Tuition fee

A tuition fee , and tuition fees , (commonly known as jokingly Campus toll ) is a contribution , the students have to pay regularly to the study to participate. The contributions are intended to reduce the costs of the studies that arise for the state or private sponsors of the university .

The term tuition fee (s) does not include other amounts that are also regularly collected when re-registering, such as the social contribution (often also called semester contribution ) for the student body or the student union .

In addition, due to legal requirements or their own statutes, some universities charge fees for exams, applying to universities, selection procedures, use of facilities, excursions or for the consumption of material during internships. These can be equivalent to tuition fees in terms of their amount and effect .

Terminology

In the legal sense, a fee is always paid for an external service used. Tuition fees are not tied to actual use, but give those paying the opportunity to use it. With the tuition fee, students contribute to the costs of their studies, which the institution of the university incurs. These costs are - usually - offset by a mutual benefit (present and / or future): Based on the market economy model of human capital , studying is understood as an investment for which an equivalent value has to be paid. The work done by the student does not play a significant role.

In 2012, a graduate of a private university lost a lawsuit against the same in the second instance ( Arnsberg Regional Court , Az. I-3S 104/12): The banker had achieved his master’s degree in just four semesters. After that he stopped his payments to the university; the latter sued - successfully - for continued payment of the fees.

In Scandinavia, for example, this work done by students is rewarded in order to promote the development of a future worker.

The GDR paid many students basic scholarships .

Both ideas - education as investment or education as work to be paid for - contradict the Humboldtian ideal of education , according to which education - without the intention of making a profit - is an end in itself . Analogous to the - still largely - free public school education in Germany, many demand

No tuition fees or the like to be charged for the course either

and or

Abolish parents' taxes for day-care centers , kindergartens , children's shops and crèches .

Models

As views diverge as to whether, for what and under what circumstances tuition fees are appropriate, there are also different models of whether and how they should be charged and when they should be paid.

Financing through loans

With some models, the fee is only charged after a certain period of study, for example via long-term study fees or a study account or if the student is not successful. To enable the often financially weak students to pay the fees, some models provide student loans: the borrowers can repay the fees and interest as soon as they are financially able to do so after completing their studies. It is also conceivable to only request repayment if and as long as a certain salary limit is exceeded.

One approach that has been implemented is downstream tuition fees, such as those introduced in Australia in 1989 under the name Higher Education Contribution Scheme ( HECS ). Students receive an interest-free loan and only pay back the fees once they have reached a minimum income (in Australia from € 12,400 gross annual income). Alternatively, an advance payment by the student with subsequent reimbursement through state funds is possible.

All in all, all approaches have in common that they either accept an additional burden for the students or their indebtedness .

Graduate tax

The introduction of a graduate tax as an alternative to tuition fees is discussed in the United Kingdom, among others.

Tuition fees in different states

Australia

In Australia, tuition fees were (re) introduced in 1989. The amount was initially 1,800 Australian dollars (AUD) per year, but has since increased and differentiated according to subject. In 2000 the fee was A $ 3,463 to A $ 5,593 per year. In 2008, a one and a half year Masters course at Australian National University cost approximately A $ 15,000. (Tax) foreigners usually pay double the amount because their parents do not co-finance the Australian universities through taxes in Australia. Currently, the tuition fees for international students are around AUD 6,000 to 10,000 per semester for a semester abroad and AUD 10,000 to 13,000 per semester for programs with an academic degree (e.g. Bachelor or Master).

Those who pay the fee immediately receive 25% off. For the rest there is a fake credit model, the repayment modalities of which are linked to income. The so-called Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) is essentially a surcharge on income tax and, in its effect, an interest-free loan, which, however, is adjusted to the inflation rates.

In addition, universities are free to offer up to 25% of the study places for immediate payments of more than AUD 10,000 annually. In 2001, nine universities in Australia made use of it and have lower admission requirements (NC) for those who pay the higher amount. This makes access to universities much easier for financially better off students.

A central criticism of the Australian model is the fact that women pay back their tuition fees considerably longer than men. Furthermore, a study by the Australian University Teachers' Union found that tuition fees did not improve the facilities of universities as the state increasingly withdrew from funding the universities.

