Mike Hoare

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mike Hoare (1981)

Thomas Michael Hoare (born March 17, 1919 in Calcutta , British India , † February 2, 2020 in Durban , South Africa ), nicknamed Mad Mike , was an Irish officer , mercenary and author . Hoare owes his nickname Mad Mike to a radio station in the GDR in which he was once called the "crazy bloodhound Hoare".

Life

Youth, World War II, and Post War

Hoare was born in India in 1919 to Irish parents and attended school in England . He was an Irish citizen. He gained military experience in the volunteer regiment London Irish Rifles . During the Second World War he served in North Africa and India . After seven years of service, he was released with the rank of major . After the war he worked as an auditor and emigrated to Durban in South Africa . Among other things, he earned his living organizing safaris , trading in used cars and as managing director of the local yacht club.

Katanga secession

Hoare's first mercenary deployment began in March 1961 during the break- away of Katanga Province from the Congo . He and Alastair Wicks each took over a platoon from the Compagnie Internationale mercenary troops, which fought for the secessionists. The two trains with 120 mercenaries from Rhodesia and South Africa were still in training when UN troops captured the remaining mercenaries. Hoare formed the 4th command from both platoons, Wicks became his deputy. Their first mission was to escort a column of 50 trucks 1,350 kilometers from Elisabethville to Nyunzu, where they arrived on May 6th. After the Malaysian UN troops tried to arrest the mercenaries there in order to deport them, Hoare and most of his command escaped capture. After four days of walking through the jungle, they reached Niemba. Two of his men were missing after escaping. It is believed that they were tortured to death by Baluba insurgents . With the father of one of these men, he undertook a search and punishment operation lasting several weeks in East Katanga, at the end of which he had the village of Kalamata, consisting of more than 500 huts, burned down. The 4th Command was dissolved, the members were to be distributed to garrisons of the gendarmerie on the southern border. Dissatisfied with their new role, Hoare and many other mercenaries left Katanga in September 1961. Hoare returned to Durban.

Simba rebellion in the Congo

On behalf of the Congolese government

Two Simbas child soldiers with submachine guns
Map of the Congo with the most important places, marked in red, is the greatest spread of the Simba rebellion

After the outbreak of the Simba rebellion , Hoare arrived in Léopoldville in July 1964 . Together with his deputy Alastair Wicks and Jeremy Puren, who had commanded the air force in Katangas, Moïse Tschombé commissioned Hoare to recruit a large number of mercenaries to put down the uprising. The soldiers of the regular army (Armée Nationale Congolaise - ANC) had shown themselves incapable of fighting the Simbas and had often defected or fled in panic from their opponent. Colonel Mobutu , the chief of staff of the Congolese army, gave Hoare the command to recapture much of the conquered by the rebels areas, especially from Stanleyville . Hoare sent two officers to Salisbury and Johannesburg , who set up recruiting offices there and advertised for recruits.

The failure of Operation Watch Chain

The first group of 38 mercenaries arrived in Kamina on August 21st . Around 30 of them were recruited by Hoare for his unit, which he divided into three platoons . One of the train drivers was soon as Congo Müller become known German Siegfried Müller . In order to be able to show a quick success vis-à-vis the Congolese government, Mike Hoare decided to take action against Albertville a day later in a company named Operation Watch Chain and to free the foreign hostages held there by rebels . The attack in three assault boats across Lake Tanganyika failed. The two German mercenaries Bernd Köhlert and Walter Nestler died and seven mercenaries were wounded. As a result of the disaster, the head of the Belgian military mission, Colonel Frederic Vandewalle, succeeded in placing Hoare's unit under his command. Hoare concluded from the failure that future operations must be preceded by thorough training of the mercenaries.

The 5th command

T-28 in Bunia. The planes were also flown by mercenaries and supported the 5th Command with air strikes.

