Forsythia
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Hanging forsythia ( Forsythia suspensa ), illustration |
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The forsythia ( Forsythia ) are a genus within the family of Olive Family (Oleaceae). The 12 or 13 Forsythia species originally come from Asia and only one from Southeast Europe . The hybrid Forsythia × intermedia (short: Forsythia ) is a cross of two Forsythia species and is often used as an ornamental shrub in the temperate areas in parks and gardens.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Forsythia species are deciduous shrubs that reach heights of 1 to 3 meters. The independently upright, spread out to prostrate or overhanging branches are hollow or have a chambered pith, young branches can be somewhat square in cross-section.
The opposite continuously arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are usually simple, rarely three-part. The autumn color is sometimes yellow to purple-red, sometimes just dark green or olive green.
Generative characteristics
The flowers appear in spring before the leaves shoot, they are individually or in groups in the leaf axils of last year's branches.
The hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold with a double flower envelope . The four sepals are only briefly fused. The four petals are fused bell-shaped. There are two different flower forms, each of which occurs on different individuals of a species: On the one hand, the two stamens are normal, the gynoeceum , on the other hand, small, in the other form the stamens are small and the gynoeceum, with a two-column stigma , is large. Since the stamens can also be completely absent, the plants can be described as dioecious or only referred to as heterostyly - a question that preoccupied Charles Darwin . The Upper constant ovary consists of two fruit chambers, each hanging numerous ovules contain.
The bilobed capsule fruits contain numerous slightly winged seeds.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Forsythia was established in 1804 by Martin Vahl in Enumeratio Plantarum ... , Volume 1, p. 39. Type species is Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl . A homonym is Forsythia Walter , published in Thomas Walter : Flora Caroliniana, secundum… , 1788, pages 153–154. The younger name was given priority in Vienna ICBN Art. 14.10 & App. III (Vienna ICBN Art. 53). A synonym for Forsythia Vahl nom. cons. is Rangium Juss. The generic name Forsythia honors the British royal gardener William A. Forsyth (1737-1804).
The genus Forsythia belongs to the tribe Forsythieae within the family Oleaceae .
With the exception of Forsythia europaea , which comes from Southeastern Europe, all species occur in East Asia, six of them in China alone.
There are 12 to 13 Forsythia - types , here with its spread:
- European forsythia ( Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald. ): It is widespread from Montenegro via Kosovo to northern Albania .
- Forsythia giraldiana Lingelsh. : It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Gansu , western Henan , Shaanxi and northeastern Sichuan .
- Forsythia japonica Makino : This endemic occurs only in the western part of the Japanese island of Honshū .
- Forsythia koreana ( Rehder ) Nakai (Syn .: Forsythia pilosa U.C. La & Chae G.Chen ): It occurs in Korea .
- Forsythia likiangensis Ching & KMFeng ex PYPai : It thrives in mixed forests in mountain regions only in Muli Countyin Sichuan and in northwestern Yunnan .
- Forsythia manschurica Uyeki : This endemic thrives on slopes only in Jiguan Shan in Liaoning .
- Forsythia mira M.C.Chang : This endemic occurs only in Shanyang County in Shaanxi.
- Forsythia nakaii (Uyeki) TBLee (Syn .: Forsythia densiflora Nakai nom. Illeg., Forsythia velutina Nakai , Forsythia japonica var. Densiflora (Margraviate) Rehder ): It occurs only in north-central Korea.
- Korean forsythia ( Forsythia ovata Nakai , Syn .: Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai ): It occurs in Korea.
- Hanging forsythia ( Forsythia suspensa ( Thunb. , Syn .: Forsythia fortunei Lindl. , Forsythia Sieboldii (Zabel) Dippel ) Vahl ): It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 2200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Hebei , Henan , Hubei , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi and Sichuan . It is also grown.
- Forsythia togashii H.Hara : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Shōdoshima .
- Green forsythia ( Forsythia viridissima Lindl. ): It occurs in southern Korea and in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Yunnan, Anhui, Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian .
There are hybrids created in culture . As an unstable neophyte , Forsythia × intermedia is rare in Germany, for example in Saxony-Anhalt.
use
From the genus Forsythia , mainly the hybrid Forsythia × intermedia ( Forsythia suspensa × Forsythia viridissima ), known colloquially as " Forsythia ", is cultivated as an ornamental wood. Other hybrids, such as Forsythia × variabilis ( Forsythia ovata × Forsythia suspensa ), or species are less commercially available.
Since the flowers of the forsythia do not produce nectar , the plants are largely worthless as a source of food for wild bees or butterflies. Only pollen can be collected.
The fruit of some types is used in traditional Chinese medicine .
literature
- Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Z. Wei, Peter S. Green: Oleaceae. : Forsythia , pp. 279-280 - same text online as the printed work , In: ZY Wu, PH Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Z. Wei, Peter S. Green: Oleaceae. : Forsythia , pp. 279-280 - same text online as the printed work , In: ZY Wu, PH Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .
- ↑ The Darwin Correspondence Database ( Memento of the original dated February 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Forsythia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 29, 2018.
- ^ A b Forsythia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i R. Govaerts, PS Green, 2010: World Checklist of Oleaceae online in: Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Forsythia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
- ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline. Founded by Werner Rothmaler . 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 641.
- ↑ Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 72 kB)
Web links
- Flora of Japan Database Project . In: Japanese Society for Plant Systematist.
Map with all linked sites: