Chronicle of the civil war in Libya
The chronicle of the civil war in Libya records the events of the civil war in Libya since the beginning of the peaceful protest in the form of isolated demonstrations against the rule of Muammar al-Gaddafi in January 2011 and the end of the NATO military intervention in Libya on October 31, 2011.
The conflict intensified after the unrest in Tunisia , Egypt and Algeria . From February 15, units of the Libyan police, security and armed forces shot dead hundreds of demonstrators within a few days. The political conflict escalated into a military confrontation and split the country's leadership, with parts of the military corps and armed forces also switching to the side of the opposition. From March 2011, the conflict led to an international military operation in the air under UN Resolution 1973 and in October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte to the overthrow of the Libyan government, the death of Muammar al-Gaddafi and the takeover of power by the Libyan rebels.
Since the overthrow of long-term ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi in 2011, armed groups have been fighting in the country. The violence escalates particularly between Islamist and nationalist forces. Today Libya is divided; there are two parliaments and two governments. Fierce distribution battles are raging over oil, the country's resource, which has seriously affected the oil exports of Libya and thus the most important source of income.
Events
January
The first protests took place in mid-January 2011. At the end of January, the prominent Libyan writer and opposition activist Jamal al-Hajji called for protests against the regime and was arrested a little later.
February
February 6th
On February 6, 2011, Abdul Hakim Ghoga , Medhi Kashbur and two other lawyers from Benghazi were admitted by Gaddafi to his tent in Tripoli. Gaddafi is said to have opened the conversation with “You are now also with the Facebook kids” . "Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak deserved their fate because they did not listen to their people and wanted to have their sons succeed them." Gaddafi is said to have said. The delegation demanded freedom of the press and freedom of expression and a constitution that Libyan youth need housing, good education and jobs. Gaddafi disagreed: “All the people need is food and drink” .
February 15th
On 15 February, demonstrators gathered to call on the Internet in different cities of Libya to protest marches in which slogans against "the corrupt rulers of the country" were called, or "There is no god but Allah, Muammar is the enemy of Allah." Led been were the protests of relatives of those killed fifteen years earlier in the Abu Salim prison massacre . Violent clashes with security forces broke out in Benghazi, Tripoli and some other cities, and police stations were attacked and set on fire in al-Baida .
February 16
On February 16, 2011, an arms depot of the Libyan army in Darna was attacked and captured, and two days later the entire city was under the control of the insurgents. The leader of the rebels in Darna was Abdel-Hakim al-Hasadi , a former member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group , who is said to have proclaimed the Islamic Emirate of Barqa in the city . The proclamation of the Islamic emirate was also confirmed by the Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini .
February 17th
For February 17, the opposition around Abdul Hakim Ghoga proclaimed a "day of anger"; there were demonstrations in all the major Libyan cities. Dozens of demonstrators were killed. According to eyewitness reports, groups of armed mercenaries targeted and heavily armed against the population, special police forces fired into the crowd from rooftops. Tanks are also said to have been used against civilians. The regime blamed foreign troublemakers for the violence.
February 19th - outbreak of civil war, communications shutdown
In the days that followed, the violent clashes escalated into civil war-like conditions. Occasionally security forces and army officers ran over to the insurgents. According to reports from a hospital dozens of people were killed in Benghazi alone between February 19 and 20, the total number of deaths rose to over 200. Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi , son of Muammar al-Gaddafi, said in a televised address on February 20, 2011 the number of deaths of over 200 as exaggerated and gave the death toll with 84. In Al-Baida, insurgents are said to have taken control after fighting and then placed several people hostage in order to force the "security forces to lift the siege". Reporting and communication within the country came to a virtual standstill on February 19, as the regime cut the Internet and telephone lines.
February 20 - Fights in Benghazi, Darna, Tobruk
Benghazi reportedly fell into the hands of insurgents on February 20. In the evening serious clashes were reported from the capital Tripoli and from smaller cities such as Darna and Tobruk .
In a speech to the nation broadcast on state television on February 20, Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi admitted that there had been civil unrest in the country and that the army had made isolated mistakes. He also announced a national dialogue and reforms. The protesters are responsible for the escalation, however, as they attacked the security forces and soldiers. These protesters are a small minority, as well as criminals and drug addicts who are a threat to society. Saif al-Gaddafi also described various horror scenarios should the protests continue, including a collapse of the country's unity, a civil war with countless victims, an economic collapse and a return of colonialism. He accused the neighboring Arab states of stirring up conflicts in the country and secretly laughing at Libya.
February 21 - Justice Minister deserted, two fighter jets deserted, Brigadier General under house arrest
On the night of February 21, eyewitness reports from hospitals reportedly killed over 60 other people in Tripoli. According to other reports, a government building was on fire and state television headquarters and a courthouse were reportedly stormed and looted. Meanwhile, various tribes from the interior of the country allegedly joined the protest movement. A group of leading Libyan clergy issued a fatwa calling for participation in the revolution against state power. As on the day before, there were rumors that Muammar al-Gaddafi had left the country. Rumors that Gaddafi had fled to Venezuela turned out to be false.
The Libyan Justice Minister Mustafa Muhammad Abd al-Jalil resigned from his position in protest against the excessive use of force against the unarmed demonstrators . It was also reported that the Chief of Staff of the Libyan Army , Major General Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber, has resigned or been placed under house arrest .
At the airport Malta landed two Libyan fighter jets of the type Mirage F1ED . The crews asked for political asylum . According to AFP , the jets in Benghazi should be used against the demonstrators. Al Jazeera reported on the use of fighter planes against protesters in Tripoli; the BBC that Gaddafi had ordered the use of fighter planes against military installations. According to the US think tank Stratfor (Strategic Forecasting Inc.), there have also been reports of attacks by the Libyan Navy on targets on the coast and an order from Gaddafi to execute soldiers who refused to shoot demonstrators. The prices for oil, gold and silver rose sharply as a result of the crisis.
February 22 - Gaddafi's first TV speech, air strikes in Tripoli, deserters in Tobruk
The heavy attacks on demonstrators continued on the night of February 22nd. According to various eyewitness reports, entire districts of Tripoli were "bombed" from the air the previous evening. Ali al-Essawi , the Libyan ambassador to India who resigned to protest the violence , spoke of a "massacre" . Saif al-Islam Gaddafi denied these representations and stated on Libyan state television that only weapons depots that were far away from inhabited areas had been bombed. According to information from the opposition, 560 people are said to have been killed since the unrest began. Around 1,400 people were missing.
On the night of February 22, 2011, state television broadcasted a statement by Muammar al-Gaddafi for the first time since the escalation began. In the broadcast, which lasted only about half a minute, Gaddafi said he was still in Tripoli and cursed journalists who reported on the riots as "stray dogs" . On the same day, Gaddafi appeared again on state television. In a 74-minute speech, he presented himself as a freedom fighter who had always resolutely defied American imperialism and its opponents in the region. He will continue to fight the protest movement. The insurgents are "traitors" , "rats" , "cockroaches" and "gangs of drug addicts" . He was ready to die as a martyr if necessary , and said: “We will fight to the last drop of blood”. He also warned that an unstable Libya could give al-Qaeda a base. He also mentioned the August coup in Moscow and the Tiananmen massacre , pointing out that the international community had not intervened. In the transmitter, Al Jazeera interior minister gave Abdul-Fatah Younis known as the first prominent member of the Cabinet his move to the side of the opposition and his support of the insurgents.
There was increasing evidence that the regime had lost control in the entire east of the country. Reports reported that the border with Egypt was controlled by insurgents and the city of Tobruk by deserted military units.
February 23 - Interior ministers and chief of staff desert, expulsions in Misrata, attacks on black Africans
On the night of February 23, it was reported that the Libyan Interior Minister, Abdul-Fatah Younis , who had previously been pronounced dead by Gaddafi, had joined the protest movement. Experts also saw many other signs that the regime's power apparatus was increasingly crumbling. According to insurgents, members of the regime have been expelled from the city of Misrata. It would be the first city in the northwestern region of Tripolitania to be controlled by the opposition. For the first time since the violent escalation began, western reporters and camera teams reported from Libyan cities in the east of the country. The control of cities like Al-Baida and Tobruk as well as the main connecting roads have therefore taken over tribal militias and mainly young opposition members. Celebrations of joy are reported. According to Reuters , citing the Libyan newspaper Quryna , a Sukhoi Su-22 fighter-bomber crashed near the city of Ajdabiya . After the two pilots, Captain Attia Abdel Salem al-Abdali and copilot Ali Omar al-Ghadhafi, refused to bomb Benghazi, they saved themselves with the ejection seat.
On February 23, the Libyan opposition group Human Rights Solidarity (HRS) accused Khamis Gaddafi , a son of Muammar al-Gaddafi, of recruiting mercenaries abroad . There are already 30,000 mercenaries in Libya, including 5,000 with heavy weapons. Four other transport planes with support fighters took off from Benin for Libya. Other sources speak of up to 4,000 African mercenaries, who are said to come mainly from the Sahel zone and West Africa . Gaddafi's former chief of protocol confirmed to Al Jazeera that Gaddafi had recruited unemployed soldiers from Kenya , Chad , Niger and Mali as mercenaries. This news led to attacks against black African migrant workers who were suspected by the Libyan population of Gaddafi's mercenaries. Dozens of them are said to have been killed while most of them hid in fear.
February 24 - Benghazi's security chief and UN vice ambassador desert, fighting in the east, audio message from Gaddafi
While there were reports of a takeover by opposition and renegade army units from an increasing number of Libyan cities, including al-Kufra in the southeast and the port city of Zuwara in the far northwest , the Gaddafi regime apparently sealed off the capital Tripoli . In Zaviya , 50 kilometers west of Tripoli, Libyan troops are said to have fired heavy weapons at protesters and insurgents. According to this, over 100 people were killed. Various reports suggest a higher number of victims. According to Libya's resigned UN Vice Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi , entire planes were loaded with corpses by the regime in order to fly them into a desert area.
Several confidants of Gaddafi switched sides on February 24, including his cousin Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam , Ali Huweidi , the security chief of Benghazi, and a private pilot Gaddafi. In an audio message broadcast on state television, Gaddafi said that the protests were not involving family fathers with good jobs, but rather people under 20 who were on drugs that they had received from “foreign agents”. Supporters of the al-Qaeda terrorist network put hallucinogenic tablets in the coffee for young Libyans and in this way made them rebel against it.
February 25th - “March of the Millions”, East General & Tobruk's governor desert, rebels conquer Brega
The insurgents called for a “march of the millions” that should lead to Tripoli. At noon, the first shots rang out in the center of the Libyan capital, killing and injuring. Fierce fighting followed between loyalists and opponents of the regime in various suburbs of the capital. Soldiers from the military base in the Tajura district are said to have joined the rebels, as well as troops that occupied Mitiga International Airport . There was also a fight for supremacy in az-Zawiya . The important oil port of Brega was captured by the rebels.
According to eyewitness reports, tens of thousands of insurgents, accompanied by military vehicles, made their way to the centrally located Green Square. There were also signs that the brigades, led by Gaddafi's son Khamis, were breaking up. However, the center of Tripoli remained in the hands of the regime. In Tobruk , a people's committee of the insurgents has taken control of the city. Eyewitnesses reported fierce fighting over the past few days over a secret service base and around Tobruk Airport . The Imam Abel-Salam El-Sharef called in Tobruk during Friday prayers further demonstrations against the Gaddafi regime. In eastern Libya, the former governor of Tobruk and military commander of the eastern region of Libya, General Suleiman Machmud , has defected to the insurgents. According to an article in the Berliner Zeitung, the number of deaths is said to have increased to up to 2000.
For the first time, EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton brought up sanctions against members of the regime. B. Account freezes and travel restrictions.
February 26 - Libya divided in two: Benghazi vs. Tripoli
According to media reports, the government troops of Muammar al-Gaddafi still exercised control over the capital Tripoli, the border town Ghadames , the inland city of Sabha (Sebha) and the coastal city of Sirte . Armed clashes are said to have taken place recently in Misrata, as well as in az-Zawiya . The rebellious government opponents meanwhile control the eastern part of the country with the cities of Benghazi, Al-Baida including the airport La Abraq , Darna , Brega and Tobruk .
There were again numerous reports of brutality by government troops and mercenaries. Eyewitnesses reported that civilians were taken under fire by snipers and anti-aircraft guns in Tripoli. The dead and wounded were dragged from the streets and from hospitals by security forces, apparently to cover up the rising number of victims. In the city of Misrata, a group of mercenaries are said to have been dropped off by helicopters near a mosque and opened fire on a funeral procession. According to media and human rights organizations, demonstrators were reportedly fired from heavy artillery and rocket launchers, including from an ambulance.
In Benghazi, the renegade Air Force Colonel Nasser Busneina told journalists that once the rebels had controlled the air base, they would not use it for offensive attacks against the government army. The Mil Mi-24 combat helicopters taken over by the rebels received new cockades based on the flag of the Kingdom of Libya . The naval base in Benghazi has meanwhile been renamed "Base of the Martyrs of February 17th" . The Colonel of the Libyan Special Forces, Abdul Salam Mahmood al-Hassi , who has converted to the insurgents , told Al Jazeera: “I am putting all my determination and ability into the service of the youth revolution” and urged the other special forces to also convert to “ save life and Protect the property of the Libyan people ” .
The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan spoke out on February 26th against possible UN sanctions against Libya. The main victims of the punitive measures would be the population, not the regime of Muammar al-Gaddafi.
February 27 - Ex-ministers set up interim government, international pressure increases
Civilians established a number of self-government committees in Benghazi . Previously captured weapons were surrendered and a provisional town hall was set up.
After days of heavy fighting, the cities of az-Zawiya and Misrata in the west of the country are said to be under the control of the insurgents.
February 28 - Air strikes on Benghazi and Ajdabiya, US aircraft carriers in position
According to the news agency AFP, a helicopter was shot down by the insurgents during the fighting in Misrata, which fired three missiles on the radio tower of Misrata radio. There was heavy fighting around the air force base in Misrata . An ammunition depot is in the hands of the Libyan National Liberation Army .
According to information from rebel Colonel Hamid Belkhair , the Libyan air force launched attacks against targets in Ajdabiya and Benghazi. The insurgents had no ready-to-use anti-aircraft missiles to defend themselves and fired at the jets with anti-aircraft cannons. Aid organizations estimated that more than 110,000 people fled to the neighboring countries of Tunisia and Egypt as a result of the civil war-like conditions .
The Libyan government spokesman , Moussa Ibrahim , insisted in front of 130 journalists invited, despite information to the contrary from the population, that there had been "no massacres, no bombings and no ruthless violence against civilians" . To this end, he compared the situation in Libya with that of Iraq before its occupation by the US-led coalition in 2003. He tried to explain reports of massacres by the regular Libyan troops as equivalent to the alleged Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, as a pretext for war. "Doesn't that all remind you of the Iraq scenario?" The spokesman is quoted as saying.
