Hillary Clinton

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Hillary Clinton (2016) Signature of Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton [ hɪləri daɪæn rɒdəm klɪntən ] (* 26. October 1947 in Chicago , Illinois , as Hillary Diane Rodham ) is an American politician of the Democratic Party . The wife of Bill Clinton , to whom she has been married since 1975, she was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . In November 2000 she was elected to the Senate , which she was a member of from 2001 to 2009 for the state of New York . Clinton was then Secretary of State in the administration of President Barack Obama until 2013 . Previously, Obama had defeated them in the party primary for the 2008 presidential nomination .

In the presidential election in November 2016 , Clinton became the first woman to stand for one of the two major parties, but was defeated by the Republican candidate Donald Trump in the electoral college, despite the lead in the popular vote .

Family, education and work

Childhood and youth

Hillary Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago as the daughter of the owner of the medium-sized textile printing company Rodrik Fabrics , Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911-1993), and his wife Dorothy Emma Howell (1919-2011). She grew up in Park Ridge , Illinois with her two brothers Tony and Hugh in a Methodist family. Her father, a staunch Republican , was of the opinion that his daughter's skills should not be limited to her gender role. Her Democratic mother also wanted Hillary to have an independent and professional career.

An exhibition in Little Rock, Arkansas gives a glimpse into Clinton's early years

In their youth, Hillary Rodham and her family were active members of the Methodist Church, First United Methodist Church . The youth pastor of the parish, Don Jones (1931–2009), had a lasting impact on her childhood and took her to a speech by the American civil rights activist Martin Luther King . As an adult, Clinton is an avowed member of the United Methodist Church. The religious journalists Kathryn Joyce and Jeff Sharlet reported in 2007 that Clinton had taken part in conservative prayer circles in Washington with ties to the secret group The Fellowship and had expressed criticism of the influence of social gospel in their church. After the Eugene Field Elementary School , she attended Maine Township High School East from 1961 to 1964 , where she worked, among other things, in the student council and in the school newspaper and was nominated for the National Honor Society . She began ballet at the age of 10 , played on a softball team, and took piano lessons with modest success. She also helped out in a day care center, was a babysitter and, in her final year of high school, taught as a senior leader , a kind of auxiliary teacher.

She was later a young Goldwater Girl , an election worker for the arch-conservative Republican Barry Goldwater , who ran for the presidency in vain in 1964 . John F. Kennedy's assassination November 22, 1963 should have awakened her desire jurisprudence to study. According to her memoir, the fact that she was denied participation in astronaut training as a woman was the reason for her later engagement against discrimination against women .

Wellesley College (1965-1969)

In 1965 she enrolled at Wellesley College , one of the so-called Seven Sisters , where she studied political science with a minor in psychology . She is said to have chosen this college on the recommendation of policy professor Karin Fahlstrom, a graduate of Smith College , and Janet Altmans, a graduate of Wellesley College.

Wellesley College

She was elected President of the Young Republicans, but soon resigned because of doubts about their stance on the Vietnam War . In a letter to her mentor at the time, the youth pastor Don Jones, 18-year-old Rodham asked whether it was possible to be “conservative in mind, but left-wing liberal in heart” (“can one be a mind conservative and a heart liberal ? ”) - a combination that, in the opinion of her biographer Carl Bernstein, also aptly describes the attitude of the later politician.

The Tet Offensive in South Vietnam , Lyndon B. Johnson's withdrawal from the presidential election and the assassination of Robert Kennedy made her an active supporter of Eugene McCarthy's anti-war campaign . In April 1968 she was elected President of the Student Union for the following year. Clinton applied for the Wellesley Internship Program in Washington, DC Students were offered internships in government agencies and convention bureaus. Alan Schechter, professor of political science, gave her a place in the Republican Congress. Clinton resisted in vain and contacted Gerald Ford's group . Towards the end of her internship, Congressman Charles Goodell asked her and four other interns to accompany him to the 1968 Republican Party Convention in Miami to assist Governor Nelson Rockefeller in the nomination of the presidential nomination. There she took calls in the Rockefeller-for-President suite at Fontainebleau Miami Beach and passed messages between the staff offices. Rockefeller lost the election in the convention, Richard Nixon was nominated instead .

