Bernie Sanders

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Bernie Sanders (2020) signature

Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941 in New York City ) is an American politician who has represented the state of Vermont in the US Senate since 2007 .

From 1991 to 2007 he was a member of the House of Representatives . In the Senate he belongs to the parliamentary group of the Democratic Party . Until now, Sanders ran for general elections as a non- party member , and he appeared as a member of the Democratic Party primaries . He was a candidate in the Democratic primary election for the 2016 presidential election and won many young and leftists in the USA with his campaign for his reform ideas , but lost to Hillary Clinton after a long open race . For the 2020 presidential election , Sanders ran again in the Democratic primary , but withdrew his candidacy for the office of US president in the course of the election , having recently been well behind Joe Biden in delegate votes .

Sanders describes his political orientation as " democratic socialism " (German: democratic socialism ). Overall, he sees a mixture of market economy and social services by the state as desirable and is classified by commentators in the political spectrum of classic social democracy or left- wing populism .

childhood

Bernard Sanders was born in Brooklyn , east New York , where he spent his entire youth. His older brother Lawrence "Larry" (born April 25, 1934) and he were the sons of Eli (as) Sanders (1904–1962) and his wife Dorothy "Dora" (born Glassberg; 1912–1960). His father immigrated to the United States in 1921 at the age of 17 under the name Eliasz Gitman from the village of Słopnice ( Limanowa County ) in southern Poland ( Lesser Poland Voivodeship ) . The mother was born in New York to Jewish parents who had immigrated to the United States around 1904 from eastern Poland ( Powiat Radzyński / Lublin Voivodeship , at that time still part of Tsarist Russia ). Eli Sanders' job as a salesman of colored lacquers supported the small family, but hardly allowed luxury. Sanders says that this had a lasting impact on him and made him politicized:

“It's not that we were poor, but [there was always] the constant pressure of never having enough money. [...] The money question to me has always been very deep and emotional. "

“It wasn't that we were poor, but [there was always] the constant pressure never to have enough money. [...] The question of money always affected me very deeply and emotionally. "

- Bernie Sanders : The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members (Kurt Stone)

Sanders maintains close ties to his father's homeland, the southern Polish municipality of Słopnice , which he and his brother last visited in 2013. His mother died in 1960 at the age of 48 shortly after graduating from school.

Education and early years

Bernie Sanders (1959)

Sanders attended PS 197 Elementary School and won during this time with his team the Borough Championship in basketball . In the afternoons he attended a Hebrew school and celebrated his bar mitzvah in 1954 . He then moved to James Madison High School , in Midwood. Sanders was a talented middle-distance and cross-country runner (he came third at the 1957 Brooklyn District Championships in the mile run with a time of 4:37 min) and was co-captain of the school's athletics teams. Bernie Sanders was introduced to political action at an early age through his older brother Larry. Larry Sanders was the chairman of the Young Democrats of America , the youth organization of the Democratic Party , at Brooklyn College , and took his younger brother to various meetings. Sanders says that the rise of Adolf Hitler in particular taught him the importance of politics.

1959 studied Sanders initially one year psychology at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York , before the University of Chicago moved there and sociology , history and psychology occupied. Sanders, however, writes in his autobiography Outsider in the House that he neglected the regular classes at the university, instead devouring - self-taught - the works of Jefferson , Lincoln , Marx , Friedrich Engels , Trotsky , Debs and Freud . “I read everything I could get my hands on — except what I was required to read for class.” (German: “I read everything I could get my hands on - except the books that were required for the class. “) He was enthusiastic about socialism , joined the Young People's Socialist League, the youth organization of the Socialist Party of the USA , was active in the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), was one of the initiators of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and organized a sit in 1962 -in against racial segregation in the university dormitories . In 1963 he took part in the March on Washington for Work and Freedom . He financed his studies with part-time jobs, grants and loans. In 1964 he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in political science.