International pressure on Gaddafi rose after the US froze $ 30 billion in Libyan holdings and positioned warships. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called on Gaddafi to resign immediately. The European Union decided on an arms embargo and other sanctions ( list of persons and institutions affected by EU sanctions against Libya in 2011 ).
March
March 1st - Preparation of the government offensive in Nalut
Government troops gathered around the opposition-controlled city of Nalut , in western Libya. The road to Wazin running east of Nalut and the border crossing to the Tunisian city of Dahibah were still under their control.
The Libyan General People's Committee announced by decree that it would increase salaries and pension payments for administrative staff.
The International Institute for Peace Research in Stockholm (SIPRI) suspected on 1 March Belarus to have delivered a greater amount of weapons to Libya. On February 15, 2011, an Il-76 transport aircraft, presumably loaded with weapons and ammunition, is said to have flown from the air force base in Baranavichy to the Libyan military airfield in Sabha . Members of the Gaddafi clan are also said to have flown from Tripoli to Belarus in a Falcon 900 business jet in the past few days .
March 2 - Government air offensive, Gaddafi on TV
On March 2nd, the government troops launched an offensive. The city of Ajdabiya was attacked again from the air. They are said to have recaptured Brega and its airport , which the opposition forces denied.
In a speech on Libyan state television, Gaddafi threatened "thousands of deaths" if foreign countries intervene militarily. "We will fight to the last man and the last woman," he said. At the same time he offered everyone an amnesty if they lay down their arms.
March 3 - Rebels call for UN no-fly zone
For the second day in a row, the Libyan air force attacked Brega on March 3. The day before, parts of the city were under the control of government troops. There was also fighting over control of Ras Lanuf , where the country's important oil refineries are located, as well as in the cities of az-Zawiya and Misrata.
A spokesman for the insurgent military council, Abdullah al-Mahdi , has called for air strikes and a no-fly zone from the international community .
March 4 - Government captures az-Zawiya, Ras Lanuf airport, new UN ambassador installed, money delivery intercepted, Interpol profile
On March 4, according to the insurgents, they captured the Ras Lanuf airfield . In Ajdabiya and Brega, the government troops repeatedly used fighter planes and helicopters, according to eyewitness reports. There was fierce fighting over az-Zawiya between the opposition forces and the Khamis Brigade under the leadership of Khamis al-Gaddafi . The Libyan state television reported on the capture of az-Zawiya. The city was surrounded by 2,000 soldiers and 80 armored vehicles. According to the government, the Libyan armed forces confiscated 31 tanks, 19 transport vehicles and 45 anti-aircraft guns and other weapons. In addition, the leader of the insurgents, Hussein Darbuk , is said to have died. A total of 50 people are said to have been killed in the fighting.
In Tripoli, after the Friday prayers, clashes broke out between the Gaddafi government and members of the opposition.
In the evening, an arms and ammunition depot exploded in Ar-Rajmah near Benghazi Airport (Benina International Airport), killing 17 people, according to Al Jazeera. Several people were injured. An officer said an airplane attacked the camp. Other reports spoke of a possible act of sabotage. For the rebels, this meant a heavy loss, as several anti-aircraft guns were destroyed, among other things.
Due to the UN sanctions, the British coast guard stopped the German container ship Sloman Provider of Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AG on the way to Tripoli. On board were banknotes worth around 100 million Libyan dinars (117 million euros). The HMC Vigilant escorted the ship to Harwich Harbor . The banknotes were printed in a British printer.
Former Foreign Minister Ali Abdussalam Treki was appointed by the Libyan government as the country's new UN ambassador.
On March 4, Interpol issued warnings about Gaddafi and 15 of his close confidants to 188 member states. A profile appeared in several languages. The list includes the following people:
- Muammar al-Gaddafi
- Abdulqader Mohammed al-Baghdadi
- Abu Zayd Umar Dorda
- Abu Bakr Yunis Jabir
- Ayesha Muammar Gaddafi
- Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi
- Mutassim Gaddafi
- Al-Saadi Gaddafi
- Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
- Abdulqader Yusef Dibri
- Matuq Mohammed Matuq
- Sayyid Mohammed Qadhaf Al-dam
- Chamis Muammar Gaddafi
- Mohammed Muammar Gaddafi
- Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
- Abdullah al-Senussi
March 5 - National Transitional Council established, rebel counteroffensive
On March 5, 2011, the National Council of the Transitional Government ( Arabic المجلس الوطني الانتقالي, DMG al-maǧlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī , English National Transitional Council ) for its first meeting and thus forms the first political body of the opposition to the previous government in Libya under the influence of Muammar al-Gaddafi. Although its members come mainly from eastern Libya, where only a fifth of the total Libyan population lives, the Council claims to be the sole legitimate representative of the entire Libyan people and declared that Libyan diplomats in the diplomatic missions abroad that support the rebellion are its legitimate ones Representative.
The panel called on the international community to set up a no-fly zone to prevent the Gaddafi regime from attacking their own country from the air. The use of foreign ground troops was expressly rejected. As far as is known, its leadership consists of former high Libyan officials of the Gaddafi regime. The current chairman of the transitional government is Mustafa Muhammad Abd al-Jalil . On March 10, 2011 , France was the only European country to recognize the Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya. French President Nicolas Sarkozy received the Foreign Policy Commissioner of the Transitional Council, Mahmud Jibril . At the end of a special summit on the Libya crisis in Brussels on March 11, 2011, the EU states agreed in their final declaration to regard the National Transitional Council as a discussion partner.
Mustafa Abd al-Jalil said that countries that did not support a no-fly zone and the uprising against Gaddafi would not get access to Libya's huge oil reserves after his overthrow. The leadership of a Libya after Gaddafi will align the oil policy "according to the position that the countries are taking towards Libya in these difficult times" .
The rebels reported on March 5 that they had retaken the city of az-Zawiya in the west. In the afternoon, however, according to Al Jazeera, government units with 35 tanks penetrated az-Zawiya. Heavy fighting broke out, but the city center is said to remain in the hands of the insurgents. After taking the Ras Lanuf oil port , the insurgents reached Ben Jawad and Wadi al-Ahmar on their way west . In the evening, gunfire was reported from Surt , a major university town and home of Gaddafi's clan. Gaddafi's hometown was given as the next target of the insurgents. In the east there were again air strikes by the regime.
According to a report in the UK Financial Times , Gaddafi still has oil revenues. Production was throttled, but not completely stopped. Payments for oil shipments were still reaching the Libyan central bank and Chinese and Indian companies would continue to buy Libyan oil.
March 6th - fighting in Ras Lanuf, Misrata, az-Zawiya, Ben Jawad, SAS unit arrested
After the renewed flare-up of fighting in Ben Jawad was reported the previous evening , very fierce fighting broke out around the place. At times the insurgents withdrew and finally reported the repossession in the evening. Further heavy fighting was reported from the cities of Ras Lanuf , Misrata and az-Zawiya . In the evening these places are supposed to be held by opponents of the government or again. The air force loyal to the regime flew attacks and heavy weapons, tanks, tank artillery as well as mortars, rocket launchers and bazookas were used. There were numerous dead and wounded. In Misrata, the rebels fought advancing tanks and armed transports with mortar attacks. After a five-hour battle, the rebels were able to maintain control of the city and captured two tanks and five armed vehicles. 21 militants and civilians of the opposition forces and 19 government soldiers are said to have been killed in the fighting, reported rebel spokesman Abed el-Salam Bayo . Machine-gun fire was reported from Tripoli, although it remained unclear who was firing and why.
A Su-24MK fighter-bomber of the Libyan Air Force (1124SQDN = 1124th Squadron from the Gardabya Air Force Base ) was shot down by the rebels near Ras Lanuf . The two crew members were killed.
According to press reports, a team made up of an employee of the British foreign intelligence service MI6 and seven soldiers from the SAS special unit were arrested by soldiers while trying to contact representatives of the rebels in Benghazi. The British were then able to leave the area again in the direction of the offshore HMS Cumberland .
Gaddafi calls for an investigation into the uprising against his regime by a United Nations or African Union mission .
March 7 - Rebels control Ras Lanuf, government takes Ben Jawad, Transitional Council urges international recognition
A spokesman for the opponents of the regime reported that 14 soldiers of the Gaddafi regime had been captured, four of whom were taken to hospital because of injuries. The Libyan air force bombed the city of Ras Lanuf several times again , and many residents fled out of fear. Contrary to the claims of the Gaddafi regime, the city is still in the hands of the rebels. In the morning, the BBC reported that Ben Jawad had been retaken by soldiers of the regime.
Around noon, the Arab TV station Al Jazeera reported that the USA had probably been monitoring Libyan airspace for a few days with an AWACS reconnaissance aircraft . In the evening it was announced that NATO had decided to extend the existing 10-hour surveillance to 24 hours. It was also revealed that the US is approving US $ 15 million for humanitarian aid in Libya. Whether the money should also be used to finance weapons for the insurgents was deliberately left open in order to reserve this option.
The chairman of the National Council, Mustafa Abd al-Jalil, rejects negotiations with Gaddafi. He appealed to the international community to enforce a closure of the airspace as soon as possible, to give up Gaddafi's support and to recognize the leadership of the opposition as the legitimate government of Libya. He declined further military aid, operations on the ground or air strikes by foreign forces. If Gaddafi accepted leaving the country to avoid further bloodshed, the insurgents would forego their demands that he should be tried. Abd al-Jalil called on the tribes of the West such as the Warfalla to rise and join the struggle of the insurgents. He denied claims on Libyan state television that the revolutionaries were using people as living shields. A division of the country would not be considered.
March 8 - Rebels give Gaddafi an ultimatum for impunity, ex-planning minister gives speech in front of the EU parliament
The opposition is calling for Gaddafi to resign within 72 hours, in which case he would not have to fear prosecution in Libya, according to insurgents. National Council President Abd al-Jalil is said to have refused talks with Gaddafi after "indirect contacts" as long as he does not stop the fighting. The deadline for his resignation expires on Friday, March 11th at 2:30 p.m. If Gaddafi was to follow the ultimatum and accept the offer of impunity, he would have to stop the bombing and leave the country.
The cities of az-Zawiya and Ras Lanuf as well as Ben Jawad form the focus of the ongoing heavy fighting in Libya . Late in the evening it was unclear whether az-Zawiya was taken by government troops. The fighting there was extremely hard and destructive. The Libyan Air Force has flown at least five air strikes on opposition positions near Ras Lanuf alone, firing rockets, which also hit an apartment block, so civilian casualties are to be expected. Rocket launchers were later used there against the revolutionary forces when they tried to advance west. There are said to be numerous wounded in Ras Lanuf, some with serious injuries. A member of the opposition, the former Libyan Planning Minister Mahmud Jibril , a founding member of the National Council, was able to meet with EU members of parliament and give a speech to members of the European Parliament in Strasbourg. The meeting took place at the invitation of former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt .
On March 8, it became known that Gaddafi had allegedly placed the secret service chief Mustafa al-Charubi and the defense minister Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber under house arrest.
March 9th - Fights in Ras Lanuf, As Sidr, Ben Jawad, Misrata, az-Zawiya
The focal points of the fighting were Ras Lanuf (massive air strikes), as-Sidr , Ben Jawad , Misrata and az-Zawiya . It was reported that the rebels regained control of the city center of az-Zawiya that evening after tanks were seen 1,500 meters from the central square. The regime's air force attacked the al-Sidr oil loading terminal. Several tanks were on fire.
The US ambassador to Libya Gene Cretz is said to have had telephone contacts and meetings with Libyan opposition members, according to the US State Department. Libyan government circles have let it be known that Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber and Mustafa al-Charubi have been placed under house arrest for rejecting the regime's recent military offensives. The Gaddafi regime started diplomatic activities ahead of the announced summit meeting of the EU states on the Libya crisis on March 11, 2011 and the Arab League on March 12, 2011. Envoys from the ruler were sent to various European countries and Egypt on March 9, 2011 for negotiations.
March 10 - Government captures az-Zawiya, transitional council recognized by France
Early in the morning it was reported that az-Zawiya had been retaken by government troops. In contradiction to this, battles from the city continued to be reported.
In Ras Lanuf , fighting and air strikes by government troops continued. The report of a rocket fire from the sea was unconfirmed. A hospital is said to have been hit. Government troop tanks are said to be approaching the city, according to eyewitness reports. During the day, the rebels largely withdrew from Ras Lanuf.
The Libyan rebel government was officially recognized by French President Nicolas Sarkozy . Another notable international response came from former Air Force General Merrill McPeak. He told the New York Times that he "could hardly imagine an easier military task" than establishing a no-fly zone in Libya. His concept is primarily to only carry out overflights in areas controlled by rebels. The active bombing and elimination of the Libyan air defense would then not be necessary, but the goal of keeping the Libyan air force on the ground could still be achieved.
A spokesman for Agaco said that the subsidiary of the state-owned National Oil Corporation with headquarters in Benghazi had joined the insurgents and that the proceeds from the oil produced would be sent to the opposition National Transitional Council . The oil terminal in Tobruk , east of Benghazi, could serve as the loading port .
The Director of National Intelligence , General a. D. James R. Clapper , stated in a hearing before the US Congress on March 10th that he expected Gaddafi to win in the long term: "I think (over) the long term that the regime will prevail."
March 11 - Gaddafi's son on TV, Ras Lanuf, contested
A press conference by Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi was broadcast on Libyan state television . In it, he referred to the leadership of the uprising as an al-Qaida terrorist: "That was a military plot from the very beginning [...] I myself arranged for your release, I know you by name [...] The West handed them over to us in sacks packed like chickens. "
Much of the city and oil port of Ras Lanuf has been retaken by government forces with strong armored forces and air strikes. A rebel captain stated: “Ras Lanuf is a ghost town. There are skirmishes between rebels and Gaddafi forces back and forth. "
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon announced on March 11, 2011 in New York that the former Jordanian Foreign Minister Abdul Ilah al-Khatib , whom he had appointed a few days ago as UN Special Envoy for Libya, will be traveling to Tripoli with a team of experts this weekend will. The escort team consists of staff from the Emergency Response Office , the Office for Political Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Abdul Ilah al-Khatib is supposed to speak to the Libyan authorities about humanitarian, political and security issues.
March 12 - Government captured Ras Lanuf, air raids on Brega
The Ras Lanuf oil port was recaptured by government troops after attacks with heavy weapons and fighter planes after the rebels had brought it back into their hands the day before. After reports of attacks on Brega on March 11, the city was attacked by government troops with heavy artillery and air strikes.
March 13 - Brega contested
The oil town of Brega was recaptured by government troops.
According to the AFP , the rebels withdrew from Brega after bombing by government troops and formed in Ajdabiya. The rebels confirmed the loss of the places al Uqaylah and Al- Bis .
