2020 United States presidential election

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59th presidential election
3rd November 2020
			Democratic Party
			Joe Biden / Kamala Harris
			Electors					306
			be right				81.284.778
									51.3%
			Republican Party
			Donald Trump / Mike Pence
			Electors					232
			be right				74.224.501
									46.8%
Election results by state
25 states + DC + NE02   Biden / Harris						25 states + ME02   Trump / pence
President of the United States
Pre-election Donald Trump Republican Party						Elected Joe Biden Democratic Party

The 2020 presidential election in the United States on November 3 (popular election of delegates to the Electoral College ) and December 14, 2020 (election proper) was the 59th  election for President and Vice President of the United States . It was part of the 2020 elections in the United States , which included the House of Representatives and about a third of the Senate (33 out of 100 regular seats, as well as a special election in Arizona and one in Georgia) were chosen. On January 5, 2021, two runoff elections were held in Georgia for both the regular Senate election and the special election, which decided on control in the Senate.

It was the first presidential election in which the candidates for the two major parties are older than 70 years: On the Republican side , the incumbent 45th  President Donald Trump (74 years old at the time of the 2020 election) already announced his candidacy for on the day of his inauguration in 2017 2020 on. The few competitors in the primaries did not find any support worth mentioning , so that Trump reached a majority of the party congress delegates on March 17, 2020 and was subsequently confirmed as the Republican candidate in August 2020. He ran again with his Vice President Mike Pence .

There was a large field of applicants for the Democrats . Well over twenty prominent politicians ran for election. After the first primaries, the field of applicants focused on Senator Bernie Sanders and former Vice President Joe Biden . Since Sanders resigned in April 2020, Biden, who was 77 at the time of the election, has been the Democratic nominee-designate before being officially named Democratic presidential candidate at the August 2020 Democratic Convention. He has named the politician and lawyer Kamala Harris for the vice-presidency .

Up to and including November 2, 2020, over 100 million eligible voters exercised their right to so-called “early voting” , ie voting in person or by post before the actual election date.

From March 2020, the election campaign was heavily influenced in terms of content and organization by the COVID-19 pandemic . The Democrats held their party conference online for the first time in August 2020 . In the middle of the election campaign in September 2020, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a liberal member of the US Supreme Court , died, which led to a discussion during the election campaign as to whether the vacant post should be filled again before the election. On October 26, a week before the election, Conservative Judge Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed by the US Senate with 52 votes to 48 and sworn in as Ginsburg's successor in the Supreme Court.

A clear result was not yet certain on election day, as the counting of votes took several days in some countries, also due to the large number of postal votes. It was not until November 7, 2020, on the basis of preliminary data, that the US media unanimously declared that Biden had won the election. Trump announced (as the first incumbent in US history ) not to recognize this result and announced legal action. He repeatedly claimed that the election had been rigged to "steal" his presidency, but at no point was he able to provide any concrete evidence for the allegation. Neither American official bodies nor independent international observers found any evidence of election fraud. Trump's lawsuits have been largely dismissed. In the US state of Georgia , however, an arranged re-counting of the votes confirmed the outcome of the first count with Joe Biden as the winner.

With a three-week delay , Trump initiated the transition of the presidency through the General Services Administration on November 24 . Trump did not admit the election defeat, but continued to claim in early December without evidence that he had won the election and that “corrupt forces” had stolen them from him. At the same time, as of December 5, only 27 of a total of 249 Republican congressmen recognized Biden's election victory, although Biden had a clear majority of electorates and received more than seven million votes more than Trump. As the first candidate in US history, Biden exceeded the mark of 80 million votes. Trump, meanwhile, received the second highest number of votes in a US presidential election, with more than 74 million votes, and thus the most votes from an unsuccessful candidate in a US presidential election. Vice President Mike Pence announced the official final result on January 7, 2021 in a joint meeting of the two chambers of congress. Previously, Congress had to suspend its deliberations for several hours because angry supporters of Trump had invaded the Capitol .

The turnout was 66.3% - around 158.54 million of the 239.25 million eligible voters cast their votes in the presidential election. Compared to the 2016 election, voter turnout rose by 7.1 percentage points from 59.2% and reached the highest percentage since the US presidential election in 1900 .

Date, election procedure and distribution of voters

→ Main article : "Procedure" in the article "Presidential election in the United States"

According to the Presidential Election Day Act of January 23, 1845, election day is the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, i.e. November 3 in 2020. The electors of the Electoral College are elected, which elects the President and Vice-President 41 days after the election, i.e. in December 2020. In principle, every state has the right to decide how to allocate its electorate. In 48 of the 50 states, whoever receives a relative majority of the votes receives all of the state's electorate ( majority vote ). The states of Maine and Nebraska have the peculiarity that three (Nebraska) and two (Maine) voters are determined by the majorities in the congressional constituencies and not by the majorities in the entire state; Most recently, Barack Obama won one of five Nebraska electorates in this way in the 2008 election and Donald Trump won one of four Maine electors in 2016. Maine is the first and first state to use instant runoff voting to identify voters in a presidential election .

Each state appoints as many electors as it sends representatives to both houses of Congress. Since the number of representatives in the House of Representatives is based on the population, in the case of the 2020 election for the last time after the 2010 census , but each state has two senators, the less populous states are overrepresented: California has about 66 times as many inhabitants as Wyoming, but sends only 55 electorate, Wyoming three. According to the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution , the capital Washington, which is not represented in Congress as the District of Columbia , currently has three electors as the smallest state has. The Electoral College has a total of 538 voters, so the absolute majority is 270 votes.

At the same time, elections for the House of Representatives (all 435 + 6 members) and the Senate (33 of the 100 members, Class II and two by-elections) take place at the federal level, as well as for various governor's offices and state legislatures at the state level .

Framework

History and starting position

→ Main articles : 2016 US Presidential Election , Donald Trump's 2015-16 Presidential Campaign,  and Donald Trump's Presidency

Donald Trump won the presidential election in November 2016 with his running mate Mike Pence against the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton (with her running mate Tim Kaine ) by conquering some of the previous blue states , i.e. US states, most of which had supported the Democrats with a majority in the last election, including Florida and North Carolina and states in the industrial heartland ( Rust Belt ) such as Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin and Michigan . In doing so, he managed to win over many of the more rural, low-skilled voters with below-average incomes who had previously voted for Democrats. Whether these voters can be described as losers from modernization is a matter of dispute. Trump received almost 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton , but a clear majority of 304 to 227 electors in the crucial electoral college.

Trump's election campaign was dominated by issues such as immigration; With provocative statements, often seen as racist and sexist, and using simple language, he presented himself as a populist candidate who fights against the establishment . Large parts of the media and civil society had sometimes openly spoken out against him or protested , but parts of his own party had also refused to support him. In this particularly controversial election campaign, violence broke out to a previously unknown extent; the most loyal supporters of Trump were people from the right counter-public to the Alt-Right .

Trump, whose personal popularity had always been low during the election campaign, almost continuously lost approval during his tenure and after the first six months was the most unpopular US president in history. Because of possible agreements with Russian authorities in the election campaign to the detriment of Hillary Clinton, special investigator Robert Mueller conducted investigations against Trump. There were also several lawsuits against Trump because of the inadequate separation of his business interests. His White House was seen as chaotic and inefficient in the first six months; Legislative projects announced during the election campaign failed due to the disagreement of the Republicans. Employees of the executive branch as well as representatives and senators of the legislature have curtailed Trump's competencies and authority , so that in August 2017 his presidency was widely acknowledged to be very difficult.

In September 2019, allegations were raised that Trump had urged his Ukrainian counterpart Volodymyr Zelenskyi in July 2019 to investigate Hunter Biden , the son of his possible contender in the election, Joe Biden , who has business ties in Ukraine. After an anonymous CIA employee filed a complaint based on a testimony from White House employees, the US Department of Justice initially dragged them off ; only after it became public did it formally go to the chairs of the intelligence committees of the US Congress, which began the Ukraine affair . On September 24, 2019, the Democrats in Congress officially launched an impeachment trial against Trump . The White House announced that it did not want to cooperate with the US Congress. Energy Secretary Rick Perry announced his resignation on October 17, 2019 and left office on December 1, 2019.

In view of the good economic figures (especially the low unemployment) and Trump's acceptance in the Republican Party, a re-election of Trump was considered possible in spring 2019. Trump's behavior since the beginning of the corona pandemic and the 2020 economic crisis have led to relatively poor poll numbers for Trump's re-election since spring 2020.

