Parliamentary election in Tunisia 2014
The thirteenth parliamentary election in Tunisia since the republic was founded took place on October 26, 2014. For the first time since the new Tunisian constitution came into force in early 2014, the 217 seats in the People's Representatives' Assembly were voted on. This constitution was created after the revolution in Tunisia in 2010/2011 and the overthrow of President Ben Ali . The secular party Nidaa Tounes ("Call of Tunisia") became the strongest force ahead of the Islamic Ennahda party, which had the largest number of MPs in the Constituent Assembly and held the leading role.
Starting position
In 2011, in the wake of the revolution in Tunisia, a constituent assembly was elected to set a date for the parliamentary elections after its work and the adoption of the new constitution. The meeting was supposed to complete its work after a year, but there were repeated delays. The election date has meanwhile been announced for June 23, 2013 and the end of 2013, among others.
The government led by Ennahda came under pressure because of economic difficulties and after the murder of the two opposition politicians Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi in mid-2013. Prime Minister Ali Larajedh resigned after street protests in late 2013; the government took over a cabinet of experts under Mehdi Jomaâ .
The new constitution was finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 26, 2014; October 26th was set as the date for the parliamentary election and November 23rd, 2014 for the presidential election .
Suffrage
According to Art. 50 of the Tunisian Constitution of 2014, the People's Representative Assembly represents the Tunisian people; through them it exercises its legislative power. According to Art. 53, everyone who has had Tunisian citizenship for at least 10 years and is at least 23 years old has the right to stand for election . The general, free, direct and secret proportional representation (Art. 55, 56 and Electoral Law) determines the 217 seats of the parliament, which is elected for five years. The 27 electoral districts with mostly seven to ten mandates are each counted according to the Hare-Niemeyer method , which tends to favor the largest of the small parties.
The parties are obliged to give equal numbers of men and women when drawing up the election lists. According to the ideas of the constitutional fathers, a balance of power should be established between the president and the parliament, which is endowed with a strong position ( semi-presidential system of government ), in order to prevent future autocratic rule.
Applicants, topics and process
The Ennahda party was the favorite before the election. Despite the failed government work and the increasing pressure to radicalize by Islamist Salafists , she insisted on creating the basis for stable democratic development through broad involvement of many forces after the election. The main competitor was the secular party Nidaa Tounes, founded in 2012, which promised to continue the modernization course under the state founder Habib Bourguiba under the 87-year-old former Prime Minister Beji Caid Essebsi . He made a collaboration with Ennahda dependent on how much they distance themselves from the Muslim Brotherhood . Both parties had similar neoliberal ideas in terms of economic policy. They both had around 100,000 members, but Ennahda was much better organized, which Nidaa Tounes tried to compensate for with the careful selection of regionally rooted, popular candidates. Since both parties had been head to head in the polls in the first half of the year and the publication of polls was prohibited from July 2014, the outcome was most recently open.
The dominant issues in the election campaign were economics and security. Above all, it was about the high unemployment, inflation and the poor development of the economy, especially the collapse of the tourism industry, as well as the growing danger of terrorism from returning fighters from the Syrian civil war and the unstable situation in neighboring Libya. A report in the ORF named as the main challenge the question of whether the moderate forces on both sides could succeed in establishing a basic consensus in order to tackle the necessary reforms, despite the general dissatisfaction. In doing so, the parties avoided clear stipulations and sharp profile formation, especially since a large part of party politics does not function according to content, but in (often undermining party boundaries) network formation according to kinship and regional, social or historical ties and the structures of the old regime in the economic elite are largely untouched are. A poll by the Pew Research Center shortly before the election showed that the majority of Tunisians considered strong leadership to be more important than democracy, which was different in 2011; nevertheless, optimism and adherence to pluralism, the rule of law and minority rights prevailed.