After the retaking of Ras Lanuf , AP reported that Schukri Ghanim asked the Italian oil company ENI SpA to help extinguish a fire at the refinery there. It was feared that the fire would spread further.
Insurgents report that they took the city of Brega again on Monday night.
Al Jazeera announced the arrival of the exile Khalifa Belqasim Haftar, who is supposed to support the Libyan National Liberation Army .
March 14 - Rebels conquer Brega, government conquers Zuwara, rebel general focuses on Ajdabiya
The Defense Minister of the National Transitional Council, Omar El-Hariri , told Al Jazeera on March 14, 2011 how the rebels had succeeded in retaking Brega on the evening of March 13, 2011.
According to Libyan state television, Gaddafi offered rebel fighters an amnesty if they lay down their arms. Soldiers who defected should also be pardoned. The city of Zuwara , west of Tripoli, came under government control again.
Human Rights Watch reported that Libyan security forces had unleashed a wave of arbitrary arrests in Tripoli. There was no evidence of this, some media added.
The UNHCR announced on March 15 that, since March 14, 2011, Libyans have been increasingly fleeing across the border into Egypt.
The former Libyan interior minister, General Abdel Fatah Yunis, was named as the new commander of the insurgents . He emphasized the strategic importance of the city of Ajdabiya , which lies on the way to the east, to Benghazi, Tobruk and also to the south, and vowed to defend it. From there a coastal road ( Via Balbia ) leads north to Benghazi and a straight desert road ( Tobruk – Ajdabiya desert road ) north-east to Tobruk. If the rebels lose control of Benghazi, they could easily be trapped via the route to Tobruk. Yunis also spoke of tactical withdrawals and temporary losses of worthless desert areas.
March 15 - Gaddafi praises Germany, government conquers Brega and Ajdabiya
With Suwara , the government troops took the last city between Tripoli and the border with Tunisia .
In an interview broadcast by the television station RTL , Gaddafi praised Germany's attitude towards the uprisings in his country. In contrast to many other important countries in the West, the Germans had "assumed a responsible position" and "should have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council , not France" .
Citing information from a member of the rebel forces, it was reported that the city of Brega was lost on March 15. An agency reported that the location had changed hands several times over three days of heavy fighting.
Government troops are said to have captured Ajdabiya ; Soldiers called on the city residents over loudspeakers to hand in their weapons. According to repeated reports from the insurgents, however, Ajdabiya was still in rebel hands.
At around 10:30 p.m. CET , Gaddafi stepped in front of some supporters in Tripoli. In the speech broadcast by state television and Al Jazeera , Gaddafi put the number of deaths at a maximum of 200, all of which would also come from the ranks of his fighters and those of the "rats" , as he called the rebels. At the gathering of Gaddafi opponents in Benghazi, those present expressed their displeasure by throwing shoes at the projection screen on which the speech was shown.
March 16 - Misrata and Ajdabiya fought, government intensifies offensive
Misrata was fired at from three sides by government troops with tanks and artillery, with allegedly fatalities. Both sides claimed military success for themselves. Abdel Fatah Yunis told Al Arabiya that many government soldiers had died or were captured in Ajdabiya . One of the ruler's sons, Gaddafi, said the uprising would be suppressed within 48 hours.
Ajdabiya is said to have been fired at by the government military all night long. On state television, Gaddafi announced that he was determined to crush his enemies, regardless of whether they were domestic or foreign conspirators. He will also defeat France , USA and Great Britain .
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon expressed concern about the escalation caused by government forces. A military offensive on Benghazi would endanger the lives of many civilians. Ban called for an immediate ceasefire in Libya. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced that it had withdrawn its own staff from Benghazi because of the dangerous situation. The military intensified its offensive against insurgents in the east and west of the country.
Jallal Al Gallal and Soliman Bouchuiguir , Libyan oppositionists in Benghazi and Geneva , who feared the worst if Benghazi were to be conquered , given the rapid advance of the government forces, tried to remind the world that the protest movement began peacefully, as in Tunisia and Egypt have.
March 17 - Government gains the upper hand, establishment of the international no-fly zone (UN resolution 1973)
It was reported that the government had "in the past eleven days [...] recaptured almost all oil facilities and control of many cities."
According to a media report, Ajdabiya was surrounded on three sides by government troops in the afternoon, only the coastal road leading north to Benghazi was still open. According to the insurgents, the government forces had not yet begun to invade the city.
Al Jazeera had reports of prolonged night-time heavy-weapon fighting near Zintan in the west. According to opposition fighters, government troops are in the process of surrounding the city. According to information from aid organizations and from spokesmen for the UNHCR and the ICRC, the flow of Libyan refugees across the border into Egypt has increased, but so far there has been no major rush.
The government reported the seizure of the Zuwaitina oil terminal and a spokesman for the insurgents also stated that government troops had reached Zuwaitina.
Eyewitnesses contradicted reports in the Libyan state media about large-scale fighting or military successes already taking place in Misrata. State television reported that government forces had gained control of Misrata. Libyan state television also reported that gunfire and explosions could be heard at Benghazi-Benina airport . An Al Jazeera correspondent reported air strikes on Benina Airport, 10 km south of Benghazi. Air attacks were later reported again from Benghazi and the surrounding area (for example, Buatani in the east, the vicinity of Benina airport, Qaminis in the south). A spokesman for the opposition then said there was no evidence that the air strikes had caused any damage.
The state-run Libyan news agency JANA announced in the afternoon that military operations against the armed terrorist gangs would be suspended from 10:00 p.m. GMT on Sunday to give them the chance to lay down their arms and benefit from a general amnesty.
The Libyan state television announced the beginning of the battle on March 16 and the decisive battle for Misrata on March 17.
At around 7:40 p.m. CET , Gaddafi announced “the liberation of Benghazi” for the night in a radio and television speech. All houses would be searched and those found with weapons would be treated like enemies for whom there would be no mercy.
Colonel Gaddafi sent word through the Ministry of Defense in Tripoli that any foreign military operation against Libya would provoke a counter-offensive by his army on sea and air traffic in the Mediterranean.
After it became known that Egypt had been supplying ammunition and weapons to the insurgents for a few days, the Russian Foreign Ministry warned the United States of the ban on arms deliveries to Libya. With resolution 1970 on February 26, 2011, the UN Security Council also imposed a general arms embargo on Libya.
In the evening, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 , which called for an immediate ceasefire and authorized the establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya and the protection of the civilian population by military means. France in particular had advocated this resolution.
March 18 - Foreign Minister declares armistice, advance on az-Zintan, Misrata, Benghazi
US Ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice , took the view that Resolution 1973 made no statement about arms deliveries to the insurgents. She thinks that arms deliveries to the insurgents are not expressly authorized, but that, on careful reading, one can conclude that arms deliveries to the insurgents are not excluded. She did not want to comment on the question of whether the USA was planning to arm the insurgents.
Shortly after the resolution became known, the Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim appeared in front of the international media in Tripoli and declared that the resolution was being received “positively” . One will "protect civilians everywhere in the country" , this is the job of the Libyan police . Libya also guarantees access to food and medicine. Libya had sent a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon , according to which the state was concerned with the integrity of civilians and the "territorial unity of Libya" . Regarding the required ceasefire, Kaim said: "We are ready to do that immediately, but we must first negotiate the technical details with someone" . When asked by a journalist whether the troops would march on to Benghazi, he said it was not his decision, but that of the army. Referring to the ceasefire demanded by the resolution, Kaim said there had been talks with Abdul Ilah al-Khatib, the UN envoy for Libya, during which Libya had “asked legitimate questions about the implementation of a ceasefire” .
At 2:35 a.m. (according to Al Jazeera local time Libya GMT +2), the Libyan Foreign Minister Mussa Kussa declared an immediate ceasefire and the cessation of all hostilities. Libya thus complies with the demands of Resolution 1973 of the United Nations Security Council. Great Britain and France also expressed doubts as to whether the words of the leadership in Tripoli will be followed by deeds. London and Paris in particular are pushing for the UN resolution to establish a no-fly zone to be implemented quickly. Italy has now also announced that it will take part in possible military actions. In the morning it was reported that tanks were shooting at Misrata and Seif al-Islam Gaddafi had announced that anti-terrorist units would be sent to Benghazi.
Bulgarian media reported that a Bulgarian seaman had been kidnapped by a tanker near Libya.
EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton said the EU would examine the ceasefire declared by the Libyan government. In contrast, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was skeptical and unimpressed . She called on the Libyan government to withdraw its armed forces from the insurgent-controlled eastern part of the country and spoke of Gaddafi's decision to “leave” as the necessary end result of all negotiations.
Also in the evening reports of a further advance of government troops on Benghazi and fighting 50 km from the city as well as fighting in Sintan (az-Zintan) and Misrata in the west. The government military rejected the representations. Deputy Foreign Minister Kaim said the ceasefire would be respected. Foreign Minister Kussa is said to have said that his country would adhere to the UN resolutions. Everything is done to protect the civilian population and foreigners. Catherine Ashton is said to have said in Brussels that it was not yet clear what Gaddafi had really decided. The Élysée Palace published further demands on Colonel Gaddafi. So his troops should be withdrawn completely from the contested areas. President Barack Obama is said to have threatened the government in Tripoli with military consequences if the ceasefire announced by the Libyan Foreign Minister Mussa Kussa was not observed. Attacks against the Libyan population must be stopped immediately. Ban Ki-moon appealed to the international community to participate in the implementation of the resolution establishing a no-fly zone over Libya.
March 19 - France stops government offensive in front of Benghazi - US missile attacks - fighting near Misrata, Ajdabiya, Benghazi, al-Magrun
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According to various sources, parts of the Libyan armed forces failed to adhere to the announced ceasefire and a convoy of heavy artillery advanced quickly on Benghazi. Government troops and tanks advanced into the city.
The insurgents in Misrata and Ajdabiya are also said to have continued to be attacked. Tanks and artillery shot at residential areas. Numerous residents then fled towards the border with Egypt. Along main streets, residents erected barricades at intervals, each manned by half a dozen rebels, only half of whom were armed. According to opposition representatives, revolutionaries managed to take control of four tanks within the city. According to their own statements, insurgents had to withdraw from the outskirts of the city, but were later able to stop the attackers from advancing further. The journalist and founder of the Internet TV station Libya Al-Hurra TV , Mohammed Nabbous , was killed in fighting in Benghazi, presumably by snipers. A rebel fighter plane, probably a MiG-23BN , was shot down by mistake by the rebels and crashed over Benghazi, the pilot died.
On the government side, Vice Foreign Minister Khalid Kaim accused the insurgents of disregarding the ceasefire. The leadership of the rebels had asked their supporters by radio to arm themselves and to push back Gaddafi's troops. Government troops near al-Magrun were then attacked. The Libyan army will not do anything against the insurgents because they do not want to violate the ceasefire prescribed by the UN resolution.
In a letter to Nicolas Sarkozy , David Cameron and Ban Ki-moon , Muammar al-Gaddafi declared the ban on flights over Libya to be invalid. “Libya is not yours. Libya is ours, ” it said. Resolution 1973 contradicts the UN Charter , which prohibits any interference in the internal affairs of a member country.
Misrata was shot at by tanks and artillery, according to residents. The besieged city has been cut off from the water supply for three days. The day before, US President Barack Obama had asked the Gaddafi regime to secure water, electricity and gas supplies as well as access to humanitarian aid for all Libyans and to withdraw its armed forces from az-Zawiya , Misrata and the East. On the same day, a spokesman for the opposition Revolutionary Committee in Misrata said it was to be feared that government troops would quickly take the city, which had been besieged for days, in order to “abuse” the population there as a “human shield” against possible military strikes.
Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu declared that Turkey was ready to monitor the ceasefire called for in the resolution. The NATO member responded to a statement by the Libyan leadership in which they had invited international observers into the country to monitor compliance with a ceasefire. These should come from Germany , the People's Republic of China , Malta and Turkey. Germany refused, and a defense ministry spokesman pointed out that it was up to the UN to monitor the ceasefire or decide how it should be monitored.
France and Great Britain had already agreed to a military operation in Libya. Immediately after Security Council Resolution 1973 of March 17, 2011, other NATO allies declared their willingness to participate. The NATO Council met in Brussels on March 18. Although no concrete decision could yet be made, in some countries a parliamentary resolution was also necessary, all 28 allies agreed in principle for an operation. In this situation, French President Sarkozy invited the heads of government of selected countries as well as representatives of the Arab League and the African Union to a special summit in Paris the next day.
The Turkey that saw the path of peaceful negotiations not yet exhausted, had not been invited. It was decided to militarily enforce a flight ban over Libya. Even before the end of the conference, the start of the use of French combat aircraft was announced. Operations code names: Operation Odyssey Dawn (USA), Operation Ellamy (UK), Opération Harmattan (France). The United States Africa Command in Stuttgart, the British naval headquarters in Northwood near London and the strategic command of the French Air Force, CDAOA (commandemement de la défense aérienne et des opérations aériennes) at Base aérienne 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun were responsible for the overall coordination of the operations certainly. Italy's Prime Minister Berlusconi announced that the NATO base in Naples would be used as an allied command center.
Forces from the United States, Britain, France, Canada and Italy took part in the attacks on the first day of the military intervention. The military alliance included nine NATO members - including Spain, Belgium, Denmark and Norway - as well as the two Gulf states Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . Neither of them took an active part in the attacks on March 19.
The attacks on ground troops off Benghazi were carried out by French fighter planes in Opération Harmattan , which stopped the advance on the center of the rebels.
According to the US, the only aim of the operations is to protect civilians from violence. Getting rid of Gaddafi is the job of the Libyan people. But insurgents said they needed more support to avert the “massacre” that will inevitably come if Gaddafi remains in power. According to spokesmen for the insurgents, the no-fly zone came too late to change the situation on the ground. Its own combat units are not adequately equipped to be able to fight Gaddafi's superior arsenal consisting of tanks, rocket launchers and other heavy ground combat weapons. It is controversial and unclear whether and to what extent close air support will be provided for the Libyan insurgents. When asked by a journalist what the difference was between protecting the Libyan people and providing close air support for insurgent fighters - it seemed like the latter - the US military spokesman replied on March 21 : “I would not speak of close air support for the opposition forces. We knew that these advancing elements were moving to Benghazi armed and we attacked them. ”At the start of the offensive on March 19, the Libyan air defense was largely eliminated, so that the Libyan airspace was controlled solely by the Allied forces.
According to the Libyan television channel al-Jamahiriyah , which is loyal to the government, a hospital on the outskirts of Tripoli and oil depots in the area of the city of Misrata were bombed. A French plane was shot down, but France denied it.
March 20 - Political reactions to military actions
According to the state-owned Libyan news agency Jamahiriya News Agency , the government has started arming more than a million men and women with weapons.
The US Commander in Chief Mike Mullen spoke of a success in the first phase and said that the offensive by Gaddafi's government forces had been stopped before Benghazi. According to correspondents' reports, 35 km west of Benghazi dozens of government vehicles, including numerous tanks, were destroyed.
