PRISM

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
PRISM program logo.
The underlying photo comes from the British scientist and photographer Adam Hart-Davis , who, contrary to his own copyright conditions, was neither named nor linked as the author and nor was he asked for permission to use it.

PRISM (US: [ ˈprɪzəm ]; GB: [ ˈprɪz (ə) m ]; German  Prisma ) is a program that has existed since 2005 and is classified as Top Secret for monitoring and evaluating electronic media and electronically stored data. In the name of PRISM is a Apronym meaning " P Lanning tool for R esource I ntegration, S ynchronization, and M anagement" (in German: "planning tool for resource integration, synchronization and management"). It is managed by the US National Security Agency (NSA) and, like the other sub-programs “ Mainway ”, “ Marina ” and “ Nucleon ”, belongs to the large-scale surveillance program “ Stellarwind ”.

According to a presentation first published by the US Washington Post and the British Guardian in June 2013, nine of the largest Internet companies and services in the United States are involved in the program: Microsoft (including with Skype ), Google (including with YouTube ), Facebook , Yahoo , Apple , AOL and Paltalk .

PRISM is designed to enable comprehensive surveillance of people inside and outside the US who communicate digitally. According to the Washington Post , it is possible for the NSA and the FBI to access live communication and stored information at the Internet companies involved, although the slides themselves only show that there are real-time notifications for certain events, e.g. B. when a user logs in or sends an e-mail. According to a report by the Süddeutsche Zeitung, which data can be accessed depends on the respective provider.

This program was discovered by the technician Edward Snowden , a former CIA and NSA employee, who played the data as a " whistleblower " for the British Guardian and the Washington Post . Some US politicians and IT security experts as well as numerous civil rights groups and activists have described the surveillance measures carried out under the program without specific suspicion as "illegal" or a "violation of the US Constitution ".

The PRISM publications are part of various disclosures of secret US documents through which Edward Snowden sparked the 2013 surveillance and espionage affair.

Data collection method

The Associated Press (AP) explains about the origins of the surveillance project: The secret project called "US-984XN" was created as a result of the Protect America Act , which allows authorities to confiscate data with broad, unspecific permission. The consequence of this apparently was that, since 2006, all telephone connection data from calls to which a US connection is involved has been continuously saved.

Details about the exact functioning of PRISM are only known to the extent that the slides presented by the Guardian show: The US authorities are said not to have had direct access to the servers of the US companies involved. Further details regarding the functionality are not yet known.

A forerunner functionally similar to PRISM was the PROMIS software of the 1980s.

The eleven-member United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) issues permits for electronic communications surveillance .

A brief confirmation that a Facebook user is involved in terrorist activities or the proliferation of nuclear weapons should give an NSA analyst full access to the company's own search options. For Skype users, it is enough to establish a connection to activate the monitoring. Google photo databases, entered search terms, Gmail and Google Drive data are also to be monitored by the NSA.

According to c't magazine, which referred to the PRISM publications, at the beginning of April 2013 117,675 people worldwide were under real-time surveillance by the NSA.

US Government Response

According to the New York Times , the Director of National Intelligence , James R. Clapper, in response to the PRISM release, confirmed that the US government has been secretly providing information about non-US citizens outside the United States from the largest US citizens for nearly six years Internet companies such as Google, Facebook and, more recently, Apple in search of terrorist threats. This program is based on a law approved by the US Congress , Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), and is legal. It would be under the control of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and overseen by the relevant committees of the US Congress. The collection, storage and transfer of data from US citizens and people who are on US territory has been minimized. Shortly before, government agencies had confirmed another monitoring program that had been collecting metadata from telephone connections in the US on a broad basis for seven years . This was also made public the day before by the Guardian .

US intelligence chief Clapper said PRISM is not a secret collection program, but an internal government computer system. The government can only order Internet surveillance if there is a "permissible and documented secret service purpose abroad". These included the fight against terrorism, the proliferation of weapons and cyber threats. As a result of the new findings, Clapper was accused of lying in a hearing in the US Congress on March 12, 2013. There he replied to Senator Ron Wyden's question “Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?” ( Ron Wyden : Slate, German: “ Does the NSA collect any kind of data about millions at all or hundreds of millions of Americans? ") with" No sir ... not wittingly. "( James Clapper : Slate, German:" No ... not knowingly. ").

President Barack Obama on June 7, 2013: “What you've got is two programs that were originally authorized by Congress, have been repeatedly authorized by Congress.” ( Barack Obama : The New York Times, German: “What we have are these both programs, originally approved by Congress, repeatedly approved by Congress. ”).

The White House justified the extensive surveillance with arrests in two important cases. The Guardian , however, quoted experts according to which the information from the NSA played no or only a subordinate role in both cases.

