Revolution in Tunisia 2010/2011

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Demonstration organized by the UGTT union on January 21, 2011

The revolution in Tunisia 2010/2011 was the political upheaval in Tunisia from December 17, 2010, which ended at the latest when the Constituent Assembly met in November 2011. It began with nationwide mass unrest among the population, which from the end of December 2010 spread through the country's centers and expressed itself in waves of protests against the regime and the living conditions in Tunisia, but also in outbreaks of violence and looting . The unrest was triggered by the rapidly spreading news of the self-immolation of the greengrocer Mohamed Bouazizi on December 17, 2010 in Sidi Bouzid , an inland city 250 kilometers south of the capital Tunis. The unrest, which expanded from a popular uprising to a revolution , had - favored by modern communication technology and media - formed spontaneously in different places out of individual events and were not organized uniformly.

The events were closely observed and commented on worldwide, especially in the new media , and were compared with the course of the color revolutions . The photos by Hamideddine Bouali documenting the protests every day were used intensively on social media and attracted particular attention in Tunisia and Germany. Tunisia's example served as a role model throughout the Arab world ; like a domino effect , riots broke out in Algeria on January 5, 2011 , riots in Egypt on January 25, 2011 and further protests in the Arab world. They came to be known as the Arab Spring .

In a situation that came to a head after weeks of unrest, when the military sided with the protesters and against the security authorities, the previous autocratic head of state, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali , fled the country on January 14, 2011 after 23 years of government the state of emergency was imposed. The following day, Fouad Mebazaa was appointed interim president and new elections were announced. The previous Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi formed a transitional government on January 17, 2011 , which as the “Government of National Unity” also includes members of former opposition parties. According to Interior Minister Ahmed Friaa , the unrest had cost the lives of 78 civilians by then and 94 injured; 85 police stations, 13 town halls, 43 banks, 11 factories and 66 shops and shopping centers were damaged. The violence cost the country's economy three billion dinars (1.57 billion euros). The subsequent protests were directed primarily against the former ruling party RCD and against members of the transitional government who belonged or had belonged to the RCD. As a result, there was a wave of party withdrawals at the RCD and the dissolution of its Central Committee. When the government was reshuffled on January 27, 2011, several former RCD members resigned from the transitional government.

Dissatisfaction with the economic situation of large parts of the population, in particular with the sharp rise in food prices and energy costs, with the poor future prospects of young people and with the autocratic , corrupt regime that has been in power for decades is seen as the motive for the unrest . The old regime and its authorities reacted to the growing resentment, which was expressed especially by adolescents and young adults, with police violence, reprisals and harassment. A major cause of the protests is seen in the fact that the age structure in the region is shaped by the under 30-year-olds, who are well educated but have poor prospects of adequate jobs ( youth surplus ). The unemployment among academics was officially about 22%, but has been estimated at over 35%.

According to the original plan of the transitional government, the election for the office of president should take place within 60 days, the election of a new parliament in six months, but delayed until the beginning of the adoption of a new, democratic constitution by the constituent assembly elected at the end of 2011 2014 with subsequent parliamentary and presidential elections .

designation

In general, and also in Tunisia, the 2010/2011 revolution is usually simply called the Tunisian revolution or, among young Tunisians, because of the role of the Internet, it is also called the online revolution and, in particular, the Facebook revolution . Approx. 3.5 of the 10 million Tunisians used the Internet in 2009.

In some western media, the coup has been referred to as the Jasmine Revolt or the Jasmine Revolution . After flowers, the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974), the Georgian Rose Revolution (2003) and the Kyrgyz Tulip Revolution (2005) were named; Jasmine is the national flower of Tunisia. The expression was also taken up in non-western countries. In February 2011, for example, there were internet calls for a jasmine revolution in China, and Chinese authorities censored the word jasmine in Chinese online services (see Protests in China 2011 ). The Jasmine Revolution ( Arabic ثورة الياسمين, DMG θaura al-jāsmīn ) spoken. The expression was coined in Tunisia in the sense of the old regime when President Ben Ali, who was forced into exile in 2011, ousted his predecessor Habib Bourguiba in a bloodless coup on November 7, 1987 and came to power himself. The "Jasmine Revolution" at that time was officially celebrated, which is why this term was hardly - or ironically - used by those involved for the 2011 revolution. Among other things, the blogger Lina Ben Mhenni , who was involved in the revolution, spoke out against the use of the term.

Background of the revolution

The protests are triggered by the sharp rise in food prices, high unemployment , a lack of investment and poor future prospects for young people in the region. The younger generation is comparatively well educated, but the chances of finding a suitable job are slim.

The regime itself, which controlled the media through a comprehensive system of censorship , presented its policies as an economic success story. According to official figures, economic growth in 2010 was 3.1%. The International Monetary Fund praised the government for this during the financial crisis from 2007 . While the north of the country, including the capital Tunis , regularly received large infrastructure aid, the center and the south were not given them. So it was relatively quiet in the north and in the tourist areas. Tourism is an important industry . 13.9% of the country's economic output depends on it.