China and Russia distance themselves from the military operation. Beijing said it respects the sovereignty of the North African country and also opposes the use of force in international affairs. On behalf of Moscow, the Foreign Ministry spokesman referred to reports on civilian victims killed and wounded in the air strikes the day before and on the destruction of civilian infrastructure and urged the relevant states to end the unselective use of force. However, Russia also appealed to Libya to swiftly enter into a dialogue with the international community. The Secretary General of the Arab League, Amr Musa , initially criticized the rocket strikes and air strikes against objects in Libya, announced an emergency meeting of the League and emphasized that these went beyond the scope of the set goal: “We want protection of civilians and not bombing on them, ”he said at a press conference in Cairo. The next day, Amr Musa put his statements into perspective and said at a joint press conference with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in Cairo that there was no conflict over the UN resolution on Libya and that his confederation of states respected the resolution of the Security Council. The resolution serves to protect civilians, which is what the Arab League is about.
Libya again declared a ceasefire. This followed the proposal of the mediator group of the African Union , which had called for the immediate cessation of military actions in a communiqué written in the Mauritanian Nouakchott . The committee's visit to Libya that was planned for that day did not take place because the UN Security Council had not approved the visit. A mediator group spokesman said the mediation mission would continue once the French-led coalition eliminated Libyan air defenses. The decision of the Security Council of the African Union to send a mediator group to Libya to promote a dialogue there that should lead to a peaceful and lasting solution was referred to in Resolution 1973. The USA did not recognize the ceasefire and declared that it would continue to implement the no-fly zone in accordance with the UN resolution.
March 21 - international criticism of UN mission, stalemate situation in Libya
US General Carter Ham , who heads the US troops involved in the Libya operation, said that no air support was planned for the Libyan insurgents. He does not rule out that Gaddafi will succeed in staying in power after the bombing. In addition, one must expect a stalemate between his troops and the insurgents.
Abdelmalek Drukdel , the leader of Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb , called on the people in Tunisia , Egypt and Algeria to support their “Libyan brothers” in the fight against Gaddafi. At the same time, he warned the Libyan rebels against leaning too much on the USA .
The radical Islamic Taliban , on the other hand, sided with the Libyan government. The western states, especially the USA, are only concerned with pushing through their own agenda. The military operation in Libya is a war against Islam. The Taliban had previously spread that the western countries only wanted to seize Libyan resources.
In Cairo, Egypt, Ban Ki-moon was attacked by Gaddafi supporters. He wanted to go for a walk on Tahrir Square when there was protests against the military operation in Libya. However, the bodyguards of the UN Secretary-General intervened in time. The nearly 500 Libyans and some Egyptians carried pictures of the Libyan ruler and banners critical of the US.
The attacks so far led by the USA , Great Britain and France went into the third night. Eyewitnesses and Libyan state television reported explosions in Tripoli. Attacks by government troops loyal to Gaddafi continued on the insurgents. Battles were reported from Sintan and Misrata in the west and from Ajdabiya in the east. Norway has stopped sending six fighter jets for the time being. Norwegian Defense Minister Grete Faremo said there would only be an operation once the command structure was clarified. The allies Turkey and Bulgaria expressed criticism of France's claim to leadership in connection with negotiations by the 28 NATO member states on a NATO mandate for military actions. Barack Obama said that NATO would be involved in a coordinating role within days. Italy asked for the leadership role to be transferred to NATO . Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi said the coordination should look different. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that the UN resolution on Libya reminded him of a medieval call for a crusade. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev criticized Putin's statements. The comparison with a medieval crusade is inappropriate. Putin had also said in Moscow that it was becoming a trend in US foreign policy to interfere in the internal affairs of other states. The Iranian religious leader Ali Khamenei said the West trying mainly to get access to the oil reserves. The insurgents in Libya welcomed the support of foreign forces, but again refused to use ground troops.
March 22nd - Fighting in az-Zintan, Misrata, Ajdabiya
Government forces continued artillery attacks on az-Zintan and Misrata. New attacks by government troops were also reported from Ajdabiya after insurgents had regrouped there.
The situation in Ajdabiya was still unclear. The city is besieged by government troops, and it is hoped that troops from the rebels from Benghazi will arrive. In Tobruk, insurgent forces are said to have met with representatives of the UN Security Council to discuss humanitarian problems and measures. Since France assumed a key role in the coalition against Libya, the country has received threats. According to Prime Minister François Fillon, these are vague. Engagement in Libya can have a domestic impact, Fillon warned.
During the visit of the American Defense Minister Robert Gates to Moscow, his Russian counterpart Anatoly Serdyukov declared that everything should be done to end the violence. "We are convinced that an immediate ceasefire and the initiation of dialogue is the most direct way to reliably ensure the security of civilians." President Dmitry Medvedev also called for an end to the conflict through negotiations and confirmed Russia's readiness to take over a corresponding mediator role. At a joint press conference with Sergei Lavrov , Algerian Foreign Minister Mourad Medelci called for the immediate cessation of foreign military intervention in Libya. The Allied air strikes would only have exacerbated the country's crisis.
According to the UN office in Cairo, the UN special envoy for Libya, Abdul Ilah al-Khatib, has started talks with the insurgents for the first time. Al-Khatib met Mustafa Abd al-Jalil , chairman of the National Transitional Council, and other representatives of the rebels in Tobruk .
The UN Security Council rejected an emergency meeting requested by Libya's Foreign Minister Mussa Kussa because of the actions of the international military alliance. In a letter to the Security Council, Mussa Kussa stated that France and the USA were bombing civilian targets as part of a military aggression.
Less than 12 hours after Barack Obama's departure , the Brazilian Foreign Ministry called for a ceasefire in Libya as soon as possible. This should pave the way for a solution to the crisis through dialogue and guarantee the protection of the civilian population. The Chinese Foreign Ministry made a similar statement. The military operation could lead to civilian casualties and a humanitarian crisis.
The British Parliament voted with a large majority in favor of military intervention in Libya (570 votes in favor, 13 against).
March 23 - Libyan Air Force eliminated
The commander of the British Air Force , Greg Bagwell said that the Libyan air force was turned off.
One will now concentrate on the events on the ground. The goal is to protect the "innocent people in Libya" . To this end, the Libyan ground forces will be attacked “whenever they threaten civilians or approach populated centers” . In the Financial Times , US diplomat Philip D. Zelikow wrote on March 15, before the UN mandate was issued to establish the no-fly zone, also of a no-drive zone , which was necessary to protect the areas conquered by the insurgents.
In Benghazi, the economist Mahmud Jibril was appointed head of a provisional government by the insurgents.
The NATO began enforcing the arms embargo. Two ship formations have been assigned to the operation, commanded from the regional NATO headquarters in Naples. Turkey is participating in the operation with a submarine and five other ships.
Sweden has frozen assets of the Libyan regime in the amount of around ten billion kroner (1.7 billion Swiss francs) according to a press report on March 23, 2011. Jonatan Holst, a spokesman for the financial regulator, said there may be more money from the Libyan regime hidden in Sweden. Details were not given. As of March 2, 2011, Swedish companies were required by the financial regulator to report all financial ties to Libya.
March 24 - Rebels are offered international credit
According to the finance minister-designate of the National Transitional Council , Ali Tarhouni , various states have signaled that they would provide loans to the insurgents if necessary. The British government has also pledged 777 million euros from confiscated Libyan assets.
March 26 - Rebels capture Brega and Ajdabiya, rape allegations at Gaddifi's press conference
Ajdabiya was retaken by the rebels. The international air raids played a decisive role in the success of the reconquest. Also Brega was taken by the rebels. The easternmost city still in government hands is now Al-To date .
The National Transitional Council announced the signing of a contract with Qatar, according to which the emirate would take over the marketing of the oil produced in eastern Libya.
In Tripoli, the lawyer Iman al-Obeidi complained of abuse and rape during a press conference at the Rixos Hotel, and she was overpowered by security forces.
March 27 - Rebels capture western oil ports, sign oil deal with Qatar
The rebels took control of the strategically important oil ports of Ras Lanuf , Al-Sidra and Ben Jawad as well as An-Nufalija . They were back as far west as they were before the government troops' counter-offensive launched on March 6th.
March 28 - Fights at Sirte, Misrata, Qatar Transitional Council recognized
The situation around the city of Sirte is unclear after military targets were bombed by the coalition the day before and the rebels were able to advance further.
Fighting between government forces and rebels is reported from Misrata.
Qatar was the first Arab country to recognize the National Council founded by the insurgents as the legitimate representative of Libya. In the statement of the Qatari Foreign Ministry, from which this emerges, it was said that the leadership of the insurgents represented all regions of Libya and was accepted by the population.
Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan has told a British newspaper that he is ready to work towards an early ceasefire.
March 29 - US internal doubts
Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa said on March 29, 2011 in a letter to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon , who appointed by the regime in Tripoli Libyan UN Ambassador Ali Abdussalam Treki had received a visa from the US and will by d'Escoto Brockmann Miguel replaced . Brockmann was chairman of the UN General Assembly from 2008 to 2009 and is a former foreign minister in the Sandinista government of Nicaragua .
Barack Obama comes under domestic political pressure over Libya. The Washington Post quoted unnamed US officials as saying that a victory for the rebels is unlikely. Furthermore, an exile solution for Gaddafi is being considered. It is reported from Sirte that Gaddafi's troops are digging in there and setting up tanks in the city. The rebel attack is repulsed.
March 30th - Government uses new car tactics to capture Ras Lanuf, rebels on retreat
The government troops succeeded in stopping the insurgents' offensive and regaining control of the Ras Lanuf oil port . The insurgents gathered in Brega and asked the West for more effective weapons. There is disagreement in the UN on the question of whether arms deliveries to the insurgents are compatible with Resolution 1973 . Against arms deliveries speaks that one then also has to send trainers to Libya to train the insurgents on the weapons. There are also concerns that the weapons could fall into the hands of terrorists. James Stavridis said that members of al-Qaeda and the Hezbollah movement could have mixed with the rebels .
In the late afternoon it was reported that the insurgents had also fled Brega and withdrew in the direction of Ajdabiya .
The reason for the surprising success in the reconquest is a change in the tactics of the government troops implemented by Saadi al Gaddafi . Instead of heavy infantry with tanks and armored cars, which are an easy target for the Allied fighter-bombers, small, fast, agile units are now attacking with great effectiveness, which can hardly be distinguished from the insurgents.
Uganda was the first country to officially offer asylum to Colonel Gaddafi . A spokesman for President Tamale Mirundi said Gaddafi is welcome in Uganda.
The Libyan Foreign Minister Mussa Kussa left for London and announced his resignation. At first it was said that he wanted to apply for asylum. He fled because he was against the attacks on civilians. British authorities said that Mussa Kussa had no immunity and could be prosecuted. He is currently being interviewed. Mussa Kussa is not affected by the travel ban imposed by resolution 1970 of the UN Security Council, but in mid-March 2011 all of his assets under US jurisdiction were frozen and US citizens have been prohibited from doing business with him since then.
March 31 - Brega contested, USA announce end of mission
Street fights took place in the port city of Brega . It was impossible to tell who was in control of the port facilities.
Ali Abdessalam Treki , a former foreign minister and temporary chairman of the UN General Assembly who had been appointed as the Libyan UN ambassador in place of the renegade predecessor Abdel Rahman Shalgham , declared his "resignation". According to Al Jazeera , Treki resigned and fled to Egypt. In a statement his nephew sent to Reuters , he said he refused to take any official position and condemned the bloodshed. First, a statement by Treki had been circulated on various Internet sites of the Libyan opposition, in which he refused to accept the task of a UN ambassador or any other task. He has been Libya's Minister for African Union Affairs since 2004.
US Chief of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen spoke out against arms deliveries to the insurgents and announced that the US would end its combat operations in Libya from April 3, only want to play a purely supportive role and only again at the request of the NATO leadership Attacks in Libya would fly.
UN special envoy Abdul Ilah al-Khatib visited Tripoli, where he campaigned for a ceasefire, an end to the siege of cities in the west and free access to humanitarian aid.
April
April 1st - Rebels for ceasefire, UN ambassador, Misrata fought over, ex-energy minister flees
For the first time, the insurgents agreed to a ceasefire.
The statement was preceded by talks between the chairman of the National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abd al-Jalil, and UN negotiator Abdul Ilah Khatib. Jalil named the withdrawal of the Libyan military from all the cities previously occupied by Jalil, including the western cities. He also called for Muammar al-Gaddafi and his sons to be exiled. If the military did not respond to these demands, Jalil demanded foreign arms deliveries for the rebels.
The Libyan Information Minister Moussa Ibrahim rejected these withdrawal and ceasefire demands: “If this is not crazy, then I don't know what it is. We will not leave our cities. "
After the rebels claimed on March 30, 2011 that they had broken the blockade ring around Misrata, they admitted on April 1, 2011 that government troops were still in control of the city center.
According to the United Nations, Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann , who was under discussion as the new UN ambassador to Libya, will now represent his own country (Nicaragua) as Vice Ambassador to the UN.
Former Libyan energy minister Fathi Ben Schatwan fled to Malta on April 1st in a fishing boat from the embattled Misrata. From now on he wants, as he said in an interview with AFP, "to help the opposition where [he] can."
April 2nd - Fighting at Misrata & Brega, rebels have a telephone network and receive arms deliveries and training
According to the rebels, three attacks by government troops on the city center of Misrata are said to have been repulsed, and there is also said to have been fierce fighting again around Brega .
Rebels have been running their own cellular network (Free Libyana) in the east since April 2, 2011 . Calls are processed by Etisalat, a company in the United Arab Emirates .
As the magazine Focus reports, Egypt, in coordination with the US and regardless of the ongoing discussion, has long since begun to deliver weapons to the Libyan insurgents. As Al Jazeera reports, citing the rebels, US and Egyptian special forces and secret commands are also said to be in eastern Libya to train the rebels.
NATO kills 13 rebels in air strikes near Brega.
April 3rd - Contested Brega, USA extend mission in Libya
There were reports of ongoing fighting over Brega , and according to the rebels most of the port city should be under their control again.
Media close to the rebels also reported on continued attacks by government forces on az-Zintan and Misrata, with shelling destroying food stores and utilities.
The incumbent Libyan Foreign Minister Abdelati al-Obeidi met with the Greek Prime Minister Giorgos Papandreou . According to a representative of the Greek government, he brought a message from Colonel Gaddafi : The regime is aiming “to end the fighting with the insurgents.” Greek Foreign Minister Dimitris Droutsas stated that, according to the content of the talks, the Gaddafi regime is apparently seeking a solution of the conflict. Al-Obeidi will continue to travel to Turkey and Malta .
The United States have, at the request of NATO extended its participation in the mission in Libya by 48 hours to 4 April.
