Libya Civil War 2011

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
First Libyan Civil War
Part of: Arab Spring
date February 15 to October 23, 2011
place Libya
output Victory of the rebels and overthrow of the Gaddafi regime
consequences Civil war in Libya since 2014
Parties to the conflict

LibyaLibya National Transitional Council

NATO NATO Qatar Jordan Sweden United Arab Emirates Sudan
QatarQatar 
JordanJordan 
SwedenSweden 
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates 
SudanSudan 

Political system of the Libyan Arab JamahiriyaPolitical system of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Commander

Mustafa Abd al-Jalil
Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
Mahmud Jibril
Omar El-Hariri
Abd al-Fattah Yunis
Hamad bin Chalifa Al Thani
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
James G. Stavridis

Muammar al-Gaddafi
Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
Khamis al-Gaddafi
Mutassim Gaddafi
Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi
al-Saadi al-Gaddafi
Abu Baker Junis Jabir
Abdullah al-Sanusi
al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi
Muhammad Abu l-Qasim az-Zuwai
Abu Zaid Umar Durda
Abd al-Ati al-Ubayyidi

losses

Official losses total approx. 5000 fallen rebel fighters approx. 2100 missing Estimates assume a significantly higher number of victims

Losses officially approx. 5000 fallen soldiers approx. 2000 missing Estimates assume a significantly higher number of victims

Since the beginning of the uprisings against the Gaddafi regime, the opposition forces mostly used the former flag of the United Kingdom of Libya .
Muammar al-Gaddafi at the summit of the African Union , 2009

The 2011 civil war in Libya , also known as the February 17th Revolution , broke out in February of that year in the wake of the Arab Spring . It began with demonstrations against the rule of Muammar al-Gaddafi and intensified after the unrest in Tunisia , Egypt and Algeria . The official day of the beginning of the revolution is February 17th, 2011. The political conflict escalated into a military conflict and divided the country's leadership. Parts of the diplomatic corps and the armed forces joined the opposition. A National Transitional Council was established , which took control in the east of the country.

After the United Nations in Resolution 1973 authorized the international community to take military measures to protect civilians in Libya, the USA , Great Britain and France began an air and sea blockade and air strikes on March 19, 2011 as part of the international military operation in Libya Government troops and military facilities. The air strikes assisted the opposition ground forces in taking the towns in the west of the country. A few days after the opposition forces captured Tripoli in August 2011 , the transition council was relocated to the capital.

On October 20th, after weeks of fighting, Gaddafi's hometown Sirte was captured. Gaddafi, whose whereabouts had been unknown since the fall of Tripoli, was captured and killed under unexplained circumstances. According to the Transitional Council, Gaddafi died in the hours that followed from a shot in the head that hit him in the crossfire between supporters and opponents on the transport to hospital. The autopsy result leaves questions unanswered, an unequivocal description of the circumstances of death has not yet taken place. Both the UN Human Rights Council and the International Criminal Court are calling for an explanation of Gaddafi's death . On October 23, the Transitional Council declared the country completely liberated.

At the end of the war, the number of war dead was estimated at 10,000 to 50,000. According to the Libyan government from 2013, around 10,000 people died during the civil war in Libya, around 5,000 each of Gaddafi supporters and rebels. The numbers are significantly lower than those previously indicated by the new Ministry of Health (30,000 dead on the part of the rebels alone). Around 60,000 Libyans were injured and require medical treatment.

Since the end of the civil war, large parts of the country have been under the control of revolutionary brigades that do not submit to the National Transitional Council. Political observers speak of a power struggle between the Revolutionary Brigades and the Transitional Council. In February 2012 there was fighting between the revolutionary brigades, against which nobody intervened.

Torture in prisons was reported in January 2012, but most of it is not under the control of the Transitional Council. According to a report by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), around 8,000 people were still detained as a result of the war in September 2013, mostly in prisons without government control, where torture is frequent. Often the only reason for detention is that they belong to an ethnic group or a tribe who are believed to be loyal to Gaddafi.

In 2014 the armed conflicts between the Council of Deputies and the New General National Congress began .

background

The three historical governorates of Libya (1943–1963)
Ethnic groups and tribes in Libya (based on data from the CIA 1974):
  • Arabs and Arabized Berbers
  • Berber
  • Tuareg
  • Tubu
  • uninhabited
    • Oil and gas reserves, pipelines and refineries in Libya 2011

