Football Bundesliga 2019/20

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Bundesliga 2019/20
Bundesliga logo.svg
master FC Bayern Munich
Champions League FC Bayern Munich
Borussia Dortmund
RB Leipzig
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Europe League Bayer 04 Leverkusen
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
Europa League
qualification		 VfL Wolfsburg
Cup winners FC Bayern Munich
Relegation ↓ Werder Bremen (0-0 and 2-2 against 1. FC Heidenheim )
Relegated Fortuna Düsseldorf
SC Paderborn 07
Teams 18th
Games 306 + 2 relegation games
 (of which 306 played)
Gates 982  (ø 3.21 per game)
spectator 9,112,950  (ø 29,781 per game)
Top scorer PolandPoland Robert Lewandowski
(FC Bayern Munich; 34 goals)
← Bundesliga 2018/19
Participating clubs in the Bundesliga 2019/20

The 2019/20 Bundesliga was the 57th season of the top German division in men's football . It was opened on August 16, 2019 with a home game of the defending champions FC Bayern Munich against Hertha BSC (2-2). From December 23, 2019 to January 17, 2020, it was interrupted by the winter break.

The 25th matchday from March 6th to 8th was the last before a forced break due to the COVID-19 pandemic . On March 11th, the catch-up game of the 21st match day between Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln, which was canceled on February 9th, 2020 due to the hurricane “Sabine” , was the first ghost game in Bundesliga history. After a two-month break, the season continued from May 16 in front of empty ranks until the end of the 34th matchday on June 27; the two relegation games between Werder Bremen and the second division club 1. FC Heidenheim were played on July 2nd and 6th.

With a win in Bremen on matchday 32, FC Bayern Munich became German champions for the eighth time in a row. On the same day, SC Paderborn 07 was the first to be relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga . Fortuna Düsseldorf only fell back to penultimate place in the table behind Bremen on the last match day and also had to be relegated.

Season course

Fight for the championship and international starting positions

The reigning champions Bayern Munich started the season well despite the defeat in the Supercup against runner-up Dortmund and were able to defeat Mainz 05 6-1 on matchday 3 . In the run-up, for example, the two world champions Lucas Hernández and Benjamin Pavard were brought in for defense and offensive player Philippe Coutinho was signed on loan from Barcelona . The first championship lead could be won on the 6th matchday, but this was then immediately lost to Mönchengladbach . Due to defeats against Hoffenheim , Mönchengladbach, Leverkusen and Frankfurt , they slipped to 7th place in the table after 14 match days. The 1: 5 against Eintracht caused the club management to release head coach Kovač at the beginning of November 2019 ; at this point in time no other participant had fired his trainer. Under successor Hansi Flick , the team found their usual strength and sovereignty, celebrated many high victories and took over the top of the table from Herbstmeister Leipzig on matchday 20 . After 32 completed games, the eighth title in a row could not be taken from Munich, in the end Bayern had scored 100 goals and conceded the fewest and won 13 times in a row.

Borussia Dortmund went into its second season with the Swiss Favre and compensated the departures of players like Christian Pulisic or Abdou Diallo , who had switched to top European clubs, with Thorgan Hazard , returnees Mats Hummels or Julian Brandt , all of whom came from Bundesliga rivals. After two league leaders in a row, which were to remain the only ones for the rest of the season, first place was lost to Leipzig, but BVB was able to establish itself again in the top group and remain Bayern's closest rival in the final sprint. During the winter break, the only 19-year-old striker Erling Haaland was signed , who attracted attention with several league goals and replaced Paco Alcácer . With three game days to go, Borussia was qualified for the Champions League again , and after 33 games and a win in a direct duel with Leipzig, they secured their second runner-up in a row. Furthermore, the club's internal Bundesliga record of 82 goals from the 2015/16 season was surpassed.

RB Leipzig went into its fourth season in the German upper house with the new head coach Julian Nagelsmann , who had come from Hoffenheim. With the Frenchman Christopher Nkunku , they had also secured a new winger who became one of the best assists in the league. On the 15th match day, the club achieved the first place in the table and did not give it up again until the 20th, which marked the first autumn championship in the club's history. Mainz had already been defeated 8-0 on matchday 10, which marked the highest victory of all participants. Timo Werner became by far the best German scorer in the league in his last and statistically best season for the Saxons.

Borussia Mönchengladbach was the first team apart from Dortmund and Munich to be in first place for more than three match days since the 2010/11 season , and ultimately the rank had to be cleared again after seven match days. Despite losing points against direct competitors, Borussia was able to maintain its position in the top group, but was eliminated from the title race on matchday 27. With the two Frenchmen Alassane Pléa and Marcus Thuram they also provided one of the strongest storm duos in the league. On the last day of the match, the “foals” were able to claim their place in the Champions League in a long-distance duel against their Rhenish rivals from Leverkusen by beating Hertha BSC .

Bayer Leverkusen was again represented in the "Top 5". The Rhinelander could only get 14 points from the duels against the competitors in the upper third of the table, lost further points against teams from the midfield and never got above fourth place. Despite the worst goal difference of the first five teams, defensive player Sven Bender was one of the 10 players from Leverkusen with the best quota of duels.

Wolfsburg and Hoffenheim never played for the title and delivered inconsistent results for the season. Due to weak phases of competitors such as SC Freiburg , Eintracht Frankfurt or Hertha BSC, both teams were determined to be in the Europa League with one matchday before the end of the game. TSG defeated runners-up Dortmund 4-0 in the season finale, while VfL lost 4-0 to champions FC Bayern, which is why Hoffenheim qualified directly for the Europa League.

Table middle field

Freiburg only occupied single-digit positions in the table and was even consistently on a European cup position until matchday 17. Due to a defeat against champions Bayern Munich one matchday before the end, the chance to return to one was missed.

Frankfurt had to cope with the loss of its "buffalo herd" ( Ante Rebić , Sébastien Haller , Luka Jović ), which had scored 57 cross-competition goals in the preseason. Highlights were a 5: 1 against Bayern (who retaliated 5: 2 in the back series) and a 5: 0 against Augsburg , against relegation candidates and the promoted team lost points. In the end of the season, a new European Cup qualification seemed to be possible again, but ultimately only managed to finish in 9th place.