April 4 - Nalut contested, transitional council recognized by Italy
Government troops shelled cities in the western mountain region of al-Jabal al-Gharbi with Grad missiles . Rebels from Sintan and Dschado came in support of Nalut . Government troops took Ketla .
After France and Qatar , Italy offered the Interim Council of the opposition diplomatic recognition.
The United States lifted the financial sanctions imposed on March 15 against Mussa Kussa because he "cut ties that connected him to the Gaddafi regime".
Information Minister Moussa Ibrahim said that many things could be discussed: how Libya would be governed, which political system should rule in the country. “We can have everything: elections, referendum and so on”. A resignation of Colonel Gaddafi is not an option. Gaddafi is "a guarantor of the unity of the people and the tribes" and "very important to direct every conceivable transition to a democratic and transparent model". The insurgents are said to have rejected any diplomatic solution that would allow Colonel Gaddafi and his family to remain in power. A spokesman for the transitional council in Benghazi is also said to have ruled out a transition process with Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi , even if this would include his father Muammar al-Gaddafi's relinquishment of power.
April 5 - NATO conclusion: 30% of the Libyan military destroyed, government conquered Brega, Misrata & Kufra oases contested
Brigadier General Mark van Uhm drew a preliminary conclusion at the NATO headquarters SHAPE: The Libyan military has 30 percent less capacity than before the UN air strikes. The civilian population acted as a protective shield for the government troops. Heavy weapons and tanks were no longer moved, but hidden in densely populated areas (city centers). The new strategy is to send soldiers in passenger cars and vans to the east of the country to fight the rebels with light weapons. Therefore, NATO could only use its weapons on sight, which, due to the weather, led to the fact that most of the combat aircraft used did not use their weapons the day before. The UN alliance increased aerial reconnaissance.
Brega was still fiercely contested, the rebels are said to have lost the city, which had only been conquered the day before, to the government troops. The government forces apparently used tanks and rocket launchers in their attack. Even if the rebel side also brought in "heavy weapons" in some cases, their inferiority in terms of weapons technology was still described.
The situation of the population in the enclosed Misrata, which was once again the scene of bloody skirmishes, was described by eyewitnesses as becoming increasingly dramatic. After elite soldiers allegedly defected to the rebels in the Kufra oases a few days earlier , an opposition website reported on fighting between insurgents and government troops in the Kufra oases.
After talks in Tripoli, the Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu was skeptical about the chances of a peaceful solution. A meeting with representatives of the insurgents is planned for next week.
The shipping specialist Lloyd's List Intelligence confirmed the resumption of oil exports from Libya after almost three weeks with the arrival of a tanker in eastern Libya.
April 6 - Rebel allegations at UN: Misrata is threatened with extermination, new foreign minister appointed, SAS training for rebels
Misrata is threatened with "extermination in the truest sense of the word," said rebel leader Abdul-Fatah Younis . He accused NATO of abandoning the people in beleaguered Misrata to ruin: "If NATO wanted to break the blockade of the city, it would have done it a few days ago." But NATO is content with isolated attacks on government troops.
The National Transitional Council called for the release of 20,000 political prisoners who were starving, freezing and tortured in Tripoli at Abu Salim Prison , Zara Prison, the Police Academy, the Tripoli tobacco factory and other Tripoli military establishments.
The Vice Minister for European Affairs, Abdelati Obeidi , was appointed as the new Libyan Foreign Minister.
Former Congressman Curt Weldon traveled to Tripoli to broker a ceasefire. His plan is for the Libyan army to withdraw from contested cities and for the rebels to stop trying to advance. Then the Libyan Premier should Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi under UN - auspices meet with leaders of the opposition to draw up a timetable for presidential elections. For Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi , a "constructive role" is planned, for example as a member of a constitutional commission.
From circles of the British government, considerations became known, according to which fighters of the insurgents should be trained in Arab countries. Former elite soldiers of the Special Air Service would take over the training on behalf of a mercenary agency. The hope is that the insurgents will have a better negotiating position in talks about a ceasefire if they are militarily more powerful. It is certain that sooner or later there will be negotiations on a ceasefire, because it has been shown that neither side can militarily defeat the enemy.
April 7th - NATO air strike kills rebels again
For the second time, rebels in a tank convoy near Ajdabiya were killed by a NATO air strike.
April 8th - Turkish peace plan fails
Russell Harding , Britain's rear admiral and deputy commander of the international military operation in Libya , said he would not apologize for an air strike that killed more than 10 tank rebels on the road between Ajdabiya and Brega . “Until yesterday we had no idea that the insurgents were using tanks. … Our job is to protect civilians . And tanks have been used in the past to attack civilians. " Harding also declined better communication with the rebels: " We who try to protect civilians with whatever beliefs do not have the job of communicating with the rebels to improve. " after representation of a commander of the rebels, NATO knew the insurgents with T-55 and T-72 -Panzern of Benghazi to Brega had been traveling. The advice of NATO was followed to put a yellow mark on the roofs of the vehicles in order to reduce the risk of accidental fire.
The rebels rejected a "peace roadmap" presented by Turkey . As long as Gaddafi has not resigned or left Libya, there will be no political talks. The roadmap envisaged a swift ceasefire, humanitarian corridors and the start of a democratization process. Two days earlier, a Turkish ship with relief supplies had been turned away in Benghazi so that it could not unload its cargo. The National Transitional Council had previously unsuccessfully urged Turkey to distance itself from the Libyan government. There was also annoyance that the Turkish Navy had forced a rebel ship with food, medicine and weapons on board on its way from Benghazi to the besieged city of Misrata to turn around. Turkey is against arms deliveries to the insurgents and is participating in the implementation of the arms embargo in the Mediterranean.
In a letter to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on April 8th, EU foreign affairs representative Catherine Ashton stated that the EU was ready to provide humanitarian aid for Misrata "if necessary with military means" .
April 9 - Rebel helicopters shot down, fighting for Ajdabiya
Government troops shot down two rebel military helicopters near Brega . The Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim accused NATO of allowing the insurgents to violate the no-fly zone. At Benghazi, NATO warplanes intercepted a rebel fighter jet and forced it to land.
Following the successes at Brega, government troops are said to have enclosed or recaptured Ajdabiya again .
April 10 - Rebels conquer Ajdabiya; Misrata is contested
Government troops are said to have been driven out of Ajdabiya . According to information from the rebels, this was largely achieved with NATO air support. According to NATO information, 20 tanks of the Libyan government troops are said to have been destroyed in air strikes around Ajdabiya and Misrata.
April 11th - Aid delivery reaches Misrata, Aznar criticizes West
A ship of the International Committee of the Red Cross with medical aids docked in the port of Misratas .
At Columbia University , José María Aznar , the conservative ex-prime minister of Spain, criticized the West for dropping "friends" like Ben Ali , Husni Mubarak or the "extravagant friend [s]" Muammar al-Gaddafi while dictatorships were in place Hold Syria , Iran , Venezuela and Cuba in power.
12. April
Pro-Gaddafi forces shelled the western approaches to Ajdabiya . The rebels took positions 40 km (24 miles) west of the strategically important city. After the clashes with forces loyal to the regime, at least three people were killed. Fierce firefights also broke out in Misrata. The Libyan government intends to use violence to prevent the EU's potential aid campaigns for the embattled city.
The rebels complain about the lack of or diminishing support for NATO's international military operation in Libya. France and Great Britain also urged NATO to become more involved in order to better protect the civilian population. The newly formed Libya Contact Group met for the first time in Doha , the capital of Qatar . The spokesman for the opposition Libyan National Council, Mahmud Awad Schammam, suggested that humanitarian aid could also be provided in return for oil deliveries. The rebel representatives also again called for Gaddafi's resignation. The dictator categorically rejected this. His son Saif al-Islam called the demand ridiculous.
April 13th
Several NATO air strikes were carried out against government ammunition bunkers 13 km (8.1 miles) from Tripoli. The Pentagon said the US fighter jets broke through Libyan air defenses. NATO took over command of the international operations in Libya.
April 14th - Contested Misrata, use of cluster munitions
The port, the last connection to the outside world of the besieged Misrata, was under shell fire and had to be closed. The supply situation (water, electricity, medication, etc.) in Misrata has been critical for weeks. According to Human Rights Watch the Schawahda-quarters were at least three internationally outlawed Spanish MAT-120 - cluster bombs fired.
NATO bombed Tripoli and there was a violent explosion near one of Gaddafi's residence.
April 15 - rebels unsuccessful
The rebels are not making any further progress and cannot take any further areas. In addition, many of Gaddafi's opponents are killed by government forces.
France, Great Britain and the USA are calling for Gaddafi's resignation. Hillary Clinton , US Secretary of State, wants to take humanitarian action in support of the civilian population. The NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen says: "The attacks against civilians hear only when Gaddafi is deposed. The future of Libya lies in the people, not in Gaddafi ”.
April 16 - Misrata fought over
At least 100 degree rockets were fired at Misrata. Foot soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were seen in downtown Misrata.
April 17 - Ajdabiya and Misrata fought, Cameron against ground troops
Insurgent-held Ajdabiya continued to be fired at by government troops. Fierce fighting has also been reported from Misrata. Human rights activists and rebel fighters reported that internationally banned cluster munitions were also used in the attacks .
British Prime Minister David Cameron ruled out an invasion or occupation of Libya by ground troops. José María Aznar's April 11 remarks met with outrage from the Spanish government and the media.
April 18 - EU plans for a relief mission to Misrata
The humanitarian situation in Misrata has deteriorated extremely. Due to the ongoing bombardment by Libyan forces loyal to the regime, the situation in the city, as well as the state of medical care, is becoming more and more desperate, said an opposition spokesman. The British representation at the UN announced that it would evacuate 5,000 people in need as well as foreign guest workers from the beleaguered Misrata to liberated eastern Libyan cities like Benghazi.
In anticipation of a UN decision on an aid mission to Misrata, the European Union has drawn up plans to deploy up to 1,000 soldiers on such a mission. Your task is to secure land and sea corridors in the besieged city.
Three Libyan officers, including a colonel, went to Tunisia with several civilians.
April 19th
UNICEF stated in a report that at least twenty children were killed in weeks of fighting in Misrata. Many more were seriously injured and severely traumatized by the events. Most of the dead and injured were injured from gunshot wounds and shrapnel. The internationally banned cluster munitions are said to have been used. In the past two weeks, most of the children killed were under ten years old, and the youngest victim was only nine months old. Furthermore, NATO denounced the dirty warfare of troops loyal to the regime. Gaddafi soldiers would also disguise themselves as civilians and hide near hospitals, shoot from the roofs of mosques and use children and women as human shields. Britain wants to build its presence in Libya with military advisers on the side of the rebels. The EU has declared that it is ready, if the United Nations is to be asked, to send emergency services to Libya for humanitarian aid.
20th of April
Photographers Tim Hetherington and Chris Hondros were fatally hit by a mortar shell in Misrata.
April 21 - US begins drone strikes
US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced on April 21 that President Obama had authorized the use of Predator drones in Libya.
April 22nd - Sarkozy plans a visit
US Senator John McCain called on the international community to accept the National Transitional Council as the country's rightful representative. According to media reports, French President Sarkozy was invited by the Transitional Council on April 20 and is planning a visit to Benghazi. Further details on the travel plan were not given in Paris.
April 23
Deputy Foreign Minister Chaled Kaim said the "surgical solution" that had been sought in Misrata so far could not work in the face of NATO air strikes. He announced that the Libyan army would leave it to the tribes around Misrata and the people of Misratra to deal with the situation in the port city. This decision was preceded by an ultimatum addressed to the government by the tribal leaders demanding that the armed forces step aside if they could not regain control of Misrata. The tribes are angry that the fighting has been affecting people's lives for weeks and that trade in the city has come to a standstill. The tribal leaders said that the seaport was there for all Libyans and not just for the insurgents. Observers suspect that Kaim was particularly referring to the Warfalla tribe .
April 24th
The hijacking of an Alitalia plane from Paris destined for Rome is prevented. The perpetrator apparently wanted to hijack the plane to Tripoli. The kidnapping is apparently not directly related to the Gaddafi regime.
April 25
The withdrawal of government troops from Misrata, announced by the ruler Gaddafi, turned out to be a diversionary maneuver. The fierceness of the fighting increased again after the announcement of the withdrawal in the city. According to eyewitness reports, about 30 people were killed that day by rocket and artillery attacks by Gaddafi forces.
26th of April
According to a media report, the Libyan Gaddafi opponents have stretched out their feelers to seek a peaceful solution to the civil war with the help of the Sant'Egidio community . The chairman of the National Transitional Council is said to have arranged a meeting with the community. On the sidelines of the meeting of the heads of state of Italy and France for talks in Rome, reports were made of Italy's decision to allow Italian air force aircraft to take part in combat missions.
April 27
Gaddafi forces lead an offensive against the rebels in Misrata. In the west of the city of Misrata, there were heavy attacks by units loyal to the government with mortar shells and fierce skirmishes with the rebels.
April 28
Italian tornadoes, which started from the Sicilian Trappani, participated for the first time in attacks on ground targets in Libya.
April 29
The fighters of the Libyan opposition captured an important checkpoint on the Strait of Ajdabiya, westward towards Brega, which was previously held by Gaddafi troops. A stalemate is looming between the rival forces. The opposition fighters set up strong positions west of Ajdabiya in order to be able to defend themselves against renewed attacks.
On the border with Tunisia, at the border posts there and the city of Wazzan, there were clashes between Libyan and Tunisian government troops.
In the city of Zintan in Jabal Nafusa , there was also heavy fighting and NATO air strikes on Gaddafi forces.
Libyan state television threatened to attack any ship attempting to enter the port of the embattled city of Misrata.
April, 30th
In a NATO air strike on the residence of Muammar al-Gaddafi in Tripoli, his son Saif al-Arab and three grandsons of Gaddafi are killed.
May
1st of May
NATO said the Libyan government had no evidence of the deaths of Gaddafi's youngest son Saif al-Arab and his three grandchildren. In addition, the declared goals of the attacks are always purely military installations. If the Libyan government uses its "residences" with underground bunkers as command and control centers, it will have to bear the consequences. Libyan ruler Gaddafi threatened Italy and Great Britain with retaliation for their participation in the war. The vacant British and Italian embassies in Tripoli were then attacked and destroyed by angry pro-Gaddafi demonstrators. Great Britain expelled the Libyan ambassador and declared him a "persona non grata".
2.May
In Tripoli, the Libyan government has now officially announced the identity of the three Gaddafi grandchildren allegedly killed by NATO. It is said to be the two-year-old Carthage, the daughter of Gaddafi's son Hannibal, the six-month-old Mastura, daughter of Gaddafi's daughter Aisha and the 15-month-old Saif Mohammed, son of Gaddafi's son Mohammed. They were buried with a public funeral rally. During the funeral march for the 29-year-old Gaddafi's son Saif al-Arab to the El Hani martyrs cemetery, the demonstrators shouted in chants: “The people want Muammar, the leader”. The Libyan dictator himself stayed away from the events.