    Libya has been ruled by the authoritarian ruling Muammar al-Gaddafi since 1969, who exercised his power indirectly in a permanent revolutionary leadership established parallel to the state structures. With its oil reserves, the Maghreb state on the African continent was the leader in the Human Development Index and had values ​​comparable to Bulgaria, Brazil or Russia, but was one of the countries with the most widespread corruption. The organization Reporters Without Borders ranked Libya 160th out of 178 in its 2010 press freedom list . Arbitrary arrests, ill-treatment and torture of opposition activists were common. The unemployment rate was officially given as 20.7 percent, other estimates were 30 percent (2001). At the same time, before the mass exodus in February 2011, the number of guest workers employed in the country was estimated at around 1.7 million, which corresponds to a quarter of the total population. Although Libya clearly led the UN education index among the African countries before South Africa, the main reason for the high unemployment compared to other Maghreb countries was seen in the lack of qualified skilled workers, it was assumed that this was due to an inadequate education system and low productivity the local population was justified. This was presumably related to the rapid market opening that the Gaddafi regime has pursued since the end of the economic sanctions in 2003. Libya led Africa in terms of school attendance, even ahead of the United States , France and Sweden . Because of the oil reserves in the country, there was an extremely rich upper class; the Gaddafi family's fortunes at the time of their reign were estimated at between $ 80 billion and $ 150 billion. Libya is a member of OPEC and was one of the most important gas and oil suppliers in Europe.

    Historical power structures and regional differences

    After World War II, Britain and France occupied Libya and tried to prevent its independence. Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under a British, Fezzan a French military government. In 1946 Idris al-Mahdi al-Senussi returned to Cyrenaica from his exile in Egypt and called a national congress in 1948, at which great differences arose between the Egyptian-oriented East Libyan nationalists and the representatives of Tripolitania. Finally, on June 1, 1949, he declared himself emir of the "Independent Cyrenaica". Great Britain recognized the Independent Cyrenaica. Because they did not accept the exclusion of Tripolitania, the United Nations had a constitutional plan for Libya drawn up and elections prepared. On this basis, the united Libya became independent under its constitutional King Idris I on January 1, 1951. However, Great Britain and the USA still had military bases that were only closed by the Gaddafi regime in 1970 ( Royal Air Force Station El Adem and Wheelus Air Force Base ).

    Libyan society is shaped by tribal structures. Historically, the tribes of the East Libyan Cyrenaica were strongly oriented towards the Senussi order , headed by Idris I. The Senussi dynasty was deeply rooted in Cyrenaica and enjoyed great support from the tribes there.

    On September 1, 1969, the Libyan military seized power under a revolutionary council led by Colonel Gaddafi. The East Libyans were distant from the abolition of the monarchy and the reform policy that followed. The identification with the new form of government was much less than in Tripolitania, the more populous west of the country.

    Nevertheless, since 1969 the political leadership in Libya came mainly from Cyrenaica. However, Gaddafi filled important positions in the state and security apparatus with members of his own clan and forged alliances with other large tribes, who were rewarded with posts for this. The government's preference for other tribes and the associated unequal distribution of oil wealth led to dissatisfaction, particularly in Cyrenaica, which repeatedly manifested itself in violent clashes. Since the 1990s, there have been repeated struggles for distribution and coup attempts.

    Religious motifs

    The uprising movement was linked to Islamic extremism by the Libyan revolutionary leader Gaddafi and the Libyan state television he controls . In a speech on February 24, 2011, shortly after the revolt began, Gaddafi said the uprisings were inspired by the extremist organization al-Qaeda . Foreign terrorists gave the Libyan youth drinks with hallucinogenic pills and thus incited them to demonstrations.

    Gaddafi's government had faced religiously motivated opposition since the 1980s. This was particularly true in the east of the country, where demonstrations against Gaddafi's government were popular at the beginning of the uprising. According to a report from the US embassy, ​​the interpretation of the faith in Cyrenaica is more conservative than in other parts of the country. Gaddafi initiated a course of political and economic liberalization in 1988, but turned against the "religious tendency to take over politics". The religiously motivated opposition sometimes took on violent forms. In Ramadan in 1989, for example, armed attacks on mosque visitors who were accused of being too close to the government are documented. The extremist organization Libyan Islamic Combat Group carried out an armed uprising in the east of the country from June 1995. According to a former agent of the British secret service, the British MI6 is said to have supported the group in the attempted assassination on Gaddafi in 1996. According to media reports, members of this group joined the armed struggle against Gaddafi's government.

    The insurgents’s military and political leaders nonetheless rejected any connection with extremism. Western observers from countries that intervene militarily in Libya also denied Gaddafi's statements. NATO General James Stavridis stated in a hearing in the US Senate that, according to intelligence information available, militant groups did not play a significant role in the uprising. US Chief of Staff Mike Mullen also stated that he did not see any presence of al-Qaeda among the insurgents.

    course

    Demonstrations

    The court square in Benghazi served as the central meeting place and rally. The walls are hung with photos of those who died and mourners were constantly passing by - April 2011.

