Eleanor Roosevelt

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Eleanor Roosevelt

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt [ 'æna' ɛlɪnɔɹ 'ɹoʊzəvɛlt ] (born October 11, 1884 in New York City ; † November 7, 1962 ) was an American human rights activist and diplomat and the wife of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 . In the years after the Second World War, she was a high-ranking politician in the UN . Along with Hillary Clinton, she is considered one of the most influential women in US American politics in the 20th century.

Life and work

Childhood and youth

14-year-old Eleanor Roosevelt as a pupil (1898)

Eleanor Roosevelt was the first child of Anna Livingston Ludlow Hall Roosevelt and Elliott Roosevelt, the brother of the future US President Theodore Roosevelt . The middle child, son Elliott Jun. (1889-1893), died at the age of just under four years; the youngest son, Gracie Hall (1891-1941), became a civil servant. The family, whose ancestors immigrated from the Netherlands as early as the 17th century , belonged to the New York upper class , which was based on aristocratic standards and lived mainly on their inherited wealth. The parents' marriage was problematic and tragically ended early. Anna Roosevelt died of diphtheria at the age of only 29 (1892). Since Elliott Roosevelt was an alcoholic and had been in the hospital since 1891, Eleanor moved to live with Anna's mother, Mary Ludlow Hall, in Tivoli , New York. In 1894, Elliott Roosevelt attempted suicide , which was followed by an epileptic fit in the course of which he died.

After Eleanor Roosevelt had been taught by French governesses , private tutors and by her grandmother, she spent the years 1899 to 1902 in Allenswood, an exclusive small boarding school near London . The director, Marie Souvestre, an educated and liberal woman, was unusually committed to the field of girls' education for the time and had a great influence on Eleanor Roosevelt.

After returning to her grandmother's household, Eleanor Roosevelt held various voluntary social work positions, but also took part in numerous social events. Unlike her mother and aunts, who had enjoyed the rank of famous beauties, Eleanor Roosevelt, who had prominent teeth and was six feet tall, was not a popular debutante . However, between her and her sixth- degree uncle , Harvard student Franklin D. Roosevelt , a romance developed, which in 1903 led to an initially secret engagement.

The first years of marriage: New York and Albany (1905–1913)

Snapshot with Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt (1905)

Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt married on March 17, 1905. Franklin had recently completed his studies at Harvard and moved with his young wife a household in Manhattan, where he first began a law degree at Columbia University and in 1908 he moved to a well-known Wall Street company. The marriage was harmonious and characterized by mutual spiritual stimulation. However, she was overshadowed by the dominance of Franklin's mother, Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt, who did not allow her daughter-in-law to make decisions either in housekeeping or in bringing up children. The couple had six children, one child died as an infant: Anna (1906–1975), James (1907–1991), Elliott (1910–1990), Franklin Delano jr. (1914-1988) and John Aspinwall (1916-1981).

In 1910, Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for the Democratic Party in the New York State Senate elections , and after the election was successful, he took office in early 1911 , which took him and his family to the New York capital of Albany . Eleanor began a lively social life in Albany, directly supporting Franklin's political work, lobbying and making connections on a variety of causes that her husband could use. She also regularly attended the debates in the two houses of the New York Parliament. Franklin Roosevelt achieved high standing during this period and was re-elected in 1912. During his first term in office he had already developed an agenda which, in addition to the introduction of women's suffrage, included social innovations such as the creation of a social security system and which he presented as a political program in 1912 ( Bull Moose ). Many of the points contained therein took into account Eleanor Roosevelt's own ideas of social reform; with others, such as women's suffrage, her husband had come to "modern" views earlier than she. Eleanor Roosevelt only publicly described herself as a supporter of women's suffrage from 1911 onwards.

The Years Around World War I: Washington (1913–1920)

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt with their children (1919)

After the election of Woodrow Wilson ( D ) as US President, Franklin D. Roosevelt was called to Washington and in March 1913 was appointed Undersecretary of the US Navy . After the family moved to the state capital, two more children were born there: Franklin D. Jun. (1914–1988) and John Aspinwall (1916–1981). Similar to Albany, Eleanor Roosevelt made a multitude of friendships and connections and was particularly in demand at diplomatic dinner events , as she spoke many foreign languages ​​and knew how to make contact with everyone without distinction.