Accordingly, he built the base of his 5th unit, known as the command , on the former Belgian military base in Kamina . The 200 to 300-man unit at the time of Hoare's command was divided into seven (later eight) platoons, which were designated with consecutive two-digit numbers, starting with the 51st command . In the first year of existence, around 2000 men served in the 5th command . According to Hoare, 85 percent of the volunteers he accepted had previously completed military training, five percent had no previous military training and ten percent came directly from the service as temporary or professional soldiers. Due to the different qualifications, thorough military training took place in Kamina. Hoare's role model in training and organization was the British Army. Officers were to be addressed by sir , daily shaving was compulsory. The 5th Command differed significantly in appearance and appearance from Jean Schramme's 6th Command , whose mostly Belgian members ran around with beards and in fantasy uniforms. Unlike Schrammes unit worked closely together in the black and white, practiced Hoare in 5th command the apartheid , in its unity whites were only admitted. Armament (each mercenary received an FN FAL automatic rifle ) and equipment came from Belgium, the vehicles from the USA. The CIA funded the unit and provided it with intelligence information.

The combat tactics of the surprise attack with large firepower had already been developed during the Katanga secession. The mercenaries drove in their jeeps at high speed (60–70 km / h) towards enemy columns or villages and shot them with assault rifles and machine guns . It was less a matter of accuracy than of the noise it made, which terrified the Simbas. On some occasions the vehicle convoys have been of one or two Spähpanzern type Ferret and M8 greyhound led to enhance the firepower. The commandos relied on the few roads for their advances. They were accompanied by units of the ANC on trucks that were supposed to secure the recaptured areas. In addition, local soldiers operated the heavy mortars and provided the pioneer units with bridge equipment to cross the rivers. Because of the large amount of ammunition and fuel required, the columns were dependent on air supplies. To do this, they used the landing sites spread across the Congo, which often had to be cleared of booby traps .

In support of the mercenaries who had US Air Force four transport aircraft type Lockheed C-130 Hercules drafted. They made it possible to move the trains of the 5th Command over the huge distances to their locations. The 5th Command worked closely with the Air Force in its operations . They consisted of the North American T-6 , Douglas B-26, and North American T-28 , which were flown by South African, European and Cuban exile pilots.

Conquest of Stanleyville

The 5th commando on the truck march to Stanleyville

Colonel Vandewalle's first assignment for the 5th Command was to retake Stanleyville and free the hostages there. Initially, individual trains were flown to the north, north-east and north-west of the Congo in order to occupy important places and road connections and then march on Stanleyville. The main column began its march in Kongolo on November 1, 1964 with 300 mercenaries and Belgian soldiers, 300 ANC soldiers and tribal warriors, transported on more than 200 vehicles. After seven days the column reached Kindu , where they rescued 250 European hostages from the hands of the completely surprised Simbas. On the evening before the Belgian paratroopers jumped over Stanleyville (Operation Dragon Rouge) , Hoare's column was ordered to attack the city early in the morning so that mercenaries and paratroopers could attack the Simbas at the same time. When advancing at night, the column was ambushed several times, several mercenaries were killed or, like Hans von Lieres, seriously wounded . Hoare then interrupted the march until dawn. His column arrived in Stanleyville on November 24, 1964 two and a half hours after the paratroopers and participated in driving the insurgents out of the city. The column had covered 1500 km in three weeks.

In the days that followed, mercenaries looted the homes and businesses of the evacuated or abducted Belgians and blew up the bank vaults. Hoare had previously announced that looters would be punished with death. However, he resigned in the face of the behavior of the Congolese army soldiers, who had started looting and murdering the black population immediately after the invasion, and let the members of the 5th Command have their way : "I was forced to assume that my men were blowing open the safes to see if there were rebels hiding in it. ". The 5th Command was subsequently deployed with patrols on the left bank of the Congo northeast of Stanleyville to rescue kidnapped hostages. In doing so, they were only partially successful. One day after taking Stanleyville, Hoare ordered an advance on the opposite bank of the Congo. The patrol returned with the recovered bodies of 32 murdered missionaries . The places Wamba and Paulis recaptured the 5th command from the rebels. In Paulis, the 52nd Command freed more than 100 missionaries from being held hostage by the rebels. These operations lasted until the end of 1964. Meanwhile 150 volunteers were recruited in Johannesburg to replace the large numbers of dead, wounded and deserters during the Stanleyville campaign.