In the same year he married in Baltimore, first marriage, Deborah Shiling, whom he had met while studying. Also in 1964, he and his wife spent six months in Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim, founded in 1935 by Romanian and Yugoslav Jewish immigrants, near Kirjat Tiw'on district of Haifa in northern Israel. He had been invited by the left-wing Zionist movement Hashomer Hatzair . His stay in the kibbutz was less religiously motivated than Zionism . Sanders wanted to get to know the economy in a small community and learned there incidentally - as he later remarked - "... that you could have a community in which the people themselves actually owned the community". (German: "... that people could unite to form a community in which they [those who founded the community] actually own this community.").

Back in the United States, he and his wife settled in Vermont and bought 34 acres of land in Middlesex , Washington County (a few miles north of Montpelier ) for $ 2,500 . Sanders financed the purchase from a small inheritance left by his father, who died in 1962. At that time, a large number of people from the so-called " counterculture movement", especially the so-called back-to-the-land hippies, were drawn to the green mountains of Vermont. John Pollack estimated that about 36,000 hippies immigrated to Vermont in 1970 - about 33 percent of the state's residents between the ages of 18 and 34. And Yvonne Daley ( The Hippie Legacy. , 1983) counted a total of 75 communes in Vermont at the time 1968 to 1974.

Sanders loved life in the country:

“When I was a kid, I always had a strong feeling for country life. I was not a fan of big cities. After I was married ... we bought some land in Vermont. We went up there for basically the same reason, I think that many others have gone up there: it's a beautiful state. "

“As a child I loved the country life. Big cities couldn't inspire me. After I got married ... we bought some land in Vermont. I think we moved up there mainly for the same reason that many others moved there: it's [just] a wonderful state. "

- Bernie Sanders : The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members (Kurt F. Stone)

As a result, he and his wife lived in a dilapidated house that was on the property and had previously been used to evaporate maple sap into syrup or maple sugar. There was no electricity and no running water. However, in an interview with Atlantic magazine, Sanders described how he felt at the time:

“It was just fantastic. … I mean, I grew up in a three-and-a-half-room apartment, never owned a damn thing, and owning a piece of land I could walk on was just incredible! This brook is my brook! This tree is my tree! "

“It was just fantastic. ... I mean, I grew up in a three and a half room apartment, never had anything to call my own, and having my own piece of land to walk around was just an amazing [feeling]! This brook [here] is my brook! This tree [here] is my tree! "

During this time, Sanders worked as a carpenter, documentary filmmaker, freelance writer, and director of the American People's Historical Society. In 1979 he made a documentary about the American socialist and multiple presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs , in which he repeated Debs' speeches himself.

When his childless marriage to Deborah Shiling was divorced in 1966, Sanders first went back to New York, took on odd jobs - worked a. a. as a helper in a psychiatric hospital - and briefly taught preschool children for the Head-Start program. In 1968 he returned to Vermont and worked a. a. as a researcher for the tax authorities ( Vermont Department of Taxes ) and for the NGO Bread and Law Task Force founded in 1974 , which tried to improve the diet of people on low incomes.

In New York, Sanders had met Susan Campbell Mott. He bought a piece of land in the 200-person community of Stannard, Caledonia County , in northeast Vermont to live with Mott. On March 21, 1969, their son Levi Noah was born. The couple separated in 1971 and Sanders moved - together with his son - to Burlington.

He has been married to his second wife, Jane O'Meara Sanders , since 1988 .

Political career

Liberty Union (LU)

In the early 1970s, Sanders became a member of the fledgling Liberty Union Party (LU), an offshoot of the anti-war movement in Vermont. For this he stood in several elections: 1972 for the seat in the United States Senate, which had become vacant due to the death of Winston L. Proutys ; also 1972 for the governorship of Vermont, which the Democrat Thomas P. Salmon won, while Sanders received only 1.5 percent of the vote. In 1974 he ran again for the US Senate and received 4.1 percent of the vote, while the Democrat Patrick Leahy won. In 1976 he applied again for the post of governor and was defeated by the Democrat Richard A. Snelling with 6.1 percent of the vote. During this time, Sanders defended socialist positions such as the demand for extensive socialization of key industries and financial institutions and a top income tax rate of one hundred percent, but unlike other left activists of the time, he rejected political violence and criticized the anti-democratic character of communist states such as the Soviet Union .