After the USA entered the First World War (April 6, 1917), Eleanor Roosevelt took on a variety of tasks that arose from her husband's connection with the Navy; Among other things, she worked in the organization of the Navy Red Cross and the Washington Red Cross canteen, in which American soldiers were cared for during the war.

After the end of the war, Eleanor Roosevelt had to grapple with anti-communism , which had emerged in the USA under the impact of the Russian October Revolution and which gave a boost to politicians such as the controversial Justice Minister Alexander Mitchell Palmer . As an activist, she had worked in many organizations in the past that Palmer and his supporters attributed to "un-American" aspirations, including the League of Women Voters , the Women's Trade Union League , the Foreign Policy Association, and the Daughters of the American Revolution . Although Eleanor Roosevelt's name was only marginally mentioned in the anti-communist campaign, the FBI began keeping a file on her.

When the Democratic Party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt as a candidate for the office of Vice President in the 1920 presidential election, Eleanor, who had previously appeared in public with her own concerns, put herself in the service of his election campaign. The fact that Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt became visible as a devoted couple and an extraordinary team in this way earned them broad sympathy. Since the Democratic presidential candidate, James M. Cox , was defeated in the election by Warren G. Harding , Franklin D. Roosevelt's candidacy also failed.

Social Feminism (1920–1928)

Eleanor Roosevelt with two of her closest feminist colleagues: Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook (1926)

In August, Franklin D. Roosevelt developed polio and his legs remained paralyzed for life. Eleanor encouraged him to continue his political career. However, when he spent most of his time in Florida from 1922 and in Warm Springs , Georgia from 1925 , it did not accompany him. From this time on, through magazine articles, public lectures and appearances on radio broadcasts, she gained a certain financial independence, which allowed her to build a cottage ( Val-Kill .) In Hyde Park , New York, where Franklin's parents had lived since 1866 ), which she moved in with Nancy Cook and her partner Marion Dickerman. At the same time, the three women founded the monthly political magazine Women's Democratic News , the first issue of which appeared in April 1925. In 1926 they also acquired the Todhunter School , a private girls' school in Manhattan, where Eleanor Roosevelt taught literature, history and politics for the next six years. In 1927, she and her two partners opened a furniture factory on the property in Val-Kill, causing a sensation because female-run companies were not yet common at that time.

By 1920 women in the United States had been given universal suffrage. Eleanor Roosevelt turned to social feminism in the early 1920s . H. believes that women's emancipation is inextricably linked with their responsibility to drive urgent social reforms. She was convinced that men go into politics primarily to pursue their own careers, while women who go into politics are particularly driven by the desire to change society and improve the conditions of everyday life.

New York State had four organizations in which women could be politically active in the early 1920s: the Women's Division of the New York State Democratic Committee , the Women's City Club , the League of Women Voters, and the Women's Trade Union League . After her husband's defeat in the presidential election, Eleanor Roosevelt returned to New York City, where she joined the first three organizations, began to be involved in all areas of the women's political movement and soon became the most influential individual within this movement. Her peers , with whom she forged an extensive working network, included Narcissa Cox Vanderlip , Esther Lape , Elizabeth Fisher Read , Caroline O'Day , Elinor Morgenthau , Nancy Cook and Marion Dickerman . The political goals of these women included improvements in housing construction, the creation of unemployment and accident insurance and health protection at work. Like First Lady Ellen Wilson , she was also a member of the Pen and Brush Club , an organization in New York for women artists and writers.

Eleanor Roosevelt with Esther Lape, founder of the League of Women Voters , in Washington, DC (1924)

Within the women's movement, Eleanor Roosevelt represented the progressive wing of the Democratic Party. When the US Congress first proposed in 1923 that a general principle on equality for women be included in the constitution ( Equal Rights Amendment ), she was the most prominent defender of this initiative. In the spring of 1924 Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned for the right of women to designate their own delegates in the Democratic Party and supported New York Governor Alfred E. Smith , who campaigned for a new program of reform. In June 1924 she chaired a committee that presented the demands of women at the democratic party congress. Their commitment in the 1920s included legal regulations and practical improvements in the areas of working hours, child labor and health care for mothers and children. In 1928, Eleanor Roosevelt hit the headlines when she was arrested during a demonstration in favor of striking workers for not following police orders. A foreign policy issue that was of particular interest to her was the controversial role of the US in the civil war in Nicaragua .