Before several committees ( House Intelligence Committee and Senate Intelligence Committee ) the NSA Director General Keith B. Alexander justified the program with the successful prevention of allegedly over 50 possible acts of terrorism since the attacks of September 11, 2001 . Ten of them affected the US, but attacks were also prevented in 20 other countries.

Shortly after the Guardian first published the NSA's data surveillance programs, the US Army restricted access to the newspaper's website to all of its dependents.

Evaluation and criticism

United States

In a survey published on June 12, 2013, 53% of American adults said they disapprove of the surveillance programs that became public, and 37% said they consented to these programs.

Both in the American public and in politics, the debate is particularly on the fact that with PRISM apparently also American citizens are monitored without specific suspicion, which according to some commentators as so-called domestic spying (in German: " Spionage im Domestic") in Contradicts the fourth amendment of the American constitution. In contrast, the surveillance of non-Americans often meets with approval.

Data protection activists rated the statements of the companies involved as more or less intelligently submitted " refusable denials ", which do not exclude full NSA access to all stored user data - whether this access takes place directly or indirectly on the data while it is either on the servers or shortly after leaving the server on the Internet.

US Congressman

In American politics there is broad consensus among MPs from both parties that PRISM is necessary and useful. Only a few MPs, either from the left or right , expressed their disapproval. This attitude has in some cases been heavily criticized.

Following publications on PRISM and other surveillance programs, on June 27, 2013, a non-partisan group of 26 US Senators, led by Ron Wyden , a member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , wrote to James Clapper in a letter to the National Intelligence Director . The senators asked for clarification about the extent of the surveillance of Americans and complained about the secret reinterpretation of the USA PATRIOT Act and the misleading statements made by various intelligence officials. In a press release, the group added that the surveillance programs recently made public had shown how the secret reinterpretations of the USA PATRIOT Act allowed massive amounts of data to be gathered about communications from US citizens who did nothing wrong.

New York Times

The New York Times criticized Congressmen's generally positive stance on the surveillance programs in an editorial :

"For years, members of Congress ignored evidence that domestic intelligence-gathering had grown beyond their control, and, even now, few seem disturbed to learn that every detail about the public's calling and texting habits now reside in a NSA database."

“For years, Congressmen have ignored evidence that domestic intelligence gathering has outgrown their control, and even now few seem perturbed by the realization that every detail of the population's calling and typing habits is now in an NSA database is saved. "

- Editorial Board : New York Times

The New York Times had previously confirmed in an editorial that President Obama's administration had lost all credibility in this area.

US Senator Rand Paul

US Senator Rand Paul (center) with his father Ron Paul (right), one of the candidates for the Republican candidacy for the US presidential elections in 2008 and 2012. Both belong to the so-called paleo-libertarian wing of the Republican Party, which includes strongly advocates civil and freedom rights. Rand Paul described some PRISM measures as "outrageous abuse of power" and has announced that he will take legal action against them.

The American Senator Rand Paul ( Republican Party ) massively criticized the program:

"The revelation that the NSA has secretly seized the call records of millions of Americans, without probable cause, represents an outrageous abuse of power and a violation of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution."

"The fact that the NSA has secretly recorded the telecommunications data of millions of Americans without reasonable suspicion is an outrageous abuse of power and a violation of the fourth amendment to the constitution ."

- Rand Paul : Russia Today

According to his testimony, Rand Paul is planning to take the program to the US Supreme Court and propose a bill to "restore the fourth amendment to the constitution."

Bill O'Reilly (TV presenter)

The right-wing conservative TV presenter Bill O'Reilly described the surveillance programs on Fox News as "dangerous" and thus apparently agreed for the first time in an assessment with left-liberal politicians and the media, such as the Boston Liberal . It is still unclear what the government is actually doing, but following the recent discovery of the discrimination against conservative groups by the tax authority IRS, he sees the danger that corrupt government employees could illegally use the data obtained. O'Reilly also noted that all of the government's intrusion into citizens' privacy did not stop the Boston Marathon bombing bombers - even though they made their mark all over the internet.

Beverly Gage (historian)

FBI boss J. Edgar Hoover had the civil rights and anti- Vietnam war movement in the USA illegally monitored and manipulated with the COINTELPRO program in the 1960s and 1970s in the ultimately unsuccessful search for “communist agents” .