Growing resistance from the rebels

By the end of 1964, the Simba rebellion seemed largely suppressed. However, the insurgents still held large parts of northeastern Congo. In addition, the Simbas improved their weapons and tactics. If they were previously armed with spears and a few Mauser rifles and had relied on their magic powers during attacks under the influence of drugs, they now had modern weapons and used classic infantry tactics. The Simbas set so-called elephant traps against enemy vehicles. These were spacious, camouflaged pits several meters deep, the bottom of which was studded with sharpened tree trunks. This led to increasing losses of the 5th command . When the attack on Niangara failed, two mercenaries lost their lives and seven were wounded. Around 15 men in a column led by Siegfried Müller , three of them mercenaries, died in an ambush near Bafwasende . Twelve more were wounded. Half of the forty or so vehicles were destroyed.

Operations White Giant and Violettes Imperiales in northern Congo

Hoare did not intend to extend his six-month contract, but let Mobutu change his mind, who promised him, among other things, his own medical department for the 5th command and a more reliable salary payment . Mobutu also promoted Hoare to lieutenant colonel . Except for ten men, the members of the 5th Command did not extend their contracts, so that the unit in Kamina was completely reorganized. The level of volunteers was so low that Hoare sent half of the newcomers back home. In February Hoare had to put down a mutiny in Kamina due to a lack of pay , because of which he threw 20 to 30 men from the unit.

The new order from Mobutu was to cut off the Simbarebells in the northeast from their supply links to Sudan and Uganda . The rebels not only received Soviet and Chinese weapons from there , but also used the neighboring countries as retreats. Hoare called his campaign Operation White Giant . He began marching from Bunia on March 15 and advanced along the Ugandan and Sudanese borders. His association consisted of the 5th command with 300 mercenaries and the 14th command with 700 black Africans, most of whom came from Katanga. In less than three weeks, the force advanced to Niangara. At the end of April, Hoares officer John Peters and his command chased a rebel group 40 km into Sudan, killed 80 of the rebels and burned their camp. As a result of this humiliation, the Sudanese government ended its support for the rebels. On their way, the 5th Command captured a field hospital equipped by the Soviet Union and supplies of weapons clearly from the Ugandan army.

Niangara was the starting point for Operation Violettes Imperiales planned by the Belgian staff . The 5th Command began on May 29th with 110 men and accompanied by bridge pioneers its 1000 km march west along the northern border of the Congo. The task was to encircle the rebels there, free hostages and make the streets safe for traffic. The units arrived at their end point in Buta on June 3 . However, the mercenaries were only able to save some of the hostages en route.

Amphibious operation over Lake Tanganyika

A US patrol boat in Vietnam. The CIA delivered boats of the same type to the 5th Command

With the success of this campaign, the rebels only had the area around what is now the Fizi district on Lake Tanganyika . Despite feeling physically and mentally exhausted, Hoare extended his contract for the second time to take over the conquest of the area after a four-week vacation. The attack, code-named Operation Bazi, began on September 27, 1965 with 350 mercenaries and more than 3,000 soldiers from the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Part of the 5th Command attacked from the south-west, a second column from the south over Uvira . A third group attacked the port city of Baraka in an amphibious landing over Lake Tanganyika , closely supported by the air forces. Since the spring, the CIA had set up a flotilla of eleven patrol and speed boats and a freighter converted into a gunboat . They were commanded by Hoare and manned by his mercenaries. It severely restricted the smuggling of arms from Tanzania into the riot area. Hoare now used these vehicles as landing craft .