The FC Schalke 04 ended under the new trainer David Wagner a decent Hinserie on table rank 5, in the meantime it was even posed for a game to the rival from Dortmund. The 0: 5 on the 19th matchday against FC Bayern was the beginning of a series of 16 winless games until the end of the season, which reminded of the disastrous pre-season under Domenico Tedesco . Only the points cushion built up in the first 18 games saved the Royal Blues from falling into the relegation regions .

Relegation winners Union Berlin managed to stay in the league after the 32nd matchday in their first season. In the first half of the season, for example, the team had defeated the Champions League participant Borussia Dortmund 3-1 and was also able to collect important points against teams from the lower half of the table.

Relegation battle

Werder Bremen lost towards the end of the first half of the season against their direct rivals from Paderborn and Mainz (against them even with 0: 5) and 1: 6 against Bayern Munich and found themselves in the relegation battle from matchday 16. On the last day of the match, they competed with Düsseldorf , which was two points ahead, for the relegation place after Augsburg, Cologne and Mainz were able to save themselves prematurely. With a 6-1 victory over the billy goats and a simultaneous defeat by Düsseldorf against Union Berlin, Bremen ended the season in 16th place, while Fortuna had to relegate together with Paderborn. In the subsequent relegation against 1. FC Heidenheim , Bremen managed to stay in the league after a 0-0 home game and 2-2 in Heidenheim due to the away goals rule .

Promoted Paderborn had been in last place since the 5th match day and could only give the “red lantern” once to Cologne and Düsseldorf. The team with the lowest budget fought to stay in the league as far as possible and, apart from a 1: 5 against Schalke 04, did not suffer any major defeats until the end of the season. A 3: 3 against BVB and a 2: 1 against Frankfurt in the first half of the season caused a stir. After 32 game days, the relegation place was already nine points away, which meant the premature relegation.

statistics

League leader
Bottom of the table

Closing table

Pl. society Sp. S. U N Gates Diff. Points
 1. FC Bayern Munich (M, P)  34  26th  4th  4th 100: 320 +68 82
 2. Borussia Dortmund  34  21st  6th  7th 084:410 +43 69
 3. RB Leipzig  34  18th  12  4th 081:370 +44 66
 4th Borussia Monchengladbach  34  20th  5  9 066:400 +26 65
 5. Bayer 04 Leverkusen  34  19th  6th  9 061:440 +17 63
 6th TSG 1899 Hoffenheim  34  15th  7th  12 053:530  ± 0 52
 7th VfL Wolfsburg  34  13  10  11 048:460  +2 49
 8th. Sc freiburg  34  13  9  12 048:470  +1 48
 9. Eintracht Frankfurt  34  13  6th  15th 059:600  −1 45
10. Hertha BSC  34  11  8th  15th 048:590 −11 41
11. 1. FC Union Berlin (N)  34  12  5  17th 041:580 −17 41
12. FC Schalke 04  34  9  12  13 038:580 −20 39
13. 1. FSV Mainz 05  34  11  4th  19th 044:650 −21 37
14th 1. FC Cologne (N)  34  10  6th  18th 051:690 −18 36
15th FC Augsburg  34  9  9  16 045:630 −18 36
16. Werder Bremen  34  8th  7th  19th 042:690 −27 31
17th Fortuna Dusseldorf  34  6th  12  16 036:670 −31 30th
18th SC Paderborn 07 (N)  34  4th  8th  22nd 037:740 −37 20th
Stand: Final stand
At the end of the 2019/20 season:
  • German champion and participant in the group stage of the 2020/21 Champions League
  • Participants in the group stage of the 2020/21 Champions League
  • Participants in the group stage of the 2020/21 Europa League
  • Participants in the 2nd qualifying round for the Europa League 2020/21
  • Participant in the relegation games against the third placed in the 2nd Bundesliga
  • Relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga
    • At the end of the 2018/19 season:
    (M) German champions : FC Bayern Munich
    (P) DFB Cup winner : FC Bayern Munich
    (N) Newcomers from the 2nd Bundesliga : 1. FC Köln, SC Paderborn 07, 1. FC Union Berlin (winner of the Bundesliga relegation)

    Crosstab

    The crosstab shows the results of all games this season. The home team is listed in the left column, the visiting team in the top row.