In her final year in Wellesley, she wrote a 92-page bachelor's thesis on American civil rights activist Saul David Alinsky , entitled: "There Is Only the Fight ...": An Analysis of the Alinsky Model . Clinton described Alinsky as a "compelling personality" with an "extraordinary charm". In 1969 she obtained a Bachelor of Art in Political Science with distinction.

On May 31, 1969, Clinton gave a keynote address at the graduation ceremony in Wellesley. It was about integrity , respect and trust between people. That led to a television interview on a local Chicago broadcaster and an article about her in Life Magazine . The following summer vacation, she went to Alaska , where she washed plates in Denali National Park and had a temporary job at a salmon factory in Valdez .

Yale Law School (1969–1973)

The Yale Law School

Hillary Clinton enrolled at Yale Law School in New Haven in the fall of 1969 to study law and immediately became a member of the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action . Here she made the protection of the interests of children and families her concern and combined social engagement with her legal career. During her sophomore year of law school, she volunteered at the Yale Child Study Center to learn about early childhood brain development . She also worked on child abuse cases at Yale-New Haven Hospital .

In 1970 she received a scholarship and began in the spring of that year, their work on the by the American activist for children's rights and child protection Marian Wright Edelman launched Washington Research Project . Clinton was a member of the Labor Migration Subcommittee in the summer of 1971, chaired by Walter Mondale . There she examined the problems of migrant workers in housing, hygiene, health and education. To this end, she questioned workers and their relatives in order to be able to judge the great deprivation their children suffer from. Democratic policy advisor Anne Wexler and several other students at Yale Law School convinced her to work in the Senate election campaign for lobbyist Joseph Daniel Duffey that same year. Hillary Rodham Clinton later referred to this job as her first job in politics.

In spring 1971 she first met her future husband Bill Clinton, also a student at Yale Law School. Although he originally wanted to travel to Arkansas to apply for public office, he went to Oakland , California with Hillary that summer . There she worked in a small law firm (Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein) and spent her time drafting motions and briefs for Mel Burnstein while Bill Clinton led Senator George McGovern's election campaign in the southern states. They returned to New Haven as a couple that summer and rented the first floor of a house on Edgewood Avenue. She finished her law studies with the degree of Juris Doctor . She stayed another year to be with Bill, who is said to have made her several marriage proposals at that time, all of which she rejected. The two married on October 11, 1975.

Eventually she chose to do postgraduate studies at the Yale Child Study Center ; her first article, Children Under the Law , was published in the Harvard Educational Review in the winter of 1973 . There she describes the changing status of children and summarizes the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States at the time. The article is still widely cited today as the authoritative source on children's rights.

Professional career and First Lady of Arkansas

Hillary Clinton was an attorney at the prestigious Rose Law Firm in Little Rock and a professor at the University of Arkansas Law School at Fayetteville . She gained her first experience in politics in Washington when she was legal advisor to the Justice Committee of the American House of Representatives in 1974 . Her job was to work with her colleagues to collect evidence that would lead to impeachment proceedings against President Richard Nixon over the Watergate affair .

Bill Clinton and family on his second
inauguration as US President in 1997

When her husband was elected governor of Arkansas in 1978 , Hillary resigned from teaching as a law professor. On February 27, 1980, their daughter Chelsea Victoria Clinton was born.

Hillary Clinton (1992)

When her husband Bill Clinton was governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1992 , she assumed the role of first lady. From 1986 to 1992 she was a member of the supervisory board of the supermarket chain Wal-Mart , which is not mentioned in her official résumé.

First Lady of the USA

After her husband Bill Clinton was elected President of the United States, the family moved into the White House in January 1993 . Hillary Clinton would have liked to become attorney general; since 1967, however, no government official in Washington has been allowed to employ a family member as an immediate subordinate - not even the president.

In the same year she took over the chairmanship of the Task Force of National Health Care Reform in order to initiate a reform of the health system on behalf of the government . However, the proposals made by the task force were rejected. However, it had made a significant contribution to the introduction of a state health program for children of uninsured parents in 1997, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) . CHIP improved the situation of 6.6 million children of the so-called “working poor”, the poor despite having a job.

Hillary Rodham Clinton also campaigned for global respect for women and human rights . She is also committed to child protection . In 1996 she gave a high profile address to the United Methodist Church General Conference on the subject.