    The first protests took place in mid-January 2011. At the end of January, the Libyan writer and oppositionist Jamal al-Hajji called for protests against the regime and was arrested a little later. On February 6, 2011, Abdul Hakim Ghoga , Medhi Kashbur and two other lawyers from Benghazi were admitted by Gaddafi to his tent in Tripoli . Gaddafi is said to have opened the conversation with “You are now with the Facebook kids too”. Gaddafi is said to have said that Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak deserved their fate because they did not listen to their people and wanted their sons to succeed them. The delegation called for freedom of the press and freedom of expression and a constitution that Libyan youth need housing, good education and jobs. Gaddafi disagreed: "All the people need is food and drink".

    On February 15, following calls on the Internet, demonstrators gathered in various cities in Libya for protest marches at which slogans were shouted against “the corrupt rulers of the country” or “There is no god but Allah, Muammar is an enemy of Allah” were the protests of relatives of those killed fifteen years earlier in the Abu Salim prison massacre after their lawyer Fathi Terbil was arrested. Violent clashes with security forces broke out in Benghazi , Tripoli , Al-Baida and some other cities. The opposition around Abdul Hakim Ghoga proclaimed a day of anger for February 17 ; there were demonstrations in all the major Libyan cities. Dozens of demonstrators were killed. According to eyewitness reports, groups of armed mercenaries targeted and heavily armed against the population, special police forces fired into the crowd from rooftops. Tanks are also said to have been used against civilians. The regime blamed foreign troublemakers for the violence.

    Expansion to the uprising and collapse of the regime in parts of the country

    In the days that followed, the violent clashes escalated into civil war-like conditions. Chance of security forces and ran officers of the army of the insurgents. Benghazi , the most important and largest city in eastern Libya, fell into the hands of insurgents on February 20. Various other cities followed, so that after about a week of fighting, practically the entire region of Kyrenaica was controlled by the rebels.

    In several cities in Tripolitania, however, the armed uprisings were suppressed by government troops for the time being. An exception was Misrata , the third largest city in the country, which has been controlled by the rebels since April 2011 after heavy fighting. The troops of the Gaddafi regime were driven out of the city, but were able to prevent a further advance of the insurgents towards Tripoli for a long time. Another stronghold of the rebels, the Jabal Nafusa in the border region with Tunisia , also became the scene of eventful battles.

    Counterstrikes by the Libyan government and alleged mercenary operations

    Reinforced by suspected mercenary troops, the Libyan army, which had been put on the defensive in many cities at the beginning of the conflict, had fought back with extreme severity. There were attacks by the Libyan air force on rebel strongholds, in which numerous civilians were killed. According to the insurgents, these operations were essentially carried out by several thousand black African mercenaries who Gaddafi had flown in for these purposes.

    In contested cities such as Tripoli and Misrata, snipers are said to have fired indiscriminately at civilians. At the beginning of March there was an offensive by government troops, as a result of which eastern Libyan coastal cities such as Ras Lanuf , Brega and Ajdabiya were recaptured. On March 19, Libyan government troops had advanced to Benghazi and launched an attack on the rebel stronghold. The call for intervention from the international community had become more pressing. The international military operation began that day with the use of French fighter planes over Benghazi in Opération Harmattan , destroying the heavy weapons on the part of the Gaddafi units and the rebels repelling the attack.

    Corresponding reports were spread on Twitter and received a great response in international media via Al Jazeera and al-Arabiya . An investigation report by the UN Human Rights Commission confirmed the involvement of a smaller number of combatants of foreign origin on both sides, but in no case could it identify mercenary activities as defined by the UN conventions. Many people arrested or executed as suspected mercenaries are said to have been dark-skinned Libyans or migrant workers from sub-Saharan countries. At the end of June, Amnesty International employee Donatella Rovera said that no evidence of the existence of mercenaries had been found in the investigations carried out over the past few months and described this as a “persistent myth”. Contrary to this statement, various media reports that numerous foreign fighters on the side of Gaddafi's troops are fighting the Libyan opposition.

    Development of the situation after the start of the international military operation

    On March 17, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 authorizing the establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya and the protection of the civilian population by military means. Massive air strikes followed, particularly by the French and US air forces, against the advancing Libyan forces and strategic targets across the country. The advance of the Libyan army on the rebel stronghold of Benghazi was thus stopped. In addition, the Libyan air defense was largely switched off so that the airspace was controlled by Allied forces. Days later, rebels were able to recapture strategically important cities such as Ajdabiya and Brega . The international air raids played a decisive role in the success of the reconquest. The advance of the troops, which largely consisted of untrained military volunteers, was repeatedly repulsed despite air support.After the re-conquest of Ras Lanuf and Brega by government troops and a failed advance by the Libyan army on Ajdabiya, a stalemate developed between government troops and rebels.