5,285,135 citizens had previously registered for the elections and were therefore called upon to cast their votes on October 26, 2014, 50.5 percent of them women and 311,000 Tunisians abroad. For the 217 seats in parliament, 1327 electoral lists with around 13,000 candidates ran in 27 electoral districts, around two thirds of which were drawn up by the parties; the rest were independent applicants, often celebrities and representatives of associations and civil society. While 47 percent of the candidates were women, they made up only 12 percent of the top candidates (of the lists, which often consisted of individuals) and were significantly under-represented in the media compared to male politicians. The government ensured the orderly process of the election with the large contingent of 80,000 security forces; there were more than 15,000 election observers, 600 of whom were independent from abroad. These spoke of an overall orderly election with isolated irregularities.
Result
It is estimated that the turnout was about 69 percent of registered voters, or 3.5 million; In 2011 it was 52 percent of the total population, or 4.3 million. The secular Nidaa Tounes party succeeded in becoming the strongest force with 38 percent of the vote (86 seats) ahead of the moderate Islamist Ennahda (28 percent, 69 seats). The Free Patriotic Union had 16 and the Popular Front 15 seats. The secular parties that governed until 2013 with Ennahda lost massively: the CPR only has four seats, Ettakatol is no longer represented in parliament. Ennahda dominated the poor south of the country, while the Nidaa Tounes party had its stronghold on the east coast, where many of the old elites came from. Apparently, particularly few young voters took part, which is explained by the disappointment with the vagueness of the parties in solving problems and drafting future developments.
The decision of the electoral commission to withdraw a seat from Nidaa Tounes for violating the electoral law in Kasserine and instead to award Ettakatol, the administrative court revised on November 7th.
Nationwide results
| Party / Alliance / List | be right | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | % | +/- | number | +/- | ||
| Nidaa Tounes | 1,279,941 | 37.55 | New | 86 | New | |
| Ennahda | 947.058 | 27.79 | −9.25 | 69 | −20 | |
| Free Patriotic Union (UPL) | 140.873 | 4.13 | +2.87 | 16 | +15 | |
| Popular Front (FP) | 124.039 | 3.64 | New | 15th | New | |
| Afek Tounes | 99,884 | 2.93 | +1.04 | 8th | +4 | |
| Congress for the Republic (CPR) | 69,894 | 2.05 | −6.66 | 4th | −25 | |
| Democratic current | 66,396 | 1.95 | New | 4th | New | |
| Republican Party (PR) | 56,223 | 1.65 | New | 1 | New | |
| Popular movement | 45,839 | 1.34 | +0.59 | 2 | ± 0 | |
| Elmoubadara | 45,597 | 1.34 | −1.85 | 3 | −2 | |
| Democratic Alliance | 43,377 | 1.27 | New | 1 | New | |
| Flow of love | 40,826 | 1.20 | −5.54 | 2 | −24 | |
| Others | 448.260 | 13.16 | - | 6th | - | |
| total | 3,408,207 | 100.00 | 217 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,408,207 | 95.22 | ||||
| Invalid votes | 171.050 | 4.78 | ||||
| voter turnout | 3,579,257 | 67.45 | ||||
| Registered voters | 5,306,324 | 100.00 | ||||
| Source: ISIE electoral commission | ||||||
Distribution of seats
Constituencies
| Constituency | Political party | Total seats | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nidaa Tounes | Ennahda | UPL | Afek | Popular Front | initiative | CPR | MP | Jomhouri | CD | Flow of love | FNS | MDS | PVA | AD | Majed al Djerid | Appel des Tunisiens de l'étranger | Rad al Iitibar | ||||
| Ariana | 4th | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Béja | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6th | ||
| Ben Arous | 4th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | ||
| Bizerte | 4th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| There was | 1 | 4th | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7th | ||
| Gafsa | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7th | ||
| Jendouba | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Kairouan | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| Kasserine | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Kebili | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
| La Manouba | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7th | ||
| Le Kef | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6th | ||
| Mahdia | 4th | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Médenine | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| Monastir | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| Nabeul 1 | 4th | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7th | ||
| Nabeul 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6th | ||
| Sfax 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7th | ||
| Sfax 2 | 4th | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| Sidi Bouzid | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Siliana | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6th | ||
| Sousse | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | ||
| Tataouine | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4th | ||
| Tozeur | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4th | ||
| Tunis 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | ||
| Tunis 2 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8th | ||
| Zaghouan | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
| Arab world | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Germany | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| France 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
| France 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||
| Italy | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
| America / rest. Europe | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
| total | 86 | 69 | 16 | 8th | 15th | 3 | 4th | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 217 | ||
| Percentage | 39.6% | 31.7% | 7.3% | 3.7% | 6.9% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 100% | ||
| proof | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reactions
The German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier spoke of an important signal on the way to democracy; US President Barack Obama said the election inspired people in the region and around the world; UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also congratulated. The observers of the EU Parliament praised the transparent and professional work of the independent electoral commission and the willingness of the parties to talk, the observers of the Arab League praised the freedom of political decision-making and the calm on election day. The pro-government newspaper The National in the United Arab Emirates emphasized that Tunisia had achieved a peaceful change of power despite similar problems as in the other Arab countries (acts of violence, political division between the religious and the secular). The liberal Turkish journalist Mustafa Akyol called Tunisia in Hürriyet a model for the whole of the Middle East, especially for Turkey, the Jordanian expert Marwan al-Muasher called the Tunisian example the only remaining success story of the Arab Spring .