The election coverage of Das Erste , ZDF and Spiegel could not go as planned because the USA does not allow entry from Europe due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Three months before the election, Facebook Inc. announced measures to counter false reports or fake news in its network. One was the removal of sites like QAnon , which had spread conspiracy theories on Facebook.

Voter suppression

From September 2020, the democratic side and minority representatives have repeatedly accused the republican states of voting suppression. In early October, Mother Jones magazine listed a total of 29 different measures in which Republican states tried to prevent minorities, who tend to vote democratically, from voting. A number of measures to make postal voting more difficult were listed , including: through restrictive admission criteria, reduction of postal ballot boxes to one per county and obstruction of the federal post office. There are also restrictions on early voting in polling stations and the closure of polling stations in predominantly black areas, so that waiting times are much longer than in more white areas.

For example, in late October, just before the election date and after weeks of early voting, a Conservative activist and Republican candidate filed a lawsuit against drive-through polling stations in Harris County , Texas , to have the votes cast invalid. Harris County is the largest county of Texas, includes among other things the city of Houston and is considered a very strong democratic voting county. By the time the lawsuit was filed, around 127,000 people had already voted in drive-through voting stations. Previously, the governor of Texas, Greg Abbott , had already made postal voting very difficult by allowing only one postal voting station per county. Harris County was particularly hard hit, with around 2.4 million eligible voters living there in over 4,000 square kilometers. Almost two thirds of the population belong to minorities. Depending on where they live, postal voters therefore had to travel a distance of up to 75 kilometers (one way) to the postal voting station. Before the order, there had been 12 dispensing stations in the county.

The US electoral system tends to favor the Republican party, which is particularly strong in rural areas. In the 20 years leading up to the election, Republican presidential candidates had won the popular vote (the majority of votes) only once, but were elected president for twelve years due to the electoral system . They also had a majority of 53 to 47 seats in the US Senate in 2019/20, although the 45 Democratic and 2 independent candidates won more votes than the Republican majority. According to Ezra Klein , for a secure majority in the electoral system and in the House of Representatives , the Democratic Party must win the popular vote with a 3-4% lead, while for a majority of senators it would need 6 to 7 percent more votes than the Republican Party.

Controversy over postal voting - obstruction of the US Federal Post Office

Beginning in April 2020, Trump stated repeatedly, without citing evidence, that the postal vote organized by the US Postal Service would lead to election fraud in the 2020 presidential election. In contrast, he himself voted in the primaries of the US presidential election in March 2020 by postal vote.

In June 2020, Trump swapped heads of the US Postal Service by proclaiming Louis DeJoy as the new Postal Secretary of the US Federal Post Office. Louis DeJoy had previously supported Trump's election campaign with more than a million dollars. Louis DeJoy began replacing a large part of the management staff at the Post and pursued a massive austerity course, which included a ban on overtime. This was at the expense of reliable mail and parcel delivery. Many letter sorting machines were also dismantled from June onwards. In an interview in August 2020, Trump admitted in an interview that he was deliberately withholding billions of dollars in funding intended for the organization and implementation of postal votes from the US Postal Service in order to undermine the functioning of postal voting and the timely delivery of postal voting documents. 14 US states successfully sued the operational changes at the US Federal Post Office. The judgment was issued on September 17, 2020.

Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg - replacement of the Supreme Court

On September 18, 2020, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a liberal judge of the Supreme Court, died . Under current law, Donald Trump, as President, was able to fill the vacated judge's seat by nominating a new judge before the election. The Democrats called for this to be done after the election; The Republican majority in the Senate had already called for the same against Barack Obama in 2016 and blocked an appointment for months. An appointment only after the elections would be entirely in keeping with the will of Ginsburg, who dictated her political will a few days before her death. Donald Trump nominated Conservative Judge Amy Coney Barrett on September 26th . On October 26th, Barrett was confirmed by the US Senate by 52 votes to 48 and appointed as the successor to Ruth Bader Ginsburg in the Supreme Court. This means that there is a two-thirds majority of conservatively oriented judges in the Supreme Court . It was wrongly feared that this would give Trump an advantage in legal proceedings if the presidential election were to be decided in court, as was the case in the 1876 and 2000 elections .

Possible influence by foreign government apparatus

In early August 2020, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC), which reports to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence , saw signs that Russia , China and Iran were preparing to influence the US presidential elections. The NCSC ruled that the interest of the People's Republic of China and Iran is a change of government.

According to the findings of the US secret services expressed in September 2020 , the Russian government apparatus is running a disinformation campaign aimed at portraying Trump in an advantageous manner over Biden.

Attacks on political opponents

Planned kidnapping of Governor Gretchen Whitmer

On October 8, 2020, the arrested FBI thirteen men, six of whom are accused of the kidnapping of the Democratic Governor of the State of Michigan , Gretchen Whitmer to have planned. The others are charged with plotting to start a civil war. A published court document shows that the six men had been discussing Whitmer's kidnapping since at least the summer of 2020, and also observed their holiday home and tested an explosive device.

Attack on Democratic MPs

In late October 2020, Texas Democratic election rallies had to be canceled due to security concerns. Previously, Trump supporters, some of whom were armed, intercepted an election campaign bus with dozens of pickup trucks and tried to push it off the highway by ramming it. Among other things, a truck rammed an escort vehicle. There were several Democratic MPs on board the bus . According to a media report, the police are said to have refused to intervene because it was outside their area of ​​responsibility. According to a Democratic spokesman, one of the police officers involved wore a bandana from the Blue Lives Matter movement, which speaks out for Trump. Trump praised the action of his supporters both on Twitter and at a campaign event and tweeted: "I love Texas!" The FBI started an investigation into the attack.

Robot calls on election day

On election day, at least ten million computerized phone calls (robocalls) were made in the United States asking recipients to "take care of yourself and stay home" (translated). The FBI has opened an investigation into the matter. Regardless of the computer-generated calls on election day, billions of so-called robocalls are recorded in the United States every month.

Doubts about the legality of the election result and the orderly outcome of the election

Before the election, Trump's statements about the election (as well as his statements about his own possible defeat) raised doubts about an orderly, peaceful election result. A few months before the election, Trump had launched a campaign of disinformation about alleged electoral fraud with the aim of undermining the integrity of the election. Trump said several times that only a fake election could take away his new presidency. His government spokeswoman announced on September 24, 2020 that Trump would accept the result of "a fair and free election". A few days later, Trump reiterated his opinion that the election was being faked by the Democrats. He expects the “fake election” to be decided by the Supreme Court and therefore considers it important to have a ninth person in the Supreme Court before the election.

A few days after the election, some of the vote evaluations took place under police protection because Trump supporters, partly armed, demonstrated in Michigan and Arizona in front of and in buildings where votes were counted to call for a countdown.

In those days, Trump began to bring him well-balanced people into high-ranking positions in the Pentagon . First he sacked Secretary of Defense Mark Esper . He then appointed Anthony Tata as the new Secretary of State for Political Affairs and Ezra Cohen-Watnick as Secretary of State for Intelligence. Joseph Kernan had previously announced his resignation. Acting Secretary of Defense Miller brought in Kash Patel as his own chief of staff, replacing Jen Stewart . Meanwhile, Joe Biden presented a panel of experts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic .

Trump's own director of the electoral security agency (CISA), Chris Krebs , contradicted Trump's allegations and emphasized - as did the electoral authorities in the states (including those led by the Republican) - that there was no evidence of systematic election manipulation. Trump then fired him. On December 1, 2020, Attorney General William Barr also contradicted Trump's allegations of massive election rigging: "So far we have not seen any fraud on a scale that could have influenced the outcome of the election." Two weeks later, Barr announced his resignation on December 23, 2020.

Vote counting and re-counting lawsuits

On the first election night, Trump claimed the election victory for himself during the count. When no landmark decision had been made the following day and votes were still being counted in the states of Georgia , Michigan and Pennsylvania , Trump's team complained against the evaluation on the grounds that they had not been able to adequately observe the previous counts there. They called for the count to be stopped until there was "reasonable access" to the censuses. With the lawsuit, these Republicans also demanded the recounting of the votes already evaluated in these three states. However, the evaluation of the votes was not stopped in order to preserve popular sovereignty . The lawsuits were denied by appropriate judges in Michigan, Georgia, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.

