Olive plants
| Olive plants | ||||||||||||
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Genuine olive trees ( Olea europaea subsp. Europaea ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Oleaceae | ||||||||||||
| Hoffmanns. & Link |
The plant family of the olive plants (Oleaceae) belongs to the order of the mint family (Lamiales). The approximately 25 genera with approximately 600 species are native to all continents and climatic zones from the temperate zone to the tropics . In China there are ten genera with 160 species, 95 of them only there. China is the center of the biodiversity of the genera Forsythia , Syringa , Osmanthus and Ligustrum .
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are mostly evergreen or rarely deciduous, woody plants: mainly trees and shrubs , there are also some lianas . They grow independently upright or climbing, in the genus Jasminum the shoot axes twist counterclockwise. Complex hairs ( trichomes ), which are usually shield-shaped, are present. The bark has lenticels .
The almost always opposite, rarely alternate or whorled leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple or compound; if they are assembled, then they are three or more unpaired pinnate. The leaf margins are smooth, serrated or toothed. They are pinnate or nervous on the hands. The stomata are mostly anomocytic. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are individually or in terminal or lateral, very differently constructed ( zymösen , rispigen , traubigen , doldigen or frets time) inflorescences summarized. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual; if they are unisex then, depending on the type, there may be a monocyte , diocyte or subdiocyte .
The often fragrant flowers are radial symmetry , usually four-fold and usually with a double flower envelope (occasionally all the bloom cladding sheets are shaped like petals the same). The mostly four (rarely none or up to 16) sepals are grown in pairs or all tubular or rarely almost free. Most of the four, rarely none (in Nestegis , Forestiera and wind-pollinated Fraxinus ) or up to 16 petals are mostly fused. There is only one circle of stamens: there are seldom four, usually only two, fertile stamens ; they are free to one another. Two carpels are a top permanent (syncarp), two-chambered ovary grown. Per ovary chamber there are usually two (one to fifty) hanging or ascending, anatropic or amphitropic, unitegated, tenuinucellate ovules . A stylus can be present. The scar is bilobed or head-shaped.
Very different fruits are formed: loculicidal capsule fruits , berries , stone fruits , samara or woody decayed fruits . If the seeds have endosperm then it is oily. The straight, chlorophylless embryo has two germ layers ( cotyledons ) and an upward or downward radicula.
Systematics
The Oleaceae family was set up in 1809 by Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg and Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in Flore portugaise ou description de toutes les ... , 1, p. 62. Type genus is Olea L. Synonyms for Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link are: Bolivariaceae Griseb. , Forestieraceae Meisn. , Fraxinaceae Vest , Jasminaceae Juss. , Lilacaceae Vent. nom. illeg., Nyctanthaceae J.Agardh , Syringaceae Horan.
The Oleaceae family is divided into five tribes and four subtribes and contains about 25 genera with about 600 (400 to 900) species:
- Tribus Fontanesieae L.Johnson : It contains only one genus:
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Fontanesia Labill. : It contains only two species (which can also be viewed as subspecies of a species):
- Fontanesia fortunei Carrière (Syn .: Fontanesia phillyreoides subsp. Fortunei (Carrière) Yalt. ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Hebei , Henan , Hubei , Jiangsu , Shaanxi , Shandong and Zhejiang .
- Fontanesia philliraeoides Labill. : It occurs from Turkey to Lebanon and in southeastern Sicily .
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Fontanesia Labill. : It contains only two species (which can also be viewed as subspecies of a species):
- Tribe Forsythieae L.Johnson : It contains only two genera:
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Abeliophyllum Nakai : it contains only one species:
- Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai : It occurs only in southern Korea .
- Forsythia ( Forsythia Vahl ): The 11 to 13 species are common in Eastern Asia and with only one species in Southeast Europe.
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Abeliophyllum Nakai : it contains only one species:
- Tribe Jasmineae Lam. & DC. : According to Enrico Banfi (2014) the earlier section of Jasminum , Jasminum sect. Alternifolia , better classified as a separate genus Chrysojasminum . The tribe now contains three genera:
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Chrysojasminum Banfi : It comprises about ten species that occur in Macaronesia, from the Mediterranean region to Sri Lanka and China, and from Ethiopia to Zambia. Including:
- Shrub jasmine ( Chrysojasminum fruticans (L.) Banfi , Syn .: Jasminum fruticans L. )
- Lower jasmine ( Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi , Syn .: Jasminum humile L. )
- Jasminum L .: The approximately 190 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical Africa , Asia and Australia to China and the Pacific islands.
- Menodora Humb. & Bonpl. : The approximately 22 to 26 species have a disjoint area in subtropical North, Central and South America as well as in southern Africa .
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Chrysojasminum Banfi : It comprises about ten species that occur in Macaronesia, from the Mediterranean region to Sri Lanka and China, and from Ethiopia to Zambia. Including:
- Tribe Myxopyreae Boerlage : It contains four genera:
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Dimetra Kerr : It contains only one species:
- Dimetra craibeana Kerr : It occurs only in northeastern Thailand .
