Dilma Rousseff

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Dilma Rousseff, 2011

Dilma Vana Rousseff [ ˈdʒiwmɐ χuˈsɛf ] (born December 14, 1947 in Belo Horizonte ) is a Brazilian economist and politician . She belongs to the moderate left labor party Partido dos Trabalhadores . She was President of Brazil from January 1, 2011 to August 31, 2016 . She was the first woman in this office.

In her second term of office, which began on January 1, 2015 and would normally have ended on December 31, 2018, Rousseff's political opponents accused her of violating the management of state finances . The Federal Senate they suspended on 12 May 2016 for six months of their mandate, and decided on 31 August 2016 their removal from office . Rousseff himself rejected the allegations and spoke of a " coup ".

As is usual in Brazil, Dilma Rousseff is often referred to in the media and even in official statements by her first name “Dilma”.

Life

Dilma Rousseff was born in Belo Horizonte in 1947 as the daughter of Pedro Rousseff and his second wife Dilma Jane Silva. Her father comes from Gabrovo in Bulgaria, where he was an active member of the Communist Party from the 1920s . In 1929 he first fled to France. He later went to South America and finally settled in Brazil; after his emigration he changed his maiden name Pétar Russéw ( Bulgarian Петър Русев ) to Pedro Rousseff. He was a close friend of the Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagrjana . Through her father, Dilma had a half-brother named Ljuben († 2007).

Dilma Rousseff's family, from left to right: her brother Igor, her mother Dilma Jane Coimbra Silva, Dilma Rousseff (above), her father Pedro Rousseff (Petar Russev) with little Zana Lúcia

Since her father was successful as a lawyer and company representative in Brazil, Dilma Rousseff grew up in solid prosperity in Belo Horizonte. After attending school she studied at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais economy , this study broke but from when she was involved in the armed resistance to the military government since 1964 ruling (see section policy ); In 1973 she was officially de-registered by the university.

After serving a prison sentence for working underground, Dilma Rousseff moved to Porto Alegre . She resumed her studies at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and graduated in 1977. She then worked at the Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE), an organization of the state of Rio Grande do Sul . From 1978 onwards she studied a master’s degree in economics at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas , which she did not complete just like her doctoral projects.

From the mid-1980s Dilma Rousseff held various political positions and worked for the FEE (see section Politics ).

Dilma Rousseff was married twice, first to the journalist Cláudio Galeno de Magalhães Linhares, and later to Carlos Franklin Paixão de Araújo. From this marriage their only daughter Paula was born. Dilma Rousseff has been divorced from her second husband since 2000. Until 1999 Dilma Rousseff carried the last name of her first husband Linhares; then she took her maiden name again.

In 2009 she fell ill with malignant lymphoma .

politics

Activities in the resistance against the military dictatorship

Towards the end of her school days, Dilma Rousseff began to be interested in the political situation in her country, which had been a military dictatorship since 1964 . Through her own preoccupation with socialist and Marxist theories and the journalist Cláudio Galeno Linhares, whom she later married, she came to the Partido Socialista Brasileiro in the late 1960s , where she joined the Comando de Libertação Nacional , which advocated the armed struggle against the military dictatorship .

Dilma Rousseff was primarily concerned with agitation within the guerrilla organization , but was at least passively involved in violent actions. From 1969 she lived underground and went to Rio de Janeiro . Via Carlos Franklin Paixão de Araújo she came to the Marxist-Leninist guerrilla organization VAR Palmares. According to some statements, she is said to have been one of the leaders of the organization, but she denies this herself.

In January 1970 Dilma Rousseff was arrested in São Paulo , where she was now living on behalf of her organization. She was held in prison for three years and said she was tortured there for 22 days. Many of her teeth were knocked out at the time, which still caused jaw and chewing problems in 2014. She was also exposed to electric shocks , beatings and the parrot swing.

In 1972 Dilma Rousseff was released from prison. She moved to Porto Alegre , where Carlos Araújo was serving his sentence. While she was studying and working there, she was involved in the only legal opposition party Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB), but was not a member of the party. She met regularly for discussions with former colleagues from the VAR Palmares.

