidemics of respiratory diseases, even if they did not yet know much specifically about this new virus. Mandetta was released on April 16, 2020.

March

While Brazilian President Bolsonaro had long dismissed the pandemic as an invention of the media and mockingly commented on it, it was announced on March 13 that he could have infected himself through his communications secretary Fábio Wajngarten during a state visit to the US President Trump . Bolsonaro then appeared in a speech on television wearing a protective mask and initially warned of measures to protect the population from the corona virus.

However, he later played down the virus again and called it a "fantasy" and a media-fueled "hysteria". He rejected strict containment measures against the virus as of the end of March 2020; Instead, he started a “Brazil must not stand still” campaign, in which he recommended that the population violate the exit restrictions against the advice of the health authorities. As a result, a court ruled that he should stop the campaign. In addition, the court forced the government to officially declare within 24 hours that the campaign did not meet scientific criteria and prohibited it from disseminating scientifically unsound information or using it for agitative purposes. Twitter deleted two tweets in which Bolsonaro had questioned the sense of isolation measures, as they would have contradicted the statements of the health authorities and could promote the spread of the virus, and Facebook responded by deleting a video. Another court declared ineffective a decree issued by Bolsonaro that allowed churches to open despite exit restrictions. On March 31, however, the President declared in his fourth televised address to the people: “The virus is a reality. We are facing one of the greatest challenges of our generation ”. One day later, however, he again attacked his health minister, who advocates strict isolation measures, and announced on the radio that he could order the restoration of normalcy by decree.

On March 15, Health Minister Mandetta saw a broad outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic imminent in Brazil as well. On March 17, the Brazilian authorities were already aware of 120 cases and around 1,400 suspected cases in 13 Brazilian states .

The Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária , the Brazilian National Authority for Health Surveillance , approved eight rapid test procedures on March 19, 2020, the evaluation of which should take 15 minutes to seven days. Scientists announced on March 6 that they had successfully cultivated the virus in the laboratory.

As of March 22, 2020, all states were affected. Entry into Brazil from COVID risk areas, including the EU including Germany, has been prohibited since March 23, 2020. For domestic air traffic, Brazilian airlines have negotiated a provisional emergency flight plan with the aviation authority Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC), which ensures that the capitals of all 26 states and 19 other important cities will have regular flight connections by the end of April.

The 20 or so high-ranking Brazilian politicians who have contracted COVID-19 by the end of March include Senate President Davi Alcolumbre , Mining and Energy Minister Admiral Bento Albuquerque , Senators Nelson Trad Filho (Mato Grosso do Sul) and Prisco Bezerra (Ceará), the Federal MP and evangelical pastor Eurico da Silva and Bolsonaro's personal communications state secretary Fábio Wajngarten .

On March 31, 2020, 500,000 rapid test kits from the Chinese company Wondfo , donated by the large mining company Vale , arrived in São Paulo . Vale announced another 4.5 million rapid test kits.

On the same day, Health Minister Mandetta announced that the government would set up a monitoring system for Brazilians, which will reach around 125 million people. The platform, based on artificial intelligence , will contact Brazilians who are in the government database and receive information about their health status. "The amount of this information will be used to help us predict who is at risk, where they are, and that should be a great tool for managing people," said the minister. The government published the data on the advance of Covid-19 at a press conference in the Planalto Palace , attended by the newly appointed Chief of Staff (Casa Civil) Walter Braga Netto , the Minister of Economy Paulo Guedes , the Minister of Health Luiz Henrique Mandetta and the Minister of Justice and Public Security, Sergio Moro , attended.

April

On April 2, 2020 it was announced that a presidential decree (Medida Provisória) would make R $ 9.4 billion , equivalent to around 1.652 billion euros, available to the states in relation to the number of inhabitants and the municipalities.

Play media file

Petrópolis Town Hall - Mobile sirens alert the population to the danger of the coronavirus

The ten thousand mark was exceeded on April 4, 2020, the number of suspected cases is still not disclosed by the official bodies.

The Ministry of Health announced on April 7, 2020 that it had distributed 53.1 million infection protection clothing units to the federal states for those working in health care, including 15.8 million masks, 23.9 million pairs of gloves, 12.4 million trainers and hats, 742,000 aprons, 60,000 protective goggles, plus 183,000 units of disinfectant gel.