The 5th Command encountered the toughest resistance during the Simba Rebellion during this operation. The action of the insurgents against the landing forces in Baraka was similar to that of regular army units. The cause was the support of Cuban military advisers. Hoare's landing forces dug into Baraka and defended its beachhead for ten days until reinforcements arrived. It was another week before the city was free of rebels. The 5th Command lost eleven men in the fighting for Baraka, an unusually high number compared to its previous operations. After the mercenaries captured Fizi on October 10, the insurgents withdrew to the mountains, where they continued the guerrilla war. With the capture of Baraka, supplies for the rebels from Tanzania were cut off at least temporarily.

Farewell to the Congo and a sailing trip in the Mediterranean

Mike Hoare left the Congo on December 9, 1965, shortly before he had visited the graves of the first mercenaries to fall under his command, Bernd Köhlert and Walter Nestler, in Albertville . Unlike many other mercenaries, Hoare had become wealthy through his involvement in the Congo - but less through the government pay than through contracts with newspapers that marketed his experiences. Hoare used the money to buy a sailing boat and sailed the Mediterranean with his family for three years before settling in Pietermaritzburg , South Africa .

Biafran War

At the beginning of the war in 1967, Hoare first traveled to Biafra, then to Nigeria, and offered his services to both sides. Since during this time both warring parties accused each other of using white mercenaries, they turned down Hoare's offers in order not to show any political nakedness. On December 1, the Times published an article on its front page by Hoare, in which he warned against the use of mercenaries, as this could lead to a further escalation of the war with the use of Soviet and Cuban troops. He stood up against his two officers in the 5th Command , Alastair Wicks and John Peters, who hired mercenaries on the side of Nigeria and Biafras.

Angola

At the end of 1974, Hoare was contacted by a Portuguese officer who asked for around 100 mercenaries to be placed in order to secure Angola from the western sphere of influence after the long Portuguese colonial war . The Portuguese colony was approaching its independence; during the decolonization conflict, a power struggle broke out in the country between the liberation movements FNLA and Unita , which were influenced by the USA and South Africa , and the Soviet- influenced MPLA . Throughout 1975, Hoare kept 500 volunteers on standby willing to fight as mercenaries in Angola. With the outbreak of the Angolan civil war , Hoare increasingly hoped for funding from the CIA, but this did not materialize. When the CIA residency in Pretoria finally canceled him, Hoare ended his intentions here. Instead, the FNLA, with financial help from the CIA, recruited British mercenaries under the leadership of Kostas Georgiou . Their deployment ended in complete disaster, in which Georgiou shot 14 alleged deserters before he and four other mercenaries were executed by the Angolan government.

Consultant for the film The wild geese are coming

Mike Hoare acted as a consultant for the British feature film The Wild Geese Are Coming , which was a huge box office hit in 1978. Most of the filming took place in South Africa. The film was based on the novel The thin white line of Rhodesiers David Carney from 1977. Carney had needs, after being betrayed by her client for his story about a mercenary force that out fight from a fictitious African country, the 5 Command taken as a model. The main character of the film, the mercenary officer Allen Faulkner played by Richard Burton , was designed based on Mike Hoare. One of the supporting roles was played by Ian Yule, a South African who had fought as a mercenary in the Congo. He put in touch with Hoare, who in turn appointed Yule as his personal assistant. According to actor John Kani , Hoare treated the cast like recruits. So he yelled at Kani because Kani was more than an arm's length from his rifle.

Seychelles

Mahé airport. This is where Hoare's attempted coup failed.

Hoare had already been to the Seychelles in the 1950s . He had bought a 16mm film camera and wanted to use it to make a documentary about the islands. The project failed.