Beverly Gage, professor of the history of the United States in the 20th century, pointed to the similarity of the way became known in June 2013 monitoring program with similar programs of the 1960s and 1970s, in particular by former FBI boss J. Edgar Hoover launched called the FBI's secret and illegal COINTELPRO program. The agency and the foreign intelligence service CIA ( Operation CHAOS ) had used these largely illegal secret programs to monitor, infiltrate , discredit and suppress various US civil rights groups and the anti-war movement against the Vietnam War on a large scale . The control bodies and mechanisms that were set up after these abuses had been cleared up would obviously only serve as “waving-through bodies” for the expansive endeavors of the secret services. What is particularly disturbing is that the programs were clearly illegal at the time, but are now presented under the guise of legality and compliance with the law:

“Unlike Hoover's activities, the NSA's programs come to us with the seal of congressional and judicial approval. It didn't take J. Edgar Hoover to engineer this scandal. We did it to ourselves. "

“Unlike Hoover's activities at the time, the NSA's programs come with the congressional and judicial seal of approval. It didn't take J. Edgar Hoover to fabricate this scandal. We did that to ourselves. "

- Beverly Gage : Slate

Daniel Ellsberg (whistleblower and civil rights activist)

In 1973
Daniel Ellsberg brought the secret Pentagon papers to the public as a whistleblower about the misconduct of several US governments during the Vietnam War . He sees the surveillance programs that have now become known as a violation of the US Constitution and a danger to American democracy.

Former government employee Daniel Ellsberg , who in 1973, as a whistleblower, published secret documents about illegal acts and lies by several US governments during the Vietnam War , described Snowden's publications on PRISM as the most important in US history:

"Snowden's whistleblowing gives us the possibility to roll back a key part of what has constitution to an 'executive coup' against the US."

"Snowden's whistleblowing gives us the opportunity to push back a substantial part of what amounts to a government coup against the US Constitution."

- Daniel Ellsberg : The Guardian

Ellsberg titled an article in the British Guardian about the affair with the line "Edward Snowden: Saving us from the United Stasi of America" ​​( Daniel Ellsberg : The Guardian, German: "Edward Snowden saves us from the United Stasi of America") and wrote that since the September 11, 2001 attacks, a development had begun that invalidated the Bill of Rights that people had fought for for 200 years. In particular, the fourth amendment ("Fourth Amendment") and fifth amendment to the US Constitution, which would protect citizens from unfounded government intrusions into their private lives , have been practically repealed. President Obama's claim that all of this is legal is what Ellsberg called "nonsense." These forces were "extremely dangerous" ( extremely dangerous ).

Bruce Schneier (IT security expert)

The US security analyst Bruce Schneier summed up his criticism in simple terms:

“Knowing how the government spies on us is important. Not only because so much of it is illegal - or, to be as charitable as possible, based on novel interpretations of the law - but because we have a right to know. "

“It is important to know how the government is spying on us. Not only because so much of it is illegal or, to put it as well-meaning as possible, based on new interpretations of the law, but also because we have a right to know. "

- Bruce Schneier : The Atlantic

His final conclusion is “ We need whistle-blowers ” (The Atlantic, German: “We need whistleblowers”).

Germany

Demo of the Pirate Party against PRISM during the Berlin visit of the US-American President Barack Obama in June 2013

After various federal ministers had already made public statements after the first publications, Chancellor Angela Merkel addressed the issue when US President Barack Obama visited Germany at the end of June 2013. She urged him to strike a balance between citizens' need for security and their right to privacy. In the further course of the debate, the Chancellor issued mostly evasive statements and stated at the federal press conference that it was not her job to familiarize herself with the details of the program, such as the possible access by the Bundeswehr.

The Minister of Justice Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger contradicted the statement of the US President Barack Obama of June 7, 2013 “You cannot have 100 percent security and 100 percent privacy and zero inconvenience” ( Author Barack Obama : Der Tagesspiegel): “I share this assessment Not. A society is less free, the more intensely its citizens are monitored, controlled and observed. In a democratic constitutional state, security is not an end in itself, but serves to secure freedom. ”( Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger : Spiegel Online). She demands clarification from the USA: “The suspicion of excessive communication surveillance is so worrying that it must not remain in the room. That is why openness and clarification by the US administration itself must now come first. All facts must be on the table. ”( Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger : Spiegel Online)

The German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich, on the other hand, emphasized that he did not doubt the legally correct procedure of the USA in connection with data collection by PRISM and argued: “Everyone who really has responsibility for the security of the citizens in Germany and Europe knows that it is the US secret services that have repeatedly given us important and correct information. " Referring to the statements of cabinet colleague Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, he formulated "This is not the way to deal with friends who are our most important partners in the fight against terrorism." Two weeks later in an interview with Münchner Merkur , knowing the other publications, he said, “If the USA were to spy on the federal government or German embassies, we would indeed be surprised. You don't expect that from friendly states. If so, an apology would be required. First, however, it is important to create a clear factual situation. We are currently working flat out. ”According to his own statements, Friedrich did not know anything about PRISM before the unveiling.

In a debate that lasted longer than an hour on June 26, 2013 in the Bundestag , the members of the government and opposition factions showered each other with accusations and argued about the "consequences for Germany of international Internet surveillance".