Denmark

Studying at Danish universities is usually free of charge. However, tuition fees are due for individual special educational offers such as the MBA. The costs for this are around € 26,000 for a one-year full-time MBA.

Danish students are entitled to a basic income , the so-called “Statens Uddannelsesstøtte”. The only requirement for the “Statens Uddannelsesstøtte” is the completion of the 18th year of age and the completion of an unpaid education (e.g. a degree). About 93% of Danish students receive this funding. In comparison, only about 25% of students receive the German BAföG. The monthly subsidy for students living with their parents is 330 €, for students living outside of the country approx. 610 €. The maximum funding period is 70 months. In addition to the basic income, government loans of a maximum of € 310 per month are possible.

Germany

Even before the introduction of tuition fees, there was no access to the university at no cost. The semester fee is compulsory and will be waived in case of hardship . The tuition fees are to be clearly separated from this and are charged additionally. Semester fees are administrative fees. At many universities, they also include contributions for the use of public transport in the form of a semester ticket . Tuition fees are funds that students pay to the university. In some federal states, tuition fees are earmarked . Tuition fees in Bavaria can only be used to improve teaching and study conditions.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , which Germany has also signed, demands, in terms of the right to education , that “ university teaching must be made accessible to everyone in every suitable way, in particular through the gradual introduction of free of charge, according to their abilities “(Art. 13.2.c).

The Federal Higher Education Framework Act (HRG) excluded general tuition fees. The Union-led federal states of Baden-Württemberg , Saxony-Anhalt , Hesse , Saarland , Hamburg , Bavaria and Saxony took legal action against this law, which was amended in 2002 , and saw it as an impermissible interference by the federal government in the legislative competence of the states in the field of culture. The plaintiff federal states cited as the reason for going to Karlsruhe that the federal government exceeded its legislative competence and intervened in the state competence. In the federal system of the Federal Republic, education was and is the responsibility of the states. Due to the very different structures in the German higher education sector, the Basic Law at that time provided for the federal government to have legislative competence in the education sector in order to maintain “equal living conditions”.

The Federal Constitutional Court gave the applicant countries on 26 January 2005 to the effect right that the federal government can not forbid them to charge tuition fees. Since then, the legal status of tuition fees in Germany has been unclear. Because even if the federal government cannot prohibit the federal states from charging tuition fees, it has not yet been finally clarified to what extent tuition fees contradict international and national guidelines. The courts are currently dealing with this.

After the verdict was announced, laws introducing general tuition fees were passed in seven federal states (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland). The tuition fees led to protests and were a popular target of the opposition in state elections. In most of the fee countries, students had to transfer € 500 per semester to their university from summer 2007 onwards. In the past, however, trade associations had asked for much higher fees (€ 2500 or more per year). With the aim of being the first federal state to abolish tuition fees, the Hessian state parliament adopted a corresponding draft law on June 3, 2008, in which the decisive sentence for the abolition of tuition fees was missing. Since the law passed would only have resulted in the abolition of the scholarship system, Prime Minister Koch initially refused to sign it. As a result, the law was amended and passed again on June 17, 2008 by the Hessian state parliament. Koch signed the law, which came into force on July 1, 2008.

A new draft law by the Bavarian state government provides for universities to be able to levy fees of up to € 2,000 for part-time courses. According to the will of the draft law, the state government should regulate the maximum fee amount by ordinance .

After the federal state of Hesse, the federal states of Saarland and North Rhine-Westphalia abolished tuition fees again. In 2011, the federal state of Hamburg also planned to abolish tuition fees again; this was implemented in the summer semester of 2012 (in the neighboring federal state of Schleswig-Holstein , tuition fees had never been charged anyway, which is still the case at present). Baden-Württemberg has waived tuition fees from the summer semester 2012, and after a successful referendum in Bavaria, the general tuition fees were also abolished here for the winter semester 2013/2014. Lower Saxony was the last federal state to follow; the ruling coalition decided to waive tuition fees from the 2014/2015 winter semester.

An evaluation by the Federal Statistical Office for the 2013 reporting year shows that private universities , which, unlike public universities, generally charge tuition fees, finance an average of two thirds (67%) of the expenditure through student contributions. In addition to the tuition fees in the narrower sense, the students' contributions also include administrative costs, examination fees, dunning fees, personal contributions for excursions and so on. In 2013, the private universities earned 3,960 euros per student. At private universities it was € 7,950 per student, at private art colleges € 4,570 and at private universities of applied sciences € 3,390 per student. On the other hand, students at a public university had to pay 200 euros, at a public art college 260 euros and at a public technical college 190 euros.

