Favela Bairro
Favela-Bairro was of urbanization program in Rio de Janeiro , the second largest city of Brazil . It was used to convert favelas into regular neighborhoods.
The program was very successful and was copied in numerous cities and countries in the 1990s. It is considered a pioneer of a new paradigm in urban development in developing and emerging countries to develop districts with very poor living conditions instead of relocating their residents.
features
Favela-Bairro belonged to the so-called district improvement programs (also upgrading programs ). They followed a paradigm that had been promoted mainly by the Inter-American Development Bank since around 1990. Accordingly, the rehabilitation of run-down city quarters ( slums ) and informal settlements (“slums”) is in the foreground. In contrast to traditional slum urbanization programs, which usually result in the resettlement of residents, hardly any new houses are built in such programs; instead, the existing buildings are improved and the affected districts are provided with infrastructural facilities.
Favela-Bairro, started in 1993 as part of the Diretor da cidade do Rio de Janeiro urban development plan , went beyond this approach, aiming not only to improve the basic infrastructure, but also to integrate the favelas into the formal city . This was done on the one hand by the clarification and order of the property conditions, on the other hand by the construction of communal facilities that should enable sustainable development. Attempts were made to promote the economic potential of the district - for example through start-up centers or shopping malls - and to support it by offering kindergartens and day- care centers as well as event rooms .
history
| Population of the favelas in Rio de Janeiro compared to the total population |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | Favelas | total | Percentage in favelas |
Growth favelas |
| 1950 | 169,305 | 2,337,451 | 7.24% | |
| 1960 | 337.412 | 3,307,163 | 10.20% | 99.3% |
| 1970 | 563,970 | 4,251,918 | 13.26% | 67.1% |
| 1980 | 628.170 | 5,093,232 | 12.33% | 11.4% |
| 1990 | 882.483 | 5,480,778 | 16.10% | 40.5% |
| 2000 | 1,092,958 | 5,857,879 | 18.66% | 23.9% |
| Source: World Bank / IGBE, 2000 | ||||
prehistory
Favelas have existed in Rio de Janeiro since the end of the 19th century. However, the problem worsened around 1950 when, as a result of the industrialization of Brazil, there was a strong rural exodus to the country's major cities. Many of the inland migrants were destitute and therefore settled in informal settlements on the outskirts. At first the city tried - like most other cities in developing and emerging countries - to solve this problem through social housing .
Influenced by the conservative worldview of the military governments of these years, the methods of resettlement were sometimes drastic, the affected favelas were forcibly evacuated with construction machines (" bulldozing "), their residents were forcibly loaded into trucks and assigned to the new apartment blocks ( conjuntos habitacionais ). In these social housing areas, housing conditions generally improved only rarely. This problem was addressed in popular literature through the later filmed novel Cidade de Deus (City of God) by Paulo Lins . Between 1960 and 1975 137,774 people were resettled in the southern part of the city alone.
Between the end of the sixties and the middle of the seventies, however, as a result of social science studies, the impossibility of solving the problem of urban slum formation through such resettlement programs was recognized worldwide, which were not only viewed as not financially viable, but also brought with them numerous social and economic problems. For example, the distance of most social housing districts ( satellite towns ) from work and the tendency of the resettled people to view the forced apartment as a short-lived consumer good, to sell it and to settle again in slums. At the conference, Habitat I of the World Bank were in 1976 made some recommendations for alternative programs.
At the same time, there was a gradual rethink in Rio de Janeiro. In 1968 the State of Rio de Janeiro - in contrast to the policy of the central government - set up the Companhia de Desenvolvimento de Comunidades (CODESCO), an authority that financed the first rehabilitation programs. The first was created in the Bras de Pina favela . Under the umbrella term mutirão remunerado , independent movements arose in the favelas from the end of the 1970s with the aim of improving the infrastructure. These were mostly organized as a cooperative . In 1983, the Cadastro de Favelas was used to carry out an urban statistical inventory of these districts in order to isolate the problem.
After democracy was restored in Brazil in 1985 , the mutirão movements were also officially supported by the city government. Towards the end of the 1980s there were signs of a change in the political debate surrounding the urbanization of the favelas in the city legislature.
The Plano Diretor and Favela-Bairro 1 (1995–2000)
From the early 1990s, the Inter-American Development Bank began promoting infrastructure programs.
The turning point is the year 1993, when César Maia became the new mayor of Rio de Janeiro after the local elections that year . This year, the new city government designed a new development plan under the architect Luiz Paulo Conde , the Plano Diretor da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro , which included the two urbanization programs Favela-Bairro and Rio-Cidade as core projects for the further development of the formal city. The architect Jorge Mario Jáuregui took over the management and conception of the Favela Bairro program .