The government was considered corrupt . The family of the previous President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali and his wife Leïla from the Trabelsi clan dominated political and economic life. The family is considered kleptocratic . Ben Ali ruled for 23 years. In 2009 he extended his term of office - with a majority of 89% - for another five years. In his de facto dictatorial exercise of power, he relied on the ruling party called the Constitutional Democratic Collection (Rassemblement constitutionnel démocratique, RCD), which is considered authoritarian-socialist and was a member of the Socialist International until January 17, 2011 . The Marxist-oriented Democratic Progressive Party (Parti démocratique progressiste, PDP) was - until it entered the transitional government on January 17, 2011 - one of the few permitted opposition parties in Tunisia.

Trigger of the revolution

The first protests were sparked by the self-immolation of the 26-year-old greengrocer Mohamed Bouazizi on December 17, 2010 in front of a public building in Sidi Bouzid , 250 kilometers south of Tunis. Bouazizi had to support his mother and five siblings as a teenager after the early death of his father. Therefore, he worked as a greengrocer with a mobile market stall.

The reason for his suicide was the multiple closings of his vegetable stall due to a lack of authorization, the confiscation of his products and work equipment, the scales , his unsuccessful complaint to the city administration and the subsequent mistreatment at the police station. He died on January 4, 2011 in a hospital in Ben Arous near Tunis.

There have been at least four self-immolations in Tunisia, including two youths. Two people died.

Despite extensive censorship efforts by the Tunisian government , information about the protests in the Sidi Bouzid region was also discovered outside of the interior of the country after a few days. In particular, the online platforms Facebook and Twitter provided access to news about the demonstrations, riots and the actions of the security forces and were therefore crucial for the spread of the protests across Tunisia.

chronology

Protests from December 28th to the coup

Tuesday December 28, 2010

On December 28, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali made a televised address that criticized the protests and warned that the law would be used “in full force” against violent protesters. Two opposition newspapers had to shut down after reporting on the protests in Sidi Bouzid. On the same day, three provincial governors, including Sidi Bouzid's, and three ministers were dismissed.

Thursday January 6th 2011

On January 6, a nationwide lawyer strike by the Tunisian Bar Association began . According to an interview with Reuters by the President of the Bar Association, Abderrazek Kilani, 95% of the roughly 8,000 Tunisian lawyers took part. The strike was called in response to the forcible breakup of sit-ins by lawyers in Tunis and other cities.

Weekend 8./9. January 2011

According to the official Tunis Afrique Presse (TAP) news agency , at least six civilians were killed in violent clashes between protesters and police on the weekend of January 8-9 , 2011 in the city of Regueb and in the province of Kasserine . These are said to have been armed with gasoline bombs, stones and sticks and, according to official information, injured several police officers, some seriously. According to a union spokesman, five people died in the city of Thala , according to an eyewitness report, a twelve-year-old child was shot in the head. In the city of Kasserine , three demonstrators are said to have been shot dead while storming a public building. The opposition politician Nedschib Chebbi spoke of twenty dead. Three people were killed in the city of Regueb. According to government reports, eight people died in cities in the border region with Algeria on the same weekend. The opposition spoke of thirty dead. At least three men tried to publicly kill themselves.

The deputy general secretary of the Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail (UGTT), Abid Brigui , criticized the use of firearms and called for dialogue. A spokesman for the Democratic Progressive Party (PDP) called for a shooting ban for police officers. The government refused on the grounds that the security forces acted in self-defense.

In the cities of Kasserine, Thala, Rgueb , Meknessi and Fériana , the security forces shot at demonstrators at the weekend. The Tunisian Ministry of the Interior spoke of 14 dead. International press agencies reported 23 victims and the human rights organization National Council for Freedom in Tunisia (CNLT) published a list with the names of 50 people.

Monday 10th January 2011

In response to the violence, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali promised 300,000 new jobs for young people by the end of 2012 in a televised speech. He also had the army stationed in front of public buildings. He described the unrest as "acts of terrorism".

Groups in the country's Unity Trade Union (UGTT) called for a general strike on January 10, the teachers prepared protest demonstrations and demanded an "end of government repression".

The highest religious authority of the Muslims in Tunisia, Mufti Omar Batikh , announced that Islam forbids suicide.

According to information from the opposition, 49 demonstrators died in Kasserine on January 10th. Over 80 were seriously injured. Another unemployed academic killed himself in the Sidi Bouzid region.

Tuesday January 11, 2011

According to director Fadhel Jaibi , the police violently broke up a demonstration by around 100 artists in Tunis on January 11th. The artists had declared their solidarity with the young people. In Tunis, the police fired warning shots in the suburb of Ettadhamoun to repel attacks on buildings. In addition, tear gas grenades were used.

Pictures of the president were burned during the demonstrations in Tunis. Choirs asked Ben Ali to renounce his candidacy in the next election.

Wednesday January 12, 2011

Shortly after midnight, the Tunisian embassy in Bern was attacked with several incendiary devices. Only minor material damage was caused. In Tunisia, the government has closed schools and universities across the country to prevent them from sparking new protests. According to rumors, Army Chief of Staff Rashid Ammar was dismissed for refusing to order his troops to suppress the protests with massive violence.