In 1977 Sanders left LU and worked as a writer and director of the American People's Historical Society, a non-profit organization .

Mayor of Burlington

Bernie Sanders (1991)

In 1981, Sanders ran - this time as an independent candidate - for the office of mayor of Burlington , Vermont's largest city, and beat the Democrat Gordon H. Paquette, who had held the office since 1971, after four ballots with a wafer-thin majority of twelve votes. He was re-elected to this office three times. The New York Times named him one of the top 20 mayors in the United States in 1987; the US News and World Report highlighted affordable real estate and low property taxes as well as its commitment to local government as its achievements. Looking back in 2015, The Nation praised Sanders for showing Burlington the way that the city is now environmentally friendly and worth living in, with good economic performance and low unemployment.

House of Representatives

In 1988, he initially unsuccessfully applied for a seat in the House of Representatives of the United States . It was only in the 1990 election that Sanders, with the support of the National Rifle Association, was able to achieve a majority and defeated Peter P. Smith , to whom he had lost two years earlier. Sanders was a member of the House of Representatives from 1991 to 2007 and at that time the only non-party MP and the one with the longest mandate as an independent. There he represented the state of Vermont, which has only one seat in the House of Representatives. Sanders was re-elected six times (1992: 57.8%, 1994: 49.9%, 1996: 55.2%, 1998: 63.4%, 2000: 69.2%, 2002: 64.3%, 2004: 68 ,8th %).

senate

In the election to the US Senate on November 7, 2006 , he ran for the seat of the no longer running independent Jim Jeffords , who was registered as a Republican until 2001 . He won the election as an independent against the Republican candidate, Richard Tarrant , with 65.4 percent of the vote. Sanders took up his mandate in the US Senate on January 3, 2007 and is a member of the Democratic Group there. In the November 6, 2012 election , he was re-elected with 71 percent of the vote against Republican John MacGovern . From January 2013 until the end of the Senate majority of the Democrats in January 2015, he chaired the War Veterans Committee .

In May 2018, Sanders announced that he would apply again for his previous Senate seat for the 2018 election . He won the election with 64.4 percent.

2016 presidential candidacy

Bernie Sanders (2016)
Sanders in front of a crowd of political supporters (2015)
Sanders during the 2016 Memorial Day Ceremony at the Presidio of San Francisco

On April 30, 2015 in Washington , Sanders announced his candidacy in the Democratic primary for the 2016 presidential election. He began his election campaign on May 26, 2015 in Burlington.

Sanders developed into a serious candidate against Hillary Clinton, who had previously been considered barely defeatable . According to a poll by Republican pollster Frank Luntz in February 2016, he was the politician they like and respect most for 31% of 18-26-year-olds (compared to Barack Obama: 18%, Hillary Clinton: 11%, Donald Trump: 9%). His election campaign took place more than other candidates on social networks such as Instagram, Facebook and Twitter.

On July 2, 2015, Sanders announced that he had raised approximately $ 15 million in campaign contributions since April 30, 2015, of which 99 percent were less than $ 250 each. His election campaign was largely financed by private individuals, mostly from the middle class. He refrained from donations from large corporations or major banks in order not to become dependent on them. He was critical of election campaign funding by business or private, wealthy donors and advocated a change in the legal situation that allows companies and individuals to give away unlimited amounts of money to the candidate of their choice (see United States vs. Citizens United ). He referred to these conditions several times as oligarchic. He accused candidates like his party rival Hillary Clinton or numerous Republicans who made use of this possibility of campaign donations of representing the 1% of top earners and their interests.