When the election results were challenged, cities with a high Afro-American population were targeted. B. Philadelphia , Atlanta and Detroit . Trump and his team portrayed these places as being marked by political corruption. Contrary to the facts, the President described Detroit's electoral system as so flawed that the election results from there should be completely annulled. Although Trump had lost heavily in the urban suburbs, where the white population is mostly the majority, compared to 2016, he hardly doubted the results here. According to a report in the New York Times, this practice fits into a larger historical context in which Republicans have for decades restrictively restrained Afro-American and Latino voters from exercising their right to vote. The President of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights sees Trump's behavior as a return to the political tactics of the Jim Crow era during racial segregation . The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , the oldest civil rights law firm in the United States, brought charges against Trump and his team for disqualifying African Americans in Detroit, in violation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , which carries out election observations and sent only 30 observers to the US elections due to the pandemic, instead of 500 under the leadership of FDP Bundestag member Michael Georg Link , was able to (as of November 5, 2020) after a own investigation into the allegations of the Republicans did not find any irregularities. However, she criticized the unsubstantiated allegations of the US president as undemocratic. US election observers also found no illegal activities.

On November 10, European time, US Attorney General William Barr allowed state prosecutors to investigate "substantive allegations of irregularities" before the end of the count. After the permission was granted, the director of the electoral crimes department, Richard Pilger, complained that this violated standards that were decades old and resigned with immediate effect.

In Wisconsin , Trump's team filed a recount request in Milwaukee and Dane counties on Nov. 18 ; there were "the worst irregularities". The result of the recount published on November 27th confirmed Biden as the winner.

A recount in the state of Georgia , completed on November 19, showed a difference of 5,262 votes compared to the preliminary final result. By distributing the additional votes, Biden's lead over Trump shrank by 496 to 12,284 votes. On November 20, however, the state did not certify the result of the recount as the official final result, but rather a mixture of the original result, adjusted for additional votes that subsequently appeared during the recount in two districts and that were originally not counted due to human error: Biden won the state of Georgia by 12,670 votes. After the announcement by the Republican Interior Minister Brad Raffensperger , the Republican Governor Brian Kemp also certified the official final result and the 16 electoral votes for Biden with his signature.

On November 21, a Pennsylvania court dismissed a lawsuit by Trump's team that aimed to invalidate millions of postal votes on "speculative claims". They failed with it before the Supreme Court of the state - also with the "proposal to disenfranchise all [...] voters from Pennsylvania" or to annul the entire election result. Biden was certified as a winner on November 24th. On December 8, the United States Supreme Court declined an injunction.

On November 24th, the Michigan electoral body confirmed that according to the results, the electorate of the US state would be awarded to the winner there, Biden. Previously, in addition to filing a lawsuit against the evaluation, Trump had invited the Republican majority leaders from Michigan to the White House to find out more about possible courses of action.

In early December, turned the Texas attorney general , Ken Paxton , the US Supreme Court to the election results in the states of Michigan, Georgia, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin to void. He claimed that in these states the electoral law was "unconstitutional" changed shortly before the election and that large-scale "fraud-prone" postal votes were counted. 17 other Republican counterparts support the lawsuit, while - in addition to the four affected - 23 mostly democratic states reject it. The court dismissed the lawsuit on December 11; Texas had "no legal justification to intervene in the elections of another state". Judges Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas made a brief joint statement in which they wrote that, although they had accepted the lawsuit on constitutional grounds, they could not see the plaintiffs " legitimate interests " in it. Trump tweeted that the verdict was "a major and scandalous miscarriage of justice". The Trump camp filed over 50 trials in the course of the election and lost them all.

Delayed presidential transition

Under the Presidential Transition Act of 1963, the president-elect has early access to government records, necessary office space, and funding. The likely election winner is determined by the General Services Administration (GSA), which reports to the incumbent President, after the main election. Trump did not instruct the GSA to act according to the protocol until November 23, so that the presidential transition could only begin then, instead of the usual days after the election. The determination came shortly after the announcement of the US state Michigan that the Electoral Votes (the votes of the voters) go according to the result to Biden. Simultaneously with his instruction, he announced that he would continue his fight for the office.

On November 23 and 24, 164 US corporate chiefs and more than 100 Republican security experts appealed in open letters to Trump to admit his electoral defeat and ensure a smooth transition to the presidency for the Biden cabinet .

In a video released on December 2, 2020, Trump repeated unsubstantiated claims.

In the weeks following the election, ex-Trump attorney Sidney Powell accused the Dominion voting machine company of counting actual Trump votes in favor of President-elect Joe Biden. She was then sued by the company for defamation for $ 1.3 billion in damages. Together with Trump's private attorney Rudy Giuliani , she had also spread the conspiracy theory that “massive influence of communist money over Venezuela , Cuba and presumably China ” had decided Biden's election victory. However, it did not provide any evidence to support these claims. Trump's legal team then separated from Powell, who, as Giuliani announced, was "not a member of the Trump legal team [...] [and] not a private lawyer for the president." When she appeared with Giuliani, however, she was introduced as a member of the "Elite Strike Force" of the legal team. According to media reports, Powell was a guest in the Oval Office, the president's office, several times.

Trump called Georgia Election Commissioner Brad Raffensperger (also Secretary of State of Georgia ) on January 3, 2021 , urging him to "find" 11,780 votes. The Washington Post made an audio recording of the phone call public. Chief of Staff Mark Meadows and Legal Adviser to the President also attended the meeting.

In an opinion article published January 4, 2021, all ten surviving former US defense ministers called on the incumbent president and Republicans to respect the election result. They stressed that the US Army should not play a role in the outcome of the election.

Storm on the Capitol

On January 6, 2021, both houses of the US Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) formally recognized the election result; US Vice President Mike Pence chaired the joint meeting of both chambers. Before the meeting, Trump asked Pence not to certify individual votes of the electorate or the result of the election. Pence declined Trump's invitation, referring to his oath to protect the United States Constitution . On January 6th, at a rally in front of the White House, Trump gave a speech in front of thousands of supporters, in which he repeated his claim that the “election victory was stolen by the radical left Democrats”.

The official recognition of the election results by Congress on January 6th and 7th, 2021, was delayed by objections from Republican Party politicians and was interrupted for a few hours by a storm on the Capitol in Washington . The session of the Congress then continued and the election result was confirmed by the US Congress.

Four Trump supporters and one police officer died in connection with the protests and riots .

After the storm on the Capitol

Numerous politicians hold the president responsible for what happened. Some are calling for a second impeachment, others are calling on Mike Pence to declare Trump incapacitated on the basis of Article 4 of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution , which Trump refused.

Trump announced on his Twitter account that he would not attend the inauguration of his successor, Joe Biden .

On January 8, 2021, Twitter announced that it had banned Trump permanently for "violating the rule to glorify violence" and the risk of "further inciting violence".

Candidates

Republican candidates and primary campaign

See also : 2020 U.S. Presidential Prefix Results

On the day of his inauguration , January 20, 2017, Donald Trump submitted the documents for participation in the 2020 presidential election to the federal electoral authority, earlier than any previous presidents. As a result, he was able to collect donations for re-election right from the start of his term of office, which were much larger in the first half of 2017 than among the competing Democrats and were mainly based on small sums of individual donors. Four weeks after taking office, almost four years before the next election, Trump held his first campaign event and has since performed in some of the states that helped him win the election. He held the first fundraising event in late June 2017 at his Trump International Hotel in Washington, DC, not far from the White House . At the beginning of August 2017, a loose series of videos called "Real News" started on his Facebook page . The production of these one- to two-minute videos is financed from campaign donations, directed by Trump's daughter-in-law Lara Trump and spreads positive propaganda reports about the president, which were often promptly refuted as incorrect or incomplete. Shortly before his inauguration, during the presidential transition, Trump had, in continuation of his 2016 motto, Make America Great Again , registered for the 2020 election as the slogan “Keep America Great!”. In August 2017, the Los Angeles Times analyzed that Trump had given the "permanent election campaign" a new quality by using non-political occasions for militant appearances and events in front of supporters to satisfy his vanity instead of promoting political projects. After Trump had already received a serious internal party candidate in Evan McMullin from Utah during the main election in 2016 , who had won 20.4 percent of the vote in this state, political observers speculated especially after the first half of the 2017 presidency, which was generally considered problematic about similar candidacies from fellow party members in 2020, which are unusual against an incumbent president. One of the possible opposing candidates was the rather moderate Governor of Ohio , John Kasich , who was only defeated late against Trump in the party’s internal presidential election in 2016. Kasich fueled speculation in April 2017 when he published a book entitled "Two Paths: America Divided or United" based on an anti-Trump speech in 2016 in which he criticized his party for its support for the president. Senators Tom Cotton from Arkansas and Ben Sasse from Nebraska fueled speculation by visiting the first primary state of Iowa , as did Vice President Mike Pence , who makes many appearances in front of large Republican donors and whose advisors have signaled his readiness to run if Trump does not run. A survey by the New York Times of 75 Republican officials in August 2017 revealed great uncertainty as to whether Trump would run in 2020. His inner-party opponent John McCain , who died in 2018, said that Trump's rivals were feeling his weakness. The influential conservative journalist William Kristol , who spoke out against Trump in 2016, was planning a committee against his re-election in order to "free" conservatism from Trumpism . In January 2019, the 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney sharply criticized Donald Trump for his presidential stance to date. He fueled speculation that he would run against Trump in the Republican primary. In February 2019 , former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld announced the establishment of an Exploratory committee to run for Republican - on April 15, he officially announced his candidacy against Trump. The businessman Rocky De La Fuente announced his candidacy on May 16, 2019, but had no chance in the primaries. On August 25, 2019, former Congressman Joe Walsh announced his candidacy, but had to withdraw it in the course of the candidacy. On September 8, 2019, Former South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford announced that he would run for Republican; on November 12, 2019, he withdrew his candidacy. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the date for numerous primaries had been postponed. In Wisconsin , the area code scheduled for April 7, 2020 was postponed by the governor the day before by two months. Due to a court ruling prompted by the Republicans at short notice, the election was held on the originally planned date. The area code in New York, which was initially postponed from April 28 to June 23 due to the pandemic, has since been canceled without replacement, as all applicants have already given up except for Joe Biden. The election was rescheduled by a court decision. On August 24, 2020, Donald Trump was formally confirmed as a candidate for the presidential election at the Republican Party Conference.