The poor result of Ennahda was attributed by the government-affiliated Qatar-based television broadcaster Al Jazeera to the disappointment with previous government work and the weak economic situation, while the victory of the secular party with many candidates from the pre-revolutionary elites was due to the longing for the orderly conditions before the Arab Spring explained. The Lebanese newspaper Al-Akhbar wrote that the Tunisians were looking for a lifeboat, even if it smelled of the old regime. The Economist saw the return of old elites with Nidaa Tounes and explained the success of the heterogeneous alliance with the popularity of its top candidate, while Marwan al-Muasher emphasized the novelty and unencumberedness of the country's problems. The fact that an Islamist party in Tunisia is ready to take part in the democratic process serves as a counterexample against the failure in Egypt . The Guardian portrayed the fragility of the Nidaa Tounes party and its authoritarian internal structure as threats to future governance. The New York Times found the cooperation of the two major parties and further support from the West necessary for lasting success; Fareed Zakaria saw in the Washington Post in the second successful change of power (after 2011) a sign of consolidation, which should not only be credited to the Islamists, who are moderate compared to Egypt, but above all to the cosmopolitan, urban political culture, strong civil society and controlled military.
Constitution
The elected parliament began its work on December 2, 2014 after being invited by the outgoing President of the Constituent Assembly, Mustafa Ben Jaafar , and thus ended the Constituent Assembly (Art. 57 of the Constitution). At the first meeting there were differences because the President Moncef Marzouki had not been properly invited and therefore stayed away and because the parliamentarians had not yet agreed on a speaker. This election, which the constitution stipulates in Art. 59 for the constituent session, therefore had to take place on the second day of the session on December 4th, which is why the constituent session had to be extended to this day and postponed.
Government formation
Nidaa Tounes, who won the election, negotiated with various parties to form a government. In addition to a grand coalition with the second-placed Ennahda, a coalition with smaller parties that are ideologically closer to the secular party came into consideration. The negotiations lasted until after Nidaa Tounes chairman Essebsi won the second round of the presidential election on December 21. On January 5, the leadership of the Nidaa Tounes party announced that former Tunisian interior minister Habib Essid would form the next government, with which Ennahda agreed. After receiving a delegation from Ennahda on January 7th, it announced on January 11th that it wanted to participate in his government. The cabinet members were introduced on January 23, 2015, surprisingly no politician Ennahda, but only from Nidaa Tounes and smaller parties. The proposed 24 ministers and 15 state secretaries (nine of them women) belonged to Nidaa Tounes (foreign affairs, health, transport) and the third force in parliament, the secular UPL (tourism, youth, sport), which together with 102 seats in parliament had seven of were removed from their own majority. Ennahda announced that he did not want to support the government because there was no clear goal and no effort to achieve national unity. Since Nidaa Tounes also criticized Essid's cabinet proposal, the vote of confidence in parliament, which was scheduled for January 27, was postponed indefinitely. In the days that followed, Essid succeeded in persuading Ennahda and Afek Tounes to support the government by participating in cabinet posts. He tabled a new cabinet proposal on February 2 and won the confidence vote in parliament on February 5 with 166 votes out of 217. His cabinet began work on February 6, 2015, replacing Mehdi Joma's interim government .
literature
- National Democratic Institute for International Affairs : Final Report on the 2014 Legislative and Presidential Elections in Tunisia. NDI, Washington, DC 2015 (PDF) .