After the 1977 coup in which France-Albert René overthrew President-elect James Mancham , Hoare developed plans for a military operation to bring Mancham back to power. The coup d'état on the Comoros by Bob Denard , who had been one of the most important mercenary leaders in Katanga and the Congo together with Jean Schramme and Hoare, may have been an incentive and role model . Hoare raised money for companies in Seychellois exile organizations, but received no financial support from states like the USA or South Africa. Hoare's plan stipulated that his mercenary troops should enter the main island of Mahé as tourists , occupy the state infrastructure in order to enable Mancham and other politicians in exile to establish a new government. Then the mercenaries wanted to slip back under their camouflage as tourists and leave the country unnoticed. The company was supposed to take place during a trip abroad by President France-Albert René, so that his life could be spared.

In June 1981 Hoare flew to the Seychelles to get an impression of the armed forces and the location of important facilities such as the presidential palace and the airport. He was accompanied by Tullio Moneta , an actor whom Hoare had met while filming The Wild Geese Come and whom he had appointed to be his deputy for the upcoming operation. In October, the South African military secret service delivered Romanian PM Md. 1963 - assault rifles , RPG - anti-tank rifles and Chinese hand grenades at Hoare's house, from which the latter assembled the armament of his mercenary group.

Among the 53 people he picked for the coup attempt were some members of South African special forces ( recces ), several former Rhodesian soldiers who had moved to South Africa after the end of apartheid in their country, and former Congo mercenaries. These included Jeremy Puren , with whom Hoare had worked during the Simba rebellion, and a German-born mercenary named Kurt-Georg Prichert, who had already served in the Congo.

On October 31, 1981, the three-man advance command of the mercenaries arrived in the Seychelles. These included Bob Sims, Mike Hoare's brother-in-law , and his alleged girlfriend, Susan Ingle. They smuggled in two AK-47s with two magazines each. As with all other mercenaries, the weapons and ammunition were housed in the double bottom of a bag for cricket bats. The third person returned to South Africa after a week while Sims and Ingle waited for the main squad. On November 14th, BOSS agent Martin Dolincheck arrived to take on reconnaissance tasks for Hoare . Six other mercenaries managed to enter the country on November 21 and 22.

On November 25, the main group of mercenaries reached the airport on Mahé. In order to avoid suspicion of the large group of physically fit men, they disguised themselves as a beer drinker club with the name Ancient Order of Frothblowers (German: Old Order of the beer foam blowers ) according to Hoare's idea . The men smuggled in earlier had arrived to be picked up. The military confrontation started unexpectedly when the mercenary Kevin went to the "To declare" counter for some inexplicable reason and his luggage was searched. A policewoman discovered the AK-47, but thought it was a harpoon that was banned in the Seychelles and wanted to confiscate it in return for a receipt. Only her colleague recognized the assault rifle. As a result, the mercenaries engaged in a brief exchange of fire with the police before they holed up in the airport building. A customs officer was wounded, as was a mercenary by self- fire . The airport was shot at from near the presidential palace with a recoilless gun .

Due to a misunderstanding, a mercenary gave an Air India aircraft from the tower permission to land on Mahé. This could not be corrected either, since the aircraft no longer had enough kerosene on board for a renewed climb and onward flight . Furthermore, a company of Tanzanian soldiers took up position at the end of the tarmac and set fire to the airport. The majority of the mercenaries were certain that they would still be able to carry out the coup successfully (including Priziert). The not insignificant rest wanted to cancel the mission. The only way out was the now-landed Air India plane. 45 mercenaries escaped aboard the aircraft (Air India Boeing Flight 224) that was on the runway and was kidnapped by them. One mercenary died during the battle. Five mercenaries, an accomplice and Martin Dolinchek (aka Anton Lubic), a former BOSS agent, were left behind. The mercenaries took some hostages who were later released unharmed. A police officer was wounded and an army sub-lieutenant , David Antat, was killed.

The Seychelles government arrested the seven trespassers left behind (six men and one woman) and brought them to justice (June – July 1982). The charges against the woman were dropped. Four of the six men were sentenced to death (Brooks, Carey, England and Puren), Dolinchek was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and Sims to 10 years. In 1983, after negotiations, they were all sent back to South Africa. In January 1982 an international committee appointed by the UN Security Council investigated this mercenary attack.