Ireland

In Ireland, tuition fees were abolished in the 1996/97 academic year. Previously, the highest tuition fees in Europe had been charged there. As a result, participation in education rose significantly: while in 1996 only 31% of 25 to 34 year olds had a tertiary degree, in 2001 it was 48%.

Israel

In Israel , university tuition fees are up to US $ 10,000 per academic year. Therefore, many Israelis study abroad. However, there are many scholarships for members of certain ethnic groups, religious groups, political directions, etc., so that not only the tuition fees, but mostly also accommodation and meals are covered. However, there is no guarantee that you will be supported by a scholarship. Foreigners have to pay much higher fees at state institutions with several thousand dollars, sometimes the master's thesis is subject to extra tuition fees.

Cuba

Cuban nationals do not pay tuition fees and receive basic services while studying, about 80% of a worker. International students pay between $ 4,000 and $ 7,000.

Austria

university	million Euro
Income from tuition fees in the 2007 calendar year (amount of tuition fees unchanged at 363.63 € / semester since winter semester 2001/02)
University of Vienna	44.5
University of Innsbruck	14.3
University of Graz	13.5
University of Economy Vienna	13.3
technical University of Vienna	11.7
University of Linz	8.6
University of Salzburg	8.2
Graz University of Technology	6.2
medical university Vienna	5.6
University of Klagenfurt	4.8
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna	4.3
Medical University of Graz	2.7
Medical University Innsbruck	2.6
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna	1.9
Montan University Leoben	1.6
University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna	1.4
Mozarteum University of Salzburg	1.1
University of Music and Performing Arts Graz	0.9
University of Applied Arts Vienna	0.8
University for Artistic and Industrial Design Linz	0.6
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna	0.6
Total 2007	149.2
(Total 2005)	(139.8)

In Austria there is again (as of the 2013 summer semester) a uniform tuition fee regulation (€ 363.36 per semester) for public universities , which, however, has numerous exceptions. The minimum duration of study + 2 semesters for Austrian citizens, EEA citizens, equals (e.g. convention refugees, Swiss citizens, foreigners with a permanent residence permit or a right to study allowance) as well as people who have the same rights to access a profession based on an international treaty Granted like citizens, no tuition fees. For studies with sections (diploma studies), two tolerance semesters are added to each section in which no tuition fees are to be paid. In the grace period, the tuition fees increase by 10%.

People who do not belong to the named groups have to pay double the tuition fees of € 726.72 per semester.

Universities of applied sciences can decide autonomously whether tuition fees are charged. If tuition fees are charged, these are also € 363.36 per semester. Students from third countries sometimes have to pay significantly higher fees. In addition to the tuition fees, so-called material contributions can also be charged.

The same rule applies to universities of teacher education as to public universities , with two semesters of tolerance. Likewise, students from third countries only have to pay the simple tuition fees.

This does not include € 19 for compulsory membership in the ÖH ( Austrian student body, legal professional representation of students) and € 0.70 for accident insurance , which all students pay.
The 13 private universities in Austria usually charge around € 10,000 tuition fees per year. In addition, more than 10,000 students study in courses of a university character or university courses , for which public universities can sometimes charge very high tuition fees as reimbursement.

Historical development

In Austria, general tuition fees were abolished in the 1970s ( Kreisky era, SPÖ ) and reintroduced in 2001 (era Schüssel , ÖVP ) as tuition fees of € 363.36 / semester for public universities. In contrast to the other tertiary educational institutions, the Austrian universities of applied sciences were not obliged to collect fees at this time either.

With the entry into force of the Universities Act 2002 on January 1, 2004, the tuition fees flow directly to the universities' budget (previously to the general federal budget). However, your financial situation has not improved overall because of the cuts you made earlier. The tuition fees of students who are exempt from tuition fees due to their length of study plus two tolerance semesters, as well as of disabled and working students who are also exempt from tuition fees, are reimbursed to the universities from federal funds.