The International Association of Leagues for Human Rights announced that it has estimated that at least 35 people have died in the riots since the weekend in Tunisia. The trade unionist Sadok Mahmoudi spoke of 50 deaths since the weekend in Kasserine alone. He said the police there had withdrawn. Houses and shops were looted, and snipers were on the roofs. International human rights organizations put the number of protesters killed by police since the beginning of the riot as at least 66, the majority of whom are believed to have been killed by firearms.

Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced that the previous Minister of the Interior, Rafik Belhaj Kacem , will be replaced by the current State Secretary Ahmed Friaa . In addition, everyone arrested in the course of the unrest is to be released. An investigation is to be launched to investigate allegations of corruption in the state apparatus.

The cities of Thala, Hafouz , Rgueb and Kasserine were particularly hard hit by the unrest. In the town of Gafsa , the police reportedly fled the protesters. Several shops were looted. In the south of Tunisia, in Douz , four people are said to have died in demonstrations.

Conditions similar to civil war prevailed in several cities north of Tunis. Police and military besieged these cities. Shots could be heard, public buildings and barricades burned. There were also dozens of protests in Tunis, but these subsided towards evening. According to some reports, the night of January 13th was quiet in the capital. Statements to the contrary speak of demonstrations, a shot dead 25-year-old, arson in police stations and shooting until late in the evening. In Tunis, tanks and armed soldiers drove up at major intersections in the city center and in the suburb of Ettadhamoun. There were also patrols in front of the state broadcaster, foreign embassies and a tram station. In the evening the army withdrew and was replaced by special police forces with armored vehicles. The government also imposed a night curfew from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. for the capital and several suburbs.

A 67-year-old Swiss-Tunisian dual citizen was killed in the unrest. She was hit by a bullet on the balcony of a private home in Dar Chaâbane while she was watching a demonstration.

Ben Ali's wife, Leïla Ben Ali, fled to Dubai on January 12th. Before her flight, she is said to have personally picked up 1.5 tons of gold worth 45 million euros from the central bank and transported it away by plane. She is also said to have ordered the governor of the central bank to transfer 400 million euros to Dubai. This would have followed the instructions after consulting Ben Ali.

Thursday January 13, 2011

Around 10,000 people protested in Sidi Bouzid. Unrest in a tourist resort was reported for the first time with outbreaks of violence in the seaside resort of Hammamet . Rioters attacked several shops and destroyed a police station.

On the evening of January 13, President Ben Ali delivered an emotional televised address for the first time in a local dialect instead of Arabic. He spoke out in favor of keeping the age limit for presidential candidates at 75 years. That would be an indirect waiver of the candidacy because the 74-year-old Ben Ali would have been too old to run in the next presidential election in 2014. He also announced a reduction in basic food prices, an opening of the political system and a relaxation of internet censorship. He also instructed the security forces to “refrain from unjustified armed violence” in the future. Ben Ali accused “criminal gangs” of causing the unrest and accused his followers of betraying him. After the televised address, hundreds of cheering Tunisians marched through the streets of the city center and gave horn concerts. It was unclear whether these had been organized by the government. After the speech, several Internet sites , including YouTube , were available again.

Friday January 14th 2011

On the night of January 13-14, 13 people were killed in connection with the unrest. Security forces fought street battles with around 300 demonstrators.

Tens of thousands protested against Ben Ali in Tunis. At least 5,000 people gathered in front of the interior ministry building. Chants chanted “No to Ben Ali”. Police forces were present, but initially held back. The police only used tear gas in the afternoon and there were also reports of gunfire. In addition, plainclothes policemen hit demonstrators with sticks. Protesters tried to storm the Interior Ministry.

Tunisia's ambassador to the UN cultural organization UNESCO , Mezri Hadded , resigned because of the violence in the country. In a symbolic act, members of the Tunisia union stopped work for two hours.

In the evening it was reported that around 6,000 to 8,000 German holidaymakers were staying in Tunisia at this point, and that their immediate return flight was to be arranged with special aircraft from the tour operator.

Escape Ben Alis

On January 14, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced that he had been appointed by President Ben Ali to form a transitional government after Ben Ali had dismissed the government. In addition, the state news agency TAP reported that the parliamentary elections were being brought forward and should take place in six months.

Mohamed Ghannouchi in 2008

Mohamed Ghannouchi announced Ben Ali's temporary incapacity on state television ( Télévision Tunisienne ) at 6:50 p.m. According to the Arab news channel Al Jazeera , he was no longer in Tunisia. Mohamed Ghannouchi declared himself interim president of Tunisia. With him appeared the presidents of the two Tunisian chambers of parliament, Fouad Mebazaa and Abdallah Kallal .

A state of emergency was declared an hour before the televised address. This applies to the whole of Tunisia and includes a curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. The army closed the airspace over Tunisia and occupied the Tunis / Carthage airport .

