Jacob Zuma

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Zuma during the 2010 World Economic Forum

Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born April 12, 1942 in Nkandla , Natal , South Africa ) is a South African politician of the African National Congress (ANC). From 2009 to 2018 he was President of South Africa . He was Vice President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005 and Chairman of the ANC from 2007 to 2017. His governance is sometimes characterized by his critics as " kleptocracy ".

origin

Zuma belongs to the Zulu people . He grew up in what is now KwaZulu-Natal, north of the Tugela River, an area marked by poverty. His father, a police officer, died in 1945. As a child, Jacob looked after goats and cows. Later he moved to Durban with his mother because she had found work as a maid there. Zuma has no formal schooling. In Durban he attended illegal schools run by unionists and the ANC.

Political activity

Prison and exile

Zuma names a half-brother who was already a member of the African National Congress as the most important political influence in his life. In 1959, Zuma joined the ANC at the age of 17. After the party was banned in 1960, he continued to work for it; In 1962 he became a member of the paramilitary underground organization Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation").

View from Table Mountain on Robben Island

In 1963, Zuma was arrested while trying to leave the country. He was sentenced to ten years in prison on Robben Island for planning a riot . There he learned English and studied politics with Govan Mbeki , Thabo Mbeki's father . At his own request, he did not receive any visits during his entire prison term.

After his release he returned to Natal and worked underground between 1973 and 1975 building up the ANC structures before going into exile for 12 years, first to Swaziland and later to Mozambique . In 1977 Zuma started working with the SACP . In 1978 he became a member of the Executive Committee of the ANC and was re-elected for it at the Kabwe Conference in 1985. In the same year Zuma took part in training for leadership roles and military operations in the Soviet Union .

Since 1984 he resided as the main representative of the ANC in Maputo (Mozambique). There he trained fighters for the ANC among the thousands of South African refugees. He returned to South Africa several times with groups of them in secret operations. Structures of the security branch in the Durban region were infiltrated. In 1987, after the ANC's freedom of movement was restricted in Mozambique under pressure from the apartheid regime as a result of the Nkomati Agreement , Zuma, like other ANC officials, had to leave the country and settled in Zambia , where the ANC in exile had one of its administrative centers in Lusaka . Through his engagement in the military council of the ANC, he rose to head of the ANC secret service, which was also responsible for counter-espionage against the apartheid regime. For this purpose, brutal interrogations and fake shootings were used, which also hit innocent people. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( Truth and Reconciliation Commission ) has it later found the ANC serious human rights violations guilty. Zuma himself does not speak publicly about his role in this matter.

End of apartheid

As a result of the legalization of the ANC, Zuma returned to South Africa together with Penuell Maduna and Mathews Phosa as members of a political steering group, initially with his presence secret. When representatives of this group met with the South African government in May 1990 to negotiate "rules and mechanisms" for the release of political prisoners, immunity for political persecuted persons, and the definition of what constitutes a political crime, the ANC appointed him to head this working group.

At the end of 1990 he renounced his membership in the South African Communist Party in order to be able to devote himself fully to the work of the ANC. In November 1990 he became head of the ANC in Natal. Zuma had previously sought to resolve the violent conflicts between the two sides in top-level talks with Inkatha officials. At about the same time, as head of the intelligence network in the ANC, he led a discussion group, the aim of which was, in agreement with the South African government, to end the armed resistance against the apartheid system in a regulated manner.

When the first ANC party congress after its readmission was held in Durban in July 1991, the delegates elected him as the organization's vice-general secretary. He finally moved up to the top of the ANC, which negotiated the power-sharing with the South African government from 1990 to 1993 and thus the end of apartheid. As a negotiator for the ANC, Zuma also advocated the understanding between the Zulu king and Nelson Mandela. The talks held on July 21, 1992 with Goodwill Zwelithini , however, did not lead to any satisfactory result.

The ANC nominated Zuma as a candidate for Prime Minister of KwaZulu-Natal Province in January 1994 . Here he led the election campaign of his party. During this time, his home in Nkandla was attacked twice. However, he won a seat in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature during South Africa's first democratic elections . In the course of this parliamentary mandate him head of government appointed Frank Mdlalose the Minister of Economic Affairs and Tourism in the province of government.

In 1997 he was elected Vice President of the ANC. During his time in exile, Zuma had worked closely with Mbeki, and in 1999 he was appointed as his deputy by the current president. On June 14, 2005, Mbeki fired Vice President Zuma on charges of corruption. The dismissal was supported by the ANC leadership, but was highly controversial within the ANC.