In her husband's second term in office, the Lewinsky affair dominated the media , an extramarital relationship between Bill Clinton and his intern, which resulted in (failed) impeachment proceedings against him. Hillary Clinton did not comment publicly until later, in her autobiography, Living History . It appeared in 2003 just before her husband's autobiography and became a bestseller with over 3.2 million copies sold worldwide.

Political career

Senator for New York

In November 2000, she ran as Senator for New York State after Democratic mandate holder Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement. At first it seemed like a choice between Clinton and Rudolph Giuliani , the popular Republican Mayor of New York City . When he did not run due to cancer, the Republicans appointed Rick Lazio to be a member of the House of Representatives . Clinton won the election with 55 percent to 43 percent. On January 3, 2001, she was sworn in as Senator by Vice President Al Gore in his role as Senate President in the presence of her husband. His tenure as president ended 17 days later when George W. Bush took office on January 20, 2001.

In the Senate election on November 7, 2006 , it was confirmed with 67 percent of the vote. The Republican rival John Spencer only got 31 percent. In the Senate, among other things, she sat on the Armed Forces Committee .

2008 presidential campaign

On January 20, 2007, Hillary Clinton announced that she would run for the Democrats in the 2008 presidential election. She would have become the first woman to serve as US President. Before the party's first primaries, Clinton was the most promising Democratic candidate ahead of Barack Obama and John Edwards . With around one hundred million US dollars, she collected the most donations in 2007 alongside Barack Obama. Despite her primary victories in 21 states, including California and Florida , Clinton failed to secure a majority of the Democratic delegates. These elected Barack Obama as their candidate, who was able to prevail in the presidential election in November against the Republican John McCain .

Hillary Clinton's election rally in February 2008

In the election campaign, opponents within the party accused her of overly conservative positions and of her initial support for the Iraq war . After she had emphasized in an interview the importance of President Lyndon B. Johnson in the abolition of racial segregation versus the importance of Martin Luther King , she was criticized for it from within her own party as well as from black Americans. The critics saw this as an allegation that only a white president was able to issue these regulations. Another point of criticism was the failure to publish her tax return, which Clinton made up on April 4, 2008. Hillary Clinton and her husband, Bill, had earned $ 109 million after moving out of the White House . In total, they would have donated around $ 10 million and paid over $ 33.8 million in taxes. Most of the time, her husband Bill Clinton contributed. During the 2008 election campaign, Hillary Clinton threatened Iran with "annihilation" if it used nuclear weapons against Israel . Her false statement during the election campaign that she was caught in the fire of snipers during a visit to Tuzla in 1996 also sparked controversy .

Secretary of State in the Obama Cabinet

Secretary of State Clinton visiting East Timor in 2012

On December 1, 2008, the team of future US President Barack Obama announced that Clinton would become Secretary of State in his cabinet . On January 21, 2009, the Senate upheld Clinton's nomination with a 94-2 vote. On the same day she took her oath of office and resigned her Senate seat. The then governor of New York , David Paterson , appointed Kirsten Gillibrand to succeed her in the Senate. During her time as Secretary of State, Clinton visited 112 countries, more than any other incumbent before her. Also it was the end of their term of office as the most popular politician in the US and occupied in 2011 and 2012 behind German Chancellor Angela Merkel No. 2 in the World's 100 Most Powerful Women of the Forbes Magazine .

Shortly before the end of her term of office, she was ill for four weeks from the beginning of December 2012 to the beginning of January 2013. In her closing speech, she admitted mistakes in the civil war in Libya and took responsibility for the embassy attack in Benghazi . Clinton also wanted to arm Syrian rebels in the civil war there, as it became known after she left office.

Return to private life (2013 to 2015)

Hillary Clinton in October 2013

Clinton announced in March 2011 that she would retire from office as Secretary of State after Obama's re-election . John Kerry took office on February 1, 2013 . She wanted to campaign for civil rights and especially for children and women and initially denied assumptions that she was planning a presidential candidacy in 2016 . She has been involved with the Clinton Foundation since 2013 .

In 2014, Clinton criticized President Obama's Syria policy. Among other things, she accused him of not giving the moderate rebels enough support, which gave the jihadists room to advance.