    2019/20 FC Bayern Munich Borussia Dortmund RBL Bayer 04 Leverkusen Borussia Monchengladbach VfL Wolfsburg Eintracht Frankfurt Werder Bremen TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fortuna Dusseldorf Hertha BSC 1. FSV Mainz 05 Sc freiburg FC Schalke 04 FC Augsburg 1. FC Cologne SC Paderborn 07 1. FC Union Berlin
    FC Bayern Munich 4-0 0-0 1: 2 2: 1 3 2-0 5: 2 3 6: 1 1: 2 5: 0 3 2: 2 6: 1 3: 1 3 5-0 2-0 4-0 3: 2 2: 1
    Borussia Dortmund 0: 1 3 3: 3 4-0 1-0 3-0 4-0 2: 2 0: 4 3 5-0 1: 0 3 0: 2 3 1-0 4: 0 3 5: 1 5: 1 3: 3 5-0
    RB Leipzig 1: 1 0: 2 3 1: 1 2: 2 1: 1 2: 1 3-0 3: 1 2: 2 3 2: 2 3 8-0 1: 1 3 1: 3 3: 1 4: 1 1: 1 3 3: 1
    Bayer 04 Leverkusen 2: 4 3 4: 3 1: 1 1: 2 1: 4 3 4-0 2: 2 0-0 3-0 0: 1 1: 0 3 1: 1 2: 1 2-0 3: 1 3 3: 2 2-0
    Borussia Monchengladbach 2: 1 1: 2 1: 3 1: 3 3 3: 0 3 4: 2 3: 1 1: 1 2: 1 2: 1 3 3: 1 4: 2 0-0 5: 1 2: 1 1 2-0 4: 1 3
    VfL Wolfsburg 0: 4 3 0: 2 3 0-0 0: 2 2: 1 1: 2 3 2: 3 1: 1 1: 1 1: 2 4-0 2: 2 3 1: 1 0-0 2: 1 1: 1 1-0
    Eintracht Frankfurt 5: 1 2: 2 2-0 3-0 1: 3 3 0: 2 2: 2 1-0 2: 1 2: 2 0: 2 3 3: 3 3 2: 1 3 5-0 2: 4 3: 2 3 1: 2
    Werder Bremen 0: 1 3 0: 2 0: 3 1: 4 3 0: 0 3 0: 1 3 0: 3 2 0: 3 1: 3 1: 1 0: 5 2: 2 1: 2 3: 2 6: 1 3 0: 1 0: 2
    TSG 1899 Hoffenheim 0: 6 2: 1 0: 2 3 2: 1 0: 3 2: 3 1: 2 3: 2 1: 1 0: 3 3 1: 5 0: 3 2-0 2: 4 3: 1 3 3-0 4: 0 3
    Fortuna Dusseldorf 0: 4 0: 1 3 0: 3 1: 3 1: 4 1: 1 1: 1 0: 1 2: 2 3 3: 3 1-0 1: 2 2: 1 3 1: 1 3 2-0 0: 0 3 2: 1
    Hertha BSC 0: 4 1: 2 2: 4 2: 0 3 0-0 0: 3 1: 4 3 2: 2 2: 3 3: 1 1: 3 1-0 0-0 2: 0 3 0: 5 2: 1 4: 0 3
    1. FSV Mainz 05 1: 3 0: 4 0: 5 3 0: 1 1: 3 0: 1 2: 1 3: 1 3 0: 1 3 1: 1 2: 1 1: 2 0-0 0: 1 3 3: 1 2-0 2: 3
    Sc freiburg 1: 3 2: 2 2: 1 0: 1 3 1: 0 3 1-0 1-0 0: 1 3 1-0 0: 2 2: 1 3 3-0 4: 0 3 1: 1 1: 2 0: 2 3: 1
    FC Schalke 04 0: 3 0-0 0: 5 1: 1 3 2-0 1: 4 3 1-0 0: 1 3 1: 1 3: 3 3-0 2: 1 2: 2 0: 3 3 1: 1 1: 1 2: 1
    FC Augsburg 2: 2 3: 5 1: 2 3 0: 3 2: 3 1: 2 3 2: 1 2: 1 1: 3 3 3-0 4-0 2: 1 1: 1 2: 3 1: 1 3 0: 0 3 1: 1
    1. FC Cologne 1: 4 1: 3 2: 4 3 2-0 0: 1 3: 1 1: 1 3 1-0 1: 2 2: 2 3 0: 4 2: 2 3 4-0 3-0 1: 1 3-0 1: 2 3
    SC Paderborn 07 2: 3 1: 6 3 2: 3 1: 4 1: 3 3 2: 4 2: 1 1: 5 3 1: 1 3 2-0 1: 2 1: 2 1: 3 1: 5 0: 1 1: 2 1: 1
    1. FC Union Berlin 0: 2 3 3: 1 0: 4 2: 3 2-0 2: 2 1: 2 1: 2 0: 2 3: 0 3 1-0 1: 1 3 2-0 1: 1 3 2-0 2-0 1: 0 3
    1Due to a storm warning, the match between Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln on the 21st match day has been postponed from February 9, 2020 to March 11. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the catch-up game took place as a ghost game without spectators. This first ghost game in league history was also the last game of the season before the arranged interruption.
    2Due to the postponement of the Europa League game between FC Salzburg and Eintracht Frankfurt and the COVID-19 pandemic, the match between Werder Bremen and Eintracht Frankfurt on the 24th matchday has been postponed from March 1st to June 3rd.
    3 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, match days 26 to 34 were postponed by the DFL and played as ghost games from May 16, 2020.

    Relegation

    The two relegation games between the 16th of the Bundesliga and the 3rd of the 2nd Bundesliga were played on July 2nd and 6th, 2020.

    date Result Gates
    2nd July 2020 Werder Bremen 0-0 1. FC Heidenheim
    July 6, 2020 1. FC Heidenheim 2: 2 (0: 1) Werder Bremen 0: 1 Theuerkauf (3rd, own goal), 1: 1 Kleindienst (85th), 1: 2 Augustinsson (90th + 4 '), 2: 2 Kleindienst (90th + 8', penalty kick)
    Total: Werder Bremen ( a ) 2: 2(a) 1. FC Heidenheim
    Due to the away goals rule , Werder Bremen stayed in the Bundesliga.

    Table history

    Postponed games are displayed according to the original scheduling so that the same number of games is taken into account for each team on all match days.