The June 1982 Security Council report found that the National Intelligence Service of South Africa was involved in the attempted coup, including providing arms and ammunition from South African Defense Force sources to the group. Members of the South African 2nd Reconnaissance Commando were also involved in the Hoares campaign. Before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the former Foreign Minister Pik Botha commented on the UN report. He explained that neither the cabinet under Pieter Willem Botha nor the State Security Council was officially aware of this operation and that it was viewed as extremely detrimental to the country's reputation because of the successful admission of the hijackers.

Hoare and his mercenaries were indicted in the Natal Supreme Court on March 10, 1982 , not for attempting a coup in another country, but for violating South Africa's 1972 civil aviation law. Specifically, some mercenaries opposed Hoares Instructions weapons taken on board. The reason they gave was that in the event of a false start, they did not want to fall into the hands of the Tanzanian units firing at the machine unarmed. Hoare defended himself towards the end of the trial.

Hoare received ten years imprisonment, Peter Duffy, Mike Webb, Tullio Moneta and Pieter Doorewaard (probably the most experienced of the Recce reservists) were sentenced to five years, Charles Goatley to two and a half years, and Ken Dalgliesh to one year.

The South African government opened negotiations for the return of the six men detained in the Seychelles. She paid a ransom of US $ 3 million to President René and improved her communication with him.

personality

The Guardian - Correspondent Anthony Mockler reminded Hoare at a meeting in late 1964 to "a British officer of a good regiment , possibly even more polite and courteous than most members of this class." The German journalist Hans Germani , who himself as an officer in the fifth command served, Hoare assessed similarly: "A real British officer in bearing and demeanor, but also an Irishman in his ever-breaking sentimentality and in his fighting spirit." The Washington Post was impressed by the "intelligent, poetry-reading Colonel Mike Hoare".

When prosecutor Rees accused Hoare during the air piracy trial of being a "complete but convincing liar," Hoare replied that Rees only dared to do so under the protection of the court and that they should go outside together to "take the matter out among gentlemen." regulate."

Hoare justified his mercenary activities in the Congo with the alleged superiority of whites over black Africans: “We have a great mission here. For years the Africans have been used to the fact that you can do whatever you want with the white man, that you can kick and spit on him (...). We show them that challenging Europeans and trying to murder Europeans can be a dangerous sport. But we also show them that the white man brings peace, order and justice again. ”In order to free the Congolese from their alleged susceptibility to communist ideology , Bible study should become an integral part of school education.

Activity as an author

Mike Hoare has published seven books:

  • Congo Mercenary was published in 1967 and recalls Hoare's memories of his time as Commander of the 5th Command . The Guardian - Correspondent Anthony Mockler criticized that the book "the crisis and the dark side of mercenary activities treated rather superficial same invaluable as the only representation of a mercenary leader to his own actions.."
  • Three Years with Sylvia from 1977 describes the three-year voyage with his family on a sailing ship in the Mediterranean .
  • In 1986, The Seychelles Affaires , Hoare explains his take on the failed coup in the Seychelles.
  • The Road to Kalamata. A Congo Mercenary's Personal Memoir was published in 1989. In it, Hoare writes about the difficult escort for a truck convoy and the search for two missing members of his unit.
  • Congo Warriors from 1991 tells anecdotes of Hoare's missions during the Katanga secession and the Simba rebellion.
  • Mike Hoare's Adventures in Africa from 2010 contains texts about his travels and expeditions in Africa as a civilian and about experiences as a sailor.
  • The Last Days of the Cathars was published as an e-book in 2012 and deals with the Cathar faith in the Middle Ages.

Family life

Mike Hoare (r.) With his son Chris in June 2018.