Ben Ali's plane landed in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia on the night of January 14-15 , after being denied permission to land in Lyon, France. The reason given for the French government's refusal was that the government in Paris wanted to avoid problems with the 600,000 Tunisians living in France.

Appointment of the interim president

The Constitutional Council appointed Fouad Mebazaa as transitional president on January 15 . The current constitution of Tunisia provides for new elections within 60 days in the event that the office of president is vacant. Accordingly, presidential elections had to be held in February or March 2011. The transitional government also announced parliamentary elections within 6 months.

Mohamed Ghannouchi interim government

Friday January 14th 2011

Following the announcement of Ben Ali's resignation, villas belonging to the Trabelsi clan in the fine suburbs of Tunis were looted on January 14th. It was also reported that Leïla Ben Ali's nephew, Imed Trabelsi , who is considered corrupt in Tunisia, was stabbed to death by an unknown person.

Saturday 15th January
Support rally in Nantes , France on January 15th

On January 15, Mohamed Ghannouchi announced that several members of Ben Ali's family had been arrested.

During the night there were riots again in Tunis - the main train station and supermarkets were set on fire.

About 40 prisoners died in a prison in Monastir . Some are said to have infected their mattresses. The victims are said to have died either from the fire or from gunfire by the prison guards while escaping from it.

In Tunis, strangers shot at random from cars at passers-by.

Sunday 16th January

After negotiations under the leadership of Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi with the largest opposition parties "approved" under the old government, the appointment of a transitional government was announced on the evening of January 16. It was declared that it would exclude the important figures of the Ben Ali regime.

On January 16, the deposed president's security chief, General Ali Seriati , and some of his staff were arrested by the Tunisian authorities. They are accused of planning a coup against the transitional government and instigating acts of violence. Also arrested were Ben Ali's nephew, Kais Ben Ali , who, along with a group of other people, was accused of opening fire on demonstrators from police vehicles, and former Interior Minister Rafik Belhaj Kacem .

On the night of January 16, fighting broke out at the presidential palace near Carthage between the army and the bodyguard of ex-president Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. The former Tunisian ambassador to the Uno cultural organization Unesco, Mezri Haddad , accused Ben Ali on Sunday of planning riots before he fled and of giving his bodyguards and other supporters weapons and a lot of money so that they could provoke a civil war after his departure .

The unified union UGTT called on television for the establishment of vigilante groups against looters and violent criminals.

Monday 17th January

Ghannouchi announced on January 17th that the former ministers of defense, foreign affairs, home affairs and finance will retain their key positions in the new "government of national unity". Najib Chebbi (PDP), a member of the opposition, has been appointed Minister for Regional Development. Even Ahmed Ibrahim (Ettajdid) and Mustafa Ben Jaafar (FDTL) were given ministerial posts. A list of the new cabinet ministers has been published. Accordingly, the majority of the members of the government - contrary to the declaration of January 16 - consist of members of the old government.

The Franco-German press photographer Lucas Mebrouk Dolega died in a hospital in Tunis. A tear gas grenade thrown during a riot on January 14th hit him in the head. He is the first media representative to be killed in the riots.

Night vigil in Sayada

After a restless night on January 17th, rallies were held in several cities during the day. Demonstrations in Tunis, Sidi Bouzid and Regueb were reported. The protests were directed against the ruling party RCD . The security forces tried to disperse the demonstrators with water cannons and warning shots.

Numerous sources reported fighting between the army and the resigned president's bodyguard. In the meantime, there have been closures of Tunisian airspace. The chief of the life guards was arrested in Tunis.

Eyewitnesses reported looting and tightened military controls. As protection against marauders , residents erected barricades and barricades and organized guards in many quarters.

The RCD, to which a large part of the ministers in the cabinet of the transitional government belong, was expelled from the Socialist International .

Tuesday 18th January

A minister and two state secretaries of the unified union UGTT resigned from the transitional government on January 18. They followed the call of their union. They justified their move with the fact that ministers were in office who already held key positions under President Ben Ali and who would claim the achievements of the revolution for themselves. They also called for the formation of an "honorable government". They would not recognize the current one. Even Mustafa Ben Jaafar , the only member of the government of the Social Democratic Party Ettakatol , resigned. Education Minister Taieb Baccouch (UGTT) also resigned, announced a member of his close circle.

At noon on January 18, Sadok Chourou , a leader of the Islamist Ennahda movement , led a demonstration by several hundred people in Tunis against the new government. Sadok Chourou had been imprisoned for 20 years under Ben Ali and was only released in October 2010.

In Tunis and in the provinces there were demonstrations with allegedly several thousand participants against the retention of such ministers in key positions in the transitional government, who had already been there under Ben Ali. There were also protests against the ruling party RCD, including a demonstration with more than 5,000 participants in Sfax , a metropolis in the east of the country.

Two other former opposition parties threatened to leave the transitional government. The post-communist Mouvement Ettajdid party said it would reconsider participation in government unless all cabinet members of the RCD resign. In addition, the assets of the RCD would have to be frozen "because they belong to the people".