    In particular, the city of Misrata , which has been enclosed by government troops since April 3, came into the spotlight of the world. The besieged city was under heavy fire for weeks due to the continued attacks of the government troops slowly advancing towards the city center, and the collapse of the food supply for the population and the medical care of the innumerable wounded became apparent. The government troops withdrew to the outskirts of the city on April 23 because of fierce defensive fighting. They continued their attacks from a distance for weeks and fired rockets into the city, but could also be better taken under fire by combat missions by NATO forces than in the confusing urban warfare .

    In April, the rebels succeeded in bringing the important border crossing to Tunisia under their control in the mountain region of Jabal Nafusa , which is mainly inhabited by Berbers and which is sometimes only a little more than a hundred kilometers from the capital Tripoli, despite ongoing counter-attacks. Via this supply line, not only aid supplies, but also weapons and volunteers from regions controlled by Gaddafi reached the mountainous landscape. By the summer, after fierce fighting, the rebels were largely able to drive the troops loyal to the government from the mountain towns to the plains below. Stable control over an area so close to the capital was a key requirement for the further advance on Tripoli in August.

    Later on, the NATO air strikes acted as support for the opposition to take further positions of the Gaddafi regime.

    Occupation of Tripoli

    The capital Tripoli initially remained under the control of the Gaddafi government. During the fighting, Gaddafi repeatedly described the insurgents in televised speeches as criminals, Islamist terrorists and drug addicts. He announced that he would die a martyr if necessary and would never resign voluntarily.

    On August 20, 2011, an uprising that had been in preparation for a long time began in Tripoli under the code name "Operation Mermaid Dawn"; at the same time, rebel troops advanced from the Nafusa Mountains towards Tripoli. In doing so, they were largely supported by local fighters from Tripoli and az-Zawiya . The date is doubly symbolic, because on the one hand a conquest of Tripoli should be achieved before the end of Ramadan on August 29 and on the other hand because August 20 is traditionally celebrated as the anniversary of the Battle of Yarmuk , in which an Arab army annually 636 won a decisive victory over the superior Eastern Roman army.

    On August 21, the rebels managed to advance into Tripoli, encountering minimal military resistance and being widely welcomed by the population. NATO had prepared and flanked the advance with air strikes. While the media reported the advancing rebel conquest, the status of some parts of the city remained unclear. Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi spoke freely in front of journalists in the Rixos Hotel on August 23 , despite the fact that the National Transitional Council had announced his arrest. The Rixos Hotel, where the government had held press conferences and where many journalists were still staying, remained under the control of the regime for a long time.

    The fighting in Tripoli was concentrated in the center, where soldiers of the regime supporters defended Gaddafi's Bab al-Aziziya complex until the evening of 23 August. How long Muammar al-Gaddafi, his sons and important regime representatives stayed there remained unclear.

    At the end of August 2011, the Gaddafi regime lost control of Tripoli to the Transitional Council. In the rest of Libya, the rebels had meanwhile taken almost all of the major cities in the north. At the beginning of October only the cities of Bani Walid and Sirte, Gaddafi's hometown, were in the hands of Gaddafi supporters.

    Ibrahim Abu Sahima , head of the new government's committee to search for victims of Muammar Gaddafi's rule, announced on September 25, 2011 that investigators from the National Transitional Council had found a mass grave in Tripoli containing the remains of 1,270 people. These are said to be former inmates of Abu Salim Prison , where a massacre occurred in June 1996 following protests by the inmates. Sahima announced that the Transitional Council would seek international help in identifying the dead. The corpses had been doused with acid, apparently to destroy evidence of the massacre. Both Jamal Ben Nur from the Justice and Human Rights Ministry of the Libyan Transitional Council and a CNN team that was there spoke of "bones that are too big for human bones" and "animal bones" respectively. Neither of them mention the use of acid.

    Occupation of the rest of Libya until the fall of Sirte

    Cities in Fezzan and Tripolitania controlled by Gaddafi supporters were occupied by Gaddafi opponents' troops, some of which were long fought over, often supported by NATO air forces. On August 29th, Ghadames on the Tunisian border was captured, on September 22nd, the desert city of Sabha , on October 17th, Bani Walid , and the last city on October 20th, after weeks of fighting, Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte.

    Gaddafi, who holed up in his hometown of Sirte after the fall of Tripoli , tried to flee the besieged city in a car convoy on October 20. After the convoy was heavily shelled by NATO planes, the transition council announced that day that Gaddafi had been taken prisoner injured but had died shortly afterwards under previously unexplained circumstances. In the autopsy report, a gunshot wound to the head was named as the cause of death, which had occurred in the crossfire between supporters and opponents of Gaddafi after his capture on the way to the hospital. Gaddafi's military chief Abu Baker Junis Jabr was also killed. The UN Human Rights Council demands that Gaddafi's death circumstances be clarified. The position provisionally adopted its discovery and arrest: 31.19562 °  N , 16.52141 °  O .