Sanders managed to win some votes during the primaries that began in early February 2016 - such as the state of the first primary , New Hampshire - and thus, as Clinton's main competitor, had serious chances of being nominated for months. At the beginning of June, Clinton won an absolute majority of delegates at the nomination convention. Since she was dependent on the votes of the so-called “Super Delegates”, regional party officials and well-known politicians, who were allowed to keep their voting decision open until the end, Sanders did not admit his defeat for several weeks. It wasn't until July 12, 2016, that Sanders announced his support for Clinton. A few days before the nomination congress was Wikileaks known -Enthüllungen that the organization of the democratic national party, the Democratic National Committee (DNC), Clinton, had favored in pre-election campaign against Sanders although the party statutes require independence. Already at the primary in Nevada , Sanders supporters had accused the party organization of manipulation in favor of Clinton, which led to tumults at the election party convention. On July 26, Sanders was at the nomination convention with 1,865 delegate votes behind Hillary Clinton with 2,842 delegate votes . At the end of the roll call , the declaration by the respective delegations of the states about their intended voting behavior, the party congress suspended the voting process at Sanders' request and selected Clinton by acclamation , similar to what she had done as the loser in 2008 for the nominee Barack Obama . According to Focus , Sanders was "the most successful Jewish presidential candidate in American history" in the 2016 US election.

After the previously non-party Sanders had registered as a Democrat in November 2015, which is a prerequisite for participating in various Democratic primary elections, he announced at the Democratic Party Conference in late July 2016 that he would return to the Senate as an independent. For the ongoing collection of his supporters, he founded the organization Our Revolution in August 2016 .

In the main election campaign, Sanders got involved with Clinton and called on his supporters to vote for her. Over the fall of 2016, he made several appearances with Clinton. He also repeatedly warned against the election of the Republican candidate Donald Trump , whom he denied suitability for the presidency.

2020 presidential candidacy

On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced his candidacy for the 2020 presidential primary by emailing his supporters. Sanders does not accept campaign donations from the super-rich and does not hold private donation dinners.

Within a week of his announcement, Sanders had raised $ 10 million from 359,914 donors; Donors who did not donate to his 2016 campaign accounted for 39% of donations. Among the donors were 12,000 registered Republicans. In early October 2019, Sanders suffered a heart attack , had two stents inserted during surgery , and he recovered quickly. The Sanders campaign raised $ 34.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2019.

In the first Democratic vote, the Iowa Caucus on February 3, 2020, Sanders won the most votes, but lost to Pete Buttigieg on the number of state delegate equivalents. At the following Primary in New Hampshire Sanders also won. After his further victory at the Caucus in Nevada on February 23, Sanders forecast portals like FiveThirtyEight were the clear favorites for the nomination as the Democratic presidential candidate. However, on Super Tuesday on March 3, 2020, Joe Biden did surprisingly well and expanded his lead in the number of delegates in further votes in March. He also won states like Michigan or Washington , which in 2016 had still voted for Sanders by a majority. After the primary in Wisconsin, which took place despite the coronavirus pandemic, he withdrew his candidacy for the office of US president on April 8, 2020 because he was hopelessly behind Joe Biden in the primaries of the 2020 presidential election in the United States .

Political positions

Central to Sanders 'positions is an extension of the United States' welfare system. This includes, in particular, the concept of general health insurance, publicly financed higher education, but also a minimum leave entitlement or the general right to vote.

Sanders voted against the invasion of Iraq by US troops in 2003 and is a sharp critic of the USA PATRIOT Act, which restricts civil rights, as well as government and commercial influence in the media and telecommunications industries. During Barack Obama's presidency , he supported Barack Obama's health reform plans to introduce general health insurance (“ Obamacare ”) and also spoke out in favor of citizens' insurance . Sanders calls for the abolition of tuition fees , increased pensions and better childcare. Women, not the state, should decide about an abortion . He sees the Scandinavian countries as role models in these areas. In order to be able to finance these political goals in the USA , he would like to tax companies and the rich, especially billionaires, higher.

