Protests in Yemen 2011

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Protests in Sanaa on February 3, 2011

In connection with the events of the Arab Spring in 2011, which among other things led to the overthrow of the Tunisian and Egyptian rulers, there were also protests in Yemen from January 27, 2011 . The police and military repeatedly used violence against the demonstrators, and at times government troops and opposition tribal fighters fought fierce battles. According to the opposition, more than 860 people lost their lives. On November 23, 2011, President Ali Abdullah Salih signed an agreement calling for his resignation within 30 days. The events are occasionally referred to as the Yemeni revolution .

causes

Ali Abdullah Salih , President of North Yemen from 1978 to 1990 and of (united) Yemen since 1990

The protesters blamed President Salih, who ruled the country for more than 30 years, for the widespread poverty in Yemen ; Almost half the population has to get by on less than two US dollars a day, and one in three goes hungry. They demanded his resignation.

prehistory

The economic situation in Yemen has its origins in the country's prehistory. After the Second World War there were regular military conflicts in what is now Yemen. In particular, the South Yemen uprising and the Houthi conflict, as well as the circumstances that led to these events, have a large part in the economic and political situation of the state.

In 2002, several opposition parties formed a coalition (Joint Meeting Parties - JMP). The opposition, like the political system in Yemen as a whole, is both because of its strongly different orientations (the coalition includes e.g. the Yemeni Socialist Party , tribal associations and the Islah (Reform) Party with a proximity to Islamic fundamentalism) and because of it However, the still existing tensions between the south and north of the country are clearly fragmented.

occasion

A constitutional amendment submitted by President Salih, which should guarantee him the office for life, is considered to be the trigger. However, the protests were also seen as a sign of general uncertainty throughout the Arab world as a result of the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt .

Course of the protests

Protests in Sanaa on April 4, 2011

January 27th

The protests begin with a demonstration by around 16,000 Yemenis in the streets of the capital Sanaa against the policies of President Ali Abdullah Salih .

February 2nd

On February 2, 2011, Salih declared that he did not want to run for a further term and that he would not offer his office to his son.

February 17th

During the unrest in Aden on the evening of February 17, 2011, at least three demonstrators were killed by police officers.

February 18

Protests on Hurrija Square in Taizz on February 18, 2011, faced around 10,000 opposition members and around 10,000 government supporters. A hand grenade is thrown into the crowd of protesters against the government, killing two people and injuring around 30 people. In the capital, Sanaa, pro-government protesters attacked critics with clubs, sticks and axes, injuring at least four protesters.

21st of February

Protesters near Sanaas University, Yemen

President Salih confirms that he will remain in office until the end of his term in 2013. At the same time, he stressed that he had given instructions to the security forces not to shoot protesters unless in self-defense.

February 22

There are again extensive protests.

March 4-6

After the Friday prayers, tens of thousands of Jeminites demonstrated again, indicating that Salih's resignation was absolutely necessary because they did not want to negotiate with him.

8th of March

Students protests in Sanaa

There are also demonstrations on the premises of a university in the capital Sanaa . These are ended by force by soldiers using live ammunition, rubber bullets and tear gas. Several people are injured. In addition, 33 Al Qaeda members are freed from a prison by a Yemeni secret service.

9th March

In the morning, a protester who was shot by Yemeni soldiers on March 8th died from his injuries.

March 10th

It is known that President Salih has promised reforms. In front of several thousand supporters, he announced a new government. In addition, a parliamentary commission should work out a new constitution, which should include an effective separation of powers. Said constitution should be submitted to the Yemeni people for a vote at the end of the year. In addition, Salih announced new elections that will take place in late 2011 / early 2012. Salih also announced that it would set up a parliamentary parliament.

The opposition rejects Salih's proposals and calls for further protests against him. Mohammed el Zabri, the spokesman for the parliamentary opposition, said the president's initiative was out of date, pointing out that the offer would mark the regime's death. The organization "Youth of the Uprising" made it clear that this proposal should have come when Salih took office; this was in 1978.