2016 presidential election

Candidate in the Democratic Party primaries

Hillary Clinton in February 2016

On April 12, 2015, Clinton announced that he would run for the second time after 2008 for the Democratic candidacy in the upcoming presidential election in November 2016 . Their team led as leader John Podesta and as campaign manager Robby Mook ; Third was Clinton's close confidante Huma Abedin as deputy director. Even before the announcement of her candidacy, which received great media coverage worldwide, there had been speculation about a Clinton candidacy. In 2014, an unofficial campaign called Ready for Hillary was started . Clinton was the first Democratic Party politician to publicize her candidacy for the White House. From the outset, Clinton was clearly in the lead in all polls on the party's internal nomination process. Most of the political observers therefore attested to her that she had the best chance of her party's presidential candidacy; their primary victory was often referred to as "inevitable". She had also led most of the general election polls between 2013 and 2015 against potential Republican challengers. In addition, Clinton had managed to collect by far the largest number of campaign funds. The incumbent President Barack Obama, who was not allowed to run again after two terms in office, declared in April 2015 that Clinton was "an excellent president".

Hillary Clinton at a campaign rally in January 2016
Hillary Clinton speaking at the Democratic Nominations Congress in July 2016

In addition to Clinton, four party friends declared a serious candidacy in the primary, the former US Senator for Virginia Jim Webb , the former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley , the former Governor of Rhode Islands Lincoln Chafee and the US Senator for Vermont Bernie Sanders . Webb, O'Malley, and Chafee never managed to get out of the low single-digit percentage in the polls and put the well-leading Clinton at risk. Sanders, on the other hand, who describes himself as a “Democratic Socialist” (for example: democratic socialist ), succeeded in reducing the gap to Clinton considerably by the beginning of 2016 in surveys. In the first primary state of Iowa , he was even able to easily take the lead at times. Although the Senator received significantly more approval than assumed at the beginning of his candidacy (especially among young Americans), Clinton was still a clear favorite due to her high profile and very good campaign organization. In addition, a clear majority of all Democratic members of Congress, as well as a number of governors, voted for them. On January 30, 2016, she received an endorsement from The New York Times for the top Democratic nomination. Since January 2016, her husband Bill has also made a number of campaign appearances for her after the former president had previously stayed in the background. Clinton’s campaign focused primarily on demarcation from the Republicans , hardly addressing the harsh personal attacks of Republican real estate billionaire Donald Trump . She often criticized her party rival Sanders for his stance on gun controls , which she described as too frivolous. With some clear wins in states in the area code, including in his neighboring state New Hampshire (see pre-election results of the 2016 presidential election in the United States ), Sanders moved significantly closer to Hillary Clinton's polls and repeatedly challenged her to be the favorite.

With the victories in the last important states such as California on June 7, Clinton secured the primary victory and thus the majority for the nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 25-28, 2016, according to almost all political observers her rival Bernie Sanders did not admit his defeat for weeks because Clinton had not achieved an absolute majority in the delegates distributed by elections and the superdelegates (mostly belonging to the party leadership) were free to make their own decisions. At the end of June, Sanders hinted at his defeat in a program on TV station MSNBC , saying that he could count. He would vote for Clinton in the presidential election to prevent Trump from being elected president. On July 12, 2016, Sanders finally declared his support for Clinton (" Endorsement ") at a joint appearance in Portsmouth, New Hampshire . One day after the 2016 Republican National Convention ended , in which Donald Trump was elected Republican presidential candidate, Clinton unveiled her election for Vice President and Running Mate on July 22 . She elected Tim Kaine , the US Senator and former governor of the important swing state Virginia , who is considered the safe choice of an experienced politician who integrates towards the political center . When nominating the Democratic Clinton was elected on July 26, 2016 candidate of their party for president.

E-mail affair

During her tenure as Secretary of State, Clinton had sent a total of around 30,000 business e-mails via a private server and private e-mail account . This was the subject of public discussion, particularly during her 2016 presidential campaign, and repeatedly gave Republicans cause for sharp criticism of Clinton. An investigation report by the Inspector General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, published in May 2016, found this practice to be a violation of service regulations. All official e-mails must be stored on the Ministry's memory or printed out and archived. She also violated the requirement to immediately hand over all professional documents to the ministry at the end of her term. Her previous claim that she used the private server purely for convenience and her promise to help clear up the allegations did not seem credible to some.