    Situation after the civil war

    More than 6,000 people have been arrested since the end of the civil war, with no official charge or trial. Prisoners are tortured in the detention centers in the city of Misrata, which are not subordinate to the National Transitional Council but to the local Revolutionary Brigade. The aid organization Doctors Without Borders found injuries from torture in a total of 115 prisoners. The torture interrogations , some of which were fatal, were conducted by the NASS military intelligence service. The local authorities ignored the aid organization's calls for an end to the torture. After the torture death of the former Libyan ambassador to France in Sintan became known , Justice Minister Ali Hamida Aschur declared that those responsible would be brought to justice; Most of the prisons affected by torture allegations are not under the control of the Transitional Council. Amnesty International published several reports of systematic torture by rebel forces in irregular detention centers. The black African population in particular was the target of reprisals by the rebels.

    On January 23, 2012, the capture of large parts of the city of Bani Walid by "Gaddafi supporters" was reported. The National Transitional Council allegedly ordered the arrest of former Gaddafi supporters as the trigger for the uprising. The next day it was denied that Bani Walid was now being controlled by supporters of Gaddafi. The city simply wanted its own local government. They resisted interference from the capital. After consultations with tribal representatives in Bani Walid, Usama al-Juwaili , the defense minister of the National Transitional Council, recognized the local government.

    Almost at the same time, the headquarters of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi was violently stormed by opponents of Gaddafi. The reason given is dissatisfaction with the transitional council's lack of transparency. The chairman of the transition council, Mustafa Abd al-Jalil, spoke of a dilemma: “Either we face this violence with a hard hand. That would lead to a military confrontation that we don't want. Or we split up and there will be a civil war! "

    Usama al-Juwaili wants to integrate the revolutionary brigades into the regular Libyan armed forces, the police and other institutions of the new government. Often, however, there are fights between revolutionary brigades from different parts of the country, against which the government does not intervene; for example in early February 2012 in Tripoli near the city center between the brigades from Misrata in the east and Sintan in the west of the country. The reason is disputes over areas of influence. In November 2011, representatives of the brigades announced that they would keep their weapons until a new constitution came into force.

    Libyan car with a self-changed license plate, "Libya" was pasted over "Jamahirija", in Zarzis (Tunisia)

    In August 2011 elections to a constituent assembly were announced, which are to take place in June 2012. The draft electoral law provides for numerous restrictions with which supporters of Gaddafi are to be excluded from running. On January 29th, the law was passed in Tripoli. According to the law, 136 seats in the Constituent Assembly will be given to candidates from political parties and 64 seats to independent candidates. According to a member of the Transitional Council, the fact that 2/3 of the seats should go to candidates from political parties is due to pressure from the Muslim Brotherhood ; it is the only political grouping that can count on a majority in the elections.

    On January 10, 2012, the Foreign Minister of the Transitional Council Ashur Bin Hajal confirmed that Libya had received US $ 20 billion of the funds frozen due to the US sanctions. It is not confirmed whether the money was deposited with the Libyan central bank. A total of around 150 billion US dollars are said to have been frozen. The UN Security Council lifted the sanctions on December 17, 2011. The lack of funds in Libya is causing discontent in the country. Business people ask "where did the money go".

    The IMF warned on January 30th that government finances were still in a "dangerous" state. There is a shortfall of US $ 10 billion in the 2012 budget, and the government is struggling to pay salaries and pay energy bills. According to the chairman of the transition council, oil revenues were only $ 5 billion for the past five months, but wages and energy costs were $ 14 billion a year. Of the $ 100 billion frozen and released by the sanctions, it's only $ 6 billion back in the country; one is working on preserving the rest as well. At the same time, they are preparing the organizational structures together with the local councils so that public employees can be paid as soon as the money is there.

    At the beginning of March, tribal leaders and militias in eastern Libya declared the Barqa or Cyrenaica region to be semi-autonomous against the resistance of the central government. Contrary to the restoration of the original Greater Province, they also claimed parts of the Fezzan oil region .

    Refugees, Evacuations and Humanitarian Aid

    C-160 of the German Air Force at Tripoli International Airport on February 22nd.

    Measures taken by other states to protect their citizens

    After open fighting broke out in late February, many states asked their nationals to leave the country. Several countries sent warships to the southern Mediterranean and Libyan ports to secure the evacuation of their citizens. There were also commando operations by foreign military personnel to rescue trapped civilians, such as workers in contested oil towns near the coast.

    Situation of migrant workers from African and Asian countries

    In March 2011, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, named 75,000 refugees who fled Libya to Tunisia since the unrest began. Another 40,000 were waiting in Libyan border regions at the time to be able to cross the borders. UNHCR and IOM called on governments to help with the humanitarian evacuation. Most of the refugees were Egyptians and Tunisians.