March 11

Protests are reported from across the country. A Mile of Freedom is opened in the capital, which is said to be completely under the control of the demonstrators. 10,000 Salih opponents demonstrate in Sanaa alone . There is also a demonstration by 10,000 Salih supporters. When the demonstration was violently broken up, at least 2 people were killed and at least 300 injured.

March 12th

There is also a large demonstration in Aden . Six people are killed when the security forces force it to break up.

March 13th

There are massive protests again. Yemeni security forces again violently attacked the demonstrators.

the 14th of March

Protesters kill 4 security forces near the Saudi-Yemeni border. It appears to be an act of revenge since 20 demonstrators were injured in the Yemeni city of Al-Jauf after security forces violently ended a demonstration there.

March 18th

At least 52 people were killed and around 240 injured in a demonstration in Sanaa that was suppressed by gun violence . The demonstrations had started after Friday prayers and took place in almost all parts of Yemen; for example in Taizz and Aden. Security forces are said to have shot at the demonstrations from rooftops. In addition, possible escape routes were previously blocked by burning tires and fire pillars. The Yemeni President Saleh calls the state of emergency from. A general gun ban is also issued, as many Yemenis carry guns with them.

19th March

In the city of Aden, a demonstration in the form of a sit-in strike by government opponents is broken up using armed violence. 13 people are injured. Tens of thousands are demonstrating against Salih again in Sanaa . Nabil al-Fakih, Minister of Tourism, Nasr Mustafa, Secretary General of the state news agency Saba and Faisal Amin Abu al-Ras, Yemeni Ambassador to Beirut, announce their resignation.

March, 20th

There is a funeral service for the killed demonstrators in front of the University of Sanaa. This is very popular, so that the side streets in front of the university are also filled. After the ministers for tourism, Nabil el Fakih, and religion, Hammud el Hattar, had resigned, the minister for human rights, Huda el Baan, who also announced that she is from President Salih's party, resigned on Sunday will exit. Her State Secretary also joins her. Abdul Majid al-Sindani, an 'alim classified as an Islamist , calls on President Salih to resign. In his place the Yemeni Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi should take up the office of President. Sheikh Sadiq al-Ahmar , who is the head of the Hashid tribe , the largest tribe in Yemen, and several other religious leaders also respond to this call . In addition, it is demanded that several police units of the government should be disbanded and that the elite soldiers should be withdrawn. Salih himself also belongs to the Hashid tribe.

In the evening, the Yemeni news agency Saba announced that President Salih had dissolved the government.

March 21st

After Major General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar had declared that his troops were now protecting the demonstrators against attacks by the President's units, the commanders of three regions of the country and a general also switched sides. According to the editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Yemen Post”, 60 percent of the army followed Ali Mohsen. There is fear of a bloody battle with the Republican Guards and other elite units of the president. Seven Yemeni ambassadors resigned from their posts.

27th of March

In view of the ongoing protests, the president has confirmed his willingness to renounce power. He does not cling to power, but does not want to hand it over in chaos and not "to anyone". A political dialogue is necessary, without which a civil war as in Somalia could be threatened.

March 29

According to official reports, the government's units have withdrawn from some parts of the country, including areas in the north where Shiite rebels challenged the government and provinces in the south known as the stronghold of al-Qaeda. According to President Salih, "six of Yemen's 18 provinces have fallen". The explosion at the ammunition factory in Ja'ar, in the south of the country, which killed at least 110 people, occurred, according to the opposition, because the president withdrew his security forces so that armed Islamists could take control.

Over 20,000 demonstrators are reported from the capital Sanaa to protest against the president.

April 1st

After the Friday prayers, hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated peacefully against President Salih in at least 14 provinces, and sympathy rallies for Salih were also held. The opposition refrains from an announced march to the presidential palace in Sanaa in order not to further aggravate the situation.