    1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 10 11 12 13 14th 15th 16 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23 24 25th 26th 27 28 29 30th 31 32 33 34
    FC Bayern Munich 8th 6th 2 4th 2 1 3 3 2 4th 3 3 4th 7th 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    Borussia Dortmund 1 1 5 2 3 8th 8th 4th 5 2 6th 6th 5 3 3 4th 4th 4th 4th 3 4th 4th 4th 4th 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    RBL 2 2 1 1 1 2 4th 5 6th 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 4th 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
    Bayer 04 Leverkusen 5 5 4th 8th 7th 6th 7th 9 8th 10 8th 9 7th 6th 7th 7th 6th 6th 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4th 5 5 5 4th 4th 5 5
    Borussia Monchengladbach 10 7th 8th 7th 6th 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4th 3 3 3 3 4th 3 5 4th 4th 4th 5 5 4th 4th
    VfL Wolfsburg 6th 4th 3 5 8th 7th 2 2 4th 8th 10 7th 9 9 8th 8th 9 9 10 9 10 9 7th 7th 7th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 7th
    Eintracht Frankfurt 7th 10 7th 9 9 9 9 8th 9 7th 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 11 9 11 9 10 11 10 11 11 12 12 11 11 10 9 9 9
    Werder Bremen 15th 15th 13 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 14th 14th 13 14th 15th 16 17th 16 16 16 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 17th 16
    TSG 1899 Hoffenheim 14th 9 9 13 11 12 12 11 10 9 5 8th 8th 8th 9 9 7th 8th 7th 7th 7th 8th 8th 8th 9 9 9 7th 7th 7th 7th 7th 7th 6th
    Fortuna Dusseldorf 4th 8th 12 11 13 14th 15th 13 14th 13 13 16 15th 16 16 17th 16 17th 18th 17th 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17th
    Hertha BSC 8th 11 17th 18th 15th 10 10 10 11 11 12 15th 16 15th 13 13 12 14th 13 13 14th 13 14th 14th 13 12 11 10 9 9 11 11 10 10
    1. FSV Mainz 05 16 18th 18th 16 17th 16 13 17th 13 15th 16 13 12 13 14th 14th 14th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 15th 13 13
    Sc freiburg 3 2 6th 3 4th 3 4th 6th 3 5 4th 4th 6th 5 6th 6th 8th 7th 8th 8th 8th 7th 9 9 8th 7th 7th 8th 8th 8th 8th 8th 8th 8th
    FC Schalke 04 10 12 9 6th 5 4th 6th 7th 7th 6th 7th 5 3 4th 4th 5 5 5 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 6th 8th 8th 9 10 10 9 10 11 12
    FC Augsburg 17th 13 16 14th 12 13 14th 16 17th 16 15th 12 14th 12 11 10 10 10 12 10 12 11 12 13 14th 14th 13 13 13 13 13 14th 15th 15th
    1. FC Cologne 13 17th 14th 15th 16 17th 17th 15th 16 17th 17th 17th 17th 18th 17th 15th 15th 13 14th 14th 13 14th 13 12 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 14th 14th
    SC Paderborn 07 12 15th 15th 17th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 17th 18th 18th 18th 18th 17th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th 18th
    1. FC Union Berlin 18th 14th 11 12 14th 15th 16 14th 15th 14th 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 12 11 12 11 12 10 11 12 13 14th 14th 14th 14th 14th 12 12 11

    Placements Bundesliga 2019-20.svg

    List of goalscorers

    If the number of goals is the same, the players are listed alphabetically.

    Pl. player team Gates
    01. PolandPoland Robert Lewandowski FC Bayern Munich 34
    02. GermanyGermany Timo Werner RB Leipzig 28
    03. EnglandEngland Jadon Sancho Borussia Dortmund 17th
    04th NetherlandsNetherlands Wout Weghorst VfL Wolfsburg 16
    05. GermanyGermany Rouwen Hennings Fortuna Dusseldorf 15th
    06th ColombiaColombia Jhon Cordoba 1. FC Cologne 13
    NorwayNorway Erling Haaland Borussia Dortmund
    GermanyGermany Florian Niederlechner FC Augsburg
    SwedenSweden Robin Quaison 1. FSV Mainz 05
    10. SwedenSweden Sebastian Andersson 1. FC Union Berlin 12
    GermanyGermany Serge Gnabry FC Bayern Munich
    GermanyGermany Kai Havertz Bayer 04 Leverkusen
    CroatiaCroatia Andrej Kramarić TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
    PortugalPortugal André Silva Eintracht Frankfurt
    Stand: Final stand

    Scorer list

    Both goals scored and assists by a player count as scorer point (s). With the same number of scorer points, the players are first sorted by the number of goals and then alphabetically.

    Pl. player team total Gates templates
    01. PolandPoland Robert Lewandowski FC Bayern Munich 40 34 06th
    02. GermanyGermany Timo Werner RB Leipzig 36 28 08th
    03. EnglandEngland Jadon Sancho Borussia Dortmund 33 17th 16
    04th GermanyGermany Thomas Müller FC Bayern Munich 29 08th 21st
    05. GermanyGermany Florian Niederlechner FC Augsburg 21st 13 08th
    GermanyGermany Serge Gnabry FC Bayern Munich 12 09
    07th NetherlandsNetherlands Wout Weghorst VfL Wolfsburg 20th 16 04th
    FranceFrance Alassane Pléa Borussia Monchengladbach 10 10
    BelgiumBelgium Thorgan Hazard Borussia Dortmund 07th 13
    10. FranceFrance Christopher Nkunku RB Leipzig 19th 05 14th
    Stand: Final stand

    Most assists

    If the number of templates is the same, the players are sorted alphabetically.

    Pl. player team templates
    1. GermanyGermany Thomas Müller FC Bayern Munich 21st
    2. EnglandEngland Jadon Sancho Borussia Dortmund 16
    3. FranceFrance Christopher Nkunku RB Leipzig 14th
    4th BelgiumBelgium Thorgan Hazard Borussia Dortmund 13
    SerbiaSerbia Filip Kostic Eintracht Frankfurt
    6th GermanyGermany Christian Günter Sc freiburg 10
    MoroccoMorocco Achraf Hakimi Borussia Dortmund
    FranceFrance Alassane Pléa Borussia Monchengladbach
    9. GermanyGermany Serge Gnabry FC Bayern Munich 09
    DenmarkDenmark Robert Skov TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
    Stand: Final stand

    Awards

    Stadiums, spectators, sponsorships and outfitters

    Due to the relegation of 1. FC Nürnberg , Hannover 96 and VfB Stuttgart , which had very large arenas, and the simultaneous rise of 1. FC Cologne, with a large stadium, and SC Paderborn and 1. FC Union Berlin with smaller ones Venues, the audience capacity of the 18 Bundesliga venues decreased by 73,352 compared to the previous season to a total capacity of 802,927 seats.