- Muddassir Quamar: Tunisia: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections, 2014. In: Contemporary Review of the Middle East. Volume 2, 2015, No. 3, pp. 269–288 (PDF) .
Web links
- Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung : Elections 2014 - Tunisia votes! Information on the first parliamentary and presidential elections of the Second Republic of Tunisia. Dossier 2014.
- Election in Tunisia - "It's all about women" Interview with the Tunisian women's rights activist Soraya Fersi, Deutschlandradio Kultur, October 25, 2014.
- Alexander Göbel: Tunisia - Inner peace fragile before the election. In the broadcast Eine Welt , Deutschlandfunk, October 25, 2014.
- Paul-Anton Krüger: Tunisia - A very special choice. In: Süddeutsche.de , October 25, 2014.
- Joachim Paul: The Tunisian Parliamentary Elections - An overview of the most important parties. In: Heinrich Böll Foundation : Tunis Office , October 21, 2014.
- Graphing the Results from Tunisia's 2014 Parliamentary Elections. In: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , June 26, 2017.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Official report of the ISIE electoral commission on the 2014 parliamentary and presidential elections isie.tn , PDF file (Arabic)
- ↑ The election date is: June 2013. In: Die Welt , October 15, 2012.
- ↑ Ben Jaafar: Elections in Tunisia before the end of the year. Parliamentary correspondence No. 141. In: Parliament of the Republic of Austria , website, February 26, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Hope for the end of the turbulence. In: ORF.at , October 25, 2014.
- ^ Tunisia assembly passes new constitution. In: BBC .com , January 27, 2014.
- ↑ Tunisia: Parliament votes for a new constitution. ( Memento from January 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesschau.de , January 26, 2014.
- ↑ Tunisie: Les législatives fixées on 26 octobre et la présidentielle on 23 novembre. In: Jeune Afrique , June 25, 2014.
- ^ Constitution. French translation. In: Majles.Marsad.tn .
- ^ Tunisie: La Loi électorale 2014. In: CitoyensDesDeuxRives.eu , May 2, 2014.
- ^ Key Aspects of Tunisia's New Constitution. In: AhramOnline , January 26, 2014; Thierry Portes: Tunisie: Duel entre séculiers et islamistes. In: Le Figaro , October 24, 2014.
- ^ Zaid al-Ali, Donia Ben Romdhane: Tunisia's New Constitution: Progress and Challenges to Come. In: OpenDemocracy.net , February 16, 2014.
- ↑ In detail on their electoral program Nadya B'Chir: Vision d'Ennahdha: On préserve ce qu'on a acquis, le reste on le construit ensemble. In: BusinessNews.com.tn , October 5, 2014.
- ↑ For details on their election program Imen Zine: Tunis: Le program économique de Nidaa Tounes sous la loupe. In: LEconomisteMaghrebin.com , September 22, 2014.
- ^ A b c Campaigning Begins for Tunisia's Parliamentary Elections. ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Asharq al-Awsat , October 5, 2014.
- ↑ a b Karem Yehia: How Nidaa Tounes Beat Ennahda in Tunisia's Polls. In: Ahram Online , October 28, 2014.
- ↑ "It has to be about regaining trust". Interview with Dr. Hardy Ostry on the parliamentary elections in Tunisia. In: KAS.de , October 24, 2014.
- ↑ Sarah Mersch: related, hated, related by marriage. In: Heinrich Böll Foundation : Dossier: Tunisia votes! October 21, 2014.
- ↑ Natasha Turak: Pew Poll: Tunisians Favor Strong Leadership over Democratic Government. ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Tunisia-Live.com , October 17, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d Louis Bonhoure: Low Youth, High Female Voter Turnout Observed in 2014 Vote. ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Tunisia-Live.net , October 30, 2014.
- ↑ Karem Yehia: Tunisia's elections: Who's in the running? In: AhramOnline , October 25, 2014.