3rd of April

In Taizz , the police tried to break up the opposition protest using tear gas, batons and live ammunition, and a protester died. The opposition alliance JMP presents a five-point plan, which should make an orderly transition possible.

4. April

Taizz is again the scene of violent clashes. After stones are thrown from a protest march, snipers fire from rooftops into the crowd, killing up to 17 people. The Freedom Square, the center of the demonstrations since mid-February, is cordoned off with tanks and armored vehicles; People who want to leave him are arrested immediately. Armored units are also positioned on the access roads to the city. In Hudaida, 250 people are injured in clashes between protesters and police. The Gulf Cooperation Council announced that it wanted to mediate between the Yemeni leadership and the opposition.

April 5th

At least three people are killed in clashes in Sanaa, and the use of gun violence continues in Taizz. Among the dead in Sanaa are also two soldiers who belonged to a division that had switched to the side of the opposition. Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar accuses Salih followers of trying to kill him in an ambush.

According to a report in the New York Times , based on American and Yemeni government officials, the US is moving away from President Salih. Negotiations are being held behind closed doors and how Salih's resignation and the new government could look like. Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi is being traded as Salih's successor in a transitional government.

7th of April

The Gulf Cooperation Council unveils a plan to resolve the crisis that includes Salih's swift resignation.

11 April

Salih rejects the Gulf Cooperation Council's proposal. The day before, the GCC had asked him to resign after a meeting in Saudi Arabia.

17th April

In Sanaa, protests with hundreds of thousands of participants are used against demonstrators with tear gas, water cannons and live ammunition, 30 people are gunshot wounds. Protests are also reported from Taizz, Ibb and al-Hudaida .

April 24th

According to state television, Ali Abdullah Salih agrees to the Gulf Cooperation Council's proposal for a transfer of power with simultaneous immunity.

April 25

Salih refuses to sign the GCC agreement again.

April 27

Hundreds of thousands again take to the streets across the country, and deaths occur again. In Sanaa, ten protesters were shot dead by members of the Republican Guard, and one protester was killed by security guards in Aden province . Protests are also taking place again in Taizz.

May 23 - Fighting in Sanaa

After Ali Abdullah Salih refused to sign the agreement negotiated by the Gulf Cooperation Council the day before, at least 100 soldiers loyal to the government - including units of the Republican Guard - attacked the house of Sadiq al-Ahmar in the northern Sanaa district of Hassaba. Ten soldiers, six of al-Ahmar's tribal fighters and two Somali passers-by died and 40 other people were injured. In addition, buildings in the neighborhood have been affected by the fighting, including that of the state airline Yemenia , which is on fire, and that of the state news agency Saba . The Ministry of Commerce is occupied by supporters of al-Ahmar.

May 24th

In further skirmishes in Sanaa, 55 people, including 15 Yemeni soldiers, are killed. Rapid fire weapons , bazookas and mortar shells are used on both sides .

25. May

At least five more people died after a missile attack. The headquarters of the state news agency Saba and several neighboring ministries, including the Ministry of Tourism, have since been taken by fighters of al-Ahmar, and Sanaa airport has been closed due to the fighting. All US diplomats that are not necessarily needed will be withdrawn from Sanaa with their relatives.

May 26

In Sana'a there is an explosion in a weapons depot believed to be in the possession of the al-Ahmar tribe. Here 28 people lose their lives.

May 27th

A ceasefire will be concluded between the tribal fighters of Sadiq al-Ahmar and the government troops, which will come into effect from May 29 and provide for a withdrawal of the tribal militias from occupied government buildings.

May 29th

300 armed al-Qaida fighters invade Zindjibar and take control. Salih is accused of deliberately withdrawing the “central security troops” from the city and leaving military depots to the radical Islamists.

30th May

In Taizz, the Freedom Square, which has been occupied by demonstrators for a good three months, is stormed by security forces in the middle of the night, using water cannons and snipers posted on buildings. According to the UN, there are more than 50 fatalities, estimates put well over a hundred injured. The electricity and water supply of the Sanaa district of Hassaba will be cut.