In early July 2016, the FBI closed the investigation into Clinton for handling classified information. FBI Director James B. Comey said he saw no evidence of criminal conduct. Nonetheless, he said that Clinton's handling of her emails was "extremely carefree". Such a public reprimand is uncommon for FBI statements. However, due to a procedural error, the investigation was not formally closed. At the beginning of September 2016, Comey responded to the demand, especially from the Republican campaign camp, and approved the publication of part of the FBI's investigation files with the minutes of Clinton’s questioning about the affair. On October 28, 2016, eleven days before the November 8 election , Comey surprisingly announced the resumption of the investigation after a laptop with e-mails from Weiner's ex-wife was seized in the course of the investigation against Anthony Weiner - the Clinton advisor Huma Abedin - related to Hillary Clinton. On November 6th, the FBI closed the investigation against Clinton again, as almost all of the newly found e-mails were already known and thus no evidence of criminal behavior had been found in these new investigations either.

Result of the 2016 presidential election

On November 8, 2016, Clinton lost the election to Donald Trump, contrary to most polls and almost all forecasts. She received the votes of 232 electors and was thus defeated by her republican adversary, who could unite 306 votes. In a phone call with Trump, she admitted her defeat on election night. The next day, she confirmed the defeat in a public address and called on the country to unite. Trump had managed to achieve a majority in traditionally democratic states in the so-called Rust Belt of the Midwest , in which Clinton had hardly campaigned, including Michigan , Wisconsin and Pennsylvania , in which there were less than 100,000 votes between the candidates. In the course of the vote count, it turned out by the end of November 2016 that Clinton had received more votes than Trump. As one of historically only five of the overall defeated candidates, Clinton won the Popular Vote , with almost 2.9 million votes more than Trump, six times the largest lead of a defeated candidate, Al Gores . The Green presidential candidate, Jill Stein , then pushed through a recount of votes in Wisconsin , for which she raised several million dollars in donations within a few days, and also requested a recount in Michigan and Pennsylvania. Had Clinton won tens of thousands more votes in all three states, she would have had a majority in the electoral college. These recounts were unsuccessful; Trump was elected President by the Electoral College on December 19, 2016, and took office on January 20, 2017 in the presence of the Clinton couple.

Possible influence on the choice

The FBI Director James B. Comey - himself a member of the Republican Party for years - was accused of meddling in the election campaign due to various controversial decisions. In particular, his decision to resume the proceedings against Clinton because of the email affair so shortly before the election and, above all, to make this public without having seen the new material in the case at all, became from various sides, even non-partisan , criticized. Within a few days after the publication, Clinton's lead over Donald Trump on average in the polls shrank significantly from almost 5 to just over 1 percent. Two days before the election, Comey stopped the investigation because no relevant information had been found. In early 2017, the US Department of Justice finally announced an investigation to clarify whether Comey had adhered to the Department's principles during the investigation into the email affair, especially when the case was reopened just before the election date.

The criticism of Comey's decision increased when, in the course of the debate, another possibly election campaign-relevant position became known: At the beginning of October, the US director of intelligence - who heads the merger of all US intelligence services - and the Department of Homeland Security had a joint assessment of the US intelligence services published according to which it was considered certain that the Russian government was attempting through hackers to influence the US election in favor of Donald Trump. Comey had spoken out against the publication of this assessment, which was detrimental to Russia, since such an announcement so close to the election would mean unilateral interference for Clinton in the election campaign. Because Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin had mutually positive about each other during the election campaign and Trump had asked Russia at an election campaign event to hack Clinton's email server in order to find the allegedly missing emails. When he was accused of wanting to use traditional American rival Russia as a campaign helper, Trump said he meant his comment merely "sarcastically".

In December 2016, Clinton accused Russian President Putin of influencing the election to their disadvantage in order to take revenge for questioning the legality of the 2011 Russian elections . At the beginning of January 2017, the secret services CIA , FBI and NSA published an assessment that each of them, independently of one another, assumed with "great certainty" that Russian President Vladimir Putin personally ordered the hacker attacks on the Democratic Party . He then had the explosive information obtained in this way published covertly via WikiLeaks in order to influence the election for the benefit of Trump. This assessment was immediately rejected by the Russian government. President-elect Donald Trump had repeatedly attacked the secret services for this assessment, but then said a few days after a briefing with the secret services that he now also believes that Russia was behind the hacking attacks in the election campaign.