    society Stadium
    (sponsor name)     		capacity spectator per game workload sold out Shirt sponsor Sleeve sponsor Outfitter Season tickets
    01. FC Bayern Munich Allianz Arena 75,000 975,000 57,353 076.47% 13/17 * Deutsche Telekom Qatar Airways Adidas 38,000
    02. Borussia Dortmund Signal Iduna Park 81,365 974.050 57,297 070.42% 9/17 ** Evonik Industries Opel puma
    03. FC Schalke 04 Veltins-Arena 3 62,271 793,577 46,681 074.96% 4/17 * Gazprom DHL Umbro
    04th Hertha BSC Olympiastadion Berlin 4 74,400 640.720 37,689 050.66% 2/17 * TEDi Hyundai Nike
    05. Borussia Monchengladbach Borussia Park 54.022 613.479 36,087 066.80% 3/17 ** Postbank H hotels puma 30,000
    06th Eintracht Frankfurt Commerzbank Arena 51,500 601,900 35,406 068.75% 3/17 ** Indeed German Stock Exchange Nike
    07th 1. FC Cologne Rheinenergiestadion 5 50,000 596,600 35.094 070.19% 8/17 ** Rewe Group DEVK Uhlsport
    08th. Fortuna Dusseldorf Merkur Spiel-Arena 6 54,600 519,882 30,581 056.01% 3/17 ** handle Toyo Tire Corporation Uhlsport
    09. RB Leipzig Red Bull Arena 42,146 489.920 28,819 068.38% 4/17 ** Red Bull CG group Nike
    10. Werder Bremen Weserstadion
    (residential investment Weserstadion)     		42,100 449.028 26,413 062.74% 4/17 *** Wiesenhof Tou Tou Umbro
    11. Bayer 04 Leverkusen BayArena 30.210 361.006 21,236 070.29% 5/17 * Barmenia Insurance Kumho Tire Jako
    12. 1. FSV Mainz 05 Opel Arena 7 34,000 351.853 20,697 060.87% 2/17 * Kömmerling / Profine QQ288 lotto
    13. TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Prezero arena 30,150 347,634 20,449 067.82% 2/17 * SAP Prowin Joma
    14th FC Augsburg WWK arena 30,660 344,513 20,265 066.10% 2/17 *** WWK insurance group Bernd Siegmund GmbH Nike
    15th VfL Wolfsburg Volkswagen Arena 30,000 316,558 18,621 062.07% 0/17 * Volkswagen Linglong Tire Nike
    16. Sc freiburg Black Forest Stadium 24,000 287.100 16,888 070.37% 9/17 ** Black Forest milk badenova bumblebee
    17th 1. FC Union Berlin Stadium An der Alten Försterei 8 22,012 262,482 15,440 070.06% 11/17 ** Aroundtown ONE Versicherung AG Macron
    18th SC Paderborn 07 Benteler Arena 15,000 187,648 11,038 073.59% 4/17 * sunmaker effect Saller 06,929
    total 803.4360 9,112,9500 29,781 066.72% 88/306 Stand: Final stand
    3 For safety reasons, only 61,883 spectators were present at the sold-out home game against 1. FC Köln and only 61,873 in the Veltins-Arena when the home game against Borussia Dortmund was sold out.
    4th 74,667 spectators were present in the Olympic Stadium at the sold-out home games against Borussia Dortmund and FC Bayern Munich.
    5 For safety reasons, only 49,100 spectators were present in the Rheinenergiestadion for the sold out home game against VfL Wolfsburg.
    6th At the sold out home game against 1. FC Köln there were only 51,155 spectators in the Merkur Spiel-Arena for safety reasons, the sold out home game against Bayern Munich only 53,000 and the sold out home game against Borussia Mönchengladbach.
    7th For safety reasons, only 33,305 spectators were present in the Opel Arena at the sold-out home games against Borussia Dortmund and FC Bayern Munich.
    8thAt the home game against RB Leipzig, 22,012 spectators were present in the sold-out stadium An der Alten Försterei. The remaining 455 deceased fans who could be seen on posters purchased by viewers were officially counted by the DFL . This is taken into account in the calculation of the average audience.
    * 4 ghost games each.
    ** 5 ghost games each.
    *** 6 ghost games.

    useful information

    General

    • As Hamburger SV missed the direct re-promotion, this season Werder Bremen became the club with the most Bundesliga appearances with only one missed season and had the most Bundesliga games of all previous participants.
    • The SC Paderborn 07 managed two direct ascents in succession: in 2018 in the second division and in 2019, after he had suffered a row in 2015 and 2016 two descents in the second and third tier to the Bundesliga. The sporting descent to the fourth-class regional league was only prevented in 2017 by the loss of a license for TSV 1860 Munich . After returning to the Bundesliga in 2019, he was relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga again in 2020.
    • The rise of 1. FC Union Berlin went hand in hand with several special features:
    • On the 2nd match day, Steffen Baumgart  - head coach of SC Paderborn 07  - was the first club official in the Bundesliga to receive a yellow card after the new regulation was introduced, while Sandro Schwarz (head coach of 1. FSV Mainz 05 ) was the first to receive a yellow -red card Place and was banned for the following game.
    • For the first time since the 1999/2000 season , no head coach was dismissed until matchday 10. After this match day, FC Bayern, who had never been the first to dismiss a coach, dismissed its trainer Niko Kovač .
    • On matchday 13, all teams scored at least one goal, the last time this happened on matchday 3 of the 2018/19 season .
    • For the first time since the 2010/11 season (1. FSV Mainz 05), Borussia Mönchengladbach, a team other than Bayern Munich or Borussia Dortmund, was the leader of the table for more than three match days.
    • For the first time since the 2009/10 season , a team other than Bayern Munich or Borussia Dortmund secured the autumn championship with RB Leipzig. For RB it was also the first autumn championship in the club's history.
    • The Wolfsburg Volkswagen Arena was the only Bundesliga stadium that was not sold out at least once during the entire season.
    • From matchday 18 to 20, Borussia Dortmund scored five goals in three games in a row with a 5: 3 at FC Augsburg, 5: 1 against 1. FC Köln and 5: 0 against Union Berlin. Previously, only Hannover 96 had succeeded in the 1965/66 season , 1. FC Kaiserslautern 1983/84 and FC Bayern Munich in the preseason .
    • The game between Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln on matchday 21, which was canceled due to the storm Sabine, meant the first postponement of a game in the top German division since the game between Cologne and 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the first half of the 2011 season / 12 . The match made up (2: 1) was also the first ghost game in the history of the Bundesliga.
    • In the final quarter of an hour of the game between TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and FC Bayern on matchday 24, a player boycott took place when the score was 6-0. After the game had been interrupted for a few minutes by the chief referee Christian Dingert , the players of both teams closed the game and passed the ball to each other. The reason was several banners from Bayern supporters, which were directed against the Sinsheim patron Dietmar Hopp .
    • After the temporary rule adjustment, SC Paderborn 07 was the first club in the history of the Bundesliga to regularly change a fourth player, while FC Schalke 04 became the first club to change a fifth player.
    • Florian Wirtz ( Bayer 04 Leverkusen ) was the first player born in 2003 to play in the top German division. With his first goal, he also replaced Nuri Şahin (then Borussia Dortmund) as the youngest Bundesliga shooter.
    • Makoto Hasebe ( Eintracht Frankfurt ) became the Asian record player in the Bundesliga with his 309th appearance on June 6, 2020 against 1. FSV Mainz 05 .
    • After 1972 , FC Bayern Munich cracked the 100-goal mark for the second time. No other Bundesliga club has so far managed to reach or exceed the 100-goal mark.