Eleanor Roosevelt also campaigned for support for the Briand-Kellogg Pact , a war ostracism pact supported by the USA and signed in London in 1928. She worked with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War , wrote a variety of pacifist articles for the Women's Democratic News - a magazine of which she was also the publisher - and was considered to be up to now at the beginning of the Second World War as one of the most prominent war opponents in the country.

Although Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about his image, he encouraged his wife's political engagement and shared his professional know-how with her . Eleanor Roosevelt received further funding from Franklin's adviser Louis McHenry Howe . During this time she acquired extensive knowledge of how men exercise power in a political sphere that they dominate, and advocated that women break this male dominance by establishing organizations of alternative power within the established political institutions. She herself was in the 1920s, among other things, treasurer for women in the Democratic State Committee of New York, chairwoman of the Non-Partisan Legislative Committee , board member of the Foreign Policy Association and director of the Bureau of Women's Activities of the National Committee of the Democratic Party. She came into long-term contradiction with her husband when he - like many other isolationists represented in the Senate - rejected US membership of the League of Nations and the Permanent International Court of Justice , while she remained a staunch supporter of this membership.

In 1928 she chaired the Women's Advisory Committee , which organized the election campaign for the Democratic presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith . The political functions that Eleanor Roosevelt also formally exercised at this time were the highest that a woman had ever attained in US party politics. In the US public, she was perceived as a prominent representative of the Democratic Party and as one of the most important political figures in the country.

The years around the Great Depression (1928–1933)

After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected Governor of New York State in November 1928 , Eleanor Roosevelt pursued her own political agenda, but gave up her editorial work, through which she had received much public attention. During the global economic crisis that began in 1929 and the associated mass unemployment , she campaigned in the Women's Trade Union League and the Junior League against the popular practice of securing endangered male jobs by systematically excluding women from working life. In the struggle for the economic security of working women, at a time when trade unionists were being persecuted and arrested, she gave the unions a key role and publicly supported strikes carried out for this purpose.

Eleanor Roosevelt was not only regarded as an extraordinarily honest and credible personality who appeared spontaneously, exuded warmth and made serious efforts to improve the living conditions of every single citizen, but also had the ability to make speeches that the audience felt strongly addressed. Especially when she talked about the needs and hopes of Americans - who were experiencing the worst economic conditions in US history - she did so more eloquently than other public figures.

First Lady (1933-1945)

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt in Washington, DC (1933)

Since Eleanor Roosevelt knew from the fate of her aunt Edith, the wife of Theodore Roosevelt, how little life of a first lady remains, she was initially very unhappy about Franklin's candidacy for president. She only worked occasionally on the election campaign.

After Franklin D. Roosevelt had been elected President on November 8, 1932 with 57.4% of the vote and took office on March 4, 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt pursued her cause. Because of this, she was increasingly criticized by the public, who did not expect the first lady to act in any way that would be visible or even political. However, like the President himself, Eleanor Roosevelt represented the purpose and essence of the New Deal .

Formally, the first lady's job was simply to host the White House . However, Eleanor Roosevelt's media exposure was substantial. As the first first lady in US history, she gave an interview on the day her husband was inaugurated. In the same year she began giving weekly press conferences to which only female reporters were invited. Since 1936 she wrote the daily column, My Day , which was printed in many newspapers nationwide and which became her most popular self-testimony.

After initially not having dealt with the living conditions of Afro-Americans despite all the social commitment , Eleanor Roosevelt began in 1934 to campaign publicly for the interests of colored people and especially to protest against racial segregation .

Further life

Roosevelt with the English language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

After FD Roosevelt's death in 1945, his successor Harry S. Truman appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as US delegate to the United Nations in December 1945 . In 1946 she was appointed to Committee III , where she gained a reputation as a talented diplomat. In 1947, with the support of Marjorie Millace Whiteman , she chaired the UN Human Rights Commission , which at that time was drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The declaration was officially adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948.