Even Julian Assange dismissed allegations of cooperation with Russia.

Retreat into private life (since 2016)

After losing the presidential election, Clinton initially withdrew from the public and appeared only sporadically at events. Clinton announced on April 6, 2017 that he would never run for office again. In May 2017, she founded the political organization Onward Together , which aims to support political candidates and resist US President Trump. In mid-September 2017, she published her memories of the lost presidential election campaign, What Happened, and announced that, although she was no longer available as a political candidate, she would not withdraw from politics because she believed that the The future of the country is at stake under Donald Trump's presidency. Before the 2018 elections in the United States , Clinton remained an unpopular politician and remained an enemy of many Republicans; By late April 2018, Clinton appeared in nearly 13,000 Republican-sponsored campaign spots, including 5,000 in Ohio . She is one of four executive producers on a television show planned with Steven Spielberg about the fight for women's suffrage.

A longtime Clinton advisor, Mark Penn, wrote in an opinion piece to the Wall Street Journal shortly after the mid-term election in November 2018 that preparations for Hillary 4.0 , i.e. running again in the 2020 presidential election , were in full swing. After Clinton had previously rejected but not completely ruled out a candidacy, political observers viewed this as a test balloon for Clinton to run again in the upcoming Democratic presidential election . In late January 2019, CNN.com reported that Clinton was keeping a candidacy open. A short time later, Hillary Clinton announced that she was not considering another candidacy.

In October 2019, Clinton came into the focus of the media again after harshly criticizing Democratic presidential candidate Tulsi Gabbard and her anti-interventionist positions. Clinton claimed Gabbard was Russia's favorite candidate and was being promoted by the Republicans as an independent candidate against the Democrats and Trump. Gabbard then asked Clinton to join the primary campaign. Although Clinton had previously refused, such speculations have increased again since. Especially against the background of the increasing popularity of Elizabeth Warren and the deteriorating poll numbers of Joe Biden , Clinton was then re-traded as a possible candidate for the Democrats.

She has been Chancellor of Queen's University in Belfast since January 2, 2020 .

Political positions in the 2016 election campaign

Domestic politics

Clinton advocated an increase in the federal minimum wage from $ 7.25 to $ 12 and regional initiatives for higher minimum wages, but did not seek unconditional introduction of a nationwide minimum wage of $ 15. Tax increases for upper incomes were also one of her election goals, the top percent in the income statistics of US households would have had to pay an average of $ 78,000 more per year according to their tax plans. She also called for state-paid parental leave for American families.

Foreign policy

Hillary Clinton in Qatar in January 2011

In her foreign policy speeches, she relied more on demarcation from what she believed to be a “dangerous Trump” (“Dangerous Donald”) than to present her own plans. In order to combat the Islamist terrorist organization ISIS , it announced increased bomb attacks in Iraq and Syria, a strengthening of "anti-terrorist activities" worldwide and an expansion of intelligence activities in the USA itself. Unlike Obama, she spoke out in favor of new sanctions following a missile test in Iran . In a debate with Bernie Sanders, she spoke out in favor of establishing a no-fly zone in Syria (“And, yes, I do still support a no-fly zone because I think we need to put in safe havens for those poor Syrians who are fleeing both Assad and ISIS and have some place that they can be safe. "). In a speech on August 31, 2016 in Cincinnati , she spoke out in favor of modernizing the army in order to counter the increasing threat from countries such as Russia, China, Iran and North Korea. In addition, she wants to invest in the protection of the interests of the USA in space and cyberspace as future fields of military conflict. As President, she would treat attacks in cyberspace “just like any other attack” and expressly respond to them using military means. She explicitly mentioned hacker attacks from Russia and China.

