Bengali solar calendar

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The traditional Bengali solar calendar ( Bengali বাংলা সন bāṃlā san , bangla shon ) was introduced in 1584 under the Great Mogul Akbar I.

history

The oldest references to chronology on the Indian subcontinent can be found in the Vedas , the oldest parts of which date back to around 1200 BC. Go back BC. The Jyotisha Vedanga with treatises on astronomy and astrology comes from a later period . Greek and West Asian knowledge influenced the Siddhantas (astronomical textbooks) in the first centuries AD. The Surya-Siddhanta in particular formed the basis of all calendars on the Indian subcontinent. The Arab conquerors brought the Islamic calendar with them. A Persian calendar was introduced under Mughal Akbar in 1584 in order to standardize the large number of different calendar systems for administration. However, this calendar was only used for a few decades. A modification of the traditional Hindu calendar was then used in Bengal. A reformed calendar - similar to the Indian national calendar - was introduced in 1966 in East Pakistan, today's Bangladesh . In the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and Assam , the Bengali calendar described here was still used.

The year

The year is a sidereal year . In the Surya Siddhantas the length is given as 365.2587558 days (365 days 6 hours 12 minutes 36.5 seconds); other Siddhantas deviate from it by a few seconds. The actual value is 365.256360 days ( 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9.5 seconds ). The year consists of 365 or 366 days.

The year count

During the calendar reform of the Great Mogul Akbar in 1584 it was determined that the count of the Bengali era (BS) should coincide with the count after the Hijra . The year of his accession to the throne 963 AH was therefore the year 963 BS, also the year 1555/56 AD. Since the Bengali calendar uses a sidereal year, but the Islamic calendar uses a lunar year, the Bengali count is now 14 years ago: 1416 / 17 BS = 1431 AH = 2010/11 AD To find the year AD for a year of the Bengali era, add 593 or 594 depending on the season.

The beginning of the year

The beginning of the year is determined by the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign Aries. If the entry occurs between sunrise (beginning of the day) and midnight, the year begins on the next day, if entry occurs between midnight and sunrise, the year begins on the day after next, whereby there are still special rules.

The precision

With 365.2587558 days, the Siddhanta year is 0.0023958 days (3 minutes and 26 seconds) longer than the sidereal year with 365.256360 days. This means that it will shift against the fixed star sky by one day in around 400 years. The Siddhanta year with 365.2587558 days is 0.01656528 days (23 minutes and 51 seconds) longer than the tropical year with 365.24219052 days. This means that in around 60 years it will be shifted by one day compared to the seasons. Currently the year begins 23 days after the spring equinox.

The month

The path that the sun apparently travels in a sidereal year is divided into 12 signs of the zodiac of 30 ° each. Since the orbit of the earth around the sun is an ellipse, the sun stands for different lengths of time in the individual signs of the zodiac during its apparent course.

The beginning of the month

The beginning of the month is determined by the entry of the sun into a new zodiac sign. If the entry occurs between sunrise (start of the day) and midnight, the month begins on the next day, if entry occurs between midnight and sunrise, the month begins on the day after next, whereby there are still special rules.

The length of the month

The sun is at its apparent path of different lengths in different zodiac signs. The time varies between 29.34806 days (29 days 8 hours 21 minutes 12 seconds) and 31.61057 days (31 days 14 hours 39 minutes 13 seconds). Accordingly, a month lasts between 29 and 32 days and can have different lengths in different years.