Active candidacies

picture	candidate	Previous office	Comment / receipt	logo
	Donald Trump	Acting US President

Donation income / financing

candidate	Donation overview (until June 30, 2020)
	Total donation income in $	including private donations	% of small donations up to $ 200	expenditure	Available money	Debt
Donald Trump	342,699,051.30	154,862,428.30	47.91%	237,285,773.64	113,024,980.58	629,582.32

Candidacy withdrawn

• Bill Weld , former Massachusetts Governor
• Joe Walsh , former member of the US House of Representatives
• Mark Sanford , former South Carolina Governor

Democratic candidates and primary campaign

See also : 2020 U.S. Presidential Prefix Results

A candidate needs an absolute majority of delegate votes for nomination at the party congress. Delegates are awarded proportionally at the congressional electoral district level (65 percent) and at the state level (35 percent) with a 15 percent threshold. If no candidate achieves an absolute majority in the first ballot, around 771 so-called super delegates (DNC members, party leaders, governors, senators and MPs ) are also entitled to vote in the following ballots . Numerous candidates ran for this election. The first Democratic candidate to run was Congressman John K. Delaney in late July 2017 . In November 2017, US entrepreneur Andrew Yang announced his candidacy. At the end of 2018, the Senator for Massachusetts , Elizabeth Warren, announced the establishment of an exploratory committee; further politicians followed by March 2019: Tulsi Gabbard , Congressman from Hawaii , Julián Castro , former Minister of Housing and Urban Development under President Barack Obama , and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand for New York , Kamala Harris for California and Pete Buttigieg , Mayor of South Bend, Indiana and Marianne Williamson , US entrepreneur, Cory Booker , Senator for New Jersey , Senator Elizabeth Warren for Massachusetts (candidacy officially announced December 31, 2018), Amy Klobuchar , Senator for Minnesota and Bernie Sanders , Senator for Vermont , plus Democratic Governors Jay Inslee of Washington, John Hickenlooper of Colorado , former Congressman Beto O'Rourke, and Mayor Wayne Messam. In April 2017, the New York Times identified two groups among the potential candidates in the Democratic Party, which had no leadership after the 2016 election defeat , and which were differentiated according to familiarity and generations : three nationwide candidates each had a large following, namely Obama's Vice President Joe Biden , Hillary Clinton's main rival within the party, Bernie Sanders, and the progressive Elizabeth Warren , who officially declared her candidacy at the end of 2018. At the time of inauguration in 2021, all of these three candidates would be over 70 years old. These older people, who are economically inclined to populism, are faced with an amorphous field of younger candidates who are scattered across the entire ideological spectrum of the party, including governors, mayors, senators and members of the House of Representatives who, due to Trump's turbulence, but also his least expected Victory had been encouraged. Therefore, observers expect the Democrats to have a very large, unmanageable field. Ambitions of the 2004 Democratic presidential candidate , Obama's Secretary of State John Kerry , were also reported in connection with the first group. New York magazine saw this group as an expression of the gerontocracy of American politics; Kerry belongs together with Biden and Sanders to the "Silent Generation" between the World War II ("GI Generation") and the baby boomers , to which Warren already belongs. The three potential candidates who showed the most signs of preparing to run as of May 2017 were Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, and the Senator for Minnesota , Al Franken . Possible younger candidates among the senators considered the 2014 selected Cory Booker from New Jersey and since 2017 the Senate for California belonging to Kamala Harris , who attracted a great deal of interest from large donors of the Democrats on the first half 2017, and Kirsten Gillibrand of New York , Amy Klobuchar from Minnesota and Chris Murphy from Connecticut . Also Sherrod Brown was, especially after his re-election in the Republican expectant Ohio in November 2018 as a possible candidate. He decided against running for office in spring 2019. Washington Democratic Governor Jay Inslee expressed interest in running and announced his candidacy. He withdrew his candidacy in the summer of 2019. Jason Kander , who was narrowly defeated in the Missouri Senate election in 2016 , drew a lot of interest from grassroots Democrats as a potential presidential candidate. According to media reports, the former President Barack Obama is trying to convince his companion and former Governor of Massachusetts, Deval Patrick , to run. He decided against it and justified it with the US electoral system. In late July 2018, Eric Holder , the former Attorney General in the Obama cabinet , announced that he was interested in running. In the end he decided against running for office. Beto O'Rourke , who was narrowly defeated in the Texas Senate election at the end of 2018 , was also named as a possible candidate. He announced his candidacy in spring 2019, but has since officially withdrawn his candidacy in November. A number of entrepreneurs have also been identified as potential candidates, including Mark Cuban , Mark Zuckerberg , Sheryl Sandberg and Howard Schultz . Howard Schultz announced in January 2019 that he would be considering a candidacy as an independent candidate, the Democrats warned him against this step, they feared a possible re-election of Trump. He decided against running. TV stars such as Oprah Winfrey , Dwayne Johnson and Van Jones are also named . The candidacies of celebrities such as Beyoncé , Matt Damon , Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep were considered unlikely . In September 2018, over 10,000 election ads for the presidential election had run, more than half of them in the primary state of Iowa , earlier than ever in such an election and almost exclusively from the two potential Democratic candidates Delaney and Steyer. After speculation about his application, Tom Steyer turned down a 2020 presidential candidacy. The first poll after the mid-term election in November 2018 saw Biden with 26 percent, followed by Sanders with 19 and O'Rourke with 8 percent, followed by Warren, Harris and Booker with 5 percent or less.

An important issue when looking for a candidate is the question of whether a clearly “left” candidate has a better chance against Trump or a “moderate” candidate who would also appeal to conservative voters.

The Green New Deal , concepts for the ecological turnaround of capitalism, should be a topic among the candidates. Currently, the paper is seen as an important tool for the 2020 election candidates. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the date for numerous primaries had been postponed. In Wisconsin , the area code scheduled for April 7, 2020 was postponed by the governor the day before by two months. Due to a court ruling prompted by the Republicans at short notice, the election was held on the originally planned date. The area code in New York, which was initially postponed from April 28 to June 23 due to the pandemic, has since been canceled without replacement, as all applicants have already given up except for Joe Biden. The election was rescheduled by a court decision. Surveys conducted in April 2019 showed little change in the field of candidates (Biden and Sanders: 25 to 30 percent, O'Rourke and Harris: 8 to 10 percent, Warren: 6 to 8 percent, Booker: 3 to 5 percent). However, Pete Buttigieg was able to gain significant voter support as a result of a discussion event on CNN at the end of March. While Buttigieg was at 0 to 1 percent at the beginning of the year, his approval rose to around 9 percent in national polls, to around 14 percent in the traditionally first primary state of Iowa and up to 15 percent in the second primary state of New Hampshire. The first two Democratic debates took place in Miami , Florida on June 26 and 27 . Ten qualified candidates competed against each other on the consecutive evenings, while five candidates could not qualify due to insufficient survey values ​​or donation income. Two more debates took place in Detroit on July 31 and August 1, 2019 . On November 24, 2019, the former mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg, announced his entry into the race for the presidency, but gave it up again after disappointing results on Super Tuesday and announced that he would support Joe Biden. Amy Klobuchar and Pete Buttigieg had already made this announcement. Bloomberg had its four-month campaign costing about $ 560 million for election advertising alone, many times more than the other applicants.