Hoare was married twice: after emigrating to South Africa, he married for the first time and had three sons. Before starting his career as a mercenary in Katanga, he separated from his wife and became friends with stewardess Phyllis Simms, whom he married during his time as commander of the 5th Command . With her he had two sons. After his release from prison , he made a pilgrimage with two sons on the Camino de Santiago from Le Puy to Santiago de Compostela . From 2005 to 2009 he lived near Annecy . After the death of his wife, he moved to live with his sons in South Africa.

Works

literature

  • SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, pp. 24-32, here :, accessed April 10, 2014
  • Ruth Margaret Delaforce: A Mafia for the State. Mercenary Soldiers and Private Security Contractors 1946–2009 , Thesis, Griffith University 2010, pp. 138–165, here :, accessed April 10, 2014
  • Hans Germani : White mercenaries in the black country , Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1966
  • Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, pp. 207–237, here:
  • Chris Hoare: Mad Mike Hoare: The Legend: A Biography , Partners in Publishing, 2018 ISBN 978-0620798617
  • Andrew Hudson: Congo unraveled. Military Operations from Independence to the Mercenary Revolt 1960–68 , Helion & Company / 30 ° South Publishers, Solihull / Pinetown 2012, ISBN 978-1-920143-65-7 (South Africa), ISBN 978-1-907677-63- 2 (UK)
  • Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X
  • Christopher Othen: Katanga 1960-63. Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that waged War on the World , The History Press, Brimscombe Port Stroud, 2015, ISBN 978-0-7509-6288-9
  • Anthony Rogers: Someone Else's War. Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present , Harper Collins, London 1998, ISBN 0-00-472077-6 , pp. 11-31; 127-147
  • Ivan Smith: Mad Dog Killers. The Story of a Congo Mercenary , Helion & Company / 30 ° South Publishers, Solihull / Pinetown 2012, ISBN 978-1-920143-51-0 (South Africa), ISBN 978-1-907677-78-6 (UK)
  • Joseph Columbus Smith: Mad Mike Hoare in the Congo , in: Soldier of Fortune, November 2010, pp. 34 ff
  • Torsten Thomas, Gerhard Wiechmann: Modern Landsknechte or Military Specialists? The "rebirth" of mercenaries in the 20th century in the Congo, 1960-1967 . In: Stig Förster, Christian Jansen, Günther Kronenbitter (eds.): Return of the Condottieri? War and military between state monopoly and privatization; From antiquity to the present . Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, ISBN 978-3-506-76754-7 , pp. 265-282.