The Federal Data Protection Commissioner Peter Schaar called for the surveillance of citizens to be limited by international law. Programs like PRISM primarily affect non-Americans, who have practically no opportunity to defend themselves. By exchanging data among the secret services, the constitutional protection of citizens is "undermined, because the constitutional restrictions only bind their own security authorities". Rainer Wendt , chairman of the German police union , described Obama's defense of the NSA surveillance program PRISM as courageous, determined and correct.

In a survey carried out shortly after the first publication in early June, almost half of the Germans questioned said that they did not feel they were being monitored by the NSA. 40 percent of those surveyed thought it was right for states to monitor communications on the Internet in order to protect themselves. In the age group between 18 and 24 years, only 28 percent agreed with the statement that the state should evaluate Internet services. On average, more than one in three Internet users of all age groups wants to stop using the relevant services.

German journalists such as Jakob Augstein and Alexander Wallasch see a need for action and a potential for protest. After the surveillance program Prism became known, Augstein said: “If basic rights are broken continuously and en masse, democracy is threatened and the republic is endangered.” And Wallasch demands: “All political and social communication on the matter must be like a declaration of war. Anyone who is not prepared to stand up for the most elementary freedom and human rights must first be understood and outed as an anti-democrat. "

Since July 2013, an extensive public debate has been going on in Germany about whether and since when the German federal government under Angela Merkel and previous federal governments knew or even approved of PRISM and the associated surveillance and spying on the German population.

In May 2015, the NDR, WDR and the Süddeutsche Zeitung revealed that there was never any prospect of a no-spy agreement. After that, the Federal Chancellery already knew in January 2014 that there would be no no-spy agreement with the USA. This emerges from an internal note on the status of negotiations that netzpolitik.org published in June 2015. Nonetheless, the opposite was claimed to the Bundestag and the media. Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger ruled that the Chancellery had ultimately "led the people and the coalition partner FDP behind the spruce". A “Potemkin village” had been set up “to push the issue aside and calm everyone down.” Chancellor Merkel was probably enough that she was removed from the espionage program.

Since July 18, 2013 there has been reports about a supposed NATO / ISAF program called PRISM, which - according to some voices - is also used by the Bundeswehr in Afghanistan, directly or indirectly, but not identical to the previously known PRISM . However, other publications suggest that it is a single system.

European Parliament

MEPs sharply criticize internet surveillance. Jan Philipp Albrecht , the rapporteur for the General Data Protection Regulation : “It is about the rule of law and democracy, with which the mass surveillance is incompatible” ( Jan Philipp Albrecht : Heise Online). Protection from such extensive surveillance is a prerequisite for a democratic state. Sophie in 't Veld criticized Interior Commissioner Cecilia Malmström , who is responsible for the fight against terrorism and the data sharing agreements with the USA, for not taking part in the debate. For a long time there had been questions about the legality of the processing of EU citizens' data by US authorities, but also about controversial laws such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act . Sophie in 't Veld told the EU member states that they monitored their citizens with similar programs.

At a meeting of EU justice ministers on June 14, 2013, American colleague Eric Holder promised to clarify the situation. A transatlantic group of experts was jointly agreed.

Comments from participating companies

Companies believed to be participating in PRISM and the date of their entry into the program

After the presentation of the PRISM program was published and the companies involved were named, some of the companies commented on the allegations. Google, Facebook and Microsoft asked on June 11, 2013 to be allowed to publish the inquiries of the secret services. Most of the companies stated in their statements that they would not give the American secret services involved in PRISM direct access to their databases.

The statements of the nine participating companies are sorted below in the chronological order of their program affiliation.

When PRISM was revealed, the major Internet services reacted by surprise and shock at the massive surveillance. Contrary to their assurances, however, according to the NSA, they knew about it.

Microsoft

In an official press release dated June 6, 2013, Microsoft assured that stored data would only be made available if this was required by a legally binding document. Microsoft will not give out data on a voluntary basis and is not involved in an existing voluntary larger government monitoring program.

Microsoft released the total number of government inquiries it had received in the second half of 2012 on June 15, 2013, after consulting with the authorities. It is not shown which ones were requested by FISA and which were requested by a search warrant . According to John Frank , Vice President & Deputy General Counsel ( German: Deputy head of the legal department ) from Microsoft Corp., there were six to seven thousand requests that affected 31,000 to 32,000 user accounts: " We continue to believe did what we are permitted to publish continues to fall short of what is needed to help the community understand and debate these issues. "( Frank John : Microsoft, German:" Furthermore, we believe that what we are allowed to publish is still shorter than what the community needs to understand and discuss these matters. ")

Yahoo

Yahoo is the only one of the companies mentioned to have known that they have defended themselves against access to their users' data. In 2008, the company filed a lawsuit in the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Appeal to review a prior court order against Yahoo. In the company's opinion, the order would be too extensive and unspecific. In the decision of August 22, 2008, the appellate body upheld the instruction and stated that a refusal would result in heavy fines against the company or imprisonment against the management. It was only released in September 2014 that the dispute concerned connection and content data and that PRISM was the subject of the proceedings. Until then, all observers assumed that only the release of connection data had been requested and confirmed.