The results of Super Tuesday on March 3, 2020 also made it clear that the race for the Democratic nomination for the 2020 presidential election is likely to be reduced to Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders. Supporters of Sanders criticize the fact that the party leadership wants to prevent his nomination because as a "socialist" he supposedly has no chance against Trump. To prevent Tulsi Gabbard from participating in the March 15th televised debate, she changed the eligibility criteria.

Due to the low chance of success after several primary defeats against Biden and in view of the COVID-19 pandemic , Sanders gave up his candidacy on April 8, 2020. A few days later he announced his support for Biden. In the same month, Biden announced that Sanders would have a say in the content of the party congress.

Active candidacies

picture	candidate	Previous office	Comment / receipt	logo
	Joe Biden	Former US Vice President

Candidacy withdrawn

• Mike Gravel , former Senator from Alaska
• Richard Ojeda , former West Virginia State Senator
• Eric Swalwell , Congressman from California
• John Hickenlooper , former Colorado Governor
• Seth Moulton , Member of the House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
• Jay Inslee , Washington Governor
• Kirsten Gillibrand , Senator from New York
• Bill de Blasio , Mayor of New York City
• Tim Ryan , Ohio Congressman
• Beto O'Rourke , former Texas Congressman
• Wayne Messam , Mayor of Miramar, Florida
• Kamala Harris , Senator from California
• Steve Bullock , governor of Montana
• Joe Sestak , former Pennsylvania Congressman
• Julián Castro , Minister for Housing and Urban Development in the Barack Obama cabinet
• Marianne Williamson , author and activist
• Cory Booker , Senator from New Jersey
• John Delaney , former Maryland Congressman
• Michael Bennet , Senator from Colorado
• Andrew Yang , entrepreneur
• Deval Patrick , former Massachusetts Governor
• Tom Steyer , hedge fund manager and philanthropist
• Pete Buttigieg , former Mayor of South Bend, Indiana
• Amy Klobuchar , Senator from Minnesota
• Michael Bloomberg , former New York Mayor
• Elizabeth Warren , Senator from Massachusetts
• Tulsi Gabbard , Congressman from Hawaii
• Bernie Sanders , Vermont Senator

Donation income / financing

At the beginning of April 2019, the candidates published the first figures on the donation income in the first quarter. According to the study, the Sanders campaign raised more than $ 20 million in donations, the majority of which came from small private donors. Harris announced revenues of more than 13 million dollars, Buttigieg of more than 7 million dollars - which political experts saw as a surprise success for the previously unknown candidate.

Candidacy withdrawn

candidate	Donation overview (until June 30, 2020)
	Total donation income in $	including private donations	% of small donations up to $ 200	expenditure	Available money	Debt
Michael Bennet	7,520,395.50	6,803,045.72	31.02%	7,508,203.36	12,192.14	0.00
Joe Biden	278,853,303.68	278,135,440.73	42.68%	169,935,827.54	108,917,476.14	0.00
Cory Booker	26,032,480.84	22,944,165.85	33.56%	26,001,580.29	30,900.55	785,889.53
Steve Bullock	5,657,893.29	5,489,635.25	31.94%	5,657,893.29	0.00	0.00
Pete Buttigieg	104,090,267.60	101,987,705.71	43.20%	101,985,459.42	2,104,808.18	1,729,521.93
Julian Castro	220,387.81	213,387.81	10.01%	17,877.31	202,510.50	0.00
Bill de Blasio	1,423,278.97	1,423,239.82	9.97%	1,420,714.18	2,564.79	60,378.40
John Delaney	29,438,709.45	2,582,731.90	13.41%	29,445,407.32	15,344.97	11,738,250.00
Tulsi Gabbard	15,220,885.15	12,444,318.75	57.20%	15,018,838.75	202,046.40	0.00
Kirsten Gillibrand	15,951,804.59	6,278,789.63	31.52%	14,494,464.74	1,457,339.85	0.00
Kamala Harris	41,662,578.08	39,278,684.56	40.03%	41,546,197.89	116,380.19	1,136,022.13
Jay Inslee	6,942,574.55	6,911,292.42	50.00%	6,896,450.21	46,124.34	0.00
Amy Klobuchar	54,094,204.00	49,877,574.90	44.82%	53,813,978.39	280,225.61	0.00
Wayne Messam	126,917.87	124,317.87	31.23%	126,917.87	0.00	81,875.50
Seth Moulton	2,303,262.98	1,499,170.66	22.85%	2,296,241.38	7,021.60	211,553.23
Beto O'Rourke	18,537,035.42	18,448,928.46	51.15%	18,317,001.60	221,665.57	0.00
Tim Ryan	1,341,246.39	1,285,074.27	33.85%	1,340,942.63	303.76	0.00
Bernie Sanders	218,339,850.06	202,554,491.73	56.68%	217,015,082.24	6,780,746.74	0.00
Joe Sestak	449,344.58	440,126.63	24.31%	445,767.92	3,576.66	0.00
Tom Steyer	351,944,080.65	3,719,360.85	67.37%	351,621,442.99	322,754.84	23,835,384.38
Elizabeth Warren	130,323,300.87	115,888,359.86	57.40%	129,489,986.89	833,313.98	1,777,273.73
Marianne Williamson	8,227,159.40	8,216,371.67	57.22%	8,211,848.35	15,311.05	222,360.16
Andrew Yang	42,200,566.68	41,187,082.46	49.75%	42,112,938.86	176,623.05	2,010.00

Libertarian Party candidate

See also : Libertarian Party

In a virtual election on May 23, 2020, 1,035 delegates voted Jo Jorgensen as the official candidate. She received 51 percent of the vote in the fourth ballot, while 28 percent of the delegates voted for Jacob Hornberger and 20 percent for Vermin Supreme . Other official nominees were John Monds , James Gray and Adam Kokesh . In the election of the candidate for the vice presidency, Spike Cohen prevailed with 52 percent against the former presidential candidate John Monds. After all deadlines for submitting the required voting papers have passed, Jorgensen / Cohen have made it onto the ballot in all 50 states as well as the capital Washington, DC. This makes them the only campaign besides Trump / Pence and Biden / Harris who have succeeded in this.

picture	candidate	Previous office	Comment / receipt	logo
	Jo Jorgensen	Professor of Psychology at Clemson University . Vice-presidential candidate of the Libertarian Party in 1996 .

Green Party candidate

See also : Green Party (United States)

In a virtual election on July 11, Howie Hawkins was officially nominated for the presidential nomination and Angela Walker for the vice presidential nomination of the Green Party. As of mid-September, Hawkins / Walker made it onto the ballot in 29 of the 50 states and the capital Washington. In another state (Pennsylvania) legal proceedings were still pending that decided on approval. In 17 other states (including Pennsylvania, if the application is denied) only a "write-in" option was available, which means that the respective candidate is not on the ballot, but the state offers the possibility of a Voters can write the candidate on the ballot and this vote is then counted as valid. Four states did not have the option to vote for Hawkins / Walker. However, legal proceedings were still ongoing in eight states, the outcome of which could have resulted in a change in access to voting slips. On September 14, the Wisconsin Supreme Court denied Hawkins' motion because of formal errors in the filing of the election papers. On September 17, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that Hawkins could not be on the ballot, as in Wisconsin, because of formal errors in the filing of the ballot papers. Since, according to the federal deadline, all counties had to send their postal voting documents to voters abroad by September 19, it was ultimately clear that Hawkins / Walker were on the ballot in 29 states and the capital Washington, DC.

picture	candidate	Previous office	Comment / receipt	logo
	Howie Hawkins	Co-founder of the Green Party

Independent / non-party candidates

On July 5, 2020, Kanye West declared himself a candidate for president. By the end of all the submission deadlines, West had made it onto the ballot in twelve states.

In addition, there were other candidates from various small parties or independent candidates, but only in a few states.