Movie

Gualtiero Jacopetti / Franco Prosperi: Africa Addio , Italy 1966. The documentary shows mercenaries of the 5th Command during the conquest of Stanleyville and Boende.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mad Mike Hoare, The Legend Has Died. In: Soldier of Fortune. February 2, 2020, accessed February 3, 2020 .
  2. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 83
  3. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries. Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 368
  4. ↑ Mike Hoare: The Road to Kalamata: A Congo Mercenary's Personal Memoir , Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. 1989, ISBN 0-669-20716-0 .
  5. ↑ Christopher Othen: Katanga 1960-63. Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that waged War on the World , The History Press, Brimscombe Port Stroud, 2015, ISBN 978-0-7509-6288-9 , pp. 110-117
  6. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 71f
  7. ↑ Thomas P. Odom: Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965 , Combat Studies Institute US Army United States Army Command and General Staff College (Leavenworth Papers No.14), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1988, p 30 here , Retrieved April 20, 2014
  8. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 60
  9. ↑ Mike Hoare: A time to go , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 65-71, here p. 66
  10. ↑ Mike Hoare: The Professionals , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 139-147, here p. 139
  11. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 90
  12. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 70
  13. ↑ Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, pp. 207–237, here p. 217, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ Ruth Margaret Delaforce: A Mafia for the State. Mercenary Soldiers and Private Security Contractors 1946–2009 , Thesis, Griffith University 2010, pp. 154–155, here:
  15. ^ Siegfried Müller: The fighting in the Congo - Operation Tshuapa , in: Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift (ASMZ), No. 3/1965, pp. 129-134, here p. 130
  16. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 92-93
  17. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 48, here: ( Memento from May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, 207 - 237, here p. 217, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, 207 - 237, here p. 219, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ^ JG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 47, here: ( Memento of May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 60
  22. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 49, here: ( Memento of May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ Mike Hoare: The fortress at Yungu , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 27-45, here p. 29
  24. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 129
  25. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 137
  26. ↑ Mike Hoare: The fortress at Yungu , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 27–45, here: p. 31
  27. ↑ Mike Hoare: The light at Faradje , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 162-183, here p. 162
  28. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 51, here: ( Memento of May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ Mike Hoare: The light at Faradje , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 162-183, here pp. 162-164
  30. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 150
  31. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 177
  32. ↑ Hans Germani : White Mercenaries in the Black Land , Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1966, p. 96
  33. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 88
  34. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 177
  35. ↑ Mike Hoare: A time to go , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 65-71, here p. 66
  36. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 181
  37. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 52, here: ( Memento from May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , p. 176
  39. ↑ Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, pp. 207–237, here p. 228, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, p. 58, here: ( Memento of May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ Mike Hoare: Congo Mercenary , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-639-3 , pp. 237-238
  42. ↑ Mike Hoare: The fortress at Yungu , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 27-45, here: p. 33
  43. ↑ Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, pp. 207–237, here: 229f, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ^ SJG Clarke: The Congo Mercenary: A history and analysis , South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 1968, pp. 24–32, here: 64, here: ( Memento from May 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  45. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 104
  46. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 164
  47. ↑ Milwaukee Journal, Jan. 2, 1968, p. 4
  48. ↑ Mike Hoare: Foreword , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , o. P.
  49. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 203-308
  50. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of December 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 21, 2014
  51. ↑ Alan Kolpon: 'Wild geese' fails to get off in Beaver County Times, November 21, 1978
  52. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of October 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 21, 2014
  53. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 339-341
  54. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 346-347
  55. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 358-361
  56. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 361f
  57. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 361
  58. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 367
  59. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , pp. 371f
  60. ^ TRC: State Security Council Hearings, October 14, 1997 . Johannesburg. on www.justice.gov.za (English)
  61. ↑ The trial begins in the Natal Supreme Court of the mercenaries accused of hijacking an airliner ... on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
  62. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries , Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. IX
  63. ↑ Hans Germani : White Mercenaries in the Black Land , Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1966, p. 84
  64. ↑ quoted from: Piero Gleijeses: “Flee! The White Giants Are Coming! ”: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65 . Diplomatic History, 18/1994, 207 - 237, here p. 230, here: ( Memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  65. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 425
  66. ↑ Hans Germani : White Mercenaries in the Black Land , Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1966, p. 103f
  67. ↑ Mike Hoare: The light at Faradje , in: ders .: Congo Warriors , Boulder, Colorado. Paladin Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-647-8 , pp. 162-183, here p. 178
  68. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of July 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 21, 2014
  69. ↑ http://www.paladin-press.com/product/Mike_Hoares_Adventures_in_Africa , accessed on June 22, 2014
  70. ^ Anthony Mockler: The new mercenaries . Corgi Books, London 1986, ISBN 0-552-12558-X , p. 341
  71. ^ Mike Hoare: The Road to Kalamata. A Congo Mercenary's Personal Memoir , Paladin Press, Boulder / Colorado 2008, ISBN 978-1-58160-641-6 , p. 133
  72. ↑ https://www.sofmag.com/the-stanleyville-massacre/
personal data
SURNAME Hoare, Mike
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hoare, Thomas Michael; Mad Mike
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Irish officer, mercenary and author
DATE OF BIRTH March 17, 1919
PLACE OF BIRTH Calcutta , British India
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 2020
Place of death Durban , South Africa