On June 17, 2013, Yahoo posted a statement on its blog, stating that it had received between twelve and thirteen thousand inquiries from US authorities between December 1, 2012 and May 31, 2013. "Most of them were criminal investigations, but there were also FISA inquiries," said Marissa Mayer (CEO) and Ron Bell (General Counsel) of Yahoo! Corp. At the same time, Yahoo announced that it would publish its first global law enforcement transparency report this summer.

Google

Larry Page (CEO) said that he only found out about PRISM in early June 2013, while Der Spiegel , citing the NSA documents, reported that Google had been a participant in PRISM since January 14, 2009.

He and David Drummond (Chief Legal Officer) also stated that they would only disclose user data to governments if required by law. Furthermore, no government bodies inside or outside the USA have direct access to the data centers of the group.

According to its own statement, as soon as it is legally obliged, Google provides data itself (via Secure File Transfer Protocol ). The investigators have no direct access to the servers themselves.

The practice practiced on June 15 by Facebook and Microsoft of only publishing total figures for government inquiries was criticized by Google. In allusion to its own transparency report, Google would like to be able to break down more differentiated publicly which request came from which authority and opened a statement:

“We have always believed that it's important to differentiate between different types of government requests. We already publish criminal requests separately from national security letters. Lumping the two categories together would be a step back for users. Our request to the government is clear: to be able to publish aggregate numbers of national security requests, including FISA disclosures, separately. "

“We have always believed that it is important to distinguish between different types of government requests. We already post law enforcement requests separately from national security requests. Throwing these two categories together would be a step backwards for users. Our request to the government is clear: we want to be able to publish aggregated numbers of requests separately for national security reasons, including FISA. "

- Google : AllThingsD

Ben Lee, Legal Director of Twitter Inc. , agreed on Twitter : “ We agree with @Google: It's important to be able to publish numbers of national security requests - including FISA disclosures - separately. ”( Ben Lee : Twitter, German:“ We agree with Google: It is important to be able to publish figures on national security inquiries - including FISA inquiries - separately ”)

Referring to the first amendment , Google filed a request with the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) on June 18, 2013 to obtain the publication of more detailed data: "Google has the constitutional right to speak about information that it is compelled to to notify the authorities. "

Facebook

Joe Sullivan, Chief Security Officer at Facebook Inc. , on June 6, 2013, denied allegations that Facebook was providing government agencies with information or access to Facebook servers. However, Facebook provides the data collected within the necessary legal framework. Mark Zuckerberg , the CEO of Facebook, announced a day later on his network that “Facebook has never been part of a program that gave a government direct access to user data”. PRISM was never heard of before the media reports and will continue to fight aggressively to keep user data secret and secure.

After consulting with the authorities, on June 15, 2013, Facebook published in its own blog the total number of government inquiries it had received in the second half of 2012, without specifying how many inquiries were made according to FISA and by search warrant . Between 18,000 and 19,000 Facebook user accounts were therefore affected by nine to ten thousand government inquiries. According to Ted Ullyot , General Counsel at Facebook Inc., however, Facebook will endeavor to publish further details.

As reported by the New York Times, there are personal connections between Facebook and NSA, because the former head of the department for security (and thus also the data security of users) Max Kelly left Facebook in 2010 and was employed by the NSA secret service.

With regard to Facebook's disclosure of data to the NSA and other secret services, it became known on June 18, 2014 that the European Court of Justice could decide on PRISM in the context of a lawsuit brought by Maximilian Schrems and his “Europe versus Facebook” campaign.

Paltalk

Paltalk, a text, voice and video chat service with a third of its business each in Asia, the Middle East and the USA, gave the Wall Street Journal a brief statement on June 7, 2013:

“We have not heard of PRISM. PalTalk exercises extreme care to protect and secure users' data, only responding to court orders as required to by law. PalTalk does not provide any government agency with direct access to its servers. "

“We hadn't heard from PRISM yet. PalTalk takes extreme care to protect and secure the user data and only reacts to legally compliant court orders. PalTalk does not provide any intelligence services of any government with direct access to its servers. "

- PalTalk : The Wall Street Journal

AOL

AOL announced on June 7, 2013 via its blog in a short statement from the Corporate Communications department:

“We do not have any knowledge of the Prism program. We do not disclose user information to government agencies without a court order, subpoena or formal legal process, nor do we provide any government agency with access to our servers. "

“We have no knowledge of the Prism program. We do not disclose information about users to government agencies without a court order, subpoena, or formal legal process, nor do we give any government agency access to our servers. "

- AOL Corporate Communications : AOL Inc.