Election campaign since the party congresses in August 2020

Donald Trump's election campaign as a confirmed presidential candidate

Trump used the White House for the conclusion of the Republican nomination party conference in late August 2020 , despite the fact that this violated a law that the White House cannot be used for the election campaign. In his closing speech, Trump claimed that Biden was "a Trojan horse for socialism ", a "puppet of China" and a "left radical". Trump warned that no one would be safe in Biden's America. Biden would "destroy" the American way of life, destroy American jobs and have American places torched by criminal mobs. Trump also claimed his administration did a "great job" fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States . If, however, Biden had been in government, "hundreds of thousands more" would have died. At the beginning of September 2020, Trump called on voters in North Carolina to try to vote in person in addition to the postal vote. He claimed they could check that the postal voting control system was working. Trump also reiterated the allegation of election manipulation in postal votes in September 2020 . In this regard, the FBI said it had registered isolated electoral fraud at previous elections at the local level, but not coordinated attempts at electoral fraud at the national level. According to research by The New York Times , Trump did not remit income taxes to the U.S. Treasury Department for 10 of the 15 years between 2005 and 2020, claiming he had more losses than income. Furthermore, according to the New York Times, as of September 2020, he had outstanding debt of $ 421 million, most of which came from loans to his Trump National Doral Miami golf hotel and his hotel in the Old Post Office Pavilion , for which he is personally liable . Since Trump keeps the identity of the creditors secret, this was discussed in the election campaign.

Corona infection in the White House

On October 2, 2020, Trump and his wife went into quarantine at home after they had both tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 . Several members of the White House staff as well as Trump adviser Kellyanne Conway , former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senators Mike Lee , Thom Tillis and Ron Johnson were infected. Other people in the Trump environment were then tested positive. Those affected included as his campaign manager Bill Stepien , the Republican party chairman Ronna McDaniel , Trump's adviser Stephen Miller and the press secretary of the White House , Kayleigh McEnany . On October 3, Trump went to the Walter Reed Military Hospital . The White House reported that it was "a precautionary measure" and that he could continue to perform his duties as head of government without restriction. The president received remdesivir and dexamethasone for treatment . Trump left the hospital on October 5.

Joe Biden campaigned as a confirmed presidential candidate

At the end of August, Biden accused Trump of having failed to protect the United States from the rapid spread of the corona virus. Biden also blamed Trump for the clashes between militants and Trump supporters on the one hand and demonstrators of the Black Lives Matter movement, which was strengthened again by the police violence against Jacob Blake after the death of George Floyd , on the other. Biden asked, “There are fires burning and we have a President to start the flames. [...] Does anyone think that there will be less violence in the US if Donald Trump is re-elected? […] He [Trump] may think that the words Law and Order make him seem strong. But his inability to call on his own supporters to stop acting like an armed militia in this country shows how weak he is. "

TV duels

Before the election, three 90-minute television duels were agreed between the incumbent president and his challenger for the Democratic Party on September 29, October 15 and 22 (corresponding to September 30, October 16 and 23 at 3 a.m. CEST ) . Due to Donald Trump's corona infection, the TV duel was canceled on October 15. On October 7, 2020 (corresponding to October 8 at 3 a.m. CEST), a television duel was held between Vice President Mike Pence and Democratic candidate Kamala Harris .

All duels were broadcast live in Germany by the TV channels ZDF , Phoenix , Welt and n-tv .

First television duel

The first Trump-Biden debate took place on September 29 in Cleveland at Case Western Reserve University and was moderated by Fox News host Chris Wallace . The TV duel received worldwide media attention because the two top candidates interrupted and insulted each other several times, which pushed the content-related discourse into the background. As a result, rule changes were discussed on the part of the Presidential Debate Commission in order to prevent similar chaos in future broadcasts.

Second TV duel (canceled)

The originally planned second duel was canceled due to Donald Trump's corona infection. Instead, on October 15, question time with the two candidates took place simultaneously on different channels (Trump in Miami on NBC , Biden in Cleveland on ABC ).

Third television duel

The second and final direct television duel took place on October 22nd. This time moderated Kristen Welker of NBC News , the TV debate in Nashville , Tennessee . The duel was much more civilized and businesslike than the direct television duel before. In addition, the moderator had the opportunity to switch off the opponents' microphones .

Main choice

Survey lead of the candidates before the election:

Joe Biden

▼

Donald Trump

183

33

36

162

44

20th

60

Joe Biden:
> 15% 10–15% 5–10% <5%
Donald Trump:
> 15% 10–15% 5–10% <5%
As of October 28, 2020

Swing States

The so-called swing states (also battleground states , purple states or tossup states ) were considered particularly contested during the election campaign, as in these states, due to their demographic structure and historical voting behavior, it was impossible to predict which candidate they would vote for.

Political observers said that prior to the election, Arizona , Florida , Maine and Nebraska's second congressional electoral district, North Carolina and Pennsylvania were particularly competitive. Election results in these states were largely in line with pre-election polls, but Biden's lead - with the exception of the second constituency in Nebraska - tended to be overestimated by around three to five percent.

Based on the polls, the states Georgia , Iowa and Ohio were also among the battleground states during the election campaign . Ultimately, however, this only applied to Georgia, while Trump was able to clearly win over Iowa and Ohio again. Texas , which was long considered the stronghold of the Republicans, but had recently voted increasingly democratic due to the increasing proportion of the Hispanic population , was also mentioned more and more frequently . This turned out to be a fallacy, however, as it was particularly the voters with Latin American roots in the Rio Grande Valley on the border with Mexico who turned sharply to Trump compared to 2016 and thus prevented Biden's victory in Texas. There was a similar phenomenon in southern Florida, where significantly more Latino voters than in 2016 voted for Trump and thus secured him another - and even higher - victory in the state. In retrospect, the Democrats were criticized for seeing the Latinos too much as a safe group of voters in the election campaign, also for seeing them as too homogeneous and possibly not addressing different interests in different communities enough.

In Michigan , Minnesota , Nevada , New Hampshire and Wisconsin , in which the candidates in the last election had fought head-to-head, Biden was considered the most promising candidate. In Michigan, Nevada and Wisconsin, the outcome of the election was significantly tighter than the polls predicted before the election. While there were polls in Michigan and Wisconsin that saw Biden more than 10 percent ahead of Trump, Biden was only 2.5 percent ahead of Trump in Michigan and only 0.5 percent in Wisconsin. In Nevada, too, the difference between polls and election results was between 5 and 10 percentage points. Biden was also a favorite in Colorado , Virginia and New Mexico - states that were swing states in 2016 or in previous elections . In these states, the polls were largely confirmed. Maine and Nebraska were the only states that had their electoral votes also broken down by congressional districts.

Traditionally Republican states such as Alaska , Kansas , Missouri , Montana and South Carolina were also referred to as toss-up (uncertain outcome) , albeit rarely . Although there were a few tight poll results there, these states were not regarded as swing states by either the Trump or the Biden campaigns .

Similar to 2016, the polls again underestimated Donald Trump, especially in strongly Republican states, the polls sometimes showed strong deviations compared to the final result. So z. For example, Trump was able to win the states of Missouri and Montana by a clear margin of over 15 percent, while surveys only showed an average advantage of 5%. Joe Biden, on the other hand, was able to largely confirm the polls, but only exceed them in a few cases.

Florida is the best-known swing state , in which the presidency was only narrowly decided by a Supreme Court ruling in the 2000 US presidential election . Since a close election result was also predicted in 2020, both major parties invested significantly more funds in Florida than in 2016. If Donald Trump had lost in Florida, Donald Trump's chances of re-election would have been very slim, while the election campaign in Florida was at least one possibility for the Democrats. Tying up Republican resources.

Former offenders were seen as an important group of potential voters in Florida. In a referendum in 2018, the majority of voters there voted to restore the right to vote for former offenders who had served their sentences. The possibility of regaining the right to vote should not apply to serious criminals (e.g. murderers, rapists). The Republican-dominated legislature in Florida only implemented this result with some cutbacks, namely by additionally stipulating that former offenders must first pay the costs of their proceedings and any fines and damages. This provision was also perceived as a measure of voter suppression : Statistically, criminal offenders in the US are more likely to be poorer and belong to minorities than the average population, so it was assumed that they would tend to vote for the Democrats. Former offenders are often unable to pay these debts. In fact, individuals often have difficulty getting information about how much they owe the government agencies. It has been estimated that around 774,000 former offenders were excluded from voting in this way in 2020. Their votes could have made the difference in the vote. On September 22, 2020, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg's campaign committee had raised a total of $ 16 million to excuse 32,000 former offenders. Black and Latinos were deliberately excused - two groups of voters who traditionally vote democratically.

Ultimately, however, the Republicans Florida were able to win significantly, also because they were able to win votes from Latinos in the region around Miami, the majority of whom belong to the community of Cuban exiles , or at least convince them to stay away from the election. In their campaigns, for example, they had fueled fears that under a President Joe Biden the US could "drift into socialism".