    The situation was catastrophic for black African migrant workers who were suspected of being government mercenaries in opposition-controlled areas. An investigation by the Human Rights Council reports that migrant workers were attacked and in some cases ill-treated, especially in the early days of the uprising, and charges this against both the opposition and the Gaddafi government. The Human Rights Council is also calling for further investigation into reports alleging that migrant workers have been killed.

    Among the workers on the run were in large numbers Vietnamese, Chinese, Bangladeshis, Thais, Indians and Turks, who in the following weeks were brought to safety by ferries to Crete, Malta and other Mediterranean destinations or by air, while numerous African Refugees tried to get to Europe on small, often overcrowded boats. By the beginning of June 2011, around 1,500 refugees are said to have died. Ships from the countries involved in the military operation were accused of failing to help shipwrecked people.

    Aid measures for refugees on an EU basis

    Refugee camp in Tunisia

    EU countries provided 15 planes and five ships for the evacuation of refugees. Transit camps were set up to take care of refugees on the borders of Libya in neighboring countries. When the conflict broke out, 8,000 Europeans were living in Libya. At noon on March 7th, 80 people had asked for help with their departure. According to press reports on April 26, 2011, France and Italy are campaigning to revise the Schengen Agreement. The heads of state of both countries met in Rome. The focus of the discussions was the dispute over the admission of refugees from North Africa. Both sides have now written to the EU in favor of reintroducing controls at the borders of the Schengen countries "in the event of exceptional difficulties in controlling the common external borders". In addition to up to 25,000 refugees from Tunisia, according to a report on the same day, Italy “has now also taken in 7,000 to 8,000 refugees from Libya”. On April 27, the total number of (North African) refugees in Italy was put at 25,000 to 30,000.

    Medical and humanitarian aid through non-governmental aid organizations

    The organization Doctors Without Borders reported at the beginning of the uprising that it was active both on the borders outside the Libyan territory in Tunisia and in the interior of the country, as far as possible. Employees are only deployed in eastern Libya. 22 tons of medical equipment and materials were delivered to Benghazi within just under two weeks. The injured would not get out of Libya and medical teams and aid supplies would be blocked on the Tunisian side. According to the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, Jakob Kellenberger, the death toll in Libya rose dramatically in March. Most of the victims are civilians. Three quarters of Libya are cut off from humanitarian aid. Medical teams could not get into the arenas of the heaviest fighting. Kellenberger demanded unhindered access for the aid organizations from the conflicting parties. Monika Lüke, the general secretary of Amnesty International in Germany, appealed to the international community on April 7th, 2011 to use an airlift to supply the needy population in Misrata.

    Relief measures from UN organizations

    On April 3, 2011 it was reported that a United Nations aid ship with food on board had to leave the port of Benghazi without being cleared. The reason given was bombing raids. According to a UN spokeswoman, a UN food program ship arrived in Benghazi with a delivery of 2.5 million breads of flour. According to the UN, more ships with deliveries of relief supplies should reach Benghazi in the next few days. According to the UN, on March 11, more than 250,000 people had fled Libya since the start of the popular uprising. A spokesman for the Section for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs gave figures for individual host countries: 137,400 people fled to Tunisia, 107,500 to Egypt, 5,400 to Algeria and 2,200 to Niger. The problems with medical care for those in need in Libya are worrying.

    Refugees at the Libyan-Tunisian border (March 7, 2011)

    After the most severe attacks on Benghazi by government troops and a wave of refugees began on March 19, 2011, according to various sources, the UN refugee aid organization prepared an emergency camp for up to 200,000 people near the Libyan-Egyptian border in Sallum . It was said that the people who had arrived so far were extremely scared and traumatized. The border crossing already saw an influx of refugees in February, which at that time still consisted mainly of Egyptian migrant workers. The Egyptian army had already set up a tent camp and a field hospital at that time.

    As one of the results of the London Libya Conference on March 29, 2011, the final declaration stated that the coordination of humanitarian aid should be placed in the hands of the United Nations. According to OCHA, more than 389,767 refugees had left Libya via neighboring countries. On April 7, 2011, UN emergency aid coordinator Valerie Amos called for at least a temporary ceasefire in Misrata so that people could bring themselves and their families to safety. There is a lack of food, water and medicine. According to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, more than half a million people had fled Libya on April 22, 2011.

    Germany

    Through the Temporary Financing Mechanism (TFM), quasi the finance ministry of the Libyan transitional government, which advances the costs for the new Libyan state that is being established, the Munich company almeda was entrusted with the selection, transport and care of war-injured Libyans in Germany; By mid-November 2011, around 450 injured people were accommodated in German hospitals in this way.