During the McCarthy era , Eleanor Roosevelt publicly opposed the views of Senator McCarthy : "In her post-war columns she most vigorously condemned the witch-hunt of alleged communists ... For her this incitement, the sowing of distrust, was deeply un-American".

Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt

Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1920)

The politician couple

Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt cultivated a rich and stimulating culture of political discussion throughout their married life, consulted with one another in all their plans, and largely agreed on their political views and goals, although Eleanor often adopted more radical positions from the late 1920s onwards as Franklin. Of course, the political life of Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt fell at a time when it was inconceivable that both partners could pursue a political career in a marriage . Eleanor Roosevelt succumbed to the spirit of the times by always downplaying the weight of her political work in public and by promoting her husband's political career with all possible dedication. In fact, there were always two politicians in the Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt household .

Private life

In September 1918, Eleanor Roosevelt discovered that her husband was having a relationship with her secretary, Lucy Mercer . She offered him a divorce so as not to jeopardize his career; however, he refused. Although the couple remained closely linked, Eleanor Roosevelt's political activities became so extensive in the years that followed that they spent an increasingly large part of their time in separate locations. In 1929 she began a love affair with her bodyguard Earl Miller, a corporal in the New York State Police , with whom she remained friends until 1962 and corresponded daily.

In 1932 the Associated Press journalist Lorena Hickok (1893–1968) became the Roosevelts' house reporter and soon began reporting regularly on Eleanor Roosevelt. Many historians suspect that the collaboration between the two women who worked together to create the First Lady’s press image developed into a love affair that lasted for decades and only ended with Eleanor Roosevelt's death.

criticism

Eleanor Roosevelt with Elinor Morgenthau (1944)

Eleanor Roosevelt only distanced himself from anti-Semitism after the Holocaust . She only began to grapple with the fate of European Jews, who as a rule could not find asylum in the USA, after the end of the war.

Honors

Eleanor Roosevelt was the first to receive the Nansen Medal, awarded by the UNHCR , in 1954 . The United States Navy named an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer , the USS Roosevelt (DDG-80) , explicitly after both Eleanor and her husband.

Jefferson College , founded in 1945 and immediately renamed Roosevelt College , now Roosevelt University , after the death of the recently deceased Franklin D. Roosevelt , dedicated its name to Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1959 on the occasion of Eleanor Roosevelt's 75th birthday.

In 1968 she was posthumously awarded the United Nations Human Rights Prize.

Eleanor Roosevelt was nominated 6 times for the Nobel Peace Prize between 1947 and 1962 .

effect

Eleanor Roosevelt is often referred to as the first lady who first played an active role in US politics. In fact, this already applies to former presidential wives such as B. Edith Wilson too.

Eleanor Roosevelt was viciously attacked by some contemporaries, but is also among the most admired women in US history. Playwright and actress Laurie Strawn wrote the one-woman show Brave Little Nell. The Eleanor Roosevelt Story .

Fonts

Books

  • It's Up to the Women , New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1933 (on her understanding of the role of women in public life)
  • A Trip to Washington With Bobby And Betty , New York: Dodge, 1935 (children's book)
  • This Is My Story , New York: Garden City Publishing Co., 1937 (first part of Eleanor Roosevelt's autobiography)
  • This I Remember , New York: Harper & Bros., 1949 (second part of Eleanor Roosevelt's autobiography)
  • The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt , Harper & Bros., 1958; reissued 2001 by Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80476-X (Eleanor Roosevelt's memoir written in 1937)
  • On My Own , New York: Harper & Bros., 1958 (third part of Eleanor Roosevelt's autobiography)
  • Eleanor Roosevelt's Book of Common Sense Etiquette , The Macmillan Company, 1962
  • You Learn by Living , New York: Harper & Bros., 1960; Reissued in 1983 by Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-24494-7
  • Tomorrow is Now , New York: Harper & Row, 1963 (first published posthumously); Reissued by Harper Collins, 1966. ISBN 0-06-013641-3

Article (selection)