During the 2006 election campaign , the SPÖ promised to abolish tuition fees for public universities in the event of an election victory. This subsequently failed due to the resistance of the second ruling party, the ÖVP, whereupon spontaneous protests broke out in Vienna and other cities, during which parts of the SPÖ's federal party headquarters were occupied. In the spring of 2007 it was decided to waive the tuition fees for students who provide at least 60 hours of tutoring or study advice in schools per semester, but this was only used by around 20 students throughout Austria.

In the course of the 2008 election campaign, the SPÖ, FPÖ and the Greens introduced a motion to largely abolish tuition fees, which was passed in the Austrian Parliament on September 24, 2008, four days before the National Council election. A motion for a resolution by the ÖVP on this subject to hold a referendum, which was tabled at the same time , was rejected in a roll-call vote with 108 to 72 votes. Both the then incumbent Science Minister Johannes Hahn and his future successor Beatrix Karl had spoken out against the proposal in the debate. On October 8, 2008 the law was also adopted by the Federal Council and thus came into effect on January 1, 2009, i.e. H. with the summer semester 2009, in force. This means that many students have been exempted from tuition fees, but the basic contribution obligation still applies. The exemption included in particular students who pursue their studies with a standard study duration plus two tolerance semesters, working students (who are employed above the marginal earnings threshold), students who mainly look after children before they start school and disabled students. Students who pursue a standard study duration plus tolerance semester had to be Austrian citizens, be citizens of an EEA country, be recognized convention refugees or, due to other international legal provisions, have the same rights to access a profession in Austria as Austrians in order to be exempt from tuition fees. Even students on leave did not pay tuition fees; however, a leave of absence is only possible in a few cases. Students from developing countries will be reimbursed their tuition fees.
Of the 20 university holders at the time, 17 charged tuition fees - not to the FH Joanneum, Burgenland, Vorarlberg, Carinthia, Upper Austria and the BMLV, which are among the big ones, so that around a third of the FH students did not pay any fees.

In July 2011, the tuition fees were lifted by the Constitutional Court on February 29, 2012 following a lawsuit by an extraordinary student who was supported by the student body at TU Graz. Since then there has been a heated debate about the reintroduction of tuition fees. At the suggestion of Minister Karlheinz Töchterle , the tuition fees should in future be levied by the universities themselves and amount to between € 0 and € 500. Recipients of study grants, disabled students, students with small children should be exempted, stays abroad and longer sick leave should also entitle them to exemption from tuition fees. The draft was still strictly rejected by the SPÖ. According to a legal study published by the Science Minister, universities were allowed to charge any amount of tuition fees as of October 2011. However, this opinion was contradicted several times, including by the constitutional service of the Federal Chancellery and in other legal opinions.

As of winter semester 2012/13, autonomous tuition fees were introduced at some universities (for non-EU foreigners and students over the minimum period of study, 363.36 € / sem. Plus ÖH fee, for all students), including Uni Vienna, WU Vienna, TU Graz, Uni Graz, Uni Innsbruck, Uni Linz (but not Uni Salzburg).

In December 2012, an amendment to the University Act 2002 created a uniform legal basis for tuition fees. At the same time, the situation of the autonomous tuition fees for the winter semester 2012/13 was passed retrospectively into law. After the Constitutional Court raised concerns about this regulation, as there is no objective justification for why tuition fees were charged at some universities and not at others. the retrospective decision was declared unconstitutional as a law on July 26, 2013 and the universities were urged to prepare the refund. On October 30, 2013, the statutes of the respective universities were also repealed by the Constitutional Court. According to this decision, the unconstitutional tuition fees for the winter semester 2012/2013 can be repaid to the students by the universities.

Poland

The study is basically free of charge for EU citizens at state universities, provided that they choose daily study and pass the normal placement test at universities in Poland. Weekend courses are chargeable; the costs for such a course amount to about 5000 to 8000 złoty (about 1200 to 2000 €) per academic year. Students from countries outside the EU have to pay a supplement, which is usually € 70 to € 90.

Sweden

In Sweden there are no tuition fees for students who are citizens of the European Union , another country in the European Economic Area or Switzerland . This also applies to people who have a residence permit for Sweden that was not issued for studies, and to a large extent also to their relatives.