A first Favela Bairro project was started in 1994 and initially included 15 favelas in a pilot project .
In the official phase from 1995 the program was expanded to 54 favelas. The city government was able to cover 60% of the costs with a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank .
Favela-Bairro 2 (2000-2004)
In 2000, the Inter-American Development Bank approved another loan for a second Favela Bairro project.
Components of the program
The basis of the Favela Bairro program was a contract between the various municipal authorities in the areas of health and infrastructure. They were obliged to expand their services to the respective favelas - and thus beyond their previous responsibility.
The services cover the following areas:
- Water supply : All residential units are equipped with running water.
- Sewers : The favela is connected to the urban sewer network.
- Drainage : The favelas receive a drainage system to prevent flooding.
- Stabilization of areas on slopes : unsafe areas are identified and stabilized with construction measures (see also stability )
- Afforestation : Unused areas are greened and afforested as far as this makes sense.
- Delimitation : The area considered a favelado is demarcated from the rest of the city by building measures to prevent its expansion
- Road network : A main road network is being built and the footpaths and side roads ( secondary road system ) improved.
- Garbage disposal : The favela is connected to the regular municipal garbage disposal .
- Electricity supply : All residential units are connected to the official power grid , lighting for streets, squares and other public facilities is set up.
- Community facilities : construction and operation of communal and private facilities ( daycare centers , health centers , but also commercial and entertainment complexes )
- Economic potential : A study is being carried out on the economic potential of the district in order to be able to promote companies and cooperatives in a targeted manner.
- Land ownership : The land is transferred to the property of the favela residents and thus regularized.
reception
Popular acceptance
In 2003, Favela-Bairro took first place in three surveys conducted in different months by the polling institute GPP, in which the respondents were asked to indicate which of the numerous social programs in Rio should enjoy the highest priority with the city government. When asked which of the projects carried out at that time was the most important for the city, Favela-Bairro was also named first, ahead of the Linha Amarela city motorway .
Adaptation in other countries
Shortly after the start of the program, similar projects were adapted by other regions and countries. In 1997, neighboring Argentina began the very similarly oriented Programa de Mejoramiento de Barrios (PROMEBA). Urbanization programs of this kind have been part of the instruments of the Inter-American Development Bank since the mid-1990s and are specifically promoted and continuously evaluated by the latter.
literature
- Luiz Paulo Conde, Sérgio Magalhães: Favela-Bairro: uma outra história da cidade do Rio de Janeiro; 1993/2000 uma ac̜ão urbanizadora para o Rio de Janeiro , Viver Cidades, Rio de Janeiro 2004, ISBN 85-98619-01-9
- Jorge Mario Jáuregui: The Favela-Bairro project , Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 2003, ISBN 0-935617-67-1
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Janice E. Perlman: The Myth of Marginality Revisited: The Case of Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, 1969-2003. In: Lisa M. Hanley, Blair A. Ruble and Joseph S. Tulchin (Eds.): Becoming Global and the New Poverty of Cities. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2005 (PDF).
- ↑ Gilda Blank: Bras de Pina. Experiência de Urbanização de Favela. In: Lícia do Prado Valladares (ed.): Habitação em Questão. Jorge Zahar Editor, Rio de Janeiro 1979, pp. 93 and 124 (Portuguese).
- ↑ a b Verena Andreatta: Favela-Bairro, un nuevo paradigma de urbanización para asentamientos informales. (PDF, 62 kB) Retrieved March 8, 2009 (Spanish).
- ^ Raúl Fernández Wagner: Los programas de mejoramiento barrial en America Latina. Urbared, archived from the original on February 26, 2009 ; Retrieved March 7, 2009 (Spanish).
- ↑ Roberto Segre: Las escalas de la pobreza en America Latina. Rescate de la ciudad informal en Rio de Janeiro: El Programa Favela-Bairro. (DOC) Ibero-American Housing Policy Seminar, San Miguel de Tucumán, 2003, archived from the original on June 11, 2009 ; Retrieved March 8, 2009 (Spanish).
- ↑ Relatório Gestão 2001-2004 ( Memento of September 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), list of the favelas that were included in the two Favela-Bairro programs as well as in the Bairrinho program, Rio de Janeiro City Council (Portuguese).
- ↑ Solange Amaral: Favela-Bairro: Diez años integrando la ciudad. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 2004 ( Memento of August 1, 2005 in the Internet Archive ).