Sanders voted against a welfare reform passed under Bill Clinton in 1996. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act limited federal welfare payments to a maximum of five years per family.

Sanders speaks out against the free trade agreement TPP , as he considers it harmful for the local workforce and fears the loss of jobs. He wants to provide a path to US citizenship for the approximately eleven million illegal immigrants. Sanders wants to reduce the number of military missions abroad. The US is to hand over the leadership of the anti-IS coalition to states in the region. War veterans should be better supported.

He recognizes the right to own guns and has often voted against stricter gun sales laws in the past. On the other hand, he wants to expand the official control of sellers and buyers of weapons. In the debate on weapons legislation, he warned that there are great differences between rural areas and large cities with regard to armed violence, and that a distinction must therefore also be made in the debate.

A ceaseless eight and a half hour filibuster speech by Sanders before the US Senate on December 10, 2010, in which he critically examined US policy over the past few decades, caused a greater national stir . The reason was the compromise between the Obama administration and the Republicans to maintain the tax cuts for very high incomes under George W. Bush . Sanders criticized this and justified his proposals for an alternative tax policy. He also spoke about the unequal distribution of income, influences from lobbying and regulation as well as deregulation. The speech, which was initially only broadcast by the parliamentary broadcaster C-SPAN , spread widely on the Internet and was then picked up by the media. Sanders also sees the " War on Drugs " as a failure and is positive about the possible legalization of cannabis and marijuana .

In 2015, he introduced a bill in Congress that requires states to automatically register voters if they do not expressly refuse their consent. In the event of a victory in the presidential elections, he wanted to continue Obama's policy of preventing the deportation of parents of US citizens or illegal migrants who came to the US as children by means of presidential instructions .

One of Sanders' central themes is the growing “gap” between rich and poor and the associated downsizing of the middle class, which he proposes to combat by increasing taxes for the rich and a tax on stock market speculation. Banks that are “ too big to fail ” should be unbundled so that a bank failure does not endanger the stability of the entire financial market. In addition, Sanders advocates renovating the US infrastructure in order to create jobs with decent pay at the same time. He is also a strong advocate of social security and free education. He introduced a bill according to which a four-year university education should be free of charge for every student, the costs for this should be shared by the federal government and individual states. All in all, he regards a mixture of market economy and social services by the state as worth striving for and has thus been isolated by German journalists in the spectrum of classic social democracy .

He advocates a nationwide ban on fracking technology.

According to the Bipartisan index of the Lugar Center, indicates how bipartisan congressmen and senators work, Sanders was the least partisan senator in the 115th Congress .

Honors

In 2017 a spider native to Cuba was named after him: Spintharus berniesandersi .

Fonts

Audio books

literature

  • John Davis: Bernie Sanders for President 2016: A Political Revolution. Old Town Publishing, 2015.
  • Chamois Holschuh (Ed.): Bernie Sanders in his own Words. 250 Quotes from America's Political Revolutionary. New York 2015.
  • Harry Jaffe: Why Bernie Sanders matters. New York 2015.
  • Armin Pfahl-Traughber : A democratic socialist in the USA. The Bernie Sanders phenomenon. In: Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte No. 11 from November 2015, pp. 13-16.
  • Armin Pfahl-Traughber: "A Political Revolution": The Democratic Socialism by Bernie Sanders. Basics of the history of ideas and realpolitical models. In: Perspektiven ds , Volume 32, No. 2/2015, pp. 100–106.
  • Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Make America more Scandinavian. The US presidential candidate Bernie Sanders and his unusual positions. In: Courage No. 575 from February 2016, pp. 35–40.
  • Darcy G. Richardson: Bernie. A Lifelong Crusade Against Wall Street & Wealth. 2015.
  • Jonathan Tasini: Bernie Sanders and his Vision for America. White River Junction, Vermont 2015 (Chelsea Green Publishing, review in German: Pfahl-Traughber, Armin: Bernie Sanders' vision for a better USA , September 30, 2015).
  • Jeff Weaver : How Bernie Won: Inside the Revolution That's Taking Back Our Country-and Where We Go from Here , Thomas Dunne Books 2018, ISBN 978-1-250-14475-1 .