    Records

    Peak values ​​of the season

    Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

    Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Federal Health Minister Jens Spahn (CDU) recommended on March 8, 2020 that events with at least 1,000 visitors be canceled. The DFL announced that the season had to be played to the end in good time to guarantee the clubs planning security. In the following days, the local health authorities followed Spahn's recommendation and banned such events in accordance with the Infection Protection Act , which affected the home games of all Bundesliga clubs.

    On March 11th, the first ghost game in Bundesliga history took place with the Rhenish Derby between Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln in Borussia-Park (catch-up game 21st matchday, 2: 1). The following 26th matchday (March 13 to 16) should take place in front of empty stands, including the Revierderby between Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04. After the Werder Bremen home game was canceled by the city of Bremen on March 13, there were expected despite the arranged ghost game 2,000 to 3,000 fans to the stadium and the suspected infection with during the day SARS-CoV-2 - coronavirus had resulted in the vicinity of several clubs and their teams, the laying of the match was the Bundesliga and 2nd Bundesliga decided.

    At an extraordinary DFL general meeting on March 16, it was decided to suspend the game until April 2. However, the DFL did not assume that matches would be possible again on the first weekend in April. On March 31, the DFL general meeting decided that the league would be paused until April 30, including the 31st matchday. In addition, the DFL set up a Sports Medicine / Special Game Operations Task Force, headed by sports medicine specialist Tim Meyer , which developed a binding concept for resuming gaming operations and presented it on April 23. The concept provides for a maximum of 300 people to be inside the stadium, on the stands and on the grounds during the ghost games. The players and coaches are tested closely for the corona virus, which at the time, according to DFL managing director Christian Seifert, made up "not even 0.4 percent" of the tests across Germany. In doing so, the DFL countered critics who argued that professional football would deny other professional groups access to tests. The improved safety of the people involved from infection justifies classification of the contact persons of infected people in Category II (lower risk of infection) by the Robert Koch Institute , which means that group quarantine could be dispensed with after a positive case. The decision on this is up to the local health department. The DFL did not set an exact resumption date.

    There was controversial debate in politics and society as to whether the Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 should be allowed to resume their games. Opponents accused football, among other things, of a special position. On April 29, the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs accepted the DFL concept. According to the Minister Hubertus Heil (SPD), a continuation of the season “is no longer problematic from an occupational health and safety point of view”. At the beginning of May, 1,724 tests were carried out in the first wave of tests before the start of team training at the 36 clubs, 10 of which were positive. On May 6, Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) and the respective country representatives decided that the season continuation for the Bundesliga and 2nd Bundesliga would be possible from the second half of May.

    According to the DFL's decision on May 7, the season will continue from May 16 (matchday 26) (the 34th matchday would originally have taken place on May 16) and should end on June 27th with matchday 34. The Bundesliga, together with the 2nd Bundesliga, was the first league in Europe to start playing again after the interruption. Further decisions were made at a DFL general meeting on May 14th. If the season could not end by June 30th, it would be extended beyond that. In addition, the substitution quota for the rest of the season has been increased from three to five players. It should also be possible to play games in another stadium at short notice for “compelling legal, organizational and / or security reasons”.

    The lack of spectators and the resulting lack of support from the fans presumably also have an impact on the home advantage, which apparently disappears under ghost game conditions. This is shown by analyzes of the games that were played after the restart of league operations. The proportion of away wins has increased significantly. Several clubs could not win a game until the 33rd matchday.

    referee

    Compared to the previous season, the number of referees remained the same at 26, there was no change.