Shortly after taking office as President in 2011, Rousseff set up the Brazilian Truth Commission to solve the crimes of the military dictatorship.

Political career after the military dictatorship

After further political parties were approved in Brazil, Dilma founded the Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT) with others . She worked as an advisor to the PDT MPs in the Parliament of Rio Grande do Sul . From 1985 she was responsible for finances in the municipal government of Porto Alegre. She gave up the office in 1988 when her husband Carlos Araújo ran for mayor. In 1989 she was briefly general director of the city council, but was dismissed.

From 1990 she was President of the Office for Economics and Statistics ( Fundação de Economia e Estatística , FEE) of Rio Grande do Sul. From 1993 to 1994 she was Minister of State for Energy and Communications. She then returned to the FEE.

From 1998 Dilma Rousseff was again energy minister in Rio Grande do Sul. After disputes in her party over participation in government, she joined other members of the PDT in 2000 to join the Partido dos Trabalhadores , which at that time provided the governor of the state.

After Lula da Silva's election victory in the 2002 presidential election, she was appointed Minister of Energy for the federal government. In June 2005 she moved to the office of head of cabinet. In both offices, Dilma Rousseff pursued a policy geared towards growth and strengthening of the industry and was therefore jointly responsible for the resignation of Marina Silva as environment minister of the federal government, who became her opponent in the 2010 presidential election campaign. In March 2010, she resigned from the position of head of cabinet as part of her presidential candidacy.

Integration with the state oil company Petrobras

During her time as energy minister and later chief of staff, Rousseff was chairwoman of the Petrobras supervisory board (2003 to 2010). The group plunged into a crisis in 2014 when allegations of years of corruption , embezzlement and party bribery were confirmed.

Dilma Rousseff (2010)

2010 presidential election

In the 2010 presidential election , the previous incumbent Lula da Silva was not allowed to run again after two terms. He proposed Dilma Rousseff to his party as a candidate. In February 2010 she was officially nominated by the PT. It was her first ever candidacy for a political election.

Dilma Rousseff was considered brittle and dogmatic during the election campaign. At the beginning of the election campaign, she was well behind her opponent, José Serra . However, thanks to the support of the incumbent President Lula, who is popular in large parts of the people, it was able to gain significant gains in the polls. From July 2010 it was clearly ahead of Serra, at times it was well over 50 percent. In the election on October 3, 2010, however, with almost 47 percent of the votes, she missed an absolute majority and thus the direct election in the first ballot. She won the runoff election on October 31 with 55.4 percent of the vote.

First presidency

Angela Merkel and Dilma Rousseff at the opening of CeBIT 2012
Dilma Rousseff after winning the 2014 election

The handover took place on January 1, 2011. In 2011, Rousseff was the first Brazilian head of state to visit Bulgaria. For her it was also her first trip to her father's home country. During the visit she received the highest Bulgarian award, the "Stara Planina" order . In addition to the capital Sofia, she also visited Veliko Tarnovo and Gabrovo , her father's hometown, where she met relatives.

Since July 2011 she has been pursuing a declared anti- corruption course . By early December 2011, a total of six cabinet members resigned after allegations of corruption, including Tourism Minister Pedro Novais on September 15, Sports Minister Orlando Silva de Jesus Júnior on October 26 and Labor Minister Carlos Lupi on December 4.

Rousseff criticized the surveillance of people practiced by the NSA and therefore canceled an appointment with Barack Obama . In a speech to the UN General Assembly , she accused the US of violating international law and demanded an apology from Obama.

After Brazil experienced very positive economic and social development during the Lula da Silva government , the economy has only grown by 2% per year since Rousseff took office. Inflation averaged 6% per year. In the competitiveness ranking of the International Institute for Management Development , Brazil slipped to 54th place (previous value 38th place). The consequences of the banking and financial crisis since 2007 and the resulting global economic crisis have only hit South America since 2012. a. because raw materials are less in demand. Entrepreneurs also criticize the dirigiste economic policy . So was z. B. Petrobras forced to sell fuel cheaply in 2014. The company is by far Brazil's largest investor, but now has little money left to invest. In the energy policy sector in particular, Rousseff's government wreaked havoc with price controls, subsidies and decrees, criticized journalist Alexander Busch in the NZZ . Left-wing critics saw a breach of Lula's social policy and his administration and criticized the rampant corruption and the repressive actions of the police.

In June 2013, nationwide protests broke out in Brazil against the hosting of the soccer World Cup in 2014 , corruption and social injustice. Much of the criticism was directed at the government and its policies or the lack of social policy. Dilma Rousseff reacted to the biggest unrest since the end of the military dictatorship with the promise of a “great pact” for a better Brazil. Federico Forders, professor of economics at the University of Kiel, expects a better economic development for Brazil than in the rest of South America. a. due to the soccer World Cup there in 2014.

In October 2014, Rousseff ran again for the presidential election and won the runoff election on October 26 with around 51.6 percent of the vote.

Second presidency

Beginning of the term of office

Protests against Rousseff on March 13, 2016 in Brasilia

Rousseff officially took up her second term of office on January 1, 2015. The beginning of her second term of office was marked by nationwide protests and demonstrations with up to 1.7 million participants in March 2015. These were directed against Rousseff's involvement in the corruption scandal surrounding the Petrobras oil company , against the increased cost of living and the declining economic performance of Brazil in the wake of falling raw material prices .

In Rousseff's second term of office, the spread of the Zika virus in Brazil, which is associated with deformities in the unborn and other neurological damage, also fell from 2015 . From February 2016, Rousseff deployed half of the Brazilian army to combat the Zika vector mosquitoes.

Impeachment

Initiation of impeachment proceedings

On March 16, 2016, Rousseff brought her popular predecessor Lula da Silva back into her government as head of cabinet. She was responding to a dismissal procedure brought about by the opposition. At the same time, Rousseff protected Lula, who was temporarily arrested earlier this month and against whom the São Paulo State Prosecutor is investigating on suspicion of money laundering and false testimony in the Petrobras case. A day later, the House of Representatives voted by a large majority to set up a 65-member committee. It is supposed to determine whether Rousseff has committed violations in the management of state finances that would justify his impeachment. At the end of the same month, Rousseff's ruling coalition with the PMDB , which as the center bloc in parliament is the strongest force, collapsed. This meant that Rousseff could hardly bring any more laws of his own through Congress and she lacked support in the ongoing impeachment proceedings. The PMDB move is viewed by some as a " coup d'état " of sorts , as if it were ousted, the PMDB chairman and vice-president Michel Temer would inherit Rousseff.

Rousseff campaigned vehemently for the anti-corruption investigation in the Lava Jato scandal . In the course of "Operation Car Wash", as the investigation into the scandal surrounding the state-run petroleum company Petrobras in Brazil is called, numerous high-ranking politicians had already been sentenced to prison terms. A good half of all Brazilian Congress members are underway or have been investigated because they are involved in corruption scandals.

On April 11, 2016, the 65-member committee recommended the initiation of impeachment proceedings by 38 votes to 27. If at least two thirds of the MPs (342 of 513) vote for the impeachment procedure in such a procedure, the procedure is passed on to the Federal Senate . This can suspend the president for 180 days with a simple majority. During this time, the Senate must decide whether to approve the impeachment. If two thirds of its members vote in favor, the president would be removed from office.

In a commentary on these events, Rousseff spoke of the attempted coup d'état and accused - without explicitly naming its name - its Vice President Michel Temer of being involved in the "conspiracy". In a speech distributed as a sound document on April 12, 2016, he called for the formation of a “government of national unity”. According to correspondents, the speech, which was allegedly inadvertently published, gave the impression that Temer firmly believed that there would be charges against Rousseff. If she were to be deposed, he would serve as Vice President under the Constitution on a provisional basis for up to 180 days.