June 1st

In Sanaa, parts of the presidential guard are attacking the headquarters of a brigade responsible for the protection of government buildings with artillery, the commander of which is accused of an imminent collaboration with opponents of Salih. The Presidential Guard fails to bring the Hassaba district under their control. At least 37 deaths are counted. Kuwait and Italy, among others, are closing their embassies.

June 3rd - attack on Salih

After more than 100 people have died in fighting between tribal militias and government units in the capital Sanaa, the presidential palace was hit by grenades on June 3. While several ministers were seriously injured and three officers died, President Salih suffered severe burns and bleeding in his head, and a three-inch-long shrapnel was stuck in the heart area.

On the night and the morning before the attack, government troops and tribal militias fought massive battles over Hassaba, in which the building in Yemenia and the offices of the Hashid tribe-controlled television station Suheil were once again set on fire.

After the attack on Salih, the south of Sanaa is now the scene of a military operation. The house of a brother of Sadiq al-Ahmar, Hamid al-Ahmar , is being targeted by government soldiers.

June 4th

Due to the expansion of the fighting, the German embassy is now also being closed. Other EU citizens are also to be evacuated.

June 5th

Two days after the attack, Ali Abdullah Salih travels to Saudi Arabia for medical treatment, which is cheered by the demonstrators. There he will undergo eight operations. For the duration of his absence he will be represented by Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi, who will meet with the US ambassador immediately.

The presidential palace in Taizz is attacked by dozens of gunmen who are believed to want to avenge the deaths of opponents of the government, with four soldiers and one of the attackers killed. In Sanaa, the government troops are moving away from their checkpoints.

June 7th

The situation in Sanaa remains tense, ten bodies are found in the Hassaba district. According to its own statements, Taizz is now controlled by tribal fighters who are occupying the most important points in the city.

7th of July

Ali Abdullah Salih appears again for the first time on Yemeni state television in the form of a video address.

July 28th

About 40 kilometers northeast of Sanaa, 17 soldiers and at least 23 of the attacking tribal fighters die in fighting at a Yemeni military post.

September 18

At least 26 people died in a demonstration in Sanaa attended by tens of thousands. Units loyal to the government had attacked the demonstrators with irritant gas and snipers posted on roofs.

September 19th

New protests in Sanaa leave almost two dozen dead; snipers are blamed for 20 of them, and two die from mortar fire. Security forces are forcibly evacuating the "Place of Change". A Republican Guard camp is overrun by thousands of protesters and the soldiers are driven to flight before they can use their firearms. Two people died in Taizz when demonstrators were attacked by security forces supported by tanks and other armored vehicles. Three injured people are reported from Aden .

September 20th

The Place of Change in Sanaa is attacked by soldiers with mortars. Of those who returned to the square that night, at least six were fatally wounded. In Taizz, units loyal to the government are bombarding the neighborhoods around Freedom Square with grenades after the city's electricity has been turned off.

September 23rd

Ali Abdullah Salih returns to Yemen.

September 24th

Again, there are victims to mourn a nightly storming of a square in Sanaa by forces loyal to the government, this time at least 16 dead and 50 injured. There is also talk of snipers and grenade fire again.

15th October

A demonstration in Sanaa with tens of thousands of participants is tried by security forces with tear gas and live ammunition. At least twelve people are killed.

October, 16th

At least three people were fatally wounded by gunfire from pro-government units during protests in Sanaa.

October 17th

In Sanaa, the heaviest skirmishes between sali-loyal troops and tribal fighters have been taking place for some time. Up to eight deaths are reported, including three people who died from grenade fire on the Place of Change.

October 21

The UN Security Council unanimously condemns the violence in Yemen in a resolution and calls on Salih to sign the agreement drawn up by the Gulf Cooperation Council.