  • Mrs. Roosevelt's Page , column in the monthly Woman's Home Companion , 1933-1935
  • My Day: The Best of Eleanor Roosevelt's Acclaimed Newspaper Colums, 1936–1962 , (Da Capo Press), 2001. ISBN 0-306-81010-7
  • The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers: The Human Rights Years, 1945-1948 , (Thomson Gale), 2006. ISBN 0-684-31475-4

Letters

  • Bernard Bell: Mother and Daughter: The Letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt , New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982
  • Rodger Streittmatter (ed.): Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok , (Da Capo), 2001. ISBN 0-306-80998-2

In German translation:

  • with Felix Arnold: As I saw it , (Humboldt-Verlag), 1951
  • with Eduard Tosch: India and the Awakening East , (joke), 1954
  • with Jean S. Picker and Kurt Seinsch: The United Nations, what one should know about them , (German Society for the United Nations), 1959

Editorial activity

  • Women's Democratic News, 1925–1928 (under Eleanor Roosevelt's publisher until 1935)
  • Babies: Just Babies, October 1932 – June 1933 (magazine with advice for new mothers)
  • Hunting Big Game in the Eighties: The Letters of Elliott Roosevelt, Sportsman , New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933 (collection of her father's letters)

literature

  • Maureen H. Beasley: 25. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt: Her Life before and during the White House Years. and 26. Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of the World. In Katherine AS Sibley (Ed.): A Companion to First Ladies. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2016, ISBN 978-1-118-73222-9 , pp. 439-475.
  • Betty Boyd Caroli: The Roosevelt Women , (Basic Books), 2005. ISBN 0-465-07134-1 .
  • Allen Churchill: The Roosevelts: American Aristocrats , New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
  • Blanche Wiesen Cook: Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 1, 1884-1933 , New York (Viking), 1992. ISBN 0-670-80486-X .
  • Blanche Wiesen Cook: Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 2, The Defining Years, 1933-1938 , (Penguin), 2000. ISBN 0-14-017894-5 .
  • Candace Fleming: Out Eleanor: A Scrapbook Look at Eleanor Roosevelt's Remarkable Life , New York: Atheneum, 2005. ISBN 0-689-86544-9 (youth non- fiction book)
  • Robin Gerber: Leadership the Eleanor Roosevelt Way: Timeless Strategies from the First Lady of Courage , (Portfolio Trade), 2003. ISBN 1-59184-020-1
  • Joyce C. Ghee: Eleanor Roosevelt: A Hudson Valley Remembrance , (Arcadia Publishing), 2005. ISBN 0-7385-3832-9
  • Mary Ann Glendon: A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , (Random House), 2002. ISBN 0-375-76046-6
  • Tamara Hareven: Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience , Chicago: Quadrangel, 1968
  • Stella K. Hershan : A Woman of Quality . A biography of Eleonor Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt Center, Val-Kill, 2000. (First edition 1970) ISBN 978-0-931681-01-1
  • Stella K. Hershan : The Candles She Lit: The Legacy of Eleonor Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt Center, Val-Kill, 2000. (First edition 1993) ISBN 978-0-931681-02-8
  • Lorena A. Hickok: Eleanor Roosevelt: Reluctant First Lady , New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980 (first edition 1968)
  • Joan Hoff-Wilson, Marjorie Lightman (eds.): Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt , Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984
  • Victoria Garrett Jones: Sterling Biographies: Eleanor Roosevelt: A Courageous Spirit , (Sterling), 2007. ISBN 1-4027-3371-2
  • James Kearney: Anna Eleanor Roosevelt: The Evolution of a Reformer , Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968
  • Joseph P. Lash: Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers , New York: WW Norton, 2007 (first edition 1971). ISBN 0-393-07459-5
  • Jan Pottker: Sara and Eleanor: The Story of Sara Delano Roosevelt and Her Daughter-in-Law , (St. Martin's Griffin), 2005. ISBN 0-312-33939-9
  • David B. Roosevelt, Manuela Dunn-Mascetti: Grandmère: A Personal History of Eleanor Roosevelt , (Warner Books), 2005. ISBN 0-446-69507-6
  • Lois Scharf: Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism , Boston: Twayne, 1987
  • Alfred Steinberg: Mrs. R .: The Life of Eleanor Roosevelt , New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1958
  • Donald Wigal: The Wisdom of Eleanor Roosevelt , (Citadel), 2003. ISBN 0-8065-2478-2
  • J. William T. Youngs: Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life , Boston: Little Brown, 1985; New edition 2005 by Longman. ISBN 0-321-34232-1