On April 17, 2016, the Chamber of Deputies voted with a clear two-thirds majority of 367 votes (342 votes would have been required) to initiate impeachment proceedings. 167 MPs voted against, while 7 MPs abstained. Around 25,000 supporters and opponents of Rousseff had gathered in front of the parliament building and watched the vote on large screens.

On May 9, 2016, the interim president of the House of Representatives, Waldir Maranhão , surprisingly decided to annul the parliamentary chamber's vote for impeachment proceedings. He ordered a repetition of the deliberations, since the previous ones in the House of Representatives from April 15 to 17 were characterized by a “prejudice” of the President. A day later, Maranhão reversed this decision after Senate President Renan Calheiros announced that he would ignore Maranhão's decision.

Suspension of the presidency

The planned vote in the Senate on the suspension of Rousseff began on May 11, 2016. The meeting lasted more than 20 hours and dragged on into the morning hours of May 12. In an attempt to stop the impeachment proceedings, Rousseff's lawyers filed a motion with the Brazilian Supreme Court on May 11, 2016 to stop the proceedings on the grounds that it was politically motivated. The court rejected the objection.

On May 12, the Senate decided by 55 votes to 22 to suspend Rousseff for six months. Rousseff dismissed 28 of their 31 ministers, ending the second Dilma Rousseff cabinet. On the same day, Vice President Michel Temer took over the business of government.

Revelations about the background

Just eleven days after Rousseff's controversial suspension, the interim government of its deputy Temer fell into a crisis. On May 23, the influential daily Folha de S. Paulo reported from records that had been leaked to it from the public prosecutor's office. These confidential talks between Temer's party colleague and close confidante Romero Jucá and Petrobras manager Sérgio Machado in March 2016 confirmed the thesis of a cold coup against President Rousseff. In the conversations, apparently recorded by Machado himself and made available to the public prosecutor as part of a leniency program , Jucá bluntly said that Rousseff had to disappear from office - otherwise there would be no chance of the Lava-Jato corruption investigations against leading PMDB politicians and officials of the oil company Sabotage Petrobras. Only with a quick fall of Rousseff is it still possible to stop the criminal investigation - also against Temer, Jucá and Machado - in Brasília. All of this was agreed between men: at the Supreme Court and with the army generals , who would also keep the protests in check if necessary. Then Jucá said that the military were watching the landless movement Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). The unmasking records from Brasília confirmed the fears of many Brazilians that authoritarian structures from the time of the military dictatorship still dominated politics.

PT parliamentary group leader Afonso Florence described the recording as "not surprising", but finally there was a confession. Temer was fired on May 24, 2016 Jucá because of the scandal. Jucá was the second leading actor in the parliamentary coup against Rousseff, which fell in the wake of the state crisis. At the beginning of May, the President of the House of Representatives and Rousseff's main opponent Eduardo Cunha had been dismissed from his office on account of serious allegations of corruption. Attorney General Rodrigo Janot had also accused him of abusing the parliamentary office to hinder corruption investigations.

Removal of the suspended president

On August 4, 2016, a special commission of the Federal Senate approved the impeachment procedure with 14 to 5 votes. On August 10, 2016, after a nearly 17-hour session, the senators supported this vote with 59 to 21 votes.

On August 31, 2016, the Senate voted with the necessary two-thirds majority for Rousseff's removal. A total of 61 senators voted for and 20 against. A separate vote by the Senate was aimed at the question of whether Rousseff could no longer hold a public office for eight years. This second vote went in favor of Rousseff.

In response to Rousseff's impeachment, the South American states Venezuela , Ecuador and Bolivia have ordered their ambassadors back from Brazil. The governments are talking about a coup. The governments of Argentina , Chile and Paraguay announced that they would respect the decision of the Senate in Brasília. Spiegel correspondent Jens Glüsing described the impeachment as a "historical injustice" and commented that Rousseff was "unjustly chased from office by a largely corrupt political class incapable of reform".