October 22nd

Twenty people died in fighting in Sanaa; Specifically, five government soldiers, five soldiers who defected to the opposition, six tribal fighters, three civilians and an employee of the opposition television station Saida . In Taizz there are three injured in comparable clashes.

November 23 - Salih resigns

After several failed attempts at mediation, President Salih signed an agreement brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council in Riyadh for the gradual transfer of power. According to the agreement, Salih should hand over the presidency to the previous vice-president Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi within 30 days . A new president is to be elected within 90 days, during which Salih can still bear the title of "honorary president". Salih will enjoy immunity after his resignation.

November 24th

Thousands of people protested against the agreement to guarantee Salih impunity and five people were shot dead by security forces in Sanaa.

November 27th

Vice-President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi appoints Mohammed Basindawa , an independent opposition activist , as interim prime minister and instructs him to form a government of national unity. Salih, who has still not resigned as president, has meanwhile announced a general amnesty for all political prisoners, with the exception of the June 3 assassins.

It is also announced that the presidential election will take place on February 21, 2012.

24th of December

After a protest march with 100,000 participants, which had started four days earlier in Taizz, arrived in Sanaa, elite soldiers attacked the demonstration with tear gas, water cannons and live ammunition - despite an order to stay out of the streets. 14 people die and at least 90 are injured. The reason for the protests was once again the impunity of Salih.

The day before, Salih had announced that he wanted to travel to the USA for a few days, "not to treat me [...], but to [...] let the transitional government properly prepare the elections" . The US is apparently ready to issue him a hospital visa.

January 22, 2012

Ali Abdullah Salih, who will formally remain in office as Honorary President until February 21, hands over power to Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi and travels to Oman to fly to the United States six days later for medical treatment. At the same time, he announced that he would return to Yemen as chairman of the General People's Congress .

The day before, the Yemeni parliament approved absolute immunity for Salih and for a large part of his most important employees, which sparked protests in Sanaa on Sunday. Tens of thousands of demonstrators there called for the death penalty for Salih.

Presidential election

The presidential elections took place on February 21st. The only candidate was the previous Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi , who is to take over the office for two years in order to initiate constitutional reform. After that, a new election should take place. The separatist group " Movement of the South " had called for a boycott of the election in advance.

In the south of the country, at least ten people died in attacks by suspected separatists on election offices on election day.

International reactions

The UK and US advise against traveling to Yemen. The situation there is very dangerous.

On March 13, 2011, the White House announced through Foreign Office spokesman Philip Crowley that it was "deeply concerned" about the events in Yemen and called for an immediate investigation into the incident. On March 18, US President Barack Obama called for those responsible for the violence to be held accountable. Salih should enable peaceful demonstrations. A peaceful, democratic and orderly transition should be supported by all sides. On March 27, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates warned that an end to Salih would mean a setback in the fight against terrorism . The "most active and perhaps most aggressive" arm of al-Qaeda , against which there is currently still cooperation between President Salih, his security authorities and the USA, is operating from the country .

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also said that he was deeply concerned about what was going on in Yemen and reminded them that it was the job of the Yemeni state to protect the civilian population.

Requests for help from the opposition

The Yemeni opposition groups turned to the international community for the first time on March 19 , 2011 for help. The Security Council should, as in Libya , to take political and moral responsibility, the more measures to "protect civilians" initiate.