The opposition politician Moncef Marzouki returned to Tunisia from exile in France and demanded a trial of Ben Ali and his extradition by Saudi Arabia.

Interim President Foued Mebazaâ and Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi left the ruling RCD party. The RCD, for its part, split from numerous prominent members who belong to the hated Trabelsi clan of the former president's wife. The opposition stated that Ghannouchi's and Mebazaâ's resignations from the ruling party were not enough. The Mouvement Ettajdid party called on all RCD ministers to resign from their party.

Wednesday January 19th

The interim government released 1,800 detainees who were serving sentences of no more than 6 months. She also announced an amnesty law , on the basis of which political prisoners are to be released.

Three opposition parties that were banned under the Ben Ali administration have been legalized over the past three days. These are Tunisie verte ( Green Politics ) under Abdelkader Zitouni , the Parti socialiste de gauche under Mohamed Kilani and the Parti du travail patriotique et démocratique tunisien under Abderrazek Hammami .

Despite the lack of a request for legal assistance from the Tunisian government, the Swiss Federal Council decided on January 19 to block any accounts of the former Tunisian president and his entourage. The blocking also affects the sale of real estate. The regulation came into force on the same day.

The Tunisian judiciary opened an investigation against Ben Ali and several of his relatives on January 19. The allegations are illegal appropriation of goods, illegal financial transactions abroad and illegal export of foreign currency. 33 relatives of Ben Ali were arrested.

Thursday January 20th

Following the example of Foued Mebazaâ and Mohamed Ghannouchi two days earlier, all other ministers also resigned from the RCD. The background to this is the resignation of all ministers of the ruling party of Ben Ali, who has fled, which is often called for by demonstrators. At the same time, the party's central committee, to which most of the ministers belonged, was dissolved.

The date for the first meeting of the transitional government at 2 p.m. has been confirmed by Slim Amamou , a member of the government close to the Tunisian Pirate Party .

Published results of the first session:

  • From Friday there should be a three-day state mourning for the numerous victims of the popular uprising.
  • A general amnesty for political prisoners had been decided. But it still has to be approved by parliament, said Ahmed Nejib Chebbi , minister responsible for regional development . This also opens the way for parties that have not yet been admitted, such as Al-Nahda .
  • Three national commissions are to be set up quickly: the commission supérieure pour la réforme politique , the commission d'établissement des faits sur les dépassements commis durant la dernière période and the commission d'établissement des faits sur les affaires de malversation et de corruption .
  • The Minister of Education and the Minister of Universities are to set a timetable for the reopening of schools and universities over the next week.
  • As part of the separation between state and party, the state will take possession of the movable and immovable property of the party of the overthrown President (RCD), announced government spokesman Taieb Baccouche .
  • The transitional government recommends "the necessary steps to guarantee respect for the inviolability of university institutions" by abolishing the university police.

The Tunisian online portal Business News reported that the earlier report that Leïla Ben Ali had 1.5 tonnes of gold taken from the country's gold reserve was a misunderstanding, as around 1.4 tonnes at the bank of England camped and initially would not have been included.

Friday January 21st

Accompanied by further protests against the transitional government, which is held to have continuity with the old regime, a three-day state mourning began .

It was reported that the new state secretary for youth and sport, Slim Amamou , and the responsible minister of the interior are working to switch off the Internet censorship structures developed under Ben Ali and to enable more free access to the offers on the Internet.

Saturday January 22nd

According to a French television station, hundreds of residents of west-central Tunisia started a march on Tunis , also known as the Caravan of Liberation . The group that started on Saturday morning with 300 people in Menzel Bouzaiane (280 km south of Tunis) had marched via Sidi Bouzid and had grown to 800 people when they reached Regueb that evening. The demonstrators called for the resignation of the ministers of the old regime, like the thousands of Tunisians who demonstrated again on Saturday. A participating trade unionist said that they wanted to reach the destination, the capital Tunis, in four to five days. On Sunday, the demonstrators want to continue their route in the direction of Kairouan (153 km south of Tunis). According to Al-Jazeera , the group marched 50 km before finally taking buses to Tunis and gathering in front of the Interior Ministry on Sunday.

During the state of mourning, Prime Minister Ghannouchi gave a speech on Tunisian state television in which he promised to "suspend all undemocratic laws such as electoral and anti-terror laws as well as the media law during the transition period" and announced that he would be out of politics in six months after the parliamentary elections to withdraw.

The EU foreign affairs representative Catherine Ashton announced that the European Union would support elections, financial cooperation and the promotion of an independent judiciary. The background to this is a debate in the EU Parliament, in which it came up that the EU had supported the regime of ex-President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali for years and not the opposition.

Sunday 23rd January

On January 23, it was reported that an independent commission was to investigate the behavior of the security forces during the demonstrations over the past few weeks. According to the United Nations, 117 people died in connection with the protests, 70 of them from firearms. At the same time, the Tunisian customs authorities announced that in future no prior authorization from the authorities would be required to import foreign media. This will abolish a significant part of the previously applicable media censorship.