Tuition fees will be charged for students who do not meet these criteria and who wish to start studying in Sweden after July 1, 2011. The amount varies depending on the university, sometimes also depending on the subject. Fees of 80,000 Swedish kronor (Skr) or more per year are common. In some courses, e.g. B. Architecture, these can also be over 200,000 Skr. An application fee of 900 Skr is also required from paid students in order for their application to be accepted.

The introduction of tuition fees has led to a massive decrease in the number of applicants for the usually English-language master’s programs and other international courses. The number of applicants for master’s courses fell by 71% from the autumn semester 2010 to the autumn semester 2011. International courses had 82% fewer applicants in the same period. The number of Master’s students decreased by 58% and the number of students in international courses by 64%.

Various universities have introduced scholarship programs.

Finland

There are no tuition fees in Finland. Participation in education is very high there in a European and global comparison: In 2001 around 70% of a year attended a university.

Switzerland

Tuition fees at all Swiss universities are between 425 (Neuchâtel) and 1226 (St. Gallen) francs per semester. The Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) in Lugano is an exception with 2000, up to 2500 francs per semester.

At the universities of Freiburg, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen, Zurich and Lugano, additional fees of CHF 100 are required from foreign students. The amount is between 100 and 275 francs, whereby in Lugano at the Università della Svizzera italiana an additional fee of 2000 francs is required for foreign students per semester.

Hungary

Tuition fees were abolished again in Hungary through a referendum. Since April 1, 2008, studying in Hungary has been free of charge for nationals again. For example, foreigners have to pay up to € 3,300 for a semester at the Corvinus University in Budapest.

Venezuela

Under the left-wing President Hugo Chávez , tuition fees were abolished in Venezuela.

United Kingdom

In the UK, general tuition fees were introduced in 1998, initially at a flat rate of £ 1,000 (around € 1,300). In January 2005 a maximum limit of 3000 pounds was set. Universities have since been allowed to charge lower fees, but mostly chose the maximum amount.

In 2010, weeks of demonstrations broke out in Britain after the new British government announced that it would raise the annual ceiling to £ 9,000. The fees should only be due after you graduate, and only if you earn more than £ 21,000 a year. The majority of universities in England and Wales wanted to charge the highest possible fee of £ 9,000 per year in 2012.

Scotland, on the other hand, is taking a different route. Here the fees had already been converted into a subsequent flat fee of up to 2048 pounds (about 2700 €) in the course of the granting of extensive autonomy of the federal states in educational matters, applicable for the entire course regardless of the duration of the course. Given an average study period of four years, this was equivalent to about £ 430 a year (adjusted for inflation) - a much lower amount than in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. At that time, this fee was only due one year after graduation, with income-related repayment. The difference could also be seen in the development of the number of students: from 1999 to 2000 the number of students in Scotland rose by 10% (England: 1.6%) and from 2000 to 2001 again by 5% (England: 2.3%) ). In February 2008 Scotland removed tuition fees for citizens of Scotland and EU Member States , but not for citizens of the rest of the UK. This also applied retrospectively to 2007 graduates.

United States of America

The United States has always had tuition fees. These range from around $ 3,000 to more than $ 40,000 per year. The quality of the courses offered also varies greatly between the various institutions. As a result of the high fees, the average student there averages $ 22,900 in debt during their studies. The share of these fees in the total funding of higher education is only around 20%. Most of the rest is government-funded and most of it is state-funded. Private donations make up 7 to 8%.

Considerable differences between state and private universities must be observed here. In the case of the latter, the share of state funding is significantly lower, which is offset by a higher share of fees and stronger self-economic activities. The tuition fees rise significantly disproportionately to the income.

At the state universities of California, California State University and University of California , the study was free for a long time.

Students who come to study from another state usually pay significantly higher tuition fees than those who have already lived there in the past 1–2 years.

International legal situation

In the "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" ( International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , ICESCR), to the Federal Republic of Germany signed and entered in 1976 into force, have the signatory countries including in Art. 13 para. 2c obliged "to university education in any suitable manner, in particular by the progressive introduction of free education, everyone alike accordingly made available to his abilities" . According to Paragraph 4, no provision of this article "may be interpreted in such a way that it interferes with the freedom of natural or legal persons to create and manage educational institutions" which, according to Paragraph 1c, continue to be free of charge.