Corruption allegations

Before Jacob Zuma took office, allegations were raised in a total of 783 cases of corruption, fraud, money laundering and tax evasion, all of which he denies.

Numerous kickbacks were also paid to the ANC in a US $ 5 billion arms deal in 1999 . One of the intermediaries was a close friend of Zuma, the Durban businessman Shabir Shaik , who had already sent money to the ANC during the period of illegality. After the end of apartheid, he had helped Zuma out of financial difficulties. In June 2005 Shaik was sentenced to 15 years in prison, among other things for bribe payments that he had passed on to Zuma from the French defense company Thales ; in March 2009 he was released for health reasons. Mbeki dismissed Zuma as Vice President after Shaik's verdict on June 14, 2005, charged with corruption, favoritism, tax evasion and fraud, and his home ransacked by the Scorpions elite unit . In September 2008 the charges were dropped. In his long statement, the judge stated that the government had instrumentalized the judiciary against Zuma. As evidence of this, sound recordings (the so-called spy tapes ) were cited, which allegedly proved that the charges against Zuma were based essentially on political manipulation. However, the spy tapes were not made available to the public. The investigation into Zuma was stopped only a few weeks before Zuma was elected President of South Africa, so that early claims were made that the judiciary had been politically influenced. In April 2016, the decision at the time was overturned on the grounds that the public prosecutor's decision was irrational. Zuma stated in May 2016 that he wanted to appeal this decision. However, the appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa on October 13, 2017.

Since April 2018, after the end of his presidency, Zuma had to answer for the corruption allegations. A hearing was scheduled for July 2018 but was postponed until November 2018. In November the hearing was postponed again to May 2019. An arrest warrant was issued against him on February 4, 2020 for failing to appear for a hearing. In March 2020, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa rejected applications by Zuma and the Thales company to terminate the corruption case.

Rape allegation

Zuma supporters gather outside the courthouse while the rape verdict is read out.

In December 2005, the daughter of a former comrade also accused Zuma of rape. After a two-month trial, he was acquitted that the sexual intercourse had taken place consensually. In this context, Zuma stated that he knew about his partner's HIV infection and that he took a shower after intercourse to protect himself against it. The well-known South African cartoonist Zapiro then only portrayed Zuma with a shower on his head. During the trial, thousands of his supporters demonstrated in front of the courthouse.

In 2012, artist Brett Murray presented Zuma in the painting The Spear with pants open and private parts hanging out to commemorate the rape allegations and Zuma's polygamy . The ANC called the picture racist and sued Murray and the exhibiting gallery. After the painting had already been smeared with paint, the gallery announced after a controversial hearing that it would no longer be exhibiting it.

The power struggle from 2006 to 2008

On May 15, 2006, Zuma was reinstated as Vice President of the ANC. He never broke publicly with Mbeki, but looked for allies in the trade unions, the Communist Party, the Youth League and among dissatisfied regional politicians of the ANC. They started a campaign against Mbeki, at the same time numerous young people joined the ANC and thus changed the majority. At a stormy national convention of the ANC from December 16, 2007 in Polokwane , the decision was made: Zuma was elected as the new chairman of the ANC with 2,329 votes to 1,505. When the corruption charges in the Zuma trial were dropped in September 2008, Mbeki resigned from the office of President of the Republic. Since Zuma was not a member of parliament, he could not be elected President at that time; Kgalema Motlanthe , a member of Zuma's camp in the ANC , held this position until the April 2009 elections.

The Xhosa people make up the bulk of the ANC supporters, and the leadership of the ANC has long been dominated by Xhosa (both Mbeki and Mandela belong to this people). In the early 1990s, violent clashes broke out in parts of South Africa (especially in the townships of Johannesburg and in the KwaZulu-Natal region) between supporters of the Zulu nationalist Inkatha party of Mangosuthu Buthelezi and those of the ANC. This violence partly took on the form of an ethnic conflict between the Zulu and Xhosa . With this in mind, Zuma's Zulu identity was important in his rise in the ANC. As early as the early 1990s, in view of the civil war-like unrest, he was in the role of mediating between the camps and at the same time soliciting support for the ANC among the Zulu.