Awards

Fonts

Audio books

literature

  • Lanny J. Davis: The Unmaking of the President 2016: How FBI Director James Comey Cost Hillary Clinton the Presidency , Simon & Schuster 2018, ISBN 978-1-5011-8039-2
  • Jonathan Allen, Amie Parnes: Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign. Crown April 2017, ISBN 978-0-553-44708-8 .
  • Dorothea Hahn: Hillary. A life in the center of power. Beck, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-406-69754-8 .
  • Diana Johnstone : The Chaos Queen: Hillary Clinton and the Foreign Policy of the Self-proclaimed World Power , West End, 2016, ISBN 978-3-86489-135-9
  • Liza Featherstone (Editor): False Choices: The Faux Feminism of Hillary Rodham Clinton , Verso, ISBN 978-1-78478-461-4
  • Christiane Oppermann: Hillary Clinton - "I am in to win" - The fight for the White House. Herder, Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-451-03014-7 .
  • Carl Bernstein: Hillary Clinton - The power of a woman. Droemer / Knaur, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-426-27435-4 .
  • Christopher P. Andersen: American Evita. Hillary Clinton's path to power. Morrow, New York 2004, ISBN 0-06-056254-4 .
  • Colleen Elizabeth Kelley: The rhetoric of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. Crisis management discourse. Praeger, Westport, Conn. u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-275-96695-X .
  • Gail Sheehy: Hillary's choice. Ballantine Books, New York 2000, ISBN 0-345-43656-3 . German edition: Hillary. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-498-06341-3 .
  • Nancy Loewen: Hillary Rodham Clinton. Creative Education, Mankato, Minn. 1999, ISBN 0-88682-636-5 .
  • Roger Morris: The Clintons. An American career. Spiegel-Buch, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-455-15007-1 .
  • Sonja Kochius: Hillary Clinton. The most powerful woman in the world. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1994, ISBN 3-404-61303-1 .
  • Judith Warner: Hillary Clinton. The inside story. Signet, New York, NY 1993, ISBN 0-451-17808-4 .

Documentation

Web links

Commons : Hillary Clinton  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Hillary Clinton  - on the news
Wikisource: Hillary Clinton  - Sources and full texts (English)

Individual evidence

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  4. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , p. 25.
  5. a b Hillary Rodham Clinton: Lived History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , p. 26.
  6. ^ Carl Bernstein : A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York 2007, ISBN 0-375-40766-9 , p. 13.
  7. ^ Carl Bernstein: A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York 2007, ISBN 0-375-40766-9 , p. 16.
  8. ^ Clintons make stop at First United Methodist Church on Sunday. In: Herald-Dispatch.com , May 11, 2008 (English).
  9. ^ Judith Warner: Hillary Clinton: The New Woman in the White House. Your life, your career, your influence. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06698-7 , p. 25.
  10. Kathryn Joyce, Jeff Sharlet: Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics. In: Mother Jones , September / October 2007, p. 48 ff. (English).
  11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/10/28/hillary-clinton-in-her-element/3e17291d-2548-4ec9-98ae-89bd28a8cfb5/
  12. ^ High school of numerous noteworthy alumni. In: Onthisveryspot.com , accessed May 18, 2013.
  13. ^ Judith Warner: Hillary Clinton: The New Woman in the White House. Your life, your career, your influence. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06698-7 , p. 28.
  14. a b Judith Warner: Hillary Clinton: the new woman in the White House. Your life, your career, your influence. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06698-7 , p. 22.
  15. ^ Frank Marafiote: Hillary Rodham Clinton's high school yearbook. ( Memento of September 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Hillaryclintonquarterly.com , accessed on June 11, 2013 (English).
  16. ^ Deborah Solomon: Get to Know Hillary Clinton. In: The New York Times , August 27, 2006; Hillary Clinton. The early years. In: Today.com , accessed May 20, 2013.
  17. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , p. 39.
  18. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , pp. 40 f.
  19. ^ Jeri Freedman: Hillary Rodham Clinton. ReadHowYouWant.com, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4270-9155-0 , p. 24 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
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  22. ^ A b c Bill Dedman: Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis. In: NBC News , May 9, 2007.
  23. ^ Carl Bernstein: Portrait of the Candidate as a Young Climber. In: The Washington Post , June 3, 2007.
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  25. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , p. 58.
  26. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Living History. New York 2003, ISBN 3-430-11862-X , pp. 59-61.
  27. Small gems . In: Der Spiegel . No. 35 , 1969 ( online ).
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