Apple

"We never heard of PRISM," said Steve Dowling , Apple's press spokesman, the allegations on June 6, 2013. He stated that no government had direct access to Apple's servers and that any release of stored data would require a court order.

After Apple's initial denial, the group stated on June 16, 2013 that it had received up to 5000 requests for user information from US authorities since December 2012, which affected twice the number of customer accounts. A large part of the inquiries were about police investigations.

Dropbox

“We have heard reports that Dropbox has been asked to participate in a government program called PRISM. We are not part of such a program and we stick to our commitment to protect the personal rights of our users. "

Source of the leak: Edward Snowden

Edward Snowden admitted in a video that he had sent the data to various newspapers. He has worked for both the CIA and the NSA in the past . Later he was employed by the Booz Allen Hamilton company and worked in Hawaii as an external employee in an NSA office. As part of this activity, he had access to the secret documents, copied them and finally passed them on to the press. He was first in Hong Kong and asked for political asylum. He later traveled to Russia. His exact whereabouts are unknown. Snowden's departure from Hong Kong to Russia has led to diplomatic complications. The US expressed outrage at China and Russia's passive stance.

In an interview with the Guardian , he described that the NSA's data collection was even much larger than the documents he had previously revealed: “The NSA has built an infrastructure that allows it to intercept almost everything. If I wanted to look into your email or your wife's phone, all I had to do was look at the intercepted information. I can get your emails, passwords, call details and credit card information. "( Edward Snowden : Heise Online)

In a two-hour live chat, Snowden was available to answer questions from the Guardian's Twitter followers on June 17, including some of his previous statements. He attached great importance to the fact that his publication was not aimed at harming anyone, but rather to inform people about how far-reaching the spies are.

“I did not reveal any US operations against legitimate military targets. I pointed out where the NSA has hacked civilian infrastructure such as universities, hospitals, and private businesses because it is dangerous ... the public needs to know the kinds of things a government does in its name, or the 'consent of the governed' is meaningless . ”

“I have not exposed any US operations against legitimate military targets. I've pointed out where the NSA has hacked civil infrastructure like universities, hospitals and the private sector because it's dangerous ... the public needs to know the things the government is doing on their behalf, otherwise the 'consent of the governed' would be meaningless. "

- Edward Snowden : The Guardian

Effects

Diplomatic entanglements

After the whistleblower Edward Snowden fled to Hong Kong , a semi-autonomous area of ​​the People's Republic of China , the American public prosecutor's office issued an arrest warrant against Snowden on June 22, 2013. In it he is accused of espionage. However, Snowden was able to travel to Russia unhindered, allegedly even with the official approval of the Chinese government. The American government sees the actions of China and Russia as straining mutual relations.

Germany

According to a world map of the NSA published by the British Guardian , which is supposed to visualize the extent of the collection, spying and analysis of the data obtained with PRISM, Germany is one of the countries in the world from which the most data is collected. In March 2013, for example, the Federal Republic of Germany was monitored with the help of PRISM to the same extent as, for example, Saudi Arabia , Iraq or China .

USA / UK

After the announcement of the program of the Roman experienced in 1984 by George Orwell , in which a totalitarian prevention and surveillance state is described in Great Britain and the United States a sales boom. According to media reports, in mid-June 2013 the work rose to 66th place in the list of best-selling books of the Internet bookseller Amazon.com in the US and 42nd in the UK.

Worldwide

Alternative search engine providers with higher data economy such as Ixquick or DuckDuckGo have apparently been winners of the situation since Snowden published the first documents. Since the search engines do not store any user data, the number of daily search queries has increased significantly since PRISM became known.

With PRISM Break , a project was created which lists free and open source alternatives to the offers of the nine companies concerned. In addition, due to their specific approach, the listed alternatives should be much safer from eavesdropping.