President of the Republic of South Africa

Jacob Zuma and one of his wives together with then US President Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama in New York, 2009
Jacob Zuma in conversation with Argentina's President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at the G20 summit in Seoul 2010
Zuma with the other leaders of the BRICS countries in Fortaleza / Brazil (from left to right: Vladimir Putin , Narendra Modi , Dilma Rousseff , Xi Jinping , Jacob Zuma

After the ANC had again clearly won the parliamentary elections in 2009 (however, it lost a two-thirds majority), Zuma was elected president by parliament and was introduced to this office on May 9, 2009. He put his government together from politicians from the ANC, and a vice ministerial post went to Pieter Mulder , head of the Freedom Front , which was largely elected by Afrikaans . The internationally respected former finance minister Trevor Manuel lost his position, but remained at the center of power as head of a newly created planning commission (with the rank of minister). Zuma continued the policy of his predecessors Mandela and Mbeki , according to which the economic structures are not affected. So there was neither a land reform nor a nationalization of the mines.

Zuma had promised to invest in the education system and create five million new jobs. He wants to fight corruption and submit state officials to the law. Political opponents consider him a populist. Among his supporters, especially the poor majority of the population, it is precisely this closeness to the people that is perceived positively. Although numerous blacks rose to the new middle class after the end of apartheid , little has changed economically for the vast majority. Zuma acted as her attorney and as a guarantor that the ANC had not forgotten her. He sang and danced at party meetings; the ANC protest song from the days of the anti-apartheid struggle, Awuleth 'Umshini Wami , which means "bring me my machine gun", was often sung by Zuma and his supporters.

In December 2012, Zuma was confirmed as party chairman at the ANC party conference in Bloemfontein with almost 3,000 of 4,000 delegate votes and clearly prevailed against his challenger Motlanthe. Zuma was the ANC top candidate for the 2014 election . The ANC received around 62 percent of the vote, almost four percentage points less than in 2009. Notwithstanding this, Jacob Zuma was sworn in as President of the state again in 2014. He took on the fifth term of this office since 1994.

In December 2015, he fired Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene and appointed a successor. The result was an acute financial crisis, so that Zuma appointed another finance minister, Pravin Gordhan , after just four days . There were mass protests against Zuma demanding his resignation. In February and March 2016, he was also accused by ANC politicians of having given the wealthy South African-Indian family Gupta too much political influence ( Guptagate ). Several ANC officials said they had been offered government positions by the Gupta family.

The ANC's National Executive Committee met at the end of November 2016 . A possible disempowerment of Zuma was also controversially discussed among the ministers, but in the end Zuma stayed in his office.

On March 31, 2017, he restructured his cabinet to ten ministerial posts and numerous deputy posts. Among other things, he fired Finance Minister Gordhan. The reshuffle also met with opposition in the ANC, among others from Vice President Cyril Ramaphosa , other board members and General Secretary Gwede Mantashe, as well as from the alliance partners SACP and COSATU . A vote of no confidence in Zuma was scheduled for August 8, 2017 in the National Assembly, which was carried out for the first time by secret ballot. A dismissal of Zuma was rejected by a narrow majority. It was the fourth vote of no confidence against President Zuma.

On December 29, 2017, at the request of several opposition parties, the South African Constitutional Court ruled that the National Assembly had not adequately exercised its rights in the event of a possible impeachment of Zuma, and demanded that the relevant rules be clarified.

Impending dismissal as president and resignation

In 2017, Cyril Ramaphosa developed into Zuma's most serious internal party opponent , who prevailed against his opponent Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma - an ex-wife of Zuma - in a narrow vote at the ANC's party congress on December 18, 2017 and was elected party chairman. Without attacking Zuma directly, Ramaphosa had spoken out vehemently in his campaign against corruption and felt in state institutions. Many then expected Zuma to be disempowered soon.

In an unscheduled meeting on February 12, 2018, the ANC's National Executive Committee decided to call on Zuma to resign. Zuma resisted, so the ANC put another vote of no confidence in the National Assembly on February 15. Zuma finally resigned on February 14 and recommended that Ramaphosa be elected as the next president of South Africa.

Allegations of private enrichment in office

In 2012 Zuma expanded his private estate in Nxamalala, Nkandla Municipality (Ward 14). The costs of over 200 million rand (2012: around 20 million euros) were largely borne by the state. Zuma said government spending was being made to improve his security. The opposition leader Helen Zille accused Zuma of corruption.

The government's corruption commissioner, Thuli Madonsela , presented a 400-page investigation report into the property and its multi-million dollar renovations in March 2014 , accusing Zuma of “unethical behavior” and asking him to repay part of the costs. When Zuma did not do this, the two largest opposition parties sued the Constitutional Court . At the trial, which began on February 9, 2016, Zuma had to admit his wrongdoing. On March 31, the court ruled that Zuma had violated the constitution. Zuma then apologized publicly. In July he was sentenced to pay R7.8 million.