The month names

The months were originally named after the lunar houses ( nakshatra ), in which the sun entered a new zodiac sign. The months of the year have the following names and corresponding dates in the Gregorian calendar:

month ১৪১৯ / 1419 ১৪২০ / 1420 ১৪২১ / 1421 ১৪২২ / 1422 ১৪২৩ / 1423
bengali transcription Number of
days 		Gregorian
date 		Number of
days 		Gregorian
date 		Number of
days 		Gregorian
date 		Number of
days 		Gregorian
date 		Number of
days 		Gregorian
date
১ বৈশাখ 1. Boishakh 31 14th April 2012 31 15th April 2013 31 15th April 2014 31 15th April 2015 31 14th April 2016
১ জ্যৈষ্ঠ 1. Jyoishtho 32 15th May 2012 31 16. May 2013 31 16. May 2014 32 16. May 2015 32 15th May 2016
১ আষাঢ় 1. Asharh 31 16. June 2012 31 16. June 2013 32 16. June 2014 31 17th June 2015 31 16. June 2016
১ শ্রাবণ 1. Shrabon 32 17th July 2012 31 18th July 2013 31 18th July 2014 32 18th July 2015 32 17th July 2016
১ ভাদ্র 1. Bhadro 31 18th August 2012 31 18th August 2013 31 18th August 2014 31 19th August 2015 31 18th August 2016
১ আশ্বিন 1. Ashbin 30th 18th September 2012 31 18th September 2013 31 18th September 2014 30th 19th September 2015 30th 18th September 2016
১ কার্তিক 1. Kartik 30th 18th October 2012 29 19th October 2013 30th 19th October 2014 30th 19th October 2015 30th 18th October 2016
১ অগ্রহায়ণ 1. Ogrohayon 30th 17th November 2012 30th 17th November 2013 29 18th November 2014 30th 18th November 2015 30th 17th November 2016
১ পৌষ 1. Poush 29 17th December 2012 29 17th December 2013 30th 17th December 2014 29 18th December 2015 29 17th December 2016
১ মাঘ 1. Magh 29 15th January 2013 29 15th January 2014 29 16. January 2015 29 16. January 2016 29 15th January 2017
১ ফাল্গুন 1. Falgun 30th 13. February 2013 30th 13. February 2014 30th 14th February 2015 30th 14th February 2016 30th 13. February 2017
১ চৈত্র 1. Choitro 30th 15th March 2013 31 15th March 2014 30th 16. March 2015 30th 15th March 2016 31 15th March 2017

The days of a month are counted from 1 to 29 or 32. The Bengali numerals can be found under Bengali numerals .

The week

The week

The week division is of Babylonian-Greek origin. The names are derived from the corresponding deities. The names are listed in the following table:

bengali transcription in the Gregorian
calendar
সোমবার Shombar Monday
মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar Tuesday
বুধবার Budhbar Wednesday
বৃহস্পতিবার Brihoshpotibar Thursday
শুক্রবার Shukrobar Friday
শনিবার Shonibar Saturday
রবিবার Robibar Sunday

See also

literature

  • Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology , Volume I. Leipzig 1906–1914.
  • Leow Choon Lian, Indian Calendars, National University of Singapore, 2000/2001, quoted from math.nus.edu.sg (here the page numbers are 6 larger), accessed on January 27, 2011.
  • Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations - The Millennium Edition . Cambridge 2001.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ L. Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library, Lawrence (KS) 1998, p. 307
  2. ↑ Revised Bengali Calendar in Bengali Calendar accessed on January 27, 2011
  3. ↑ Leow Choon Lian, Indian Calendars, National University of Singapore, 2000/2001, quoted from math.nus.edu.sg ( memento of April 17, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) (here the page numbers are 6 larger). January 2011, p. 15.
  4. ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology , Volume I. Leipzig 1906–1914, p. 341
  5. ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbuch der Mathematischen und Technischen Chronologie , Volume I. Leipzig 1906-1914, p. 342
  6. ↑ a b Leow Choon Lian, Indian Calendars, National University of Singapore, 2000/2001, quoted from math.nus.edu.sg ( Memento from April 17, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) (here the page numbers are 6 larger), accessed on January 27, 2011, p. 20
  7. ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations - The Millennium Edition . Cambridge 2001, p. 279
  8. ↑ kanchanmoni , accessed March 2, 2013.
  9. ↑ BangaliNET , accessed March 25, 2014.
  10. ↑ BlazonsArt , accessed March 13, 2015.
  11. ↑ BlazonsArt , accessed March 22, 2016.