May 3rd
To clarify the political future of the North African country, France announced a Libya conference. The French President Nicolas Sarkozy said: "In the coming weeks" one wants to take the initiative and organize "a big conference of the friends of Libya". Meanwhile, NATO wants to increase the pressure on the Gaddafi regime and stick to its strategy. The Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan has meanwhile demanded Gaddafi's immediate resignation in a sharp statement.
May 4th
For the first time, French "Gazelle" and British "Apache" combat helicopters were used against Gaddafi troops. British fighter jets also attacked two ammunition bunkers in central and eastern Libya.
5th of May
The international Libya contact group has agreed to set up a special fund to support the rebels. The frozen assets of Libya's ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi and his family are to be used as security for loans to be taken out. In Germany alone, Libyan accounts worth around 6.1 billion euros have already been frozen.
May 6th
The decision of the Libya Contact Group to hand over the frozen funds of the Gaddafi family to the rebels was criticized by the Libyan government as unlawful. The Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Chalem Kaim stated publicly: "Any use of frozen assets is like piracy on the high seas [...] That is illegal".
May 7th
A gasoline depot was destroyed during air raids by government forces on Misrata.
8th of May
Gaddafi militias are said to have mined the port of Misrata using medical helicopters. British NATO warplanes destroyed Libyan rocket launchers and ammunition dumps during their missions near the town of Sirte . Italy has signed an agreement with Libyan rebels on the supply of weapons to the insurgents.
May 9
The US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates publicly complained about the non-participation of a majority and important allies in the military operation in the NATO mission in Libya. Among other things, he stated: "I have asked several NATO members to make military capabilities available so that the burdens can be more evenly distributed and more easily endured over a longer period of time." NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen also joined the criticism, and Germany was criticized again in this regard.
10th of May
During the night, the Allies carried out heavy air strikes in Tripoli against the Libyan command centers of the dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi. Among other things, a military camp and a command center of the military intelligence service are said to have been destroyed. The UN emergency aid coordinator Valerie Amos has meanwhile called for a ceasefire so that aid can be distributed to the civilian population.
May 11th
On Tuesday night, NATO again attacked military targets in the Libyan capital Tripoli, where several violent detonations occurred. In the besieged port city of Misrata, the rebels reported that they had freed the airport in the east and west of Gaddafi troops. At the same time, they also announced that the city of Sarik, 25 kilometers west of Misrata, had been captured by them.
The EU foreign affairs representative Catherine Ashton announced before the European Parliament in Strasbourg that the European Union would open a liaison office in Benghazi.
12th of May
The Libyan consul in Egypt, Faraj al-Areibi, renounced Gaddafi and wants to join the rebels. Germany opens its first liaison office in the rebel capital Benghazi.
May 13th
In an audio message, Libya’s ruler Muammar el Gaddafi denied having been injured in NATO air strikes. In a published sound recording, he stated, “I live in a place where you cannot contact me. I live in the hearts of millions ”. At the same time, Gaddafi condemned the latest NATO air strikes as “cowardly”.
May 14th
German security services are checking current video and audio messages with which the Libyan regime wants to prove Gaddafi's integrity. After the recent NATO air strikes in which Gaddafi lost family members, he was not seen in public anymore. According to their findings, the Libyan dictator should still have a firm grip on power.
In Tripoli there were again heavy NATO air strikes, in the oil town of Brega eleven Muslim clergy are said to have been killed in their sleep by Allied air forces, said government spokesman Mussa Ibrahim. NATO claimed that it only attacked military buildings and regretted it if civilian victims were actually affected.
May 15
According to their own statements, NATO warplanes destroyed four armored personnel carriers, two rocket launchers and an ammunition depot of the Gaddafi regime in their air strikes in Libya. The rebels in western Libya are said to have succeeded in bringing the Nafusa mountain range from Sintan to Nalut under their control after prolonged fighting.
May 16
On May 16, NATO naval forces prevented another attack on shipping to the port of Misrata. Of two rigid inflatable boats, which apparently came from the area around Zlintan , one was forced to turn back, the second abandoned by the crew, on which an investigation found an explosive charge of around one tonne, detonated by targeted fire.
The chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court , Luis Moreno Ocampo , has applied for an arrest warrant against the autocratic Libyan ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi and his son Saif al-Islam as well as the director of the military intelligence service, Abdullah Senussi , in The Hague . They are charged with crimes against humanity. The Deputy Foreign Minister of Libya, Khalid Kaim, said that a possible arrest warrant from the International Criminal Court would be ignored.
17th of May
Several media reported that the oil minister Shukri Ghanim had fled to Tunisia .
May 18
In Ottawa , Canadian authorities have expelled five employees from the Libyan embassy. The work of the Canadian diplomatic mission in Tripoli was also suspended.
The Western journalists Clare Gillis, James Foley, Manu Brabo and Nigel Chandler detained in Libya were released after international pressure on the Gaddafi regime.
May 19th
The news agency Reuters reported from Tunisian security circles that Gaddafi's wife Safia and his daughter Ayesha fled to the neighboring country a few days ago. The Libyan government spokesman Chaled Kaim denied this.
May 20th
According to the alliance, eight warships of the Libyan Navy were hit in air strikes by NATO . 6 hits were confirmed by the Libyan side. The attacks in the ports of Tripoli, al-Chums and Sirte are said to have taken place as a result of the ships being used as mine layers .
According to a representative of the command of the international operation in Libya, the troops of the Libyan ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi no longer have sufficient strength to carry out another decisive strike against the rebels. The freedom of movement of the armed forces loyal to the government is also severely restricted by the NATO mission to suppress enemy air defenses . In addition, their command centers were largely destroyed.
May 21
NATO warplanes flew further combat missions against military installations of the ruler Gaddafi in Tripoli and sank Libyan ships in the port of the capital.
The US Department of Defense said the United States had supplied the Libyan rebels with food, tents, body armor, 120,000 ready-made meals and many other essential goods. Furthermore, the insurgents are to be given uniforms, sandbags and building materials for erecting barricades. Arms deliveries are not provided. The Italian bank Unicredit and the Italian oil and gas company ENI want to meet with the Libyan opposition representatives to enable oil exports to Italy to resume.
May 22
During a visit by EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton to Benghazi, she promised the Libyan opposition that she would support the European Union . She also spoke to representatives of the transitional government about issues relating to medical care, security personnel and border security.
23/24 May
According to information from French diplomatic circles, France is considering the use of attack helicopters in Libya. As the newspaper Le Figaro reported, the helicopter carrier Tonnerre set sail from Toulon on May 17th, heading for the Libyan coast. On board would be a unit of the Aviation légère de l'armée de Terre (French army aviators) with twelve attack helicopters, which are said to be models of the Eurocopter Tiger and Aérospatiale Gazelle types . The information about the planned operation was confirmed by Foreign Minister Alain Juppé at a press conference on the sidelines of a meeting of EU foreign ministers in Brussels. The British Minister of State for the Armed Forces, Nick Harvey , told Parliament on May 24th that, contrary to French statements to the contrary, the British government had not yet made a decision on the use of attack helicopters. The British Guardian had previously reported that Britain was preparing to relocate Apache attack helicopters to the helicopter carrier HMS Ocean , which has been cruising off the Libyan coast since April. At the same time, the allied NATO forces have carried out intensive attacks in Libya against the facilities of the ruler Ghadhafi in the capital Tripoli. According to Western correspondents, it is the heaviest bombing since the start of the military operation. Over 20 air strikes and numerous explosions were counted within half an hour. At least 3 people are said to have been killed. The victims reported by the Libyan side are said to have been civilians who lived near a People's Guard barracks.
According to French reports, the Transitional Council has some problems controlling the areas in the north-east of the country. A demonstration against the Transitional Council took place in Benghazi on May 23, and shootings with local tribes were reported from Darna.
25. May
France and Great Britain are sending attack helicopters to Libya to carry out more effective air strikes.
May 26
Gaddafis requests in writing the support of various foreign governments for a ceasefire in Libya. In response, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Libya's ruler Muammar Gaddafi, again called on him to resign, saying that all options are open to him . The Libyan EU ambassador Hadeiba Hadi has renounced the Gaddafi regime and defected along with his staff.
May 27th
According to a report by the BBC, the British government has "in principle" approved the use of Apache attack helicopters in Libya. The military commanders would now have to decide on the actual deployment on site.
At the two-day G8 summit in Deauville 2011 , which ended on May 27, the heads of government of the participating NATO countries reaffirmed their determination to maintain military pressure on Gaddafi. In the joint final communiqué, Russia also joined the call for Gaddafi to resign for the first time.
28th of May
According to various media reports, NATO has again attacked targets in the Libyan capital Tripoli, including attempts to hit the possible whereabouts of Gaddafi and the command centers of the Libyan leadership. Missions were also flown in southern Libya, near Misda. For the first time, Russia has now also called for the resignation of Libya's ruler Muammar al Gaddafi.
May 29th
The UK Department of Defense over the weekend announced the deployment of bunker-breaking , 2,000-pound Enhanced Paveway III bombs for its Tornado fighter jets based in Italy. With these, the command and communication facilities of the Gaddafi army located in bunkers in and around Tripoli can be combated in the future.
30th May
South African President Jacob Zuma has arrived in Tripoli on a mediation mission. According to South African information, negotiations are to be held on an immediate ceasefire. Reports according to which the main demand of the rebels, the resignation of Gaddafi, should also be negotiated, were rejected as "misleading".
Meanwhile, eight high-ranking officers of the Libyan army who had left the country, including five generals , held a press conference in Rome calling on their colleagues to break away from Gaddafi and support the rebels.
31. May
Gaddafi made it clear again during the Zuma visit that he would not leave the country. His proposal for a ceasefire monitored by the African Union was immediately rejected by the National Transitional Council. The NATO air strikes on Tripoli resumed after Zuma's departure.
Meanwhile, Italy's Foreign Minister Franco Frattini opened a diplomatic mission in Benghazi and described the National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of all Libyans. He promised the council financial and material aid and again called on Gaddafi to resign.
The UN Under-Secretary General for Political Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe has the Security Council informed of the situation in Libya, the humanitarian situation and the state of the negotiation process. Accordingly, the UN Secretary-General's special envoy for Libya, Abdul Ilah al-Khatib, continues to try to initiate indirect negotiations between both sides of the conflict.
June
June 1st
At a press conference in the Libyan embassy in Rome, the Libyan oil minister Schukri Ghanim declared his support for the "fight of the Libyan youth for a constitutional state that respects human rights." He had his post because of the unbearable conditions in Libya and the continued bloodshed the government and the National Oil Corporation . He left it open whether he would join the opposition.
In the evening , a bomb explosion occurred in front of the Tibesti Hotel in Benghazi, where several diplomatic missions are housed. The bomb is said to have been hidden in a parked car. A transitional council spokesman said there were no deaths or injuries.
Earlier in the day, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced the extension of Operation Unified Protector by 90 days. The previous mandate would have expired on June 27th. A meeting of the Libya Contact Group in the United Arab Emirates was also agreed on June 9th. Meanwhile, a Libyan government spokesman has announced new casualties for NATO air strikes. According to this, 718 civilians are said to have been killed and more than 4,000 injured by the attacks by May 26.
2th of June
A ship loaded with around 850 refugees from the Libyan civil war sank off the Tunisian Kerkenna Islands . The Tunisian coast guard and army were able to save around 580 people from the sinking ship, another 270 were missing. According to the UNHCR on June 3, 150 bodies had been recovered by then.
The insurgents meanwhile reported territorial gains in the Jabal Nafusa region . The electricity supply has been partially restored. In addition, military equipment, including tanks, was captured on a large scale.
3rd of June
In a resolution, the US House of Representatives demanded a statement from President Barack Obama on his strategy in Libya within 14 days after the Congress had not yet been questioned about the US operation against Libya. A second resolution calling for an immediate cessation of US participation in the Libya mission, however, has failed.
June 4th
NATO attack helicopters first intervened in the fighting in Libya on the night of June 4th. British Apache helicopters attacked two targets near Brega , while French helicopters destroyed several military vehicles and command centers in unspecified locations. British Foreign Minister William Hague and his colleague Andrew Mitchell , who is responsible for international development, have arrived in Benghazi to hold talks with the head of the National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abd al-Jalil .
June 5th
Hundreds of Libyan soldiers are said to desert every day. High-ranking officers and generals also often turn over to the rebels. The army of the Gaddafi regime is on the verge of collapse. According to the British Sunday newspaper “ Sunday Times ”, two high-ranking generals who fled to Italy said that Gaddafi's troops had now shrunk to a fifth of their previous strength. Furthermore, it will only take a few weeks until the Libyan army is at an end. "Anyone who has the opportunity to do so now," said General Melud Massoud Halassa . Some officers were also helped escape Libya by foreign secret services.
6th of June
In the morning, NATO planes attacked the headquarters of the Libyan military intelligence service in Tripoli. According to the Libyan Ministry of Information, rooms on Libyan state television were also hit. This was denied by a NATO spokesman.
June 7th
The Russian President's special envoy for Libya, Mikhail Margelov , has started talks with representatives of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi. At a press conference, he said that Russia is striving to act as a mediator in "establishing an internal Libyan political dialogue".
On June 7th, the NATO air force intensified its day-to-day attacks on targets in Tripoli with several waves of attacks, including against institutions of the People's and Revolutionary Guards. State television broadcast an audio message from Gaddafi, in which he called on his supporters to position themselves as human shields in endangered places. The Libyan dictator Muammar el Gaddafi continued to declare "Despite the bombing, we will never submit".
Meanwhile, Gaddafi's daughter Ayesha has filed a war crimes complaint against those responsible for the April 30 air strike in which Gaddafi's youngest son Saif al-Arab and three of his grandchildren were killed.
In an interview with AFP, the head of the African Union's mediation team for the Libyan conflict and President of Mauritania , Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz , expressed his conviction that Muammar al-Gaddafi could no longer run the country and that his resignation had become inevitable to avoid further damage turn the land away.
8th June
The chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has confirmed the suspicion that soldiers of the Libyan dictator Gaddafi harass the civilian population with mass rape of women in contested areas. The regime is said to have distributed extra sexual enhancers for this purpose. Meanwhile, NATO intensified its attacks on military targets in Tripoli.
June 9th
The war in Libya is getting more and more expensive, far more than planned. The US mission alone cost up to $ 60 million a month. The USA is demanding greater participation from other countries, including Germany. Defense Minister de Maizière no longer completely rules out a German mission after the fall of the Libyan dictator.
June 10th
Turkey has offered Gaddafi its help and guarantees if he decides to go into exile , Prime Minister Erdogan said. The Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi has not yet responded. Meanwhile, NATO increased its military and political pressure on Libya.