Web links

Commons : Bernie Sanders  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Bernie Sanders  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b tagesschau.de: Bernie Sanders gets out of US presidential race. Retrieved April 8, 2020 .
  2. ^ Senator Bernie Sanders on Democratic Socialism in the United States. ( Memento from July 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: BernieSanders.com (English); Here's How Bernie Sanders Explained Democratic Socialism. In: Time , November 19, 2015 (English).
  3. ↑ a b c d e What does Bernie Sanders want? dpa , February 1, 2016, accessed on February 21, 2016 .
  4. ^ US election campaign: Bernie Sanders, the American Oskar Lafontaine , Berliner Zeitung, February 8, 2016
  5. ↑ Jörg Wimalasena: Radically Successful - Economic Left Populism Instead of Kulturkampf. In: Zeit.de. Zeit, February 19, 2019, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  6. ↑ US Politics. Larry Sanders on Stickball and Breaking Bread in Brooklyn , Seven Days, June 15, 2015
  7. ↑ A village in Bernie Sanders fever ( memento from April 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), RBB : Kowalski & Schmidt, April 3, 2016, accessed on April 25, 2016
  8. ^ The false socialist , Der Spiegel No. 7, February 13, 2016 (print edition), pp. 90ff.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story , Tablet Magazine o. D.
  10. ^ Nicole Gaudiano: 6 things to know about Bernie Sanders . In: OnPolitics . USA Today. April 28, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  11. ↑ Simon van Zuylen-Wood: I'm Right and Everybody Else Is Wrong. Clear About That? . In: National Journal Magazine . June 21, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  12. ↑ Słopnice - Gminny portal. In: slopnice.pl. Retrieved February 3, 2016 .
  13. ^ Kurt F. Stone: The Jews of Capitol Hill - A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members , p. 483
  14. ↑ a b The untold story of Bernie Sanders, high school track star , Washington Post, January 29, 2016
  15. ^ Bernie's Bro: Working-Class Brooklyn Roots Shaped My Brother , Seven Days, May 27, 2015
  16. ↑ Linda Feldmann: Bernie Sanders: 'I'm Proud to be Jewish' . In: Christian Science Monitor . June 11, 2015. Accessed June 13, 2015.
  17. ↑ Bustle. bustle.com, accessed February 3, 2016 .
  18. ↑ a b The Populist Prophet. Bernie Sanders has spent decades attacking inequality. Now the country is listening. In: The New Yorker October 12, 2015.
  19. ↑ a b c d e Bernie Sanders Found Socialism at the University of Chicago. In: Chicago Magazine May 4, 2015.
  20. ↑ Michael Kruse: Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today . In: Politico , July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015. "After he graduated from James Madison High School in 1959, he went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Student Peace Union and the Young People's Socialist League. " 
  21. ^ A b Bernard Sanders , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
  22. ^ A b Kurt F. Stone: The Jews of Capitol Hill - A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members , p. 484.
  23. ↑ a b c Bernie Sanders Has a Secret , Politico, July 9, 2015.
  24. ↑ Sha'ar Ha-Amakim , Jewish Virtual Library
  25. ↑ Revealed at Last! Inside the Kibbutz Where Bernie Sanders Lived and Learned Socialism , Forward February 4, 2016.
  26. ↑ Mystery solved: Sanders volunteered at kibbutz Shaar Haamakim , Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 5, 2016
  27. ↑ The kibbutz Bernie Sanders stayed in may have been revealed , Washington Post February 5, 2016
  28. ^ Kurt F. Stone: The Jews of Capitol Hill . Scarecrow Press 2010, p. 483.