Web links

Commons : Protests in Yemen 2011  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Numerous dead during protests in Yemen. tagesschau.de, October 15, 2011, archived from the original on October 17, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c Rheinische Post: Another 20 dead in fighting in Yemen ( memento from October 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Yemenis take to the streets calling for President Saleh to step down , guardian.co.uk, 27 January 2011
  4. ↑ Yemeni's urge leader's exit , aljazeera.net
  5. ↑ Al Jazeera: Who's who in Yemen's opposition? , February 28, 2011
  6. ^ A spark of democracy spreads to Yemen
  7. ^ Yemen: Tens of thousands call on president to leave , bbc.co.uk, Jan. 27, 2011
  8. ↑ Yemenis in anti-president protest , irishtimes.com, 27 January 2011
  9. ↑ Yemen's President waives another term of office , sueddeutsche.de, February 2, 2011
  10. ↑ a b Grenade attack on demonstrators in Yemen , zeit.de, February 18, 2011
  11. ↑ Yemen: Grenade thrown into the crowd - opposition members killed in attack , n-tv.de, February 18, 2011
  12. ↑ a b http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011222134435580357.html Al Jazeera Middle East, February 22nd
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  42. ↑ General changes sides: Military coup against Yemen's president
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  44. ↑ Yemen govt loose control of six of the 18 provinces
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  49. ↑ a b Many dead after a protest march in Yemen. tagesschau.de, April 4, 2011, archived from the original on April 6, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  50. ^ A b Deaths again in clashes in Yemen. tagesschau.de, April 5, 2011, archived from the original on April 8, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  56. ↑ The end of the Yemeni regime has heralded. tagesschau.de, April 24, 2011, archived from the original on April 26, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  57. ↑ Saleh only wants to resign after elections. tagesschau.de, April 25, 2011, archived from the original on April 26, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  63. ↑ At least 28 dead in an explosion in an arsenal. tagesschau.de, May 26, 2011, archived from the original on May 29, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  66. ↑ a b 50 deaths in just one week. tagesschau.de, June 3, 2011, archived from the original on June 6, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  67. ↑ a b Dozens of dead in brutal military operations. tagesschau.de, May 30, 2011, archived from the original on June 1, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  68. ↑ a b Second largest city supposedly in the hands of the rebels. tagesschau.de, June 7, 2011, archived from the original on June 10, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  69. ↑ a b Dead in skirmishes - diplomats leave. tagesschau.de, June 1, 2011, archived from the original on June 3, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  70. ^ A b President Saleh injured in fire. tagesschau.de, June 4, 2011, archived from the original on June 5, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  71. ↑ Saleh injured more severely than previously assumed. tagesschau.de, June 7, 2011, archived from the original on June 8, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  73. ↑ President Saleh injured in attack on palace. tagesschau.de, June 3, 2011, archived from the original on January 28, 2012 ; Retrieved June 5, 2011 .
  74. ↑ Germany closes embassy in Yemen. tagesschau.de, June 4, 2011, archived from the original on June 7, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  76. ↑ a b Chaos after the President's departure. tagesschau.de, June 5, 2011, archived from the original on June 8, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
  77. ↑ Many dead in fighting in Yemen. tagesschau.de, July 29, 2011, archived from the original on January 28, 2012 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  80. ↑ a b Government opponents shot at with grenades. tagesschau.de, September 20, 2011, archived from the original on September 23, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  82. ^ President Saleh rules out resignation. tagesschau.de, September 24, 2011, archived from the original on September 26, 2011 ; Retrieved November 29, 2011 .
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  85. ^ Yemen's Saleh agrees to transfer power. Al Jazeera English, November 23, 2011, accessed November 24, 2011 .
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  87. ^ Arab Spring - Yemen Gets Transitional Government , Spiegel Online, November 28, 2011
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  89. ↑ At least nine protesters killed in Sanaa. tagesschau.de, December 24, 2011, archived from the original on January 8, 2012 ; Retrieved December 27, 2011 .
  90. ↑ Protest of the 100,000 escalates into deadly violence. spiegel.de, December 24, 2011, accessed December 27, 2011 .
  91. ↑ Yemen: Saleh announced departure for the USA. orf.at, December 24, 2011, accessed December 27, 2011 .
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  95. ↑ Focus Online: Approaching presidential elections cause tension February 20, 2012
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  97. ↑ Several dead in the presidential election in Yemen. tagesschau.de, February 22, 2012, archived from the original on February 25, 2012 ; Retrieved February 23, 2012 .
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