    Surname Born Club membership Regional association Games Yellow card.svg Yellow-red card.svg Red card.svg annotation
    Deniz Aytekin July 21, 1978 TSV Altenberg Bavaria 16 61 2 0 FIFA referee
    Benjamin Brand July 10, 1989 FC Schallfeld Bavaria 1 1 0 0
    Felix Brych 0Aug 3, 1975 SV Am Hart Munich Bavaria 18th 78 4th 3 FIFA referee
    Benjamin Cortus Dec 13, 1981 TSV Burgfarrnbach Bavaria 12 38 0 0
    Bastian Dankert 0June 9, 1980 Brüsewitzer SV Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 14th 48 1 1 FIFA referee
    Christian Dingert July 14, 1980 TSG Burg Lichtenberg southwest 13 56 2 0 FIFA referee
    Marco Fritz 0Oct 3, 1977 SV Breuningsweiler Württemberg 15th 55 2 0 FIFA referee
    Manuel Graefe 21 Sep 1973 Hertha 03 Zehlendorf Berlin 15th 36 1 2
    Robert Hartmann 08 Sep 1979 SV Krugzell Bavaria 10 31 1 2
    Patrick Ittrich 0Jan. 3, 1979 Mümmelmannsberger SV Hamburg 10 44 2 2
    Sven Jablonski Apr 13, 1990 Blumenthaler SV Bremen 12 54 1 0
    Robert Kampka Feb 21, 1982 TSV Schornbach Württemberg 6th 27 0 0
    Harm Osmers Jan. 28, 1985 SV Baden Lower Saxony 15th 52 2 0 FIFA referee since 2020
    Martin Petersen Feb. 28, 1985 VfL Stuttgart Württemberg 10 37 1 0
    Daniel Schlager 0Dec 8, 1989 FC Rastatt 04 South Baden 10 42 0 0
    Markus Schmidt Aug 31, 1973 SV Sillenbuch Württemberg 13 51 2 1
    Robert Schröder Sep 14 1985 SG Blue Wonder Hanover Lower Saxony 8th 27 1 1
    Daniel Siebert 0May 4th 1984 FC Nordost Berlin Berlin 16 69 1 2 FIFA referee
    Sascha Stegemann 0Dec 6, 1984 1. FC Niederkassel Middle Rhine 15th 68 1 1 FIFA referee
    Bibiana stone house 24 Mar 1979 MTV Engelbostel-Schulenburg Lower Saxony 8th 28 0 0 FIFA referee
    Tobias Stieler 02nd July 1981 SG Rosenhöhe Hesse 16 48 5 1 FIFA referee
    Sören Storks 0Nov 8, 1986 VfL Ramsdorf Westphalia 8th 30th 1 2
    Martin Thomsen 0Oct. 1, 1985 SV Donsbrüggen Lower Rhine 1 9 4th 0 0
    Tobias Welz July 11, 1977 FC 1934 Bierstadt Hesse 7 9 31 3 0 FIFA referee until the end of 2019
    Frank Willenborg Feb 10, 1979 SV Gehlenberg Lower Saxony 12 53 0 0
    Guido Winkmann Nov 27, 1973 SV Nütterden Lower Rhine 11 42 2 1
    Felix Zwayer May 19, 1981 SC Charlottenburg Berlin 15th 60 1 1 FIFA referee
    Total: 306 1171 36 20th
    Status: end of season
    9Second division referee Martin Thomsen took over the game of Borussia Dortmund against VfL Wolfsburg from the 32nd minute due to an injury to Tobias Welz, who had not distributed any cards. The four yellow cards are attributed to Thomsen.

    The championship team of FC Bayern Munich

    1. FC Bayern Munich
    FC Bayern Munich logo (2017) .svg

    * Renato Sanches (1 / -) left the club during the season.

    Head coach

    Interim coaches are taken into account if they acted as head coach on at least one match day. The head coaches marked with an N took over their team at the beginning of the season. The clubs are sorted according to the final table of the previous season.

    society Head coach I until match day (place) Head coach II until match day (place) Head Coach III until match day (place) Head coach IV
    FC Bayern Munich CroatiaCroatia Niko Kovač 10 (4.) Hansi Flick
    Borussia Dortmund SwitzerlandSwitzerland Lucien Favre
    RB Leipzig Julian Nagelsmann N.
    Bayer 04 Leverkusen NetherlandsNetherlands Peter Bosz
    Borussia Monchengladbach Marco Rose N
    VfL Wolfsburg AustriaAustria Oliver Glasner N.
    Eintracht Frankfurt AustriaAustria Adi Hütter
    Werder Bremen Florian Kohfeldt
    TSG 1899 Hoffenheim NetherlandsNetherlands Alfred Schreuder N 30 (7.) Matthias Kaltenbach (interim)
    Fortuna Dusseldorf Friedhelm Funkel 19 (18.) Uwe Rösler
    Hertha BSC CroatiaCroatia Ante Čović N. 12 (15.) Jürgen Klinsmann 21 (14.) Alexander Nouri (interim) 25 (13.) Bruno Labbadia
    1. FSV Mainz 05 Sandro Black 11 (16.) Achim Beierlorzer
    Sc freiburg Christian Streich
    FC Schalke 04 David Wagner N.
    FC Augsburg SwitzerlandSwitzerland Martin Schmidt 25 (14.) Heiko Herrlich
    1. FC Cologne Achim Beierlorzer N 11 (17.) Markus Gisdol
    SC Paderborn 07 Steffen Baumgart
    1. FC Union Berlin SwitzerlandSwitzerland Urs Fischer