According to the rebel representatives, an attack by units loyal to the regime on the enclosed area of Misrata killed 20 people and injured more than 80. In addition to rebels, there are also said to be numerous civilians among the dead . The area around the port city of Misrata has been contested for months. The city, held by insurgents, is besieged by Gaddafi's troops.
June 11th
In a letter to the US Congress, Gaddafi spoke out in favor of negotiations. He wrote, among other things, "Let's end the destruction and start negotiations". Libya should "not be colonized again by Europeans". The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner said, "that this is just further proof, go to the Gaddafi must".
June 12
In principle, Germany would be ready to take part in a possible Libya peacekeeping force at the given time. The Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Ministry of Defense stated that this question is currently not an issue and that they do not want to participate in the ongoing war effort in Libya.
June 13th
The German government has recognized the National Transitional Council established by the Libyan insurgents as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan people". In the future, Germany intends to participate in the reconstruction and also wants to participate in the development of political institutions and the police, said Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle on a visit to Benghazi.
14th June
South African President Jacob Zuma stated: “We oppose any misinterpretation of the good intentions of Resolution 1973. We are of the opinion that the resolution was violated with the aim of overthrowing the regime (of Gaddafi), killing politicians and occupying (Libyan territory) by foreign forces [sic] ”. In his opinion, the Allies are using UN Resolution 1973 only as a cover to pursue their own ends. In their Libya mission, the NATO allies also violated the UN resolution for the Libya mission, which was actually only intended to protect the Libyan population against the Gaddafi regime.
15th June
After a long standstill and positional warfare, the Libyan rebels were able to record major gains in territory for the first time. In this way they were able to push back the Libyan dictator's troops in the west of the country and advance towards Tripoli. According to the British agency Reuter, NATO has flown several missions against the Libyan capital, where several explosions are said to have occurred.
June 16
Some US Congressmen have sued President Obama and want to deny him the necessary funds for the operation. He should not have the Libyan mission in Libya approved by parliament. The White House, on the other hand, declared that the American operation is legally okay.
17th of June
According to the Russian envoy to Libya, Mikhail Margelow , there were direct talks between the rebels and representatives of the Gaddafi regime in Germany. In addition to Berlin, Oslo, Paris and many other cities, such meetings are said to have taken place. The Libyan rebel representative Mahmud Jibril denied this information, and the Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini also expressed his doubts.
Serious attacks are said to have occurred again in Tripoli. In the rebel port city of Misrata, there were rocket attacks by units loyal to the regime, which claimed to have killed at least ten civilians and injured 40 others.
18th of June
Heavy fighting broke out in western Libya in the border town of Nalut and on the border with Tunisia, and it is said that there were fires on Tunisian territory.
June 19th
The Libyan government accused NATO of attacking a residential area in the capital of Libya, killing at least four civilians, including two children. Furthermore, the Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister, Chaled Kaim , stated that this was a “deliberate attack on civilian buildings”. The Allies immediately denied the allegation and described it as propaganda by the Gaddafi regime.
20th June
According to the Gaddafi regime, NATO warplanes bombed the property of a Gaddafi confidante and killed over 13 civilians in the process. The Allies immediately rejected the allegations as allegations.
June 21st
For the first time, NATO lost a reconnaissance drone during its mission in Libya. The Libyan government claimed to have shot it down, as well as an Allied Apache helicopter. NATO denied these statements. The leadership of the insurgents has meanwhile made up ground politically. The chairman of the rebel government in Benghazi, Mahmud Jibril , was received in Beijing. China wants to secure its economic interests in the oil-rich Libya. China also criticizes the NATO air strikes against the units of the Libyan ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi.
June 22
Following talks with the Libyan Transitional Council, the People's Republic of China said that relations with the rebels in Libya would be expanded. Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said in Beijing before a press conference with Libyan opposition leader Mahmud Jibril: "The National Transitional Council of the insurgents represents more and more Libyans and is becoming an important new political force in Libya. The conflicting parties should end their struggles and negotiate ".
23rd June
The NATO-led air strikes in Libya have so far cost British taxpayers around £ 260 million (€ 290 million). British Defense Secretary Liam Fox said Thursday that the cost per month was around £ 40 million (€ 45 million), according to British Defense Secretary Liam Fox . If the operation were to continue, the UK taxpayer would have to pay an additional £ 140 million (€ 157 million) to fund the armed forces, missiles, ammunition and other weapons.
June 24th
According to a spokesman for the Libyan Transitional Council in Benghazi, there are indirect contacts with the regime of Muammar al-Gaddafi. The discussions would never be conducted directly, but only through intermediaries; they take place in South Africa and Paris , where the dictator recently sent an emissary . The talks are said to have been only moderately successful so far and, according to the rebel representatives, depend on Gaddafi's “humor”. In Libya, the symptoms of disintegration continue and so a group of soldiers and police officers withdrew. For example, 19 security forces are said to have fled to Tunisia by sea .
25th June
Libyan professional footballers and coaches, including a total of 17 well-known players, led by national goalkeeper Juma Gtat and coach Abdel Ben Issa from Al-Ahly Tripoli have now officially resigned from dictator Muammar Gaddafi and joined the rebels in Benghazi. Most of them had already withdrawn in May.
June 26th
After 100 days, ruler Gaddafi still shows no will to resign, which led to criticism of the military operation. In this context, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates again complained in Brussels that the United States was once again bearing the brunt of the war. The other NATO allies were still not sufficiently fulfilling their obligations.
June 27th
The International Criminal Court in The Hague has an arrest warrant against the Libyan dictator and alleged war criminal Muammar al-Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi on charges of crimes against humanity . enact. In the meantime, with the help of NATO, the rebels are said to have moved up to 80 km near Tripoli.
June 28th
The Bundeswehr should help out with weapons, because the organization slowly ran out of them during the international combat mission in Libya. The Federal Defense Minister Thomas de Maizière agreed to a request from the “Nato Maintenance and Supply Agency” (Namsa) about arms deliveries. The Bundeswehr is to supply the Allies with bomb components and other projectiles.
Croatia and Bulgaria have now also recognized the National Transitional Council in Benghazi as the only legitimate representation of Libya.
The rebels have captured a Libyan military base in El Ga'a, 25 miles (40 km) south of Sintan , and captured large stocks of weapons and ammunition.
June 29th
After Qatar , France was the first western country to admit that it is supplying the rebels in Libya with weapons and ammunition . The relevant war material, which also includes machine guns , assault rifles , rocket launchers and anti-tank tubes, has been dropped using special parachutes in a mountainous region southwest of Tripoli since the end of June .
The NATO has rejected an offer from the Federal Republic of Germany ammunition and bomb parts to refer to the war in Libya.
June 30th
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov demanded a statement from France , stating that "the French arming of the rebels in Libya is a gross violation of UN Security Council resolutions". The People's Republic of China also protested against France's violation of the UN arms embargo in Libya.
In a statement, British Foreign Secretary William Hague promised the rebels that the United Kingdom would deliver larger quantities of police uniforms and communications equipment, including 5,000 bulletproof vests, 6,650 uniforms , 5,000 safety vests for security forces and police units of the Libyan opposition to Benghazi.
Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle received the Chairman of the Transitional Council, Mahmud Dschibril , in Berlin . There was talk of humanitarian aid to Libya. Germany is supposed to help war disabled , war victims and mentally stressed children and to supply mine clearance equipment. The Bavarian Justice Minister Beate Merk (CSU) and the State Police President Waldemar Kindler rejected corresponding allegations, according to which the scandalous son Gaddafi Saif al-Arab , who lived in Germany for a long time, had a particularly mild treatment of the Munich police and justice .
The Czech Republic has recognized the National Transitional Council in Benghazi as the only legitimate representative of the Libyan people and intends to supply medical equipment for hospitals in eastern Libya.
July
July 1
The Libyan rebels are said to have taken the city of Bir al-Ghanam and are now about 50 miles (80 km) from Tripoli.
Gaddafi threatens attacks in Europe if the air strikes do not stop. If the attacks don't stop, "we can decide to treat you similarly," he said in an audio message to thousands of supporters in Tripoli. "If we decide we can bring him [the fight] to Europe too."
2nd July
The Sudanese army has occupied the Libyan city of Kufra and some areas and oil fields south of it, and they did not encounter any resistance from Gaddafi units.
The African Union called on Gaddafi to end the conflict and withdraw from Libya.
Another heavy fire on the besieged port city of Misrata and the embattled city of Dafniya by Gaddafi forces, where 11 rebels were injured, among others.
3rd of July
NATO destroyed numerous military targets in western Libya, which was largely still held by Gaddafi units. At the same time, it intensified its combat operations against the Libyan rulers in order to support the rebels in their positions and on their advance.
Turkey diplomatically recognizes the transitional government in Libya as the only legitimate representation of the Libyan people and opened an office in Benghazi.
July 4th
The Libyan regime announced publicly that it was in "secret negotiations" for a solution to the conflict and for a ceasefire with rebels.
5th July
The Libyan government alleged that they intercepted two ships carrying arms shipments from Qatar .
July 6th
During NATO air strikes east of the city of Brega , Gaddafi troops were bombed and forced to retreat. The units loyal to the government had previously destroyed a chemical plant there .
7th of July
The rebels are said to have succeeded in conquering the city of Sleitan east of Tripoli. The rebels from Sleitan and from the city of Misrata met for the first time and fought together. Rebel leader Al-Bani said: "The capture has significantly strengthened our morale. Sleitan is particularly important to us, as two large military units of dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi are stationed there and rockets were fired into Misrata." The insurgents advanced 50 km in the south and 130 km in the east to Tripoli with high losses of their own.
8th of July
Ruler Gaddafi threatened the West because of the NATO air strikes that he would send suicide bombers to Europe as retaliation. Among other things, he explained in an audio message. "Hundreds of Libyans will carry out suicide attacks in Europe".
July 9
NATO flew several missions in the western mountains of Libya around 3 km from Al-Qawalish (or Qwalish) against Gaddafi forces. NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen continued: "The operation in Libya is showing success, but political progress would now also be needed because there is never only one military solution to such a conflict."
Poland established diplomatic relations with the Libyan opposition and accredited an ambassador in Benghazi.
At least five Libyan rebels were killed and 17 wounded during an attack by Gaddafi forces on Misrata.
In a report, the organization Human Rights Watch accused the Gaddafi government of creating "at least three minefields near Al-Qawalish with anti-personnel and land mines in various civil areas and of laying mines on public roads and buildings." . HRW also quoted the rebels as saying that around 240 Brazilian T-AB-1 anti-personnel mines and 46 Chinese Type 72SP mines have been defused so far.
10th of July
Four boats with 1,401 migrants from Libya landed on the Italian island of Lampedusa . The ANSA press agency also reported that the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi has postponed his planned visit to the island because of this. Egypt introduced stricter controls on the borders with Libya and wants to limit the influx of Libyan refugees and migrants.
"The petrochemical plants in Brega were destroyed by government troops alone," said rebel leader Ahmed Bani, refuting earlier allegations on the part of Gaddafi that the rebels were involved in the destruction of the plant.
Four rebels were killed and 22 others wounded in fighting over the town of Zliten . Landmines near Suq al-Thulatha , which Gaddafi troops had relocated during their retreat, also resulted in further casualties, with one dead and 32 injured . The Gaddafi forces launched a counter-attack with rockets on the town of Al-Qawalish , which the rebels fought off with fire. NATO - warplanes flew several sorties against positions of Gaddafi forces near Al-Asabiah , Misrata, Tripoli and Zliten, while even heavy weaponry such as was armored , artillery , rocket launchers and military vehicles destroyed.
July 11th
The Libyan government is currently in negotiations with various foreign governments to end the Libyan war. She is currently sending her ambassadors and emissaries to countries including Turkey, New York, Paris and Russia. Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam has also announced negotiations with France. The Libyan head of government Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi also agreed to negotiate and added that the negotiations could also be conducted without ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi, but only on condition that the NATO air strikes cease.
Russian envoys also met with the Libyan government. The US President Barack Obama said: "The Russian mediation efforts in Libya, we can support only on condition that they lead there to democratic change and the departure of Muammar al Gaddafi."
July 12
Water is becoming scarce in eastern Libya and Benghazi . The water supply is about to collapse, in the Sarir power plant (100 km south of Benghazi) only one of 6 water turbines is still working halfway. Agriculture Minister Abdel Maguid al Gaud of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi called for a ceasefire to repair the turbines. He also stated that the UN should lift the import ban on spare parts for the power plant in order to repair it and avoid a humanitarian disaster in the rebel area.
Through contact with an emissary from Gaddafi in Paris , the Libyan ruler declared himself ready to leave the country in order to restore peace in Libya.
July 13th
Human rights activists have made serious allegations against Libyan rebels. The human rights organization Human Rights Watch (HRW) has accused the rebel forces of plundering and pillaging the houses of alleged supporters of the Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi during fighting in various towns in western Libya. It was also reported that companies, shops and medical facilities were also looted by the opposition. Human Rights Watch called on the opposition government to uphold human rights, protect civilians and private property, and punish violations within their own ranks. The National Transitional Council in Benghazi rejected the allegations and stated that if something like this had happened, it would not be on their behalf and if the suspicions were confirmed, all those involved would of course be punished.
The Libyan rebels have taken control of several other mountain areas in western Libya. In the process, an oil route that was important to the Gaddafii regime was cut off from his armed forces. South of Tripoli, the Gaddafi armed forces have succeeded in launching a counter-offensive on the cities in the Al-Jabal al-Gharbi region and in doing so recaptured the town of Al-Qawalish (south of Tripoli). In the late evening the insurgents were able to drive the units loyal to the government out of Al-Qawalish and push them back to Asabah (about 80 km from Tripoli). At least 2 rebels were killed and 17 wounded during the fighting.
July 14th
The Russian special envoy Mikhail Margelov reported after a conversation with Libya's Prime Minister Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi that if the capital was conquered by the rebels, Gaddafi was planning his suicide and "wants to destroy all of Tripoli" in the process. In a public audio message, Gaddafi condemned French President Nicolas Sarkozy as a war criminal who should be tried before the International Court of Justice . At the same time he called on his population to march to Benghazi to free the city from the insurgents.
In an attempt to advance in the direction of Brega, the opposition forces fought several violent skirmishes with government troops with light and heavy weapons.
15th of July
The rebels were repulsed by the Gaddafi forces in the attempt to conquer the city of Brega again and had to withdraw as far as Ajdabiya . At least one rebel was killed and eight injured in the fighting.
Japan and the United States, as well as the Libya Contact Group, officially recognized the National Transitional Council as the sole legitimate representative of Libya at their meeting in Istanbul . With the recognition of the United States, it is estimated that more than $ 30 billion of frozen funds from the Gaddafi regime can now be diverted directly to the Libyan opposition.