- Myxopyrum flower : The only four species are distributed from southeast China to tropical Asia.
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Nyctanthes L .: The only two species are common in tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia:
- Nyctanthes aculeata Craib : It occurs in Thailand.
- Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L .: It occurs from the Himalayas to Indochina and from Sumatra to Java.
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Dimetra Kerr : It contains only one species:
- Tribe Oleeae Dum. : It contains four subtribes:
- Subtribus Ligustrinae: It contains only two genera:
- Privet ( Ligustrum L. ): The 45 or so species are common in temperate to tropical areas of Eurasia , North Africa and Australia, and neophytes in North America.
- Lilac ( Syringa L. ): The approximately 12 species originally come from southeast Europe to the Himalayas and Japan; one species in North America is a neophyte.
- Subtribus Schreberinae Wallander & VAAlbert : It contains only two genera:
- Comoranthus Knobl. : Of the three species, two occur on Madagascar and one on Mayotte .
- Schrebera Roxb. : The eight or so species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa, from India to Borneo, on Madagascar and in northwestern Peru.
- Subtribus Fraxininae Wallander & VAAlbert : It contains only one genus:
- Ash ( Fraxinus L. ): The approximately 50 species are mainly found in temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere .
- Subtribus Oleinae Wallander & VAAlbert : It contains about 13 genera:
- Cartrema Raf. (Syn .: Amarolea Small , Olea sect. Leiolea Spach , Osmanthus sect. Leiolea (Spach) PSGreen , Osmanthus subg. Amarolea (Small) Tzvelev ): The since 2015 about six species are from the eastern USA to Honduras and from Assam to ins southern China and Sumatra.
- Snow trees ( Chionanthus L. ): The 80 to 141 species are distributed from the USA to tropical and subtropical America and from tropical and subtropical Asia to Japan and the islands of the southwestern Pacific.
- Forestiera Poir. : The approximately 21 species arewidespreadfrom the United States to Panama, the Caribbean islands and Ecuador.
- Haenianthus Griseb. : The three species are found in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.
- Hesperelaea A.Gray : The only species, Hesperelaea palmeri A.Gray , was collected in 1875 in the eastern part of the island of Guadalupe, which belongs to Mexico, west of Baja California and was first described in the following year; it has not been found since and is considered extinct.
- Nestegis Raf. : Of the approximately five species, four are found in New Zealand and on the Norfolk Islands and one species in Hawaii .
- Noronhia Town Hall ex Thouars : The approximately 93 species occur in tropical and southern Africa and on islands in the western Indian Ocean.
- Notelaea Vent. : The approximately twelve species are distributed in eastern and southeastern Australia including Tasmania .
- Olive trees ( Olea L. , syn .: Enaimon Raf. , Leuranthus Knobl. , Pachyderma flower , Picricarya Dennst. , Steganthus Knobl. , Stereoderma flower , Tetrapilus Lour. ): The approximately 34 species in the Old World in the Mediterranean and North Africa Widespread across tropical to southern Africa, in South Asia , eastern Australia and New Caledonia .
- Scented flowers ( Osmanthus Lour. , Syn .: Pausia Raf. , Siphonosmanthus Stapf ): The approximately 29 species are distributed from Turkey over the Himalayas and the subtropical area of Southeast Asia to Japan and New Caledonia.
- Phillyrea L .: The only two species are distributed from the Mediterranean area with North Africa to West Asia.
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Picconia DC. : It contains two species in Macaronesia :
- Picconia azorica (Tutin) Knobl. : The home is the Azores.
- Picconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. : The home is the Canaries and Madeira.
- Priogymnanthus P.S. Green : The only three species are distributed from Ecuador to northeast Argentina.
- Subtribus Ligustrinae: It contains only two genera:
use
Some species from the following genera are used: Fraxinus and Forsythia (medicinal and as an ornamental plant); Jasminum (jasmine oil), osmanthus (scented flower) and Syringa (as a spice and as an ornamental plant); Olea ( olive tree , Olea europaea , the fruit and the oil) and Fraxinus (the wood).
swell
- The Oleaceae family on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
- The Oleaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
- Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei, Peter S. Green: Oleaceae , p. 272 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Use)
- Eva Wallander, Victor A. Albert: Phylogeny and classification of Oleaceae based on rps16 and trnL-F sequence data , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, 2000, pp. 1827–1841: Volltext online. (Sections systematics and description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Oleaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ A b Oleaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ Eva Wallander: List of all tribe and genera of the Oleaceae family in Richard Olmstead: A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Oleaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .
- ↑ Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei, Peter S. Green: Oleaceae , p. 272 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .
- ↑ a b Guy L. Nesom: Synopsis of American Cartrema (Oleaceae). In: Phytoneuron , 2012-96, 2012, pp. 1-11. Full text PDF.
- ↑ José Ignacio De Juana Clavero: Cambios nomenclaturales en la sección Leiolea (Spach) PS Green, del género Osmanthus Lour. (Oleaceae). In: Bouteloua , Volume 22, November 14, 2015, pp. 28-39. Full text PDF.