See also

Web links

Commons : PRISM (monitoring program)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b The Washington Post: NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  2. jitc.fhu.disa.mil: GCCS 4.x Interoberability Certification Status ( English , PDF 78 kB) In: jitc.fhu.disa.mil . October 24, 2005. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  3. The standard: USA taps into computers of Internet companies . In: The Standard . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  4. Tom Murse: What Does the NSA Acronym PRISM Stand For? , about news from November 30, 2015, accessed September 30, 2016
  5. Barton Gellman: US surveillance architecture includes collection of revealing Internet, phone metadata ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 16, 2013. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  6. a b c d e Barton Gellman, Laura Poitras: US, British intelligence mining data from nine US Internet companies in broad secret program ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  7. Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill: NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  8. Johannes Kuhn: Prism: This is how the NSA monitors the Internet . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  9. ^ A b Marc Pitzke: Ex-CIA employee comes out as a Prism whistleblower . In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  10. a b c Zeit Online -Author zz: US surveillance affair: NSA whistleblower seeks political asylum . In: Zeit Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  11. Kai Biermann, Monika Pilath: surveillance program Prism: US government taps into Facebook and Google . In: Zeit Online . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  12. ^ Bill Chappell: NSA Reportedly Mines Servers Of US Internet Firms For Data ( English ) In: National Public Radio . June 6, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
  13. Christian Stöcker: NSA scandal: Are the USA monitoring submarine internet cables? . In: Spiegel Online . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  14. Eva Winroither: fiberglass and Networks: How could the interception work . In: DiePresse.com . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  15. Österreichischer Rundfunk: Global wiretapping scandal: How the NSA sucks the data . In: Österreichischer Rundfunk . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  16. ^ Zack Whittaker: PRISM: Here's how the NSA wiretapped the Internet . In: ZDNet . June 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  17. Consortium News: PRISM's Controversial Forerunner ( English ) In: Consortium News . June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  18. Richard L. Fricker: Wired 1.01: The INSLAW Octopus ( English ) In: Wired . April 1, 1993. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
  19. Christian Stöcker: Telephone data: NSA presumably operates surveillance program . In: Spiegel Online . June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  20. The Standard: Prism can monitor Internet users in real time . In: The Standard . July 1, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  21. Holger Bleich: Global bugging bug . In: c't . Heise Online. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014., page 2 ( Memento from July 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) in the archive.
  22. Ch. Savage, E. Wyatt, P. Baker: US Confirms That It Gathers Online Data Overseas ( English ) In: The New York Times . June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  23. James R. Clapper: DNI Statement on Activities Authorized Under Section 702 of FISA ( English ) Director of National Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  24. Glenn Greenwald: NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  25. Tom McCarthy: Eric Holder: Justice Department will not prosecute reporters doing their job ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  26. mik / Reuters: Scouting program: US intelligence chief complains about Prism disclosure . In: Spiegel-Online . June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  27. Fred Kaplan: Fire James Clapper ( English ) In: Slate . June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  28. ^ Peter Baker and David E. Sanger: Obama Calls Surveillance Programs Legal and Limited ( English ) In: The New York Times . June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  29. Ed Pilkington, Nicholas Watt: NSA surveillance played little role in foiling terror plots, experts say ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  30. Tagesschau: NSA defends surveillance program - "Prism" - legal and successful? . In: Tagesschau . June 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  31. Ellen Nakashima: Officials: Surveillance programs foiled more than 50 terrorist plots ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  32. a b Florian Rötzer: NSA boss defends Prism - the eavesdropping program thwarted more than 50 attacks . In: Telepolis . Heise Online. June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  33. Axel Kannenberg: "Network Hygiene": US Army blocks Guardian article about PRISM . In: Heise Online . June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  34. Phillip Molnar: Restricted web access to The Guardian is Armywide, officials say ( English ) In: Monterey Herald . June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  35. ^ Frank Newport: Americans Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs ( English ) In: Gallup Politics . June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  36. a b c Russia Today: Rand Paul wants to challenge NSA programs in Supreme Court ( English ) In: Russia Today . June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  37. a b c d e f Daniel Ellsberg: Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  38. a b c The Editorial Board: A Real Debate on Surveillance . In: New York Times . Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  39. Cecilia Kang: Silicon Valley firms deny giving government broad access to data ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  40. ^ Zeit Online, afp, dpa, Reuters, nsc: NSA surveillance affair - USA defend Prism as "life-saving" . In: Zeit Online . June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  41. a b c d Beverly Gage: Somewhere, J. Edgar Hoover Is Smiling ( English ) In: Slate . June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  42. Dan Roberts: Senators accuse government of using "secret law" to collect Americans' data ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  43. THE EDITORIAL BOARD: President Obama's Dragnet. .nytimes.com, June 6, 2013, accessed June 21, 2013 .