- ^ Joachim Paul: The Tunisian parliamentary elections: An overview of the most important parties. In: Heinrich Böll Foundation : Dossier: Tunisia votes! October 21, 2014.
- ↑ Karem Yehia: Observers in Tunisia's Parliamentary Elections Estimated at 15,000. In: AhramOnline , October 23, 2014.
- ↑ a b Ahmed El Amraoui: Tunisia's Ennahda 'Faces Defeat' in Elections. In: Al Jazeera , October 27, 2014.
- ↑ a b Instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections: Résultats partiels des élections législatives (Instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections) ( Memento of October 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: ISIE.tn ( Arabic ).
- ^ Tunisie, Justice: Nidaa Tounes reprend son siège octroyé à Ettakatol à Kasserine suite à une décision du Tribunal Administratif. ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Tunivisions.net, November 7, 2014.
- ^ Statement by the President on Parliamentary Elections in Tunisia. In: WhiteHouse.gov , October 26, 2014.
- ↑ Parliamentary elections in Tunisia: seculars see signs of victory. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 26, 2014.
- ^ A b Arab League praises Tunisia's parliamentary elections. In: Ahram Online , October 29, 2014.
- ↑ James O'Brien: MEPs Hail Transparent and Professional Tunisian Elections. In: TheParliamentMagazine.eu , October 29, 2014.
- ^ Tunisia's Shining Electoral Lesson. In: The National , October 28, 2014.
- ↑ Mustafa Akyol: Tunisia Should Be Turkey's 'Model'. In: Hürriyet Daily News , October 29, 2014.
- ^ A b Marwan al-Muasher , Katie Bentivoglio: Tunisian Parliamentary Elections: Lessons for the Arab World. In: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (website), October 28, 2014.
- ↑ Noureddine Baltayeb: Tunisia elections: al-Nahda loose control of parliament, Nidaa Tounes comes out on top. In: Al Akhbar , October 28, 2014.
- ^ Tunisia's Election: The Secularist Comeback. In: The Economist , October 28, 2014.
- ^ Monica Marks: The Tunisian Election Result Isn't Simply a Victory for Secularism Over Islamism. In: The Guardian , October 29, 2014.
- ^ Tunisia's Victory. In: The New York Times , October 30, 2014.
- ^ Fareed Zakaria: Why Democracy Took Root in Tunisia and not Egypt. In: The Washington Post , October 30, 2014. Mark LeVine presents a very similar argument: Why Tunisia Succeeded Where Egypt Failed. In: AlJazeera.com , December 13, 2014.
- ↑ Le premier Parlement tunisien post-révolutionnaire fait sa rentrée. In: France 24 , December 2, 2014.
- ^ Charlotte Bozonnet: En Tunisie, le parti Nidaa Tounès en quête d'alliés. In: Le Monde , October 29, 2014.
- ^ Safa Ben Said: Habib Essid Nominated Tunisia New Prime Minister. ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Tunisia-Live.net , January 5, 2015.
- ^ Tunisia: Habib Essid Receives Ennahdha Movement Delegation Led By Ghannouchi. In: AllAfrica.com , Jan. 7, 2015; Tunisia's Ennahda Says to Participate in Essid Govt. In: Middle East Monitor , January 11, 2015.
- ^ Tunisia Premier-Designate Forms New Government Without Islamists. In: Reuters .com , January 23, 2015.
- ^ Tunisie: les islamistes d'Ennahda refusent le gouvernement de Habib Essid. In: MaliActu.net , January 25, 2015; Tunisie: Ennahda rejette le gouvernement d'Habib Essid. In: RFI .fr , January 26, 2015.
- ^ Kotti appelle Habib Essid à revoir la composition de son gouvernement. In: Businessnews.com.tn , January 25, 2015.
- ↑ Imen Blioua: Political Parties React to Habib Essid Government. ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Tunisia-Live.com , January 26, 2015.
- ^ Sarah Mersch: Unstable majority for Tunisia's new government. In: Deutsche Welle , February 5, 2015.
- ^ Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Essid promises growth and reforms. ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Times of Oman , February 6, 2015 ( AFP report).