Survey

As of October 28, Joe Biden counted around 232 to 334 voters, depending on the forecasting model, and Donald Trump around 125 to 187 voters. Between 32 (forecast model from “Inside Elections”) and 181 electorates (forecast model from “Real Clear Politics”) were considered open. The electoral college consists of 538 people, with a majority of 270.

• Real Clear Politics - Electoral College Map
• Real Clear Politics - last published state polls
• Real Clear Politics - National Polls
• FiveThirtyEight.com - National Polls
• 270toWin.com - Latest National and State Polls Published
• Wikipedia (English) - last published state polls
• Wikipedia (English) - National polls

Postal voting and early voting ("Early Voting")

According to the US Constitution , states are required to regulate presidential elections through their constitutions and laws before the elections. As of July 2020, five states - Colorado , Hawaii , Oregon , Utah, and Washington - held elections entirely or almost entirely by mail. Almost all other states offered postal voting ( mail-in voting or vote by mail ) and early voting in addition to regular voting .

Since the states organize their elections completely freely, there were large differences from when early and / or postal votes could be taken, or how late the postal votes cast could be taken into account. There were also differences in whether you had to give a valid reason why you could not vote on the actual election day, or whether you had to give an explicit reason at all. Some states, such as Mississippi, allowed registered voters to vote early by postal vote only with a valid reason, while most states provided several early voting options. These included ten countries that automatically sent postal ballot papers to all registered voters. Most states also offered early voting at the polling station.

In addition, soldiers and nationals who do not live on the US mainland or Hawaii had extended submission and consideration periods. As a result, the official final result would not be known until weeks later and the data on early voting was also updated after election day on November 3rd.

According to the United States Elections Project of the University of Florida , almost 1 million registered voters had already voted by September 27. on October 4th it was around 3.3 million, on October 11th around 9.3 million, on October 18th around 27.9 million, on October 25th nearly 60 million and on November 1st over 93.3 million voters .

Including the November 2 had, according to the United States Elections Project at least ¹ 101 100 000 voters - voted - 35.9 million at the polling station and 65.2 million by absentee ballot. In numerical terms, this is 73.4% of all votes cast in the 2016 US presidential election . Another 26.8 million people have requested postal voting documents, which have not yet been returned.

Another statistic from JMC Analytics and Polling's John Couvillon showed 94.1 million votes cast as of November 1, or 69.2% of all votes cast in 2016.

Early voting is distributed very differently across states. While according to the United States Elections Projects in Alabama only 14.1% of the total votes of 2016 were cast up to and including November 2, in Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Texas and Montana it was already well over 100%. In these states, voter turnout is already higher than in 2016 just because of the votes cast before the actual election date.

¹ at least, as not every state publishes or regularly updates early voting data.

Election result

Official nationwide election result

Only after the meeting and vote of the Electoral College on December 14th - as well as the counting and certification by the US Congress on January 6th and 7th, 2021 - the votes of the Electoral College became official.

On December 14th - as expected on the basis of the election results - 306 electorates voted for Biden / Harris as the new president and the new vice president. As expected, Trump / Pence received 232 votes from the electorate. In contrast to 2016, there were no “ faithless electors ” among the electorate.

After the counting of votes and certification in all states + DC on December 11th, the election result is as follows (marginal additions / corrections are still possible in the next few months, a nationwide official final result will not be announced by the federal electoral authority FEC until the course of 2021) :

Election results

Presidential candidate	Home state	Vice- presidential candidate	Home state	Political party	Popular Vote (votes)	Popular Vote (%)	Electoral vote
Joe Biden	Delaware	Kamala Harris	California	Democratic Party	81.284.778	51.27%	306
Donald Trump (incumbent)	Florida	Mike Pence	Indiana	Republican Party	74.224.501	46.82%	232
Jo Jorgensen	South carolina	Spike Cohen	South carolina	Libertarian party
Howie Hawkins	new York	Angela Walker	Wisconsin	Green party
Gloria La Riva	California	Sunil Freeman	District of Columbia	Party for Socialism and Liberation
Rocky de la Fuente	California	Darcy Richardson	Florida	Alliance Party
Don Blankenship	West Virginia	William Mohr	Michigan	Constitution Party
Brock Pierce	Puerto Rico	Karla Ballard	Pennsylvania	Independence Party of New York
Kanye West	California	Michelle Tidball	Wyoming	Birthday party
Brian T. Carroll	Illinois	Amar Patel	Illinois	American Solidarity Party
Alyson Kennedy	California	Malcolm Jarrett	Pennsylvania	Socialist Workers Party
Bill Hammons	Texas	Eric floor stick	Colorado	Unity Party of America
Phil Collins	Arizona	Billy Joe Parker	Georgia	Prohibition Party
Dario Hunter	Nevada	Dawn Neptune Adams	Maine	Progressive party
Jade Simmons	Ohio	Claudeliah J. Roze	Texas	independent
Jerome Segal	Texas	John de Graaf	Washington	Bread and Roses
Blake Huber	Maryland	Frank Atwood	Colorado	Approval voting party
Mark Charles	Colorado	Adrian Wallace	California	independent
Joseph Kishore	District of Columbia	Norissa Santa Cruz	California	Socialist Equality Party
Other candidates (including so-called "write-in" votes)					3,028,486	1.91%	-
Overall ( Dave Leip's Atlas of US Elections )					158,537,765	100.00%	538
Electors needed to win the election							270

* Note: Italics for non-translated party names and for the description ' non-party'

Official election results by state

According to the Cook Political Report, official final results have been available in all 50 states and DC since December 11 :

