Musseque
As Musseque in are Angola , the city slums called, especially the suburbs of Luanda . They correspond to the favelas in Brazil and the Caniços in Mozambique .
etymology
The term comes from the Kimbundu and is made up of mu = place and seke = sand, whereby seke originally means red , but then also refers to the sand, which has a red color in the vicinity of Luanda.
history
With the beginning of industrialization in Luanda in 1962, an increasing number of residents moved from the rural areas of Angola to the capital. According to their origin, they settled in Musseques. With the beginning of the civil war in Angola in 1975, the influx of poorer population groups increased in some cities. More and more slums emerged.
Categories
The musseques are divided into four categories:
Musseque Antigo
Informal settlement that spreads spontaneously from an urban settlement. They cover free areas in the urban area, often industrial areas, the edges of railway lines or former landfills. The residents use the services offered in the neighboring districts. They are characterized by a high degree of poverty (55%) and insufficient or inadequate infrastructure (water pipes, sewage disposal, power grid). However, there are some public and private schools and health centers. The houses are built from concrete blocks or bricks and have zinc or asbestos cement roofs. The households have a high number of people.
Musseque Ordenado
This settlement developed from an expansion of the "people's quarters", which were created by a housing program of the colonial government in the 1960s and 70s, which was based on the model of the townships in South Africa. The poverty rate is 60%, there are some water and electricity lines, but no sanitation. There are public schools and hospitals. The houses are also built from concrete blocks or bricks and have zinc or asbestos cement roofs.
Musseque em Transição
These so-called “transitional slums” consist of new buildings and skyscrapers that have been illegally occupied by residents. Such a high-rise slum is also called Musseque vertical . The poverty rate is 60%, there is no running water, no electricity supply, no sanitation. There are private schools and private health centers in the area. Most of the residents stay for 1–5 years, but some for up to 30 years.
Musseque Periférico
Slums on the outskirts of the city, often inhabited by people who have moved out of the city center due to rising rents, as well as by civil war refugees from rural areas. They have the highest poverty rate at 84%. There is no water or electricity supply - the residents get their drinking water from cistern trucks - no garbage and sewage disposal, no public schools and hospitals. They are criss-crossed by narrow, winding streets, there are no straight streets. Many houses are built from temporary materials, others are made of concrete blocks or bricks and mostly have zinc roofs.
All musseques have a high crime rate , especially those in the peripheral areas, as there is a lack of sufficient police stations and staff. The districts without electricity are generally not patrolled by the police in the evening and at night after 7 p.m. Citizen patrols have been set up in some to protect them .
See also
- Paraíso (Angola) One of the largest slums on the outskirts of Luanda.
- Kikolo A community made up of slums on the outskirts of Luanda.
Web links
- Case study Luanda, Angola (PDF)
- Os musseques de Luanda (PDF) (Portuguese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ A expressão "musseque" jornaldalusofonia.pt , accessed on August 26, 2019
- ↑ Luanda, Urban Superimposition (PDF) pp. 20–22, accessed on August 26, 2019
- ↑ Os musseques de Luanda (PDF) p. 68, Facultade de Arquitectura, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, July 2011, accessed on August 28, 2019
- ↑ Moradores criam grupos de defesa pessoal novagazeta.co.ao , June 19, 2019, accessed August 27, 2019