A freedom caravan with hundreds of demonstrators reached the capital on Sunday. The participants moved to the prime minister's residence and asked him to resign. The caravan had started the day before in Menzel Bouzaiane , a small town. The participants walked more than 50 km and then took buses to Tunis.

Tuesday January 25th

The Minister for Regional and Local Development, Ahmed Néjib Chebbi , announced that an emergency program with a budget of 500 million Tunisian dinars (just under 260 million euros) would be made available for citizens of the inland governorates - the governorates of Sidi Bouzid were named , Kasserine Governorate and Gafsa Governorate .

Censorship, manipulation and violations of ethics continued. In the case of blocked websites, a notice appeared that one could complain to the address contact@web-liberte.tn , but the legal basis for the blocking remained anonymous and the institution behind the address was anonymous. The government also failed to provide an explanation for the failure of Hannibal TV . However, the owner of the station and his son, who were accused of high treason , were free again.

Wednesday January 26th

On January 26, the Tunisian judiciary issued an international arrest warrant against Ben Ali, his wife Leïla and some of his closest associates.

Thursday January 27th

The Tunisian Foreign Minister Kamel Morjane , who had already worked under Ben Ali, resigned from his post. Other members of the previous government followed him later in the day.

Sunday January 30th
Rashid al-Ghannushi , 2011

The Tunisian Islamist leader Rashid al-Ghannuschi returns to Tunisia after twenty years in exile in London. The Islamist leader, who must not be confused with Mohamed Ghannouchi, is said to stand for “moderate” Islamism and leads the group al-Nahda . This is also known as Ennahda . He declares that he will not run in the next presidential election.

Friday February 4th

On February 4th all governors of the 24 regions of Tunisia were replaced. The new tourism minister, Mehdi Haouas , announced that tourism income fell by 40% in January. He announced the lifting of the state of emergency in the coming week and campaigned for tourists to return to Tunisia as soon as possible.

In El Kef , police killed four people and injured others while several hundred people demonstrated against the local police chief's abuse of power and called for his resignation. The police chief is said to have been arrested as a result.

The Tunisian Council of Ministers adopted a number of international conventions and protocols, mainly related to the death penalty, the fight against torture and the protection of the person against unknown disappearances. Among other things, the death penalty was thereby abolished.

Saturday 5th February

On February 5, the Ministry of the Interior announced that all RCD offices would be closed and party gatherings would be prohibited with immediate effect. The reason given was "maintaining public order".

Sunday February 6th

The transitional government has a ban on the previous state party RCD .

Friday February 18th

In a televised address, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced that all political prisoners would be released at the weekend.

Friday February 25th

Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators called for Mohamed Ghannouchi's resignation and for elections for a constituent assembly instead of the commission set up by the prime minister.

Saturday February 26th

The demonstrations continued on Saturday and there were violent clashes between police and demonstrations. Three demonstrators were killed and others seriously injured.

Essebsi transitional government

Sunday February 27, 2011

Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi has announced his resignation. His successor is Beji Caid Essebsi .

Monday February 28th

There is now also a protest against the new head of government, Beji Caid Essebsi. The last two ministers from Ben Ali's administration, Minister for Industry Afif Chelbi and Minister for Development Cooperation Mohamed Nouri Jouini, have resigned.

Tuesday March 1st

Three other ministers have resigned: Ahmed Ibrahim, Minister for Higher Education and Science, Elyes Jouini, Minister for Economic Reform, and Ahmed Nejib Chebbi, Minister for Regional Development.

The transitional government allows the Islamist movement Ennahda to found a party that can run in the next elections.

Thursday March 3rd

President Fouad Mebazaa announced in a televised address that a constituent assembly would be elected on July 24th . Their tasks should include drafting a new constitution and organizing the next presidential and parliamentary elections.

Friday March 4th

The new Prime Minister Beji Caid Essebsi announced that he wants to appoint a new interim government within 2 days.

Monday March 7th

The interior minister announced that he would dissolve the Ministry of State Security and thus also State Security.

Wednesday March 9th

A court in Tunis has ruled that the former state party RCD will be dissolved and its assets confiscated.

Friday March 11th

Again there were serious clashes between demonstrators and the police. Two demonstrators were killed and several injured in the city of Metlaoui.

Friday April 29th

In the Tunisian border town of Dehiba there are skirmishes between the Tunisian military and the Libyan Gaddafi military. According to the Gaddafi administration, the reason for the invasion of the Tunisian state by Gaddafi units is the stay of Libyan opposition members in this place. After Gaddafi units had taken over a border post in the western Libyan mountain region, which was under the control of the Libyan opposition, they fled to Tunisia. This was the first time that the conflict between the Libyan government and the opposition spread to a neighboring country.

Sunday May 8th

After the Tunisian interim government had raised the possibility of a military coup if the Islamists were to win the election, violent clashes broke out between demonstrators and security forces in Tunisia. The Tunisian government has now declared a night curfew.

Wednesday June 8th

The election of the constituent assembly , originally planned for July 24th, has been postponed to October 23rd.