After the presidency

On April 6, 2018, she moved her constituency from Porto Alegre to the capital of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte . On June 28, 2018, she confirmed a pre-candidacy for a senate post for Minas Gerais, which was accepted by the Labor Party as its representative in the Senate on August 5, 2018. In the Senate, two posts for Minas Gerais were up for election. In the elections in Brazil in 2018 on October 7, 2018, however, she was unable to prevail and reached fourth place with 15.33% or 2,709,223 of the valid votes.

Additional information

documentation

Web links

Commons : Dilma Rousseff  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Brazil: Senate votes for Dilma Rousseff's impeachment spiegel.de, August 31, 2016
  2. ^ A b Hildegard Stausberg: Brazil's unknown president. In: Welt am Sonntag . October 3, 2010, accessed September 6, 2011 .
  3. ↑ Troubled lady. In: Der Spiegel 19/2009 from May 4, 2009, accessed on May 7, 2016.
  4. ↑ The passage refers to the corresponding one in the English language Wikipedia, which cites the following sources, among others: "Ex-guerrilheira é elogiada por militares e vista como 'cérebro' do grupo." Folha de S. Paulo (29.222): Caderno A - Brazil; "Aos 19, 20 anos, achava que eu estava salvando o mundo." Folha de S. Paulo (29.222): Caderno A - Brasil.
  5. ↑ Sebastian Schoepp: The end of loneliness. What the world can learn from Latin America . Westend, Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-938060-58-2 , p. 73.
  6. ^ Luiz Cláudio Cunha: Dilma Rousseff. Após crises e torturas, a chefe da Casa Civil chega ao topo da carreira de ex-guerrilheira, economista, executiva e ministra. In: Isto É . Retrieved December 14, 2005, May 7, 2016 (Portuguese).
  7. ^ Brazil panel details military regime's brutality. In: Daily Mail , Mail Online. December 10, 2014, accessed May 7, 2016 ( Associated Press release).
  8. ↑ Brazil's Dilma Rousseff tells of her torture. In: Hürriyet Daily News . June 21, 2012, accessed on May 7, 2016 ( Agence France-Presse release).
  9. ↑ Sebastian Schoepp: The end of loneliness. What the world can learn from Latin America . Westend, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 74.
  10. ↑ Rousseff's torturer died of cancer . ntv.de. 7 May 2016
  11. ↑ Assessment of the US Embassy (from June 22, 2005, English) ( Memento from January 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Matthias Rüb: Economic scandal threatens Rousseff: Billion grave in Texas. In: FAZ of March 29, 2014. Retrieved on February 27, 2015.
  13. ↑ Brazil's police strike in Petrobras affair. In: Deutsche Welle, November 15, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  14. ↑ The Great Stress Test - How a Judge's Investigation Lead to the State Crisis. In: Der Spiegel , No. 14/2016 (April 2, 2016) (print edition), pp. 102-104.
  15. ^ Gerhard Dilger: Lula's controversial successor favorite. In: derStandard.at . February 21, 2010, accessed April 3, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Hildegard Stausberg: Brazil's unknown president. In: Die Welt , Welt am Sonntag. October 3, 2010, accessed April 3, 2016 .
  17. ↑ Brazil: Lula heiress Rousseff wins the presidential election spiegel.de, November 1, 2010
  18. ↑ Dilma Rousseff visits her ancestors. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , October 5, 2011, accessed on January 5, 2012.
  19. ^ Another resignation in the Brazilian government. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . September 15, 2011, accessed September 15, 2011 .
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  23. ↑ Matthias Spielkamp: Brazil's President before the UN General Assembly: President Obama, apologize and never do that again! In: iRights.info . September 24, 2013, accessed April 3, 2016 .
  24. ↑ German wave, Fernando Caulyt, the economic crisis has hit South America , 12 July 2013
  25. ↑ Brazil before the World Cup A country of the future or the past? In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , June 7, 2014.