On April 8, 2020, seven confirmed cases were discovered among the indigenous Yanomamis in Roraima state , and a 15-year-old Yanomani died in hospital the next day. Six COVID-19 deaths were reported on April 8, 2020 from one of the largest favelas in Rio de Janeiro, the district of Rocinha .

The NGO Open Knowledge Brasil published an evaluation of the federal and state information policy on April 9, 2020, seven states were opaque on a scale from 0 to 100, six, including the federal district, operated a low-rated information policy about the coronavirus, nine including the Federal government, were rated as mediocre, five as good, including the states of Ceará , Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , which were badly affected by the pandemic . The state of Pernambuco came off best with a high level of transparency and credibility.

On April 10, 2020 it was published that so far only 296 tests had been carried out on one million inhabitants. The Reuters news agency announced on April 13th that the corona cases were possibly 12 times higher than the official bodies had announced. A consortium of Brazilian researchers at universities and institutes compared the April 10 data with those of the World Health Agency in relation to the death rate. Around 63,000 tests have been evaluated, 93,000 not yet. The Reuters report supports earlier reports, such as Edmar Santos, State Secretary for Health of Rio de Janeiro, who assumed an unreported number of 50 to 100 unreported cases per confirmed case for his state on March 31, 2020 and a high number of people between the ages of 30 and 39 years, The Guardian also expressed doubts about the correctness of official information on March 4, 2020.

On April 16, 2020, President Bolsonaro dismissed Health Minister Mandetta from office due to persistent disagreements, as the minister had spoken out in favor of a strict course with extensive contact bans. Nelson Teich became his successor on the same day .

The 50,000 mark, with over 3,300 deaths, was exceeded on April 24, 2020, making Brazil 11th in the country statistics worldwide.

In the state of Santa Catarina, schools are expected to remain closed until the end of May. A mask requirement has been in effect here since April 18, 2020, on April 23, 2020 the prefect of Rio de Janeiro followed suit , as did the cities of Duque de Caxias , Magé and Niterói in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro . The increasing collapse of the health and funeral services is reported from Manaus , capital of the state of Amazonas .

On April 29, the government announced that foreign citizens would be banned from entering Brazil for a further 30 days, at least until the end of May.

May

On May 15, 2020, the 200,000 mark in infected people was exceeded with around 14,000 deaths. On the same day, the Minister of Health Nelson Teich resigned after less than a month in office because he refused to relax the regulations for the use of chloroquine to Jair Bolsonaro in order to allow corona patients to be treated with the ( SARS-CoV-2 ineffective) active ingredient. On May 21, almost 20,000 new infections were counted within one day for the first time. The Ministry of Health in Brasília reported 19,951 new corona infections and 888 deaths within 24 hours.

By May 25, 2020, six governors had been diagnosed with COVID-19: Renato Casagrande (Espírito Santo), Paulo Câmara (Pernambuco), Antonio Denarium (Roraima), Wilson Witzel (Rio de Janeiro), Helder Barbalho (Pará) and Renan Filho (Alagoas).

June

On June 1, 2020, the 500,000 mark was exceeded in the number of infected people and almost 30,000 deaths. Since May 15, renewed on June 2, 2020, the Ministry of Health has been provisionally headed by the non-specialist military person Eduardo Pazuello . After the Ministry of Health no longer published the total number of infected people on the Internet since the beginning of June, the Brazilian Supreme Court ordered the Ministry of Health not to withhold any information.

July

The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil allowed on July 1, 2020 through a constitutional amendment because of COVID-19 pandemic, the shift in the local elections in Brazil in 2020 on 15 November 2020 (runoff on Nov. 29, 2020), in which each 5,570 mayors and deputy and about 57,000 City councils are to be elected.

As of July 2, Brazil reported more than 1.5 million registered infected people.

On July 7, 2020, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tested positive for COVID-19. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, Bolsonaro had played down the health consequences of an illness. In the days leading up to the illness, he was increasingly appearing in public and in crowds without a mask or keeping a distance. Another four ministers from the Bolsonaro cabinet tested positive for COVID-19 a few days later: Augusto Heleno , Head of Institutional Security Cabinet, Bento Albuquerque , Minister for Energy, Onyx Lorenzoni , Minister for Social Affairs, and Milton Ribeiro , Minister for Education.