    Squad

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Bremen wins due to the away goals rule .
    2. ↑ Framework calendar: Start of the 2019/20 Bundesliga season on August 16, 2019. In: bundesliga.com. German Football Association e. V., December 7, 2018, accessed February 25, 2019 .
    3. ↑ Rheinderby canceled: 387th game failure in the Bundesliga on sportschau .de
    4. ↑ Won tackles, bundesliga.com, accessed June 27, 2020
    5. ↑ Table 2019-2020. In: bundesliga.de. DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH, accessed on June 27, 2020 .
    6. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/20 - Schedule , bundesliga.com, accessed on June 27, 2020
    7. ↑ Storm warning: Borussia Mönchengladbach - 1. FC Köln canceled , bundesliga.de, accessed on February 9, 2020
    8. ↑ Gianni Costa: Rhein Derby will be rescheduled on March 11. In: Rheinische Post. February 13, 2020, accessed February 13, 2020 .
    9. ↑ Embolo decides the very first Bundesliga ghost game , kicker.de, March 11, 2020, accessed on May 25, 2020.
    10. ↑ Season 2019/20: All information about relegation. In: bundesliga.com. June 5, 2020, accessed June 14, 2020 .
    11. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/2020 - list of goalscorers. weltfussball.de, accessed on June 27, 2020 .
    12. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/2020 - scorer list. weltfussball.de, accessed on June 27, 2020 .
    13. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/2020 - Assists. weltfussball.de, accessed on June 27, 2020 .
    14. ↑ Robert Lewandowski from FC Bayern Munich is the player for the 2019/20 season , accessed on July 7, 2020
    15. ↑ BUNDESLIGA ROOKIE AWARD winner season 2019/20 , rookie-award.com, accessed on July 7, 2020
    16. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/2020 - stadiums. In: weltfussball.de. June 15, 2019, accessed June 15, 2019 .
    17. ↑ Annual ticket information for the 2019/20 season. In: FC Bayern Munich website. May 16, 2019, accessed October 30, 2019 .
    18. ↑ 30,000 season tickets gone - advance sales have stopped. In: borussia.de. Borussia Mönchengladbach , June 29, 2019, accessed on August 24, 2019 .
    19. ↑ New top sponsor: ONE joins Union as a sleeve sponsor. In: fc-union-berlin.de. 1. FC Union Berlin , September 9, 2019, accessed on August 14, 2019 .
    20. ↑ Tickets 2019/2020 - News - SC Paderborn 07. In: scp07.de. SC Paderborn 07 , accessed on July 23, 2019 .
    21. ↑ Bundesliga 2019/2020 - viewers , weltfussball.de, accessed on June 27, 2020
    22. Jump up against Leipzig: Why Unions Alte Försterei suddenly had 455 more visitors , berliner-kurier.de, accessed on August 20, 2019
    23. ↑ Robin Natusch: Yellow cards for Baumgart and Funkel cause trouble. In: sport.sky.de. Sky Deutschland GmbH, August 25, 2019, accessed on August 31, 2019 .
    24. ↑ Mainz 05: Black is the first BuLi coach to see yellow-red - suspension for the next game , transfermarkt.de, accessed on September 26, 2019
    25. ↑ All trainers still in office - and yet always in conversation , tz.de, accessed on July 7, 2020
    26. ↑ Asian Bundesliga record: Frankfurt professional Makoto Hasebe replaces Bum-kun Cha , sportbuzzer.de from June 6, 2020, accessed on June 8, 2020.
    27. ↑ Bayern first - Freiburg and Hertha make the game day historic , kicker.de, accessed on September 29, 2019
    28. ↑ Bundesliga soon to be empty? In: tagesschau.de . March 9, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    29. ↑ DFL Presidium deals with the corona virus: The dates for the upcoming game day remain unchanged. In: DFL German Football League GmbH . March 9, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    30. ↑ Embolo decides the very first Bundesliga ghost game. In: kicker.de . March 11, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    31. ↑ Bundesliga and 2nd division play at the weekend - break from Tuesday. In: kicker.de . March 13, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    32. ↑ City of Bremen cancels Werder's home game against Leverkusen. In: kicker.de . March 13, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    33. ↑ According to current developments in connection with the Corona virus: DFL decides to postpone the 26th matchday of the Bundesliga and 2nd Bundesliga. In: DFL German Football League GmbH . March 13, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    34. ↑ DFL: No games until April 2nd - game operations are open again. In: kicker.de . March 16, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    35. ↑ DFL General Assembly decides to move on to the Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2. In: bundesliga.de. March 16, 2020, accessed March 31, 2020 .
    36. ↑ DFL general assembly resolves far-reaching adjustments in the licensing process to relieve clubs , bundesliga.de, March 31, 2020, accessed on April 1, 2020.
    37. ^ Concept of the "Task Force Sports Medicine / Special Game Operation " , dfl.de, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    38. ↑ DFL "ready" for the restart - Seifert defends itself against criticism , kicker.de, April 23, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    39. ↑ p. 8 of the concept, PDF (2.14 MB).
    40. ↑ "Football plays a special role" , deutschlandfunk.de, April 26, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    41. ↑ Minister Heil insured: DFL concept to continue the Bundesliga meets occupational safety requirements , sportbuzzer.de, April 29, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    42. ↑ Around 1,700 corona tests are carried out at all 36 Bundesliga and 2nd Bundesliga clubs before the start of team training , dfl.de, May 4, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    43. ↑ Politics enables the season to continue from the second half of May - Statement by Christian Seifert , dfl.de, May 6, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    44. ↑ Season continuation on May 16 - return from the Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 starts with the 26th matchday , dfl.de, May 7, 2020, accessed on May 7, 2020.
    45. ↑ DFL General Assembly confirms: The current season should be played to the end - if necessary in July , dfl.de, accessed on May 14, 2020
    46. ↑ Bundesliga in data analysis: This is how football changes when there are no fans ; Spiegel.de, accessed on June 25, 2020.
    47. ↑ Referee , weltfussball.de, accessed on June 28, 2020
    48. ↑ Squad FC Bayern Munich 2019/20 , kicker.de
    49. ↑ FC Bayern splits with coach Niko Kovač , fcbayern.com, November 3, 2019, accessed on November 3, 2019.
    50. ↑ Hansi Flick will remain head coach of FC Bayern until the end of the season , fcbayern.com, accessed on December 22, 2019
    51. ↑ TSG and trainer Schreuder end cooperation , achtzehn99.de, accessed on June 9, 2020
    52. ↑ Kaltenbach officially Hoffenheim coach against RB Leipzig , bnn.de, June 12, 2020, accessed on June 17, 2020.
    53. ↑ Uwe Rösler new head coach at Fortuna Düsseldorf , f95.de, January 29, 2020, accessed on February 11, 2020.
    54. ↑ Mutual separation from Ante Covic , herthabsc.de, November 27, 2019, accessed on November 27, 2019.
    55. ↑ Jürgen Klinsmann is no longer head coach , herthabsc.de, February 11, 2020, accessed on February 11, 2020.
    56. ↑ Bruno Labbadia new head coach at Hertha BSC , herthabsc.de, April 9, 2020, accessed on April 9, 2020.
    57. ↑ Mainz 05 and Sandro Schwarz split amicably , mainz05.de, accessed on November 10, 2019
    58. ↑ Achim Beierlorzer new trainer of the 05ER , mainz05.de, November 18, 2019, accessed on November 18, 2019.
    59. ↑ FC Augsburg releases coach Martin Schmidt , Bundesliga.de, accessed on March 9, 2020
    60. ↑ Heiko Herrlich is the new head coach at FC Augsburg , Bundesliga.de, accessed on March 10, 2020
    61. ↑ FC releases Achim Beierlorzer , fc.de, accessed on November 9, 2019.
    62. ↑ FC sign Horst Heldt and Markus Gisdol , fc.de, November 18, 2019, accessed on November 18, 2019.