    International implications of the civil war

    International economic impact

    Since the beginning of the unrest in Libya in mid-February 2011, the rise in the price of crude oil, which had been rising for months due to the global economy, had intensified again; At the beginning of March, for example, a barrel of WTI had to be paid for at US $ 105 - an inflation rate of almost 20% in three weeks. Accordingly, the prices for petrol and heating oil in Europe reached new highs. The gold price reached a new all-time high on March 7th at US $ 1,444 an ounce. After a stable upward trend since a slump on February 22, the Dow Jones stock market index developed sideways to negative. The European trading centers, especially the Milan Stock Exchange, felt the effects of the crisis; The mineral oil and construction companies active in Libya (such as Eni , OMV , BASF with their subsidiary Wintershall , Statoil and Impregilo ) came under pressure .

    As the eighth largest oil producer in the world, Libya is an important oil and gas supplier for some European countries. The drop in deliveries caused by the civil war is noticeable in these countries, albeit it can be compensated. Exploration and production by all large and many small oil companies experienced an upswing after the end of the western sanctions in 2004. Many investors feared losses if they lose expensive equipment that has not yet amortized on site.

    Libyan diplomats abroad

    On February 20, 2011, Libya's permanent representative to the Arab League , Abdel Moneim el Honi , resigned from office in protest of the violence against demonstrators and declared that he would join the revolution against ruler Gaddafi. Other Libyan diplomats followed his example over the next few days. Libya's Deputy Ambassador to the United Nations , Ibrahim Dabbashi , told reporters on February 21 that Gaddafi had declared war on the Libyan people and was perpetrating genocide. Dabbashi called on the international community to issue a flight ban in Libya so that the regime could not bring any more mercenaries, weapons and supplies from abroad to Libya.

    On February 25, 2011, the former foreign minister and acting UN ambassador to Libya, Abdul Rahman Shalgham , also declared that he was now speaking for the Libyan people and no longer for Gaddafi. In an emotional appeal, he asked the UN Security Council for sanctions against the Gaddafi regime. The embassies of Libya in Austria and Sweden used the flag of the Kingdom of Libya used by the insurgents as a symbol of changing sides. On March 5, it became known that another high-ranking Libyan diplomat who was stationed in Namibia had fled to a Mediterranean country and renounced the Gaddafi regime.

    United Nations

    On February 26, 2011, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed UN resolution 1970 (2011) under Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations at a special meeting, imposing sanctions against Libya: an arms embargo, travel restrictions for 16 leading members of the Libyan government as well the freezing of the foreign assets of six members of the Gaddafi clan. The Security Council assumed that the violence against the population was a crime against humanity and instructed the Libyan authorities to cooperate with the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague , even though Libya was not a signatory to the Rome Statute with which the ICC was formed.

    The Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague opened an investigation into Gaddafi and his sons in Libya on March 2 for possible crimes against humanity. He decided to do so after a preliminary evaluation of the information gathered so far.

    European Union

    The European Union first condemned state violence against the demonstrations on February 20, 2011. For the same reason, Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle summoned Jamal el-Barag , Libya's ambassador, to the Foreign Office on February 21 . The European Union was only able to agree on more far-reaching and faster sanctions against Libya on February 25 due to resistance from the Mediterranean countries Italy , Malta and Cyprus .

    As already announced on March 18, 2011, the EU foreign ministers had tightened their economic sanctions against Tripoli on March 21, 2011 at a meeting in Brussels. The account details for three leading commercial banks and six other companies were cut. It was also decided to freeze the assets of eleven other representatives of the Libyan government. According to a report from March 23, 2011, the EU increased its sanctions again. The assets of 15 companies (subsidiaries of the state-owned Libyan oil company) and another ten people are said to have been blocked. The extended sanctions also include a flight ban on all aircraft from Libya and on flights that could be used to transport weapons and mercenaries to Libya. All business relationships with the companies affected by sanctions should also be prohibited.

    On September 1, 2011, the French newspaper Liberation reported on a letter from the Libyan Transitional Council to the government of Qatar dated April 3, 2011, two weeks after the start of the French military operation in Libya; a copy of this letter has been printed. At the London Conference on Libya on March 29, 2011, representatives of the Libyan Transitional Council promised the French government 35 percent of Libyan oil reserves for France to recognize the rebels as legitimate representatives of Libya and support them in the fight against Muammar al-Gaddafi. Qatar had previously mediated between France and the Transitional Council.

    About five years later, in July 2016, the presence of French military personnel in Libya was confirmed when French Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian confirmed the death of three French soldiers during a deployment in the North African crisis country Libya.

    United States

    The United States condemned state violence against the demonstrations on February 23, 2011. On February 25, US President Barack Obama initiated an executive order with immediate effect against Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, Mutassim Gaddafi , Khamis Gaddafi and Aisha Gaddafi. All of Gaddafi's assets and real estate in the United States were blocked. Around 30 billion US dollars (about 22 billion euros) in Libyan funds are said to have been blocked in the USA.

    Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told a US Congress committee on March 10, 2011 that the US would suspend its existing relationship with the Libyan embassy in Washington. She made it clear to seek further contact with the Libyan opposition. Both in the US and on her trip to Egypt and Tunisia planned for the following week, she will approach the opposition to find out what the US could do in addition. According to a US press report with reference to a representative of the US secret service, Gaddafi had accumulated cash reserves amounting to many billions of dollars, which make him immune to international sanctions. At a Senate hearing in Washington, the director of National Intelligence James Clapper described Libyan air defense as the second largest in the region. There would be 31 large surface-to-air missile positions and Gaddafi's forces would have large supplies of portable anti-aircraft missiles. The US President's National Security Advisor, Thomas E. Donilon , announced that the US would send a team of aid workers to the rebel-controlled East. However, it is not a military intervention, but a purely humanitarian mission . Donilon said the US government was ready to send diplomats to meet with leaders of the rebels in eastern Libya.

    In March 2011, President Barack Obama named the diplomat J. Christopher Stevens as special envoy for contacts with the Libyan opposition. The US State Department announced that Stevens and Gene Cretz, former US ambassadors in Tripoli, were also present at a meeting between Hillary Clinton and Mahmud Jibril of the National Council of Insurgents in Paris. The resolution of the Arab League of March 12 was welcomed by the US government as an important step. At the same time she announced her support for the Libyan opposition. The presidency announced that the US was preparing for all eventualities in close coordination with its international partners.

    In his televised address to justify the military strikes, President Obama reiterated the call on Gaddafi to resign and declared the United States' support for democratization movements such as the Arab Spring.

    Arab League

    The Arab League decided on February 22, 2011 to provisionally exclude Libya from its meetings. The organization announced after an emergency meeting in Cairo. On February 22, 2011, the Arab League held an emergency meeting at its headquarters in Cairo in view of the dramatic developments in Libya. At the same time, the League of Libya demanded, among other things, the immediate restoration of communications and reporting.

    The Egyptian General Secretary of the Liga Amr Musa advocated an international no-fly zone over Libya. Who would enforce it militarily would depend on the resolution in the UN Security Council. Musa saw it as a humanitarian task to help the Libyan people by blocking the air in their struggle for freedom against an increasingly inhuman regime.

    African Union

    The African Union (AU) condemned on 23 February 2011, the brutal actions of the Libyan security forces against anti-government protesters sharp. The chairman of the AU commission, Jean Ping , called on the Libyan government to stop the bloodshed. Only dialogue can lead to an appropriate solution to the country's problems. At this and the following meeting, the AU Security Council endorsed the "necessity of territorial integrity and unity of the Great Socialist Libyan Arab People's Jamahiriya ".

    On March 7, 2011, the AU announced the sending of a “fact-finding” committee to Libya. Gaddafi said he was in constant contact with the AU and wanted to show that reports of problems in his country were a lie. The AU is convinced that only a political solution can fulfill the legitimate desire of the Libyan people for democracy, good governance, respect for human rights and sustainable peace.

    literature

    Articles, analyzes and studies

    Protagonists and documents of the civil war as well as current reports on it:

    Web links

    Commons : Libya Civil War  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Libya to include rebels in military from January Reuters on December 26, 2011
    2. ^ Tuaregs 'join Gaddafi's mercenaries' . BBC , March 4, 2011
    3. ↑ Gaddafi recruits 800 Tuareg mercenaries . al-Ahram , March 3, 2011
    4. ↑ African mercenaries in Libya nervously await Their fate . Daily Telegraph , February 27, 2011
    5. ↑ Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya . , National Public Radio , March 3, 2011
    6. ^ Dominic Johnson: Attacks and riots in West Africa: Gaddafi's weapons everywhere . In: taz , January 27, 2012
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    11. ↑ Christophe Simon: Doctor: Autopsy report on Gaddafi for a few days. (No longer available online.) In: Yahoo News. Agence France Presse AFP, October 24, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2012 ; Retrieved November 24, 2011 .
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    13. ^ Stern.de October 22, 2011, circumstances of death
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    15. ^ Seumas Milne, If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure , The Guardian, October 26, 2011
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    59. ↑ Rebels report the liberation of Misurata. Der Spiegel , April 23, 2011, accessed on August 27, 2011 .
    60. ↑ Reports on Gaddafi's mercenaries: Last contingent of the despot Spiegel Online from February 22, 2011
    61. ↑ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry (PDF; 513 kB) Human Rights Council, June 1, 2011, pp. 65–67.
    62. ↑ Patrick Cockburn: Amnesty questions claim that Gaddafi ordered rape as weapon of war. In: The Independent. June 24, 2011, accessed June 27, 2011 .
    63. ↑ Captured Gaddafi soldiers, including foreign fighters, tell of low morale , Washington Post, accessed July 8, 2011.
    64. ↑ Who is fighting for Gaddafi? , NPR, accessed July 8, 2011.
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