Other aspects

Religious Conflicts

Dom Odilo Scherer , Archbishop of São Paulo, had initially defended that churches should not be closed and argued that there should be more daily services. He later decided to stop celebrating with the people.

Edir Macedo , media entrepreneur and founder of the neo-charismatic “ Universal Church of the Kingdom of God ”, has also defended that services should not be suspended, as has Silas Malafaia , head of the “ Assembleia de Deus Vitória em Cristo ”. Malafaia said he would only close his churches by order of a court. Macedo has caused major controversy after dismissing the coronavirus as a media creation.

Environmental and climate protection

In the course of the crisis, the destruction of the Brazilian rainforest increased sharply, in the first 4 months of 2020 by 55% compared to the previous year. Between January and April 2020, a total of around 1200 km² was cleared. The cause is that illegal logging continues, while the authorities are restricted in their work due to the crisis. A study found that the deforestation activities could increase Brazilian carbon dioxide emissions by 10 to 20% in 2020 instead of falling as in many other countries due to reduced industrial production. In May 2020 a further 829 km² were added. Estimates assume that around 12,000 km² of rainforest could be cleared within a year by July.

In May 2020, a decision by the Supreme Court made a video public in which Environment Minister Ricardo de Aquino Salles spoke out in favor of using the corona crisis to abolish environmental protection regulations. Accordingly, he said: "We have to make an effort while we are in this quiet moment in the press coverage because they only talk about COVID, and enforce and change all the rules and simplify the norms." Salles also complained that it was legal Difficulties arise with the proposed bills and that legal "artillery" is required for implementation. Also the Congress should be bypassed, because the government would not be able to get these laws through the Congress. Environmental protection organizations said the statements showed that the Bolsonaro government wanted to systematically abolish environmental protection laws. Bolsonaro had previously spoken out in favor of the (economic) development of the Amazon region.

tourism

The United States government announced entry bans on flights from Brazil on May 24, 2020. Brazil at the time had 347,000 known COVID-19 cases and reported 22,013 deaths. It ranked second in infection cases, only surpassed by the United States itself. The entry restrictions for non-Americans were due to come into effect on May 28 at around noon.

statistics

Information between the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the highest state health authorities may differ, the ministry reported 621 confirmed illnesses and four deaths on March 19, 2020, while other agencies have already reported 647 illnesses and seven deaths.

In the absence of sufficient testing and delays due to the bureaucracy, it is assumed that, at least in parts of the country, most of the deaths caused by the virus are not even registered as COVID-19 deaths in the official statistics. This is indicated, among other things, by overloaded hospitals and funeral homes. In Manaus u. a. A mass grave was excavated by excavator in order to be able to bury the resulting dead. In total, only 1,600 people per million inhabitants are tested (as of May 2020). For comparison: In the USA, the number of tests over the same period was around 20,000 per million population.

In June 2020, after more than 1,000 deaths occurred within 24 hours for 4 days in a row, Brazil stopped publishing the number of cases of COVID-19-related diseases and deaths on the Internet. In support of this, Bolsonaro said that these numbers did not reflect the real situation the country was in. Most recently, Brazil had reported more than 672,000 cases. This put Brazil in second place in the world after the United States . The number of deaths was last put at almost 36,000. The unrecorded cases are accepted much higher. A few days later, the Brazilian Supreme Court declared this practice to be ineffective and ordered the Ministry of Health to publish the previously deleted data immediately. At the same time, it became known that Bolsonaro had previously put pressure on the health authorities and demanded that the number of published COVID-19 deaths not exceed 1000 per day.

According to daily information from the Ministry of Health, the number of cases developed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil as follows:
(As of September 1, 2020, 00:45)

Infections

Confirmed infections (cumulative) in Brazil: 3,908,272 (August 31, 2020)

Confirmed New Infections (Daily) in Brazil: 45,961 (August 31, 2020)

Deaths

Confirmed deaths (cumulative) in Brazil: 121,381 (August 31, 2020)

Confirmed New Deaths (Daily) in Brazil: 553 ( Aug 31, 2020)

Case numbers by state

States and their major regions

Status: July 18, 2020, 6:40 pm (can be sorted alphabetically or by numbers).