Eleanor Roosevelt in the film

Documentaries

  • The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (USA 1965; Director: Richard Kaplan)
  • American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt (USA 2000; Sue Williams)
  • Eleanor Roosevelt: A Restless Spirit (USA 1994; Harry Rasky)
  • Eleanor Roosevelt - More than a First Lady. (France, 2015; Patrick Jeudy)

Fictional films

  • Sunrise at Campobello (USA 1960; Vincent J. Donehue)
  • Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years (Movie made for TV, USA 1977; Daniel Petri)
  • FDR: The Last Year (Movie made for TV, USA 1980; Anthony Page)
  • Eleanor, First Lady of the World (Movie made for TV, USA 1982; John Erman)
  • Eleanor: In Her Own Words (Movie made for TV, USA 1986; Mark Cullingham)
  • Warm Springs (TV movie, USA 2005; Joseph Sargent)
  • Hollywood (2020 TV Series; Ryan Murphy & Ian Brennan )

Web links

Commons : Eleanor Roosevelt  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Eleanor Roosevelt  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Blanche Wiesen Cook: Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 1 (hereinafter: Cook 1), pp. 4, 21–87
  2. ↑ Cook 1, pp 87-126
  3. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 126-155
  4. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 184-196
  5. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 201-212
  6. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 213-225
  7. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 227-244; Eleanor Roosevelt's FBI file ( August 10, 2004 memento on the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 277-285
  9. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 308-331, 335 f., 382, ​​397-403
  10. ^ Cook 1, pp. 283, 338
  11. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 288-306; Women's Division of the New York State Democratic Committee ; Women's City Club of New York ; League of Women Voters: Our History ( Memento of the original from October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Narcissa Cox Vanderlip ; Esther Lape ; Elizabeth Fisher Read ; Caroline O'Day ; Nancy Cook ; Marion Dickerman @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lwv.org
  12. ^ Pen + Brush History. In: penandbrush.org. October 23, 2005, accessed May 10, 2020 . Lisa M. Burns: Ellen Axson Wilson. In Katherine AS Sibley (Ed.): A Companion to First Ladies. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2016, ISBN 978-1-118-73222-9 , pp. 339-356; here: p. 353.
  13. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 355-357; an Equal Rights Amendment has not been included in the US constitution to date ( Equal Rights Amendment )
  14. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 346-352, 357-364
  15. ^ Cook 1, pp. 364-366
  16. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 346-352, 365f.
  17. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 365f, 372
  18. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 381-383, 418-423
  19. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 458, 462f
  20. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 445f, 458
  21. ^ Cook 1, p. 474
  22. ^ Cook 1, p. 458
  23. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 489-491, 495
  24. ↑ Women in History: Eleanor Roosevelt ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lkwdpl.org
  25. ↑ Susanne Kippenberger: Mrs. America, in: tsp No. 19805 page S7
  26. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 424-426
  27. ↑ Russell Baker in New York Review of Books , June 2011: The Charms of Eleanor
  28. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 13, 227-244, 429-442
  29. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 448-451, 458-461, 467-469, 473, 478-480, 489f; en: Lorena Hickok
  30. ↑ Cook 1, pp. 390, 417
  31. ^ List of previous recipients. (PDF; 43 kB) United Nations Human Rights, April 2, 2008, accessed on December 29, 2008 (English).
  32. ^ Cook 1, p. 4
  33. ↑ Laurie Strawn: My Fair Lady: Cast Information
  34. ^ Women's Democratic News
  35. ↑ Babies: Just Babies
  36. ↑ Sender details; Director: Patrick Jeudy ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , France, 2015, 54 min. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.arte.tv
personal data
SURNAME Roosevelt, Eleanor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Roosevelt, Anna Eleanor (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American human rights activist and diplomat and wife of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt
DATE OF BIRTH October 11, 1884
PLACE OF BIRTH New York City
DATE OF DEATH November 7, 1962
Place of death New York City