Official election results by state

State	Joe Biden Democrats			Donald Trump Republican			Other candidates			Total votes	Official sources
	be right	%	Electors	be right	%	Electors	be right	%	Electors
Alabama	849.624	36.6%	-	1,441,170	62.0%	9	32,488	1.4%	-	2,323,282	State / Certificate
Alaska	153,778	42.8%	-	189,951	52.8%	3	15,801	4.4%	-	359,530	State / Certificate
Arizona	1,672,143	49.4%	11	1,661,686	49.1%	-	53,497	1.6%	-	3,387,326	State / Certificate
Arkansas	423.932	34.8%	-	760.647	62.4%	6th	34,490	2.8%	-	1,219,069	State / Certificate
Colorado	1,804,352	55.4%	9	1,364,607	41.9%	-	87.993	2.7%	-	3,256,952	State / Certificate
Connecticut	1,080,680	59.2%	7th	715.291	39.2%	-	28.302	1.6%	-	1,824,273	State / Certificate
Delaware	296.268	58.7%	3	200,603	39.8%	-	7,475	1.5%	-	504,346	State / Certificate
District of Columbia	317,323	92.1%	3	18,586	5.4%	-	8,447	2.5%	-	344,356	State / Certificate
Florida	5,297,045	47.9%	-	5,668,731	51.2%	29	101,680	0.9%	-	11,067,456	State / Certificate
Georgia	2,474,507	49.5%	16	2,461,837	49.3%	-	62,138	1.2%	-	4,998,482	State / Certificate
Hawaii	366.130	63.7%	4th	196.864	34.3%	-	11,475	2.0%	-	574,469	State / Certificate
Idaho	287.021	33.1%	-	554.119	63.9%	4th	26.091	3.0%	-	867.231	State / Certificate
Illinois	3,471,915	57.5%	20th	2,446,891	40.6%	-	114,938	1.9%	-	6,033,744	State / Certificate
Indiana	1,242,413	41.0%	-	1,729,516	57.0%	11	61.183	2.0%	-	3,033,112	State / Certificate
Iowa	759.061	44.9%	-	897.672	53.1%	6th	34,138	2.0%	-	1,690,871	State / Certificate
California	11.110.250	63.5%	55	6.006.429	34.3%	-	384.192	2.2%	-	17,500,871	State / Certificate
Kansas	570.323	41.6%	-	771.406	56.2%	6th	30,574	2.2%	-	1,372,303	State / Certificate
Kentucky	772.474	36.2%	-	1,326,646	62.1%	8th	37,648	1.8%	-	2,136,768	State / Certificate
Louisiana	856.034	39.9%	-	1,255,776	58.5%	8th	36,252	1.7%	-	2,148,062	State / Certificate
Maine	435.072	53.1%	2	360.737	44.0%	-	23,652	2.9%	-	819.461	State / Certificate
Maine 1st District	266.376	60.1%	1	164.045	37.0%	-	12,691	2.9%	-	443.112	State / Certificate
Maine 2nd District	168,696	44.8%	-	196.692	52.3%	1	10,961	2.9%	-	376.349	State / Certificate
Maryland	1,985,023	65.4%	10	976.414	32.2%	-	75,593	2.5%	-	3,037,030	State / Certificate
Massachusetts	2,382,202	65.6%	11	1,167,202	32.1%	-	81,998	2.3%	-	3,631,402	State / Certificate
Michigan	2,804,040	50.6%	16	2,649,852	47.8%	-	85.410	1.5%	-	5,539,302	State / Certificate
Minnesota	1,717,049	52.4%	10	1,484,048	45.3%	-	76.023	2.3%	-	3,277,120	State / Certificate
Mississippi	539.508	41.1%	-	756.789	57.6%	6th	17,597	1.3%	-	1,313,894	State / Certificate
Missouri	1,253,014	41.4%	-	1,718,736	56.8%	10	54,212	1.8%	-	3,025,962	State / Certificate
Montana	244,786	40.5%	-	343,602	56.9%	3	15,286	2.5%	-	603,674	State / Certificate
Nebraska	374,583	39.4%	-	556.846	58.5%	2	20,283	2.1%	-	951.712	State / Certificate
Nebraska 1st District	132.261	41.3%	-	180,290	56.3%	1	7,495	2.3%	-	320.046	State / Certificate
Nebraska 2nd District	176,468	52.2%	1	154,377	45.7%	-	6,909	2.1%	-	337.754	State / Certificate
Nebraska 3rd District	65,854	22.4%	-	222.179	75.6%	1	5,879	2.0%	-	293.912	State / Certificate
Nevada	703.486	50.1%	6th	669,890	47.7%	-	32,000	2.3%	-	1,405,376	State / Certificate
New Hampshire	424.921	52.7%	4th	365.654	45.4%	-	15,607	1.9%	-	806.182	State / Certificate
New Jersey	2,608,335	57.3%	14th	1,883,274	41.4%	-	57,744	1.3%	-	4,549,353	State / Certificate
New Mexico	501.614	54.3%	5	401,894	43.5%	-	20,457	2.2%	-	923.965	State / Certificate
new York	5,241,957	60.9%	29	3,250,075	37.7%	-	119.043	1.4%	-	8,611,075	State / Certificate
North Carolina	2,684,292	48.6%	-	2,758,775	49.9%	15th	81,737	1.5%	-	5,524,804	State / Certificate
North Dakota	114.902	31.8%	-	235,595	65.1%	3	11,322	3.1%	-	361.819	State / Certificate
Ohio	2,679,165	45.2%	-	3,154,834	53.3%	18th	88.203	1.5%	-	5,922,202	State / Certificate
Oklahoma	503,890	32.3%	-	1,020,280	65.4%	7th	36,529	2.3%	-	1,560,699	State / Certificate
Oregon	1,340,383	56.5%	7th	958.448	40.4%	-	75,490	3.2%	-	2,374,321	State / Certificate
Pennsylvania	3,459,923	50.0%	20th	3,378,263	48.8%	-	79,397	1.2%	-	6,917,583	State / Certificate
Rhode Island	307.486	59.4%	4th	199,922	38.6%	-	10,349	2.0%	-	517.757	State / Certificate
South carolina	1,091,541	43.4%	-	1,385,103	55.1%	9	36,685	1.5%	-	2,513,329	State / Certificate
South Dakota	150,471	35.6%	-	261.043	61.8%	3	11,095	2.6%	-	422,609	State / Certificate
Tennessee	1,143,711	37.5%	-	1,852,475	60.7%	11	57,665	1.9%	-	3,053,851	State / Certificate
Texas	5,259,126	46.5%	-	5,890,347	52.1%	38	165,583	1.5%	-	11,315,056	State / Certificate
Utah	560.282	37.6%	-	865.140	58.1%	6th	62,867	4.2%	-	1,488,289	State / Certificate
Vermont	242,820	66.1%	3	112,704	30.7%	-	11,904	3.2%	-	367,428	State / Certificate
Virginia	2,413,568	54.1%	13	1,962,430	44.0%	-	84,526	1.9%	-	4,460,524	State / Certificate
Washington	2,369,612	58.0%	12th	1,584,651	38.8%	-	133,368	3.3%	-	4,087,631	State / Certificate
West Virginia	235.984	29.7%	-	545,382	68.6%	5	13,286	1.7%	-	794,652	State / Certificate
Wisconsin	1,630,866	49.4%	10	1,610,184	48.8%	-	56,991	1.7%	-	3,298,041	State / Certificate
Wyoming	73.491	26.6%	-	193,559	69.9%	3	9,715	3.5%	-	276.765	State / Certificate

Election results in counties and urban districts

Election result in the counties

Biden won five states that voted for Trump in the 2016 election (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin), as well as Nebraska's 2nd Congressional constituency. However, this was hardly due to swing voters, but rather to an increased turnout in urban democratic strongholds and in suburban districts, which were traditionally considered to be contested, but who voted increasingly democratically in previous years due to the higher educational status of the population there. Of the 3141 counties, Biden Trump only accepted about 60. Biden won in around 550 mostly densely populated urban and suburban districts (often with a large lead) and Trump in around 2,600 mostly rural districts (also often with a large lead).

Varia

Increase in firearms trade compared to the previous year

In the US, trade in firearms rose 67 percent in September 2020 compared to the same month last year. In September 2020, 1.923 million firearms were sold in the United States.

An estimated 1.916 million guns were purchased in the United States in October 2020. In terms of the number of weapons sales per month, this is the eighth highest figure since the FBI began documentation in January 2000. The number of weapons traded for October 2020 is approximately 1.21 million handguns and 710,000 long weapons . In October 2020, compared to the same month in 2019, 67% more firearms were sold, as was the case when comparing the September months.

Elective recommendations from academia

In September 2020, Scientific American made an election recommendation for the first time in its history, justifying this with Donald Trump's “rejection of evidence and science ”.

In October 2020, The New England Journal of Medicine published a health policy editorial in which it explicitly denied confidence in a government (Donald Trump) for the first time. The journal referred to errors by the government in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the same month, Nature also recommended Biden in an editorial and gave reasons for this, among other things. with the fact that "no US president in recent history [...] has so relentlessly attacked and undermined so many valuable institutions" as Trump, "from academic institutions to the media, the courts, the Justice Department - and even the electoral system" . The "disregard for regulations, the government, science, democratic institutions and ultimately the facts and the truth by the Trump administration [...] in its catastrophic reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic" became visible to everyone More than 215,000 corona deaths had "devastating consequences" when the article was published.

The medical journal The Lancet published an election editorial at the end of October. In this report, the authors highlighted various serious societal problems in the USA, not least the "catastrophic" reaction of the Trump administration to the COVID-19 pandemic and the abolition of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , which was nevertheless driven by "ideology and opposition" . They stated that the Trump administration had "pursued a retrograde nationalist policy, reversed protection for individuals, work and the environment and withdrew from international agreements and multilateral organizations such as the WHO". With so much at stake, now is a good time for voters to advocate change for the better.

Web links

Commons : United States Presidential Election 2020  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

• Information portal for the 2020 presidential election in the USA of the Federal Working Group on Political Education Online
• Category 2020 Campaign in Political Wire (English)
• Category 2020 Election in FiveThirtyEight (English)
• Category 2020 President in Sabato's Crystal Ball , University of Virginia Center of Politics (English)

Individual evidence

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80. ↑ tagesschau.de: US justice enables investigation of the counting of votes. Retrieved November 10, 2020 . 
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82. ↑ sos.ga.gov: Recount County Summary Data. Retrieved November 20, 2020 . 
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87. Jump up against the US election - Trump's lawyers appeal in Pennsylvania. In: Welt online . Retrieved December 6, 2020 . 
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89. ↑ Mark Scolforo: Biden certified as winner of Pennsylvania presidential vote. In: Associated Press . Retrieved December 6, 2020 . 
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95. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States (ed.): ORDER IN PENDING CASE 155, ORIG. TEXAS V. PENNSYLVANIA, ET AL . Statement of Justice Alito, with whom Justice Thomas joins. Washington, DC December 11, 2020 (English, supremecourt.gov [PDF; accessed December 12, 2020]): “In my view, we do not have discretion to deny the filing of a bill of complaint in a case that falls within our original jurisdiction. Lake Arizona v. California , 589 US___ (Feb. 24, 2020) (Thomas, J., dissenting). I would therefore grant the motion to file the bill of complaint but would not grant other relief, and I express no view on any other issue. "
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98. ↑ Letter from the head of the GSA to Joe Biden dated November 23, 2020 (PDF, English)
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129. ^ Henry J. Gomez: John Kasich Sounds Like He's Over The Republican Party. BuzzFeed , April 28, 2017 (English).
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