Jasminum
Jasminum | ||||||||||||
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Flowers of Jasminum polyanthum |
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Jasminum | ||||||||||||
L. |
Jasminum is a plant genus in the family of Olive Family (Oleaceae). This genus includes some important aromatic and ornamental plants such as the real jasmine or the winter jasmine .
description
Vegetative characteristics
In the genus Jasminum there are both deciduous and evergreen, woody species. Many species are climbing plants ( lianas ), but there are also small trees and shrubs that grow upright . The stems of the plants are often hard and angular. The leaves can be alternate or opposite, in rare cases also whorled. The petiole usually has a joint. The leaf blades are simple, tripartite or unpaired pinnate.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescences are zymose in principle , but can take on very different shapes - grape-like or panicle-like , umbel-shaped or head-shaped . In some species, such as winter jasmine , the inflorescences are too often reduced to individual flowers.
The hermaphroditic flowers are heterostyle in most species . In many species the flowers have a strong and pleasant smell. The sepals are usually fused bell-shaped or funnel-shaped with usually four to 16 tiny calyx tips. The crown consists of a long, narrow corolla tube and four to 16, but in most species only four to six lobes spread out like a wheel. The color of the crown is usually white or yellow, in some species also pink or reddish. The buds and the corolla tube, however, are often reddish in color. The two stamens are inserted on about half of the corolla tube and do not protrude. The stamens are short. Two carpels are an above-permanent, two-chambered ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains one or two ovules . The thin style ends in a cephalic or bilobed stigma.
When ripe, the black berry is divided into two parts, with some species also regularly reducing one half of the berry.
Occurrence
The Jasminum species originally come from the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia , Africa , Madagascar , Australia and the Pacific islands , i.e. the Old World. Few species also come from the Mediterranean region ( Jasminum fruticans ) or from the Canary Islands or the Azores .
However, many species are also cultivated outside of their home because of their flowers or their scent. Some species have also become feral in different parts of the world.
Most types of Jasminum grow in thickets or in bushes, for example along the edges of forests or rivers.
Systematics
The genus name Jasminum was 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, page 7 first published . Jasminum officinale L. was established as the lectotype species in 1929 . Synonyms for Jasminum L. are: Jacksonia hort. ex Schltdl. nom. inval., Jasminium Dum. orth. var., Mogorium Juss. , Noldeanthus Knobl. The genus Jasminum belongs to the tribe Jasmineae in the family of Oleaceae .
The genus Jasminum includes more than 200 to more than 400 species, which are divided into the sections Jasminum , Alternifolia , Primulina , Trifoliolata and Unifoliolata . According to E. Banfi (2014), sect. Alternifolia better to classify as its own genus Chrysojasminum .
Here is a selection of the species of the genus Jasminum :
- Jasminum angulare Vahl (Syn .: Jasminum capense Thunb. ): The home is South Africa
- Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. : The homeland is India and Sri Lanka
- Jasminum attenuatum Roxb. : The homeland is India, Myanmar, Thailand and China (Yunnan)
- Jasminum auriculatum Vahl : Home is India, Nepal and Sri Lanka
- Azores jasmine ( Jasminum azoricum L. ): It is native to Madeira
- Pink jasmine ( Jasminum beesianum Forrest & Diels ): carmine pink flowers; the home is China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)
- Jasminum dichotomum Vahl : The home is Africa
- Two-seeded jasmine ( Jasminum dispermum Wall. ): The homeland is India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China (Xizang, Yunnan)
- Jasminum elegans Knobl. : The home is Madagascar and Aldabra
- Jasminum elongatum (PJBergius) Willd. (Syn .: Jasminum undulatum Ker Gawl. ): The homeland is tropical Asia, China and Australia
- Jasminum fluminense Vell. : The homeland is Africa and Arabia; The species is naturalized in North America, South America and Hawaii
- Jasminum grandiflorum L. (Syn .: Jasminum floribundum R.Br. ex Fresen. ): The home is Africa, Arabia, India and Pakistan
- Jasminum lanceolaria Roxb. (Syn .: Jasminum nitidum Skan ): The homeland is India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and China
- Jasminum malabaricum Wight : It occurs in southern India.
- Primrose jasmine ( Jasminum mesnyi Hance , Syn .: Jasminum primulinum Hemsl. ): The home is China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)
- Star-flowered jasmine ( Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. F.) Andrews , Syn .: Jasminum gracillimum Hook. F. , Jasminum pubescens (Retz.) Willd. ): Home is India and Thailand
- Jasminum multipartitum Hochst. : The home is Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Swaziland and South Africa
- Jasminum nobile C.B.Clarke : The home is Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand
- Winter jasmine ( Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. ): A species from West China that is the only hardy species of the genus that is also cultivated in Central Europe .
- Real jasmine ( Jasminum officinale L. ): The home is West, Central and South Asia
- Jasminum polyanthum Franch. : The home is China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); naturalized it also occurs in New Zealand
- Jasminum rex Dunn (also referred to as subspecies rex (Dunn) PS Green to Jasminum nobile ): The home is Cambodia and Thailand
- Arabian jasmine ( Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton ): The homeland is India
- Jasminum simplicifolium G.Forst. (Syn .: Jasminum suavissimum Lindl. ): The home is Australia, the Fiji Islands, New Caledonia , Vanuatu and Tonga
- Jasminum sinense Hemsl. : The home is China and Taiwan
- Jasminum × stephanense Lemoine (= Jasminum beesianum × Jasminum officinale ): The homeland is China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan)
- Jasminum subtriplinerve flower : The homeland is India, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
- Jasminum tortuosum Willd. : The home is South Africa.
- Jasminum urophyllum Hemsl. : The home is southern China and Taiwan.
Some hybrids are also cultivated as ornamental plants.
According to E. Banfi (2014), the following species no longer belong to the genus Jasminum :
- Jasminum floridum Bunge (Syn .: Jasminum giraldii Diels ) => Chrysojasminum floridum (Bunge) Banfi
- Shrub jasmine ( Jasminum fruticans L. ) => Chrysojasminum fruticans (L.) Banfi
- Lower jasmine ( Jasminum humile L. ) => Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi
- Fragrant jasmine ( Jasminum odoratissimum L. ) => Chrysojasminum odoratissimum (L.) Banfi .
- Dwarf jasmine ( Jasminum parkeri Dunn ) => Chrysojasminum parkeri (Dunn) Banfi
- Jasminum subhumile W.W.Sm. (Syn .: Jasminum heterophyllum Roxb. ) => Chrysojasminum subhumile (WWSm.) Banfi & Galasso
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Jasminum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Jasminum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 8, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e Walter Erhardt among others: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
literature
- Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei & Peter S. Green: Oleaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 15, 1996, p. 307: Jasminum - Online.
Supplementary literature
- Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica , Random House Australia 2003. German edition: Tandem Verlag GmbH 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 .
- Urania plant kingdom . Volume 4: Flowering Plants 2, 1st edition. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig 1994, ISBN 3-332-00497-2 .