Favela

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Favela in Nova Friburgo
Favela in Salvador da Bahia
Favela in Rio
Slum-like conditions in Salvador's historic center in 1988

With Favela (from Portuguese borrowed for " slum " or " slums ") are particularly in peripheral areas of the big cities of Brazil lying informal settlements designated or shanty towns, where a large part of the population has a little land.

Comparable settlements can also be found in many other developing countries , where they have different names. Favelas can in part also be called slums , namely when they arise as a result of the decay of urban areas. In Brazil, for example, abandoned high-rise buildings that have been occupied by homeless people are called Favela vertical . Slum-like conditions also prevailed in the historical core of Salvador until the 1990s.

Etymology and word usage

The name comes from a Brazilian climbing plant that bears the name Favela. Similar to the climber, the poor neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro settle on the mountains and “climb” them.

The word favela was first used on November 4, 1900 in a letter from the police commissioner of the tenth precinct to the police chief of Rio de Janeiro, when he described the "Hill of Providence" ( Morro da Providência ) as Morro da Favela , the tramps and criminals populated. The term favela was officially used for the first time in the census of 1920, when 839 dwellings were described on the Morro da Providência in Rio de Janeiro.

history

The first favelas arose in the wake of the end of slavery after the Lei Áurea in 1888. Since then, they have expanded continuously.

In 1963, favelas were officially defined “as a group of dwellings with a high population density, unsystematically and with unsuitable material, without zoning, without public utilities and on illegally used land without the consent of the owner.” Since the first favelas came into being, the policy of the Brazilian government and the Local government between resettlement efforts on the one hand and offers of help to improve the living situation for the residents on the other. The military dictatorships in Brazil from 1977 to 1980 attempted to push back these urban settlement areas through partly violent resettlement programs, but this failed.

Since the end of the 1960s and increasingly from March 1980 ( Carta da Favela ), the focus has been on redeveloping the favelas, initially with selective interventions, and more recently with large-scale integrative projects. The much-noticed, large-scale Favela-Bairro program was started in Rio de Janeiro in 1994 ; According to their name, the favelas are to become bairros , regular districts. The Favela Rocinha was officially declared a bairro in 1992 and in 1998, with around 200,000 inhabitants, was not only the largest in Brazil, but in all of South America. From early 2013 to late 2014 in particular Rios favelas were in preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup of police and military systematically raids scoured to the outgoing of them drug-related crime to combat.

See also

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Favela  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • BuzzingCities ( Memento from June 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) - Multimedia project about the changes in the favelas in Rio before the 2014 World Cup
  • Celula Urbana - A project by the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and the Rio de Janeiro city administration to improve the social and economic conditions in the Jacarezihno favela
  • Radio Favela - a kind of community radio, broadcasts from a favela in Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) and addresses many issues of the socially disadvantaged
  • "Eyes of the Hill" - art and documentary photography by photographers from various favelas in Rios

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rosane M. Zanini, Urban Development , Urban Planning, Favelas , 2005, p. 55.
  2. ^ A b Victoria Carpenter / Peter Lang, A World Torn Apart: Representations of Violence in Latin American Narrative , 2007, p. 231.
  3. ^ Jürgen Dietz: Upgrading entire districts. Successes of the Favela Bairro program ( Memento from September 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 141 kB)
  4. ↑ Marcos Alvito, Um século de Favela , 1998, p. 234.