  29. ^ A b Harry Jaffe: Why Bernie Sanders matters. Simon & Schuster 2015 chap. 4 “The Hippy” (no page references).
  30. ^ Back to the Land: Communes in Vermont , Vermont Historical Society.
  31. ↑ Bernie Sanders' hippie 20s: Drugs, free love and Vietnam! Salon, December 29, 2015.
  32. ↑ Bernard Sanders: Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855-1926 , Smithsonian Folkways (audio archive)
  33. ^ Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855-1926, A Historical Narrative written and produced by Bernard Sanders. (PDF), transcript of the documentation on Debs.
  34. ↑ Bernie Sanders, the Early Years. Photos of the Democratic candidate from his college years to his time in Congress. In: Politico. July 9, 2015.
  35. ^ Kurt F. Stone: The Jews of Capitol Hill - A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. P. 484.
  36. ↑ Andrew Kaczynski, Nathan McDermott: Bernie Sanders in the 1970s urged nationalization of most major industries. In: CNN.com , March 14, 2019.
  37. ^ Socialist Candidate Defeats Burlington's 5-Term Mayor , New York Times, March 5, 1981; A list of Burlington VT's mayors
  38. ↑ Katharine Q. Seelye: As Mayor, Bernie Sanders Was More Pragmatist Than Socialist. In: The New York Times , November 25, 2015.
  39. ↑ Peter Dreier, Pierre Clavel: What Kind of Mayor Was Bernie Sanders? In: The Nation , June 2, 2015 (English).
  40. ↑ David A. Fahrenthold: How the National Rifle Association helped get Bernie Sanders elected. In: The Washington Post. WP Company LLC, July 19, 2015, accessed May 1, 2019 .
  41. ^ Race - 2006 ( memento from June 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Vermont State archives (PDF; 318 kB).
  42. ↑ Taylor Dobbs: Bernie Sanders to Seek Reelection to US Senate. In: Seven Days , May 21, 2018.
  43. ↑ Vermont electoral results, 2018. (PDF) Vermont Secretary of State, November 2018, accessed on August 24, 2019 .
  44. ↑ Alan Rappeport: Bernie Sanders, Long-serving Independent, Enters Presidential Race as a Democrat. New York Times, April 29, 2015, accessed August 12, 2015 .
  45. ^ Russell Berman: Bernie Sanders Launches His Vermonster Campaign. The Atlantic, May 26, 2015, accessed August 12, 2015 .
  46. ↑ Kenneth T. Walsh: Young People Favor Bernie Sanders, Socialism. In: US News & World Report. February 19, 2016, accessed April 5, 2016 .
  47. ^ Sanders bests Clinton on social media. In: Politico. Retrieved April 5, 2016 .
  48. ↑ Dan Merica: Bernie Sanders' campaign raises $ 15 million in his first quarter as candidate. CNN, July 2, 2015, accessed August 12, 2015 .
  49. ↑ Jon Sopel: Bernie Sanders is the 'no filter' candidate. BBC News, December 22, 2015, accessed December 22, 2015 .
  50. ↑ US area code: Sanders supports rival Clinton. In: Die Zeit , July 12, 2016.
  51. ↑ Leaked emails: Party leader of the US Democrats resigns. In: Spiegel Online , July 25, 2016.
  52. ^ Chaos At Nevada Democratic Convention; State Party Chair Flees Building As Sanders Supporters Demand Recount , Tim Hains, Realclearpolitics, May 15, 2016.
  53. ^ Patrick Healy, Jonathan Martin: Democrats Make Hillary Clinton a Historic Nominee. In: The New York Times , July 26, 2016.
  54. ↑ US elections 2016. Right-wing friend Trump against experienced Clinton: What the election means for Israel , focus.de
  55. ↑ Linda Qiu: Is Bernie Sanders a Democrat? In: Politifact.com , February 23, 2016.
  56. ^ Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent. In: The Wall Street Journal , July 26, 2016.
  57. ^ Nicole Gaudiano: Bernie Sanders seeks contributions for 'Our Revolution'. In: USA Today , August 3, 2016.
  58. ↑ Lauren Gambino and Tom McCarthy: Bernie Sanders announces run for presidency in 2020. The Guardian, February 19, 2019, accessed February 19, 2019 .
  59. ↑ https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2020-02/vorwahl-new-hampshire-pete-buttigieg-bernie-sanders/komplettansicht
  60. ↑ Shane Goldmacher: Bernie Sanders raises $ 10 million in less than a week . The New York Times. February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  61. ↑ Bernie Sanders had a heart attack. In: derstandard.at . October 5, 2019, accessed October 5, 2019.
  62. ↑ Bernie Sanders on Weed, AOC & Cardi B , Desus & Mero on Showtime, October 31, 2019
  63. ↑ Paul Waters-Smith: The Bernie Sanders Movement is Achieving Things We Thought Impossible , Current Affairs, January 7, 2020
  64. ↑ Bernie Sanders declares victory in New Hampshire , CNN, February 12, 2020
  65. ↑ Bernie Sanders declares victory in New Hampshire primary - as it happened , The Guardian, February 12, 2020
  66. ↑ Sarah Frostenson: Bernie Sanders Is The Front-Runner. In: FiveThirtyEight , February 23, 2020.
  67. ↑ Geoffrey Skelley: Election Update: Biden's Delegate Lead Is Now Nearly Insurmountable. In: FiveThirtyEight , March 18, 2020.
  68. ^ Marisa Schultz: Bernie Sanders: US should be more like socialist Scandinavia. New York Post, May 3, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
  69. ^ Running for presidential nomination: Bernie Sanders challenges Hillary Clinton. In: spiegel.de. April 30, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
  70. ↑ Bernie Sanders Takes on Clinton Welfare Legacy as He Woos Iowa Unions , Bloomberg, Aug. 6, 2015
  71. ^ The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 , US Department of Health & Human Services - the most important provisions of the law on the side of the US Department of Health
  72. ↑ Bernie Sanders: The TPP Must Be Defeated. Huffington Post, May 21, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
  73. ↑ Eric Badner: Bernie Sanders wants to 'bring us to the middle' on guns. July 5, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
  74. ↑ Max Ehrenfreud: Why the most liberal candidate for president opposes strict gun control. May 13, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
  75. ↑ Campaigning on legalizing marijuana: Is Bernie Sanders smoking something? , Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2016
  76. ↑ shareribs.com , The Twitter-President , Telepolis 14 December, 2010
  77. ↑ With Filibuster, C-SPAN Has a Hit on Its Hands , New York Times, December 10, 2010
  78. ^ Raising Enrollment with a Government Initiated System for Timely Electoral Registration (REGISTER) Act of 2015 , the draft law on the US Congress website
  79. ^ Bernie Sanders to talk immigration in LA , The Desert Sun, June 4, 2016
  80. ^ Bernie Sanders issues bill to make 4-year colleges tuition-free , USA Today, May 19, 2015
  81. ^ US election campaign: Bernie Sanders, the American Oskar Lafontaine , Berliner Zeitung, February 8, 2016
  82. ↑ Bernie Sanders Proposes National Ban on Fracking , ABC News, April 11, 2016
  83. ↑ The Lugar Center and Georgetown University's McCourt School Unveil Bipartisan Index Rankings for 115th Congress , The Lugar Center, March 19, 2019 (accessed January 30, 2020)
  84. ↑ Ingi Agnarsson et al .: A radiation of the ornate Caribbean 'smiley-faced spiders', with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae: Theridiidae, Spintharus). In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlx056, 2017, doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx056
personal data
SURNAME Sanders, Bernie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sanders, Bernard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American politician
DATE OF BIRTH September 8, 1941
PLACE OF BIRTH New York City