Monday June 20th

A first trial against former President Ben Ali, who is in exile in Saudi Arabia, ended on the first day of the trial with a sentence of 35 years in prison and a fine of around 25 million euros. His wife was sentenced to 35 years in prison and a fine of around 20.5 million euros. The transitional government of Beji Caid Essebsi plans to adopt the constitution within six months of the election to the constituent assembly, i.e. in spring 2012.

Monday 4th July

In the second trial, the former President Ben Ali was sentenced to a further 15 years in prison a few hours later because drugs, weapons and archaeological finds were found in his house in Carthage.

Constituent Assembly of Tunisia

Friday September 30th 2011

In the last survey, the following parties came out on top:

  1. 25% Ennahda (Islamists)
  2. 16% Parti démocratique progressiste (PDP), Democratic Progressive Party (Secular Liberals)
  3. 14% Ettakatol , Democratic Forum for Work and Freedom (Social Democrats)
  4. 8% Congrès pour la République (CPR), Congress for the Republic (Social Liberals)

The other parties have 3% or less approval.

Sunday October 23

81 parties and a large number of party alliances and independent candidates will vote for the Constituent Assembly on October 23rd . The assembly meets for a maximum of one year. According to the decree of March 23, 2011, the interim government and president will resign immediately after the first session so that the assembly can elect a new prime minister and president. All transitional laws regulating government affairs will also automatically become invalid.

Wednesday October 27th

The election count for the 217 seats in the Constituent Assembly resulted in 90 seats (41.5%) in the Ennahda , 30 seats (13.8%) in the Congress for the Republic , 21 seats (9.7%) in Ettakatol 19 seats (8.8%) in the People's Petition , 17 seats (7.8%) in the Progressive Democratic Party , 5 seats (2.3%) in the Democratic-Modernist Pole and further seats in smaller parties and independents.

Sunday November 13th

At a rally, Prime Minister-designate Hamadi Jebali, who was there with a representative of Hamas , spoke of “6. Caliphate ”and that the liberation of Tunisia could lead to the liberation of Jerusalem. Ettakatol then interrupted the coalition talks for the Constituent Assembly.

Monday November 21

An agreement has been reached: Hamadi Jebali of the Ennahda party will become prime minister, Mustafa Ben Jaafar of the Ettakatol party will become chairman of the constituent assembly and Moncef Marzouki will be the interim president.

Tuesday November 22nd

The Constituent Assembly meets for the first time. The assembly building is located in a suburb of the Tunisian capital Tunis.

International reactions

The United States Department of State on January 11th expressed concern over what was happening in the region. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stressed the value of free speech on the same day and expressed concern about the escalation of violence. The European Union meanwhile demanded the release of the arrested demonstrators. On January 12th, EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton stressed that the EU could not accept the "disproportionate use of force against peaceful demonstrators" in Tunisia and called for a judicial investigation.

The Austrian Foreign Ministry issued a travel warning for Tunisia and all other Sahara regions on January 12th. It spoke of a "high security risk" and urged "increased attention". The German Foreign Office and Switzerland also warned against traveling to the region.

The Arab League called on Tunisia to unite to overcome the crisis and restore constitutional order.

After Ben Ali fled, the Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi expressed his regret and said there was no better head of state than Ben Ali. In a number of Arab countries, including Syria , Egypt and Saudi Arabia , increased efforts to fight poverty were announced.

The European Union offered assistance to Tunisia on January 17 to organize elections immediately.

On the same day the Socialist International announced that it had expelled the former Tunisian ruling party RCD "in view of the exceptional circumstances".

At least ten self-immolations occurred in Egypt, Mauritania and Algeria , which are seen as imitations of the act of the greengrocer Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia.

In France , statements by various politicians on how to interpret and deal with the unrest sparked a debate on Franco-Tunisian relations. The Minister for Culture and Communication Frédéric Mitterrand and the then Foreign Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie were criticized . Mitterrand, who is also a Tunisian citizen, has been criticized for calling it “completely exaggerated” to call Ben Ali's Tunisia a dictatorship. Alliot-Marie caused outrage because of her idea, expressed in the National Assembly on January 11, 2011, to send police aid from France to the Tunisian government to "regulate this type of security situation".

Reviews of the events

The Tunisian-French writer Abdelwahab Meddeb sees the Internet and the generation familiar with this medium as the driving force behind the revolution in Tunisia, which he regards as a “new form of expression of time in history”. He explains: “This revolution was essentially made by the digital blog generation via the medium of the Internet. And its lightning-like course corresponds to the speed and the instantaneousness that this means enables. ”The American author Clay Shirky basically agreed with this opinion. The discussion is controversial, however, because it is also argued that before a revolution can take place, regardless of the technical means available, it depends on the underlying political and social situation and because authoritarian regimes could also use the Internet in their favor.