Country	Residents (July 1, 2019)	confirmed cases	confirmed to 100,000 inhabitants	Deaths	lethal in%	lethal to 100,000 inhabitants
Sao Paulo (SP)	45,919,049	711.530	1,549.5	27,315		59.5
Rio de Janeiro (RJ)	17,264,943	199,480	1,155.4	14,728		85.3
Ceará (CE)	9,132,078	199.258	2,182.0	8,196		89.7
Amazon (AM)	4,144,597	112,881	2,723.6	3,524		85.0
Pernambuco (PE)	9,557,071	113,788	1,190.6	7,252		75.9
Pará (PA)	8,602,865	180.090	2,093.4	5,975		69.5
Maranhão (MA)	7,075,181	139.185	1,967.2	3,289		46.5
Bahia (BA)	14,873,064	221.041	1,486.2	4,542		30.5
Espírito Santo (ES)	4,018,650	101,874	2,535.0	2,938		73.1
Santa Catarina (SC)	7,164,788	124.313	1,735.1	1,883		26.3
Paraíba (PB)	4,018,127	97,497	2,426.4	2,203		54.8
Minas Gerais (MG)	21,168,791	177,787	839.9	4,306		20.3
Rio Grande do Sul (RS)	11,377,239	101.217	889.6	2,822		24.8
Federal District (DF)	3,015,268	140.170	4,648.7	2,097		69.5
Amapá (AP)	845.731	39,957	4,724.6	619		73.2
Alagoas (AL)	3,337,357	73,701	2,208.4	1,774		53.2
Sergipe (SE)	2,298,696	68,699	2,988.6	1,729		75.2
Rio Grande do Norte (RN)	3,506,853	58,307	1,662.7	2,102		59.9
Acre (AC)	881.935	22,933	2,600.3	590		66.9
Piauí (PI)	3,273,227	67,226	2,053.8	1,637		50.0
Rondônia (RO)	1,777,225	48,923	2,752.8	1,026		57.7
Paraná (PR)	11,433,957	108,237	946.6	2,781		24.3
Tocantins (TO)	1,572,866	38,845	2,469.7	531		33.8
Goiás (GO)	7,018,354	105,962	1,509.8	2,414		34.4
Roraima (RR)	605.761	40.183	6,633.5	574		94.8
Mato Grosso (MT)	3,484,466	75,877	2,177.6	2,384		68.4
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)	2,778,986	38,393	1,381.5	657		23.6
Brazil	210.147.125	3,407,354	1,621.4	109,888	3.2%	52.3

literature

• Anja Czymmeck, Kevin Oswald: The corona crisis in Brazil. In: kas.de. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung , office in Brazil, April 8, 2020 . 

See also

• List of epidemics and pandemics
• List of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic

Web links

Commons : COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

• Ministry of Health platform with reports on coronavirus disease (Brazilian Portuguese)
• Ministry of Health website with updated figures and graphs (Brazilian Portuguese)
• World Health Organization (WHO): Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports
• Johns Hopkins University: estimated data of the coronavirus Falls (English)
• Worldometer: estimated data of the Corona virus pandemic (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ministério da Saúde investiga possível paciente com coronavírus em SP; caso foi para contraprova. In: globo.com. G1, February 25, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
2. ↑ Susann Kreutzmann: Brazil is stumbling into the Corona catastrophe . In: Der Standard , May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
3. ↑ Coronavirus: Interactive map shows the current number of corona infections in Germany, Europe and worldwide. Retrieved July 4, 2020 . 
4. ^ Supreme court orders publication of corona numbers. Deutschlandfunk , June 9, 2020, accessed on June 9, 2020 . 
5. ^ Ministry of Health. August 9, 2020, accessed on August 9, 2020 . 
6. ↑ Grupo Interministerial vai atuar no enfrentamento ao novo coronavírus. In: saude.gov.br. Ministério da Saúde, January 31, 2020, accessed April 16, 2020 . 
7. ↑ Página 1 do DOU - Seção 1 - Edição Extra A, number 24, de 04/02/2020 - Imprensa Nacional. Retrieved July 21, 2020 . 
8. ^ Governo federal decreta estado de emergência para conter coronavírus no Brasil. February 4, 2020, accessed July 21, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
9. ↑ Guilherme Mazui: Bolsonaro assina MP e destina R $ 11.2 milhões para combate ao coronavírus. In: globo.com. G1, February 10, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
10. ↑ 300 Sars-CoV-2 suspected cases in Brazil , article from February 28, 2020 in Tagesspiegel , accessed on March 21, 2020.
11. ↑ Coronavirus: Ex-NATO Secretary General infected - EU Vice Timmermans in quarantine , article from March 17, 2020 in Münchner Merkurs , accessed on March 21, 2020.
12. ↑ Bolsonaro's coronavirus debacle , article from March 13, 2020 in the daily newspaper Die Welt , accessed on March 21, 2020.
13. ↑ ^{a b} belittling corona messages. Twitter deletes two messages from the Brazilian president . In: Spiegel Online , March 30, 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020.
14. ↑ World leaders' posts deleted over false virus info . In: BBC News . March 31, 2020 (English, bbc.com ).
15. ↑ n-tv NEWS: Bolsonaro is rowing back in the Corona crisis. Retrieved April 1, 2020 . 
16. ↑ Bolsonaro on coronavirus: "The greatest challenge of our generation". Retrieved April 1, 2020 . 
17. ↑ No coup against Bolsonaro . In: taz , April 5, 2020. Accessed April 5, 2020.
18. ↑ Bolsonaro ignora coronavírus e volta a estimular protestos contra o Congresso eo STF - "Bolsonaro ignores crononavirus and again calls for protests against Congress and the Supreme Constitutional Court" , article of March 15, 2020 of the news portal Brasil 247 , accessed on March 21 2020 (Portuguese).
19. ↑ Anvisa aprova oito testes rápidos para Covid-19. In: com.br. Agência Brasil, March 20, 2020, accessed March 23, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
20. ↑ Pesquisadores brasileiros desenvolvem 'novo coronavírus' em laboratório; material vai ajudar no diagnóstico da doença. In: globo.com. G1, March 6, 2020, accessed March 23, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
21. ^ Federal Foreign Office : Brazil: Travel and Safety Instructions. In: Auswaertiges-amt.de. April 1, 2020, accessed April 1, 2020 . 
22. ↑ 500 mil kits de teste rápido para coronavírus chegam ao Brasil. In: headtopics.com. Retrieved March 31, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
23. ↑ País tem 201 mortes por covid-19 e 5,717 casos confirmados. March 31, 2020, accessed April 3, 2020 . 
24. ↑ Governo do Brasil libera R $ 9.4 bilhões para combate ao coronavírus. In: gov.br. Ministerio da Saúde, April 3, 2020, accessed April 4, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
25. ↑ Ministério da Saúde distribui 53 milhões de equipamentos de proteção para profissionais de saúde. In: www.saude.gov.br. Ministério da Saúde, accessed April 7, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
26. ↑ Coronavírus atinge Índios Ianomâmis. Brasil já tem 7 casos entre índígenas. In: brasil247.com. Brasil 247 , April 8, 2020, accessed April 9, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
27. ↑ Yanomami boy (15) dies of Covid-19 bild.de on April 11, 2020, accessed on April 12, 2020
28. ↑ Confirmation of the coronavirus in the favelas of Brazil: the ministro de Salud busca un “diálogo” with narcos y milicias para contener la pandemia. In: infobae.com. Infobae, April 9, 2020, accessed April 9, 2020 (Spanish). 
29. ↑ Transparência Covid-19. In: transparenciacovid19.ok.org.br. Open Knowledge Brasil (OKBR), April 9, 2020, accessed April 13, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
30. ↑ Agência O. Globo: Brasil é o país que menos testa entre mais atingidos por Covid-19 werk = com.br. Último Segundo, 2020, accessed April 14, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