16th of July
In a new offensive, this time the rebels succeeded in taking the oil port city of Brega. The Gaddafi troops then withdrew to Bishr (50 km west of Brega). At least 10 rebels were killed and 172 wounded in the fighting. In western Libya, the rebels are trying to conquer the city of Bir al-Ghanam and in the village of Bir Ajad (80 km south of Tripoli) fierce fighting has also been reported.
Gaddafi also announced in an audio message: "You are asking me to leave Libya, that's funny. [...] I will never leave the land of my ancestors and I will not betray the people who sacrifice themselves for me. I am ready to to sacrifice myself for my people. " He also renewed his call to the population to march on the rebel strongholds of Benghazi and Misrata in order to free them from the "traitors".
17th July
On Sunday night, the Libyan capital Tripoli was severely shaken by NATO air strikes. Shortly after midnight (local time) several thunderbolts and lightning bolts could be heard, as well as the Libyan air defense was heard sporadically. On Libyan state television and radio, perseverance slogans and threats against the allies were repeated and furthermore it was declared: "The NATO crusader forces have hit civilian and military targets in the eastern suburb of Tajura". In Brega, which the insurgents had just captured, fierce street fights were reported in the city center and in the residential areas there, killing one rebel and injuring 15 others.
July 18th
On June 18, rebels and Gaddafi's troops fought against each other around the oil port of Brega. The rebels criticized illegal landmines in the desert around Brega. Government spokesman Mussa Ibrahim said over 500 insurgents had been killed in the past five days. The rebels, however, speak of only two dozen insurgents killed.
July 19
It became known that Gaddafi officials in Tunisia began secret talks with the United States last weekend (July 16 and 17) . While Libya sees this as the first step towards rapprochement, the US is unimpressed and continues to call for the resignation of dictator Gaddafi.
20th of July
A front has emerged in southwest Libya near the desert city of Sabha after opposition fighters allegedly took the town of Kufra. The rebels are said to have advanced further in the direction of Sabha and further advanced up to 1.5 km from Slitan .
21 July
During heavy fighting near Sliten, the rebels were able to arrest General Abdul Nabih Zayed and other Libyan officers. Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril of the National Transitional Government in Benghazi said he had credible information that Gaddafi supporters exploded the Brega oil facilities when the Libyan army had to withdraw from the city. The insurgents must continue to defuse the mines and booby traps left by Gaddafi troops in and around Brega.
The Libyan government stated that the NATO air strikes targeted civilian locations in Sliten again. Several civilian buildings are said to have been destroyed and uninvolved civilians wounded.
22nd of July
The Libyan ruler Gaddafi continues to rule out official negotiations with the rebels. At the same time he renewed his threats against the insurgents and NATO in an audio message. He also called on the Libyan tribes to liberate the rebel stronghold of Misrata. From Misrata in the direction of Slitan, the rebels were able to achieve further slight gains in terrain. In Tripoli, they reportedly managed to hit a military building where high-ranking Gaddafi officials met.
NATO military aircraft bomb a factory near Brega that manufactured water pipes for the maintenance and repair of the Great Man Made River project . Six guards were killed in the attack.
July 23
In the Libyan oasis city of Al-Qatrun (1000 km south of Tripoli), the Gaddafi troops succeeded in driving the rebels out of the city and in gaining greater ground in the surrounding area. In Sirte, Gaddafi's native city and the capital Tripoli, Gaddafi's supporters held rallies and demonstrations with several thousand participants.
24th July
NATO bombed the Bab al-Asisija military complex. The German government is granting the rebel transitional council a loan of up to one hundred million euros.
July 28th
The military leader of the rebels, Abd al-Fattah Yunis , was shot dead under unexplained circumstances on the way from the front near Brega to Benghazi together with Colonel Mohamed Chamis and commander Nasser Madhur. “Islamists from within their own ranks” are said to be responsible for the crime.
30th July
NATO bombed three satellite systems of the television station Libyan Jamahiriyah Broadcasting Corporation , which, according to NATO spokesman, "systematically threatened and terrorized civilians". The attack, in which three journalists were killed, has been condemned by the Director General of UNESCO as "inconsistent with the principles of the Geneva Convention ".
July 31
On the outskirts of Benghazi, four people are killed in a five-hour battle between rival rebel groups. Later, on August 1st, the rebels announced that it was not internal fighting but a large-scale raid on a factory building. Four rebels and five Gaddafi supporters were killed. In addition, 63 suspected supporters of ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi were arrested.
Rebels take Josh .
August
August 1st
After several hours of fighting, the rebels withdrew from the city of Josh, which they had captured the day before.
3rd August
In the vicinity of Malta , the Libyan oil tanker "Cartagena" filled with petrol was boarded, confiscated and brought to the rebel-controlled Bengazi by Libyan rebels, supported by unknown European special forces. This operation was not coordinated by the National Transitional Council and took place without its approval. The Petroleum Economist, an information service for the international oil industry, called this process an "act of piracy."
8/9 August
In the night of August 8th to 9th, NATO launched attacks on four buildings near Zlitan . While the Libyan government claims that 85 civilians were killed, a NATO spokesman said the buildings were military facilities for troops loyal to Gaddafi. A local BBC reporter interviewed civilian hospital patients seriously injured in the attack; However, the deaths in the morgue there, including children, could not be linked to this attack with unequivocal evidential value.
12. August
The Libyan rebels claimed to have taken control of the coastal town of Zavia, but the town of Brega was still held by troops loyal to Gaddafi.
13 August
According to the AP news agency, rebels control suburbs and parts of downtown Zaviya .
August 14th
For the first time in the civil war, according to US data, the government troops fired an R-17 short-range missile at the embattled city of Brega , but it apparently missed its target and hit the desert. The rocket was fired around 80 kilometers east of Surt .
August 15th and 16th
On August 16, the rebels Surman and Garjan take over and cut off the connection between Tripoli and Sabha . So they stand in a semicircle of 70 km around Tripoli. For observers, the end of the war seems to have moved significantly closer. The day before, representatives of the Libyan government and the rebels are said to have started talks in Tunisia, and Interior Minister Nasr Mabruk is said to have left for Egypt on the same day.
20th of August
According to the rebels, they have recaptured the port city of Brega. Abd al-Salam Jallud , Libyan head of government from 1972 to 1977, defected to the rebels.
August 21
On August 21, 2011, the rebels of Operation "Mermaid" made an advance into Tripoli. They took large parts of Tripoli. It has been reported that three of Gaddafi's sons were allegedly captured. However, two days later, Saif al Islam was spotted free. Gaddafi's whereabouts are unknown. Tunisia recognizes the National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people. According to the rebels, more than 2,000 people are said to have been killed in the fighting. Misrata was fired at by government forces with R-17 missiles.
NATO announced that it had destroyed three command centers, a military facility, two radar stations, nine surface-to-air missile launchers, a tank and two armored vehicles in the greater Tripoli area. In Al-'Azīziyah five air defense missile facilities were destroyed.
August 23
On the evening of August 23, Gaddafi's residence in Tripoli was taken by the rebels.
August 25
According to press reports, British elite SAS soldiers are also participating in the hunt for Gaddafi.
September
September 3
Found Libyan secret documents show that the CIA and MI6 had been cooperating with Gaddafi since 2002 regarding information on Libyan oppositionists and dissidents. A few days earlier, an Al-Jazeera journalist had found similar documents, which revealed that several high-ranking US politicians were still supporting Gaddafi until mid-August 2011.
September 5, 2011
Through Secretary General Rasmussen, NATO declared that it wanted to end its mission as quickly as possible. But first the last Gaddafi fighters would have to surrender.
September 11
Gaddafi's son Al-Saadi Gaddafi was arrested in Niger while he was traveling in a convoy with eight other people. These are high-ranking generals who asked for asylum with him and are now under Nigerian "guard".
October
October 3
Sirte, Gaddafi's hometown, remains highly competitive. The situation has become extremely acute for the residents and many are trying to flee.
5th October
It was found that around 5,000 SAM-7 anti-aircraft missiles have disappeared from the arsenals of the fallen Libyan dictator.
October 17th
The city of Bani Walid is taken by the rebel troops as the penultimate bastion .
the 20th of October
The Transitional Council announced that Gaddafi was killed while trying to escape in a car convoy from his hometown of Sirte after an exchange of fire. Gaddafi was injured and arrested by rebels, but subsequently succumbed to his injuries. Gaddafi's military chief Abu Bakr Yunis Jabir was also killed. According to other statements, Gaddafi and his son Mutassim Gaddafi were liquidated shortly after they surrendered.
23rd October
After Gaddafi's death, Sharia will now apply in Libya , announced Mustafa Abd al-Jalil for the transitional council. Laws that contradict Islam are ineffective.
October 25
According to the new Ministry of Health, at least 30,000 people died in the civil war in Libya, reports Reinhard Mutz . Muammar al-Gaddafi's body was buried after several days of public display. In Sirte, 100 people are killed in a fuel dump explosion.
October 31
NATO's military operation in Libya ends.
November
November 20, 2011
Saif al-Islam and some supporters were arrested while trying to escape to Niger .
Web links
- Communiqué of the Paris summit in support of the Libyan people of March 19, 2011: engl. , French
- Uprising in Libya: It's your revolution Comment from the Süddeutsche Zeitung of February 28, 2011 (Editor: Nimet Seker / Qantara.de)
- Uprising in Libya. All articles, backgrounds and facts. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved February 22, 2011 from the protests in Libya.
- Libyafeb17 blog. In addition to news, the blog also collects photos, videos and audios from Libya. Retrieved February 22, 2011 .
- Libya expert sees protests against Gaddafi as a youth revolt. In: Deutschlandfunk . February 21, 2011, accessed on February 22, 2011 (according to the human geographer and Libya expert Andreas Dittmann from the University of Giessen, the current unrest in the country is an expression of a youth revolt.).
- Christian Semler: "The split will continue". Islamic scholar on the situation in Libya. In: the daily newspaper . March 28, 2011, accessed on March 28, 2011 (interview with Islamic scholar Reinhard Schulze about possibilities after the conflict).
- Unorganized, but full of ideals: Out and about with the freedom fighters in Libya , background report on Deutschlandfunk from April 7, 2011
- Marcel Mettelsiefen: Drama in Libya. Misurata battlefield. In: Spiegel Online. April 21, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2011 (impressive photo series from the fighting in Misurata).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Major fire in the largest oil depot in Libya. Retrieved January 3, 2015 .
- ↑ Libyan writer detained following protest call (English) , Amnesty International . February 8, 2011. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved on February 20, 2011.
- ↑ Die Zeit - March 2, 2011 - How Gadhafi received his greatest opponent
- ↑ Libyan police stations torched (English) , Al Jazeera. February 16, 2011. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved on February 20, 2011.
- ↑ libyan islamists seize arms and take hostages. In: The Sydney Morning Herald . February 21, 2011, accessed May 25, 2011 .
- ↑ Alexander Cockburn: Libya Rebels: Gaddafi coud be right about al-Qaida. In: The First Post . March 24, 2011, accessed May 25, 2011 .
- ^ Al-Qaeda sets up islamic emirates. In: news.com. February 24, 2011, accessed May 25, 2011 .
- ↑ Deadly 'day of rage' in Libya (English) , Al Jazeera. February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Protests in Libya: Gaddafi uses heavy weapons against his people . In: Spiegel Online , February 20, 2011.
- ↑ a b Moni Basu, Amir Ahmed, Yousuf Basil, Greg Botelho, Salma Abdelaziz, Zain Verjee, Anderson Cooper, Holly Yan and Mitra Mobasherat: Clashes continue in Libya as protesters attempt to bury the dead (English) . In: CNN.com , February 20, 2011.
- ↑ a b Uprising in Arabia: Gaddafi cuts Facebook and Twitter . February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ↑ Libya unrest: Scores killed in Benghazi 'massacre' (English) . In: BBC News , February 20, 2011.
- ↑ Saif al-Islam warns of civil war . In: Tages-Anzeiger , February 21, 2011. Accessed February 22, 2011.
- ↑ Protests in Libya: Gadhafi loses the third largest city in the country . In: Zeit Online , February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ↑ a b Gaddafi opponents set fire to government buildings . In: Spiegel Online , February 21, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
- ^ Libya: struggle for control of the capital . In: ZDF.de , February 21, 2011. Accessed on February 22, 2011. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Libyan Islamic leaders urge Muslims to rebel , told Reuters. February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ↑ Libya is facing civil war - government building in Tripoli is on fire . In: n-tv.de , February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ↑ Venezuela denies Gaddafi journey . In: stern.de , February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ Libyan Minister of Justice resigned . In: Zeit Online . Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ↑ Warplanes and Troops Defeat Protesters in Libyan Capital (English) , New York Times. February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ↑ Christoph Ehrhardt and Thomas Gutschker: Loyal to the tribe, not to the regime . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Reports: Libyan protesters fired on . In: aljazeera.net , February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
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- ↑ Gaddafi strikes back - uprising spreads | Abroad | Reuters
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- ^ Clinton: Qaddafi must pull back forces, step down
- ^ Clinton: Libya must follow its cease-fire words with action
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- ^ Gaddafi Forces Encroaching on Benghazi . In: Al Jazeera , March 19, 2011.
- ↑ Tripoli accuses rebels of breaking the ceasefire ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Gaddafi declares UN resolution to be invalid > Kleine Zeitung of March 19, 2011
- ↑ a b WRAPUP 15-Western warplanes, missiles hit Libyan targets. In: Reuters.com Edition US March 19, 2011, accessed March 19, 2011 .
- ↑ World community imposes flight ban over Libya ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Libyan government wants to let observers into the country . In: tagesanzeiger.ch . Tamedia. March 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved on April 21, 2011.
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- ↑ Libya: Al Qaeda warns Libya against leaning against the USA
- ↑ State television reports new attacks on Tripoli
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- ↑ NATO wants to enforce arms embargo at sea - Focus
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- ^ How Libyan Rebels Built Their Own Cellphone Network
- ↑ Focus 14/2011 of April 4, 2011: Egypt delivers weapons to Libyan insurgents
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- ^ Wiener Zeitung : Not without Gaddafi , April 5, 2011 (accessed on November 28, 2013)
- ^ Libya: Libya now - reforms only with Gaddafi. Retrieved September 15, 2015 .
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- ↑ a b Rebels level serious allegations against NATO
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- ↑ Mediator: Let the despots save face
- ↑ Libyan rebels should receive training funded by Arab countries, says Britain
- ^ Libyan Rebels Say Airstrikes Killed 5
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- ↑ Turkey presents peace plan for Libya
- ↑ Insurgents reject Turkish aid ship
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- ↑ Cameron: Occupation of Libya remains excluded , www.focus.de, April 17, 2011, 4:06 pm
- ^ Traynor, Ian (April 18, 2011). Libya Conflict: EU Awaits UN Approval for Deployment of Ground Troops - European Member States Poised To Send 1,000 Soldiers to Besieged Rebel City of Misrata To Assist Relief Effort . The Guardian . April 18, 2011.
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