The German political scientist Claus Leggewie sees a "now rising wave of democratization in the Arab-Islamic world". He says: “The most exciting question at the moment is whether democratization also brings with it a secular Islam that improves the situation of women, homosexuals and religious minorities. [...] The internet and social media created and continue to create the best communication options, because they can be used to bypass the doorkeepers of the state-censored and controlled media. The ideologies that dominated after the Second World War: nationalism, pan-Arabism and state socialism have thoroughly discredited each other, the young people do not ask about ideologies, but rather the rule of law and good governance. "

The sociologist and educational scientist Hartmut Krauss considered the autocratic system of Ben Ali and its predecessors to be the most progressive in the Arab-Islamic world. He praised the Tunisian writer Mustapha Tlili Ben Ali, who, without glossing over the repressive and kleptocratic machinations of the Ben Ali clan, admitted that the regime had brought about a social development. One of the greatest achievements was the establishment of a progressive education system, which created a well-educated workforce in a country poor in natural resources. Above all, gender equality and secularization are proof of the uniqueness of Tunisia's development in North Africa, so that Krauss sees the country as a potential pioneer in democratization and cultural modernization.

Wave of emigration to Europe

In the course of the events there was a wave of emigration to Europe, mostly men in their thirties. Italy declared a state of emergency on the island of Lampedusa , where over 5,000 people landed within four days. Interior Minister Roberto Maroni accused the EU of "leaving Italy alone as usual" on the refugee issue.

The EU border protection agency Frontex carried out the Hermes mission in this context . The criticized operation should, among other things, prevent further large flows of refugees and prepare for deportations.

See also

literature

  • Lina Ben Mhenni : Network! Ullstein, Berlin 2011, ISBN = 978-3-550-08893-3 (French: Tunisian Girl - Blogueuse pour un printemps arabe. Translated by Patricia Klobusiczky).
  • Thomas Schmid : Tunisia: The Jasmine Revolution. In: Frank Nordhausen , Thomas Schmid (ed.): The Arab Revolution. 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86153-640-6 , pp. 17–38 (preview).
  • Wolfgang Kraushaar : The uprising of the trained: From the Arab Spring to the Occupy movement. Hamburg edition. HIS, Hamburg 2012, (preview).
  • Roger Owen : Egypt and Tunisia: From the Revolutionary Overthrow of Dictatorships to the Struggle to Establish a New Constitutional Order. In: Fawaz A. Gerges (Ed.): The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World. Cambridge University Press, New York 2014, pp. 257-272 (preview).
  • Michael J. Willis : Revolt for Dignity. Tunisia's Revolution and Civil Resistance. In: Adam Roberts , Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy , Timothy Garton Ash (Eds.): Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016 (preview).

Web links

Commons : Revolution in Tunisia  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Several deaths in protests. In: the daily newspaper . January 9, 2011, accessed November 1, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b Over 20 dead in unrest in Tunisia. In: ORF . January 10, 2011, accessed November 1, 2011 .
  3. ↑ Peter J. Schraeder, Hamadi Redissi: Ben Ali's case. In: Journal of Democracy. Vol. 22, 2011, No. 3, pp. 5-19, doi : 10.1353 / jod.2011.0047 .
  4. ↑ Tunisia: At least 78 dead in riots. In: Focus , January 17, 2011.
  5. ↑ Bernard Schmid: Tunisia: Militant protests reach the capital Tunis and tourist resorts - The regime responds with a carrot & stick - France offers police aid. In: LabourNet.de. January 13, 2011, accessed January 22, 2011 .
  6. ↑ a b "Révolution du jasmin": une expression qui ne fait pas l'unanimité. In: Le Monde , January 17, 2011 (French).
  7. ↑ Tunisia: Uprising with success - The first successful popular uprising in the Arab world since the end of the colonial era quickly found its name, especially in Western media: The Jasmine Revolution. In: Greenpeace magazine , January 18, 2011 ( dpa report).
  8. ↑ Revolution at the click of a mouse? In: [di.wan] Berlin .
  9. ↑ Compact economic data: Tunisia. In: Gtai.de , as of May 2011.
  10. ↑ Anne Göhre: The real Jasmin - Jasminum officinale L. In: Website of the Technical University of Dresden, Botanical Garden. February 16, 2016, accessed September 11, 2016 .
  11. ↑ China's police break up protests. In: Die Welt , February 20, 2011; The wave of protests reaches China. In: Handelsblatt , February 20, 2011 ( dpa reports).
  12. ↑ Article at Al-Jazeera , January 15, 2011, http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&issueno=11739&article=604366&feature= ( Memento from January 16, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) at Asharq al -Awsat , January 18, 2011; Article by Deutsche Welle , January 21, 2011 (both in Arabic).
  13. ↑ Michael J. Willis: Revolt for Dignity. Tunisia's Revolution and Civil Resistance. In: Adam Roberts , Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy, Timothy Garton Ash (Eds.): Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016, p. 42, endnote 35; Thomas Schmid : Tunisia: The Jasmine Revolution. In: Frank Nordhausen , Thomas Schmid (ed.): The Arab Revolution. 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86153-640-6 , pp. 17-38, here p. 21; Wolfgang Kraushaar : The uprising of the trained: From the Arab Spring to the Occupy movement. Hamburg edition. HIS, Hamburg 2012, p. 14.
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