31. ↑ Jake Spring, Pedro Fonseca: Brazil likely has 12 times more coronavirus cases than official count, study finds . In: Reuters . April 13, 2020 (English, reuters.com ).
32. ↑ Secretário estadual de Saúde se diz surpreso com alto número de casos de Covid-19 entre mais jovens: 'Não nos contaram tudo sobre esse vírus' - Jornal O Globo. In: globo.com. web.archive.org, March 31, 2020, archived from the original on April 9, 2020 ; accessed on April 16, 2020 (quote: Sobre a subnotificação dos casos, o secretário pontuou que, para cada caso confirmado, deve haver 50 subnotificados. Esse total pode chegar a cem. ). 
33. ↑ Dom Phillips: Brazil coronavirus: medics fear official tally ignores 'a mountain of deaths' . In: The Guardian . April 4, 2020, ISSN  0261-3077 (English, theguardian.com ).
34. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander Sarovic, DER SPIEGEL: Corona crisis in Brazil - but President Bolsonaro wants to go back to everyday life - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved June 9, 2020 . 
35. ^ Brazil President Bolsonaro fires Health Minister Mandetta. April 16, 2020, accessed April 16, 2020 . 
36. ↑ Brusque: Fear of the Consequences, in: Badische Latest Nachrichten No. 97, April 27, 2020, p. 21.
37. ↑ Brusque: Fear of the Consequences, in: Badische Latest Nachrichten No. 97, April 27, 2020, p. 21.
38. ↑ Saiba por que Manaus entrou em rápido colapso com os casos de Covid-19. In: com.br. Correio Braziliense, April 23, 2020, accessed April 29, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
39. ↑ Ullisses Campbell: To retrato do colapso hospitalar em Manaus durante a pandemia. In: globo.com. Época , April 24, 2020, accessed April 29, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
40. ↑ Coronavírus: governo restringe entrada de estrangeiros via aeroportos por mais 30 dias. Retrieved April 29, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
41. ↑ n-tv NEWS: Brazil reports 20,000 new infections. Retrieved May 21, 2020 . 
42. ↑ Governadores de seis estados já testaram positivo para Covid-19. In: Diário de Goiás. May 25, 2020, accessed May 30, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
43. ↑ Imprensa Nacional: Dcreto de 2 de junho de 2020. In: gov.br. .br, accessed June 5, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
44. ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Coronavirus news on Tuesday: mass tests to curb the spread of coronavirus in Germany - DER SPIEGEL - Wissenschaft. Retrieved June 9, 2020 . 
45. ↑ Camila Turtelli: Câmara aprova adiamento the eleições Municipais para 15 de novembro. In: com.br. Estadão , July 1, 2020, accessed July 5, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
46. ↑ Coronavirus: Interactive map shows the current number of corona infections in Germany, Europe and worldwide. Retrieved July 4, 2020 . 
47. ↑ Bolsonaro infected with coronavirus. Spiegel Online, July 7, 2020, accessed July 7, 2020 . 
48. ↑ https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/114861/Weiter-Minister-der-Regierung-Bolsonaro-mit-SARS-CoV-2-infiziert
49. ↑ https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2020-07/brasilien-coronavirus-minister-infektion-quarantaene-jair-bolsonaro
50. ↑ Breiller Pires: Igrejas desafiam recomendação de suspender Missa e CULTOS diante because pandemia do coronavírus. March 20, 2020, accessed April 3, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
51. ↑ Comunicado n ° 2 da Arquidiocese de São Paulo sobre Celebrações e outras Ações Pastorais nas igrejas durante a pandemia do Coronavírus. March 26, 2020, accessed April 3, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
52. ↑ Mônica Bergamo: Vídeo mostra Edir Macedo dizendo que coronavírus é inofensivo e que Satanás e mídia promovem medo. March 15, 2020, accessed April 3, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
53. ↑ Study: Deforestation in the rainforest increases CO2 emissions in Brazil . In: Watson , May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
54. ↑ Deforestation in the Amazon forest continues to increase . In: Deutschlandfunk , June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
55. ↑ Brazil minister calls for environmental deregulation while public distracted by COVID . In: Reuters , May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
56. ↑ Spencer Kimball, Trump suspends travel from Brazil as coronavirus pandemic worsens in South America , CNBC, May 24, 2020.
57. ↑ Casos de coronavírus no Brasil em 19 de março. In: globo.com. G1, March 19, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 (Brazilian Portuguese). 
58. ↑ 'Living Through A Nightmare': Brazil's Manaus Digs A Mass Grave As Deaths Mount . In: National Public Radio , April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
59. ↑ Dennis Kremer: Economy versus Health: Bolsonaro's game with the virus . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 9, 2020. Accessed May 10, 2020.
60. ↑ Coronavirus: Hard-hit Brazil removes data amid rising death toll. BBC News, June 7, 2020, accessed June 7, 2020 . 
61. ↑ Brazil has to publish its corona numbers . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 9, 2020. Accessed June 9, 2020.

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