  26. ↑ Glass, Verena (2014): Dream or Nightmare? Brazil's metamorphosis from a social model country to a police state , iz3w issue 340 January / February 2014
  27. ↑ German wave, Fernando Caulyt, the economic crisis has hit South America , 12 July 2013.
  28. ^ Dilma creates re-election , NZZ Online, October 27, 2014
  29. ^ Economic crisis and corruption: wave of protests against Brazil's President Rousseff. In: Spiegel Online , August 16, 2015. Accessed August 17, 2015.
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  31. ↑ Coalition party breaks government alliance: Brazil's crisis is coming to a head at tagesschau.de, March 30, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2016.
  32. ↑ a b Harald Neuber: wiretapping scandal proves coup in Brazil , May 25, 2016
  33. ↑ a b Brazil impeachment: Vote deals new blow to Rousseff. BBC News, April 12, 2016, accessed April 12, 2016 .
  34. ^ Brazil crisis: Rousseff loses lower house impeachment vote. BBC News, April 18, 2016, accessed April 18, 2016 .
  35. ↑ Power struggle in Brazil: the President of Parliament brakes Rousseff's dismissal at tagesschau.de, May 9, 2016 (accessed on May 10, 2016).
  36. ↑ Maranhão revoga decisão que anulou sessão do impeachment. In: Câmara notícias. Câmara dos Deputados , May 10, 2016, accessed May 10, 2016 (Brazilian Portuguese).
  37. ↑ Brazil: Impeachment proceedings against Rousseff continue at spiegel.de, May 10, 2016 (accessed on May 10, 2016).
  38. ↑ a b Brazil's Dilma Rousseff to face impeachment trial BBC News, May 12, 2016 (English)
  39. ↑ Objection to proceedings rejected. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 11, 2016, accessed on May 11, 2016 .
  40. ↑ Government crisis : Brazilian President Rousseff has to rest her office at sueddeutsche.de, May 12, 2016 (accessed on May 12, 2016).
  41. ↑ Luci Ribeiro: Dilma exonera Lula, Cardoso, Wagner, Barbosa e outros ministros. In: Estadão . May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016 (Brazilian Portuguese).
  42. ^ Diário Oficial da União . Volume 57, No. 90 , May 12, 2016, ISSN  1677-7050 (Brazilian Portuguese, gov.br [PDF; accessed May 18, 2016]).
  43. ↑ wiretapping scandal proves cold coup in Brazil . amerika21.de. 25 May 2016
  44. ↑ " Stopping the Blood": New scandal shakes Brazil New Germany, May 24, 2016
  45. ^ Glenn Greenwald: New Political Earthquake in Brazil: Is It Now Time for Media Outlets to Call This a “Coup”? The Intercept, May 23, 2016
  46. ↑ Putsch plan to listen in taz, May 24, 2016
  47. ↑ The Brasília plot, Die Zeit, May 24, 2016
  48. ↑ Astrid Prange: Brazil, Rescuers Desperately Wanted , Deutsche Welle, May 24, 2016
  49. ↑ Dilma Rousseff's main opponent disempowered . dw.de. 5 May 2016
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  51. ↑ Brazil's Senate opens impeachment proceedings against Rousseff faz.net, August 10, 2016
  52. ↑ Brazil President Dilma Rousseff removed from office by Senate BBC News, September 1, 2016
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  54. ↑ Rousseff's dismissal causes a dispute in South America faz.net, September 1, 2016
  55. ↑ Dilma Rousseff's impeachment from office: A historical injustice spiegel.de, September 1, 2016
  56. ↑ Carolina Linhares: Não vou me furtar a participar da luta, diz Dilma ao confirmar disputa ao Senado . In: Folha de S. Paulo . June 28, 2018 (Brazilian Portuguese, com.br [accessed October 31, 2018]).
  57. ^ Análise: Dilma haben foi eleita no Senado e paga preço por histórico . In: UOL Eleições 2018 . October 7, 2018 (Brazilian Portuguese, com.br [accessed January 31, 2018]).
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predecessor Office successor
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva President of Brazil
2011-2016 		Michel Temer
personal data
SURNAME Rousseff, Dilma
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rousseff Linhares, Dilma Vana (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Brazilian economist and politician (Partido dos Trabalhadores)
DATE OF BIRTH December 14, 1947
PLACE OF BIRTH Belo Horizonte