At the end of May 2016 it became known that between 2013 and 2016 a total of eleven medium-sized cars had been purchased from the police budget for Zuma's four wives. Police Minister Nathi Nhleko justified the acquisitions with the need to "guarantee the wives of high-ranking people comprehensive protection". Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula also met with criticism that he wanted to purchase a new presidential jet for an estimated US $ 2.5 million, as the old jet had several technical problems. Spokespeople for the opposition Democratic Alliance and the Economic Freedom Fighters criticized these spending, which did not fit in with the government's austerity appeal. The President use the treasury "as his personal purse" ( as his personal purse ).

In November 2016, the State Capture Report , written by Thuli Madonsela, was published, which deals with the influence of the Gupta brothers and Zuma relatives on the state. Zuma should therefore set up a commission chaired by a judge appointed by the Chief Justice to clarify the allegations against him listed there. Zuma's objection to the report prevented this for a long time. In January 2018, Zuma finally agreed to the establishment of the Commission of Inquiry into State Capture , led by Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo and known as the Zondo Commission .

In April 2019, Zuma was accused in a report in the Sunday Times of having received around 30 million US dollars in cash from the possession of the then Libyan ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi and hiding it in Nkandla. He is said to have brought the money to Swaziland , where it is said to be administered by the Central Bank .

Since Zuma refused to testify before the Zondo Commission for two years, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of South Africa sentenced him to 15 months in prison on June 29, 2021 for disregard of the judiciary and repeated attacks on the dignity of the judiciary. On the night of July 8, 2021, shortly before the deadline set for him, he protested and went to Estcourt Prison in KwaZulu-Natal. He applied for the judgment to be annulled; this was negotiated on July 12, 2021 and the application was rejected. Zuma's detention sparked rioting in KwaZulu-Natal Province and the Gauteng metropolitan area, in which more than 300 people were killed and dozen of shopping malls and warehouses were destroyed and looted; the government had used tens of thousands of soldiers against it. Shortly after entering prison, Zuma was transferred to a hospital. Due to his poor health, he was granted early exemption on September 5, 2021, subject to conditions. In September 2021, the South African Constitutional Court dismissed his motion to overturn the judgment. On December 15, 2021, the exemption granted to him was lifted.

Private life

Zuma's property in Nkandla

Zuma lives in a fortress-like house in Johannesburg. He owns other houses in Cape Town and Durban. Occasionally he retires to his private residence in Nxamalala in his home parish of Nkandla. Zuma is a volunteer preacher in a charismatic free church .

Zuma lives polygamously , which is accepted among the Zulu. He is a staunch polygamist and actively represents this way of life to the national and international public. He married his first wife, Sizakele Khumalo, whom he had known since his youth, after his imprisonment in Robben Island. She had waited for him during those ten years and then waited another 14 years during his exile. Although the police threatened her with dogs during this time, she refused to separate. He divorced his second wife Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , who served in various ministerial offices and was Secretary General of the African Union from 2012 to 2017 , and his third wife, Kate Mantsho, died of suicide in 2000. In 2008 and 2010 Zuma married for the fourth and fifth time. These women are called Nompumelelo Ntuli-Zuma and Tobeka Madiba. He had three children with the latter before they married. On April 20, 2012, Zuma married for the sixth time. With his new wife Bongi Ngema he had a son before the wedding. In April 2018 he became a father again; the child's mother, Nomkanyiso Conco, announced that she wanted to marry Zuma. He has at least 23 children in total.

Awards and honors

See also

literature

Movie

  • Beyond the rainbow. Documentation, South Africa, Germany, 2009, 120 min., Director: Jihan El Tahri, production: ZDF , arte , German first broadcast: April 14, 2009, summary by arte
  • A country as prey - corruption in South Africa. Documentation, South Africa, Germany, 2019, 82 min, Director:. Rehad Desai, Production ZDF, arte, Summary of arte

Web links

Commons : Jacob Zuma  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE: South Africa 25 years after the end of apartheid: Mandela's angry children. Retrieved May 9, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b Biography at anc.org.za ( Memento from May 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Shelag Gastrow: Who's who in South African Politics, Number 4 . Johannesburg 1992, pp. 328-330
  4. ^ A b c d e South African History Online: Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
  5. ↑ Shelag Gastrow: Who's who in South African Politics, No. 5, Johannesburg 1995, pp 309-311..
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  47. ↑ Joseph Coterill: Jacob Zuma relents on inquiry into South African state capture. Financial Times, January 9, 2018, accessed January 29, 2018
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personal data
SURNAME Zuma, Jacob
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Zuma, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION South African politician and freedom fighter of the ANC
BIRTH DATE April 12, 1942
PLACE OF BIRTH Nkandla , Natal