In addition, according to Art. 2 Para. 1, each Contracting State undertakes “gradually by all appropriate means, above all through legislative measures, to achieve the full realization of the rights recognized in this Covenant.” In addition, Art. 2 Para ensure “that the rights promulgated in this pact are exercised without discrimination with regard to race, skin color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status " and have committed themselves according to Art. 3 to " ensure the equality of men and women in the exercise of the economic, social and cultural rights laid down in this pact. "

Furthermore, according to Art. 28, “The provisions of this Covenant apply to all parts of a federal state without restriction or exception.” According to Art. 4, the Contracting States recognize “that a state may only subject the exercise of the rights guaranteed by it under this Covenant to such restrictions , which are provided by law and are compatible with the nature of these rights and whose sole purpose is to promote the common good in a democratic society. "

The introduction of tuition fees in the United Kingdom has been criticized by the responsible rapporteur at the United Nations (UNO), which has so far shown no consequences, as the British government insists that the fees in the current form do not conflict with the aims of the pact . Germany has not been prosecuted either.

Web links

Wikinews: Portal: Tuition Fees - In the News

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (PDF file, German Foreign Office)
Detailed overview of national and international tuition fees , generation-g8.de

National:

Overview of the tuition fees of the German federal states , studis-online.de

Individual evidence

^ Süddeutsche.de: Turbo student has to pay full fees

↑ Study costs and funding in an international comparison In: FAZ of January 24, 2005

^ GDR school law ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

^ Tuition fees in Australia ( Memento from April 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive )

↑ HECS on the family study by NO Jackson ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Study: Students Pay More, Unis Get LEss, the Government Pockets the Difference ( Memento of February 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive )

^ Tuition fee satire by the green Landtag candidate Henning Schürig (Baden-Württemberg 2006)

↑ Christoph Hickmann: Koch demonstrates Ypsilanti . In: sueddeutsche.de, June 5, 2008 (Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 6, 2008).

↑ Studenten-Presse.com: Koch signs law against tuition fees .

^ Salami tactics in Bavaria .

↑ study costs. State of Saarland, archived from the original on May 23, 2013 ; accessed on March 29, 2014 .

↑ Abolition of tuition fees. (No longer available online.) Ministry for Innovation, Science and Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, archived from the original on March 24, 2014 ; accessed on March 29, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Obsolete model of paid study: Hamburg abolishes tuition fees. Spiegel Online , September 13, 2011, accessed March 29, 2014 .

↑ Free study in Baden-Württemberg. Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg, archived from the original on October 2, 2013 ; accessed on March 29, 2014 .

↑ Landtag resolves the end of tuition fees in Bavaria. Zeit Online , April 24, 2013, accessed March 29, 2014 .

↑ Lower Saxony is abolishing tuition fees for the 2014/2015 winter semester. Lower Saxony Ministry of Science and Culture, accessed on March 29, 2014 .

↑ Private universities in Germany , Buschle Nicole and Haider Carsten in WISTA issue 1/2016, pages 83 and 84

↑ Brief introduction to the university system and DAAD activities in 2017 at daad.de, accessed on May 16, 2018.

↑ Studying and living in Israel ( memento of the original from May 18, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at daad.de, accessed on May 16, 2018. @1@ 2

↑ APA graphic in The Standard , August 28, 2008, p. 8

↑ University Act 2005, Section 69 (1). Accessed on January 4, 2016 .

↑ ÖH fee | Austrian student body. In: www.oeh.ac.at. Retrieved January 4, 2016 .

↑ For example, a 14-month MBA program at WU Vienna costs € 37,000.

↑ Tuition fees have been abolished

↑ Tuition fees abolished with an SFG majority

^ Application 890 / A Broukal, Graf, Grünewald

↑ Information on tuition fees at universities ( memento of the original from January 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2 archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Federal Ministry of Science and Research (link no longer available 2012)

↑ Tuition fees , fachhochschulen.ac.at, 2008, accessed October 30, 2012

↑ Finding of the Constitutional Court G 10/11, V 6 / 11‐10 , June 30, 2011 (pdf, vfgh.gv.at) and University Act 2002 and Study Funding Act 1992 (2011 dB) , parliamentary materials (online, parlament.gv.at)