  44. Video: Hell has Frozen Over: Liberals and Bill O'Reilly agree over NSA ( English ) In: The Boston Liberal . June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  45. ^ A b Fox News Insider: O'Reilly Slams NSA Program: "Gov't Intrusion Didn't Stop Boston Bombers" ( English ) In: Fox News . June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  46. ^ Result report : CIA Intelligence Collection about Americans: CHAOS and the Office of Security ( English , PDF; 4069 kB) In: Church Committee . Assassination Archives and Research Center (AARC) . 681. April 13, 1976. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  47. ^ Brian Glick: War at Home: Covert Action Against US Activists and What We Can Do About It . 1st edition. South End Press, Boston (MA) 1989, ISBN 978-0-89608-349-3 .
  48. ^ Athan G. Theoharis, John S. Cox: The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition . Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1988, ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4 .
  49. Center for Constitutional Rights: Racism, Repression, and Resistance: COINTELPRO Then and Now: 40 years since the FBI and Chicago police assassinated Fred Hampton ( English ) Center for Constitutional Rights . December 3, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  50. James C. Harrington: (In) dependent justice. The trial of Fethullah Güllen in the course of the democratization of Turkey. 1st edition. Main-Donau-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 3-944206-05-3 .
  51. Marc Pitzke: "Pentagon Papers": Washington confesses last Vietnam lies . In: Spiegel Online . June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  52. ^ Dietmar Ostermann: War and Lies . In: Berliner Zeitung . June 18, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  53. a b Bruce Schneier: What We Don't Know About Spying on Citizens: Scarier Than What We Know ( English ) In: The Atlantic . June 6, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  54. a b Kai Biermann: PRISM scandal: We need more whistleblowers . In: golem.de . June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  55. dpa, Reuters, AFP, sdo: Obama in Berlin: Merkel demands proportionality with Prism . In: Zeit Online . June 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  56. ^ Zeit Online: Merkel has nothing to say about Prism , July 18, 2013
  57. Christoph von Marschall: Access to user data from Google, Facebook and Co. US secret service NSA - license to hack . In: Der Tagesspiegel . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  58. ^ A b Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger: Prism scandal in the USA: Security is not an end in itself . In: Spiegel Online . June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  59. a b Manuel Bewarder , Karsten Kammholz and Martin Lutz: "That's not how you treat friends" . In: Welt am Sonntag . No. 24 , June 16, 2013, ZDB -ID 1123516-0 , p. 4 ( online ).
  60. You don't expect that from friends . In: Münchner Merkur , July 3, 2013 online .
  61. Markus Beckedahl : Incredible: Friedrich defends full surveillance of the Internet by the NSA without cause, as constitutional , Netzpolitik.org , July 12, 2013.
  62. Marcel Fürstenau: Internet monitoring: Violent verbal battles because of "Prism" . In: (Spiegel Online) DW . June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  63. Peter Schaar: Prism and Tempora: Drive back rampant surveillance! , Spiegel Online, June 25, 2013
  64. Achim Sawall: Police Union sees US surveillance as a role model . In: Golem . June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  65. Zeit Online: Zeit-Online-Survey - Almost every second person thinks digital surveillance is right . In: Zeit Online . June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  66. Spiegel Online from July 22, 2013: When in doubt, left: The little Chancellor
  67. ^ The European of August 1, 2013: From the comfort zone to the war zone
  68. Identical databases: Confusion about the double Prism program. spiegel.de / dpa, April 18, 2013, accessed on July 18, 2013 .
  69. Thorsten Denkler: Federal Government on the Scouting Affair: Verbose Silence on Prism I and II. Sueddeutsche.de, July 17, 2013, accessed July 18, 2013 .
  70. Revelations about Prism: A scandal entirely to Merkel's taste. sueddeutsche.de, July 16, 2013, accessed on July 18, 2013 .
  71. NSA spying scandal: BND denies Prism complicity. stern.de, July 17, 2013, accessed on July 18, 2013 .
  72. ^ John Goetz, Antonius Kempmann, Christian Baars: US espionage in Germany: No-spy agreement was never in sight . In: Tagesschau . ARD. May 8, 2015. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  73. Andre Meister: No-Spy-Negotiations: We publish the communication line of the Chancellery against "negative headlines". In: netzpolitik.org. June 3, 2015, accessed June 9, 2015 .
  74. New disclosure in the no-spy agreement affair. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. June 3, 2015, accessed June 9, 2015 .
  75. Veit Medick: Ex-Minister Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger: "The Chancellery has led the people behind the spruce". In: Spiegel Online . May 11, 2015, accessed June 9, 2018 .
  76. Federal government speaks of two Prism programs on July 17, 2013 at spiegel.de
  77. ^ Prism mission in Afghanistan: Ministry of Defense contradicts BND July 18, 2013
  78. PRISM: Federal government is tangled up in contradictions. dpa announcement, July 17, 2013, accessed on July 18, 2013 .
  79. ^ Andreas Wilkens: NSA surveillance: Bundeswehr is said to have known PRISM. heise.de, July 17, 2013, accessed on July 18, 2013 .
  80. ^ A b Monika Ermert, Andreas Wilkens: EU parliamentarians demand clarification of the US Internet surveillance . In: Heise Online . June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  81. Silke Mülherr: Surveillance scandal - USA promise the EU information about Prism . In: Welt Online . June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  82. a b Nils Rüdel: Google and Facebook want to be the good guys . In: Zeit Online . June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  83. Stefan Schulz: Scouting parties: Google & Co are said to have known about Prism . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed February 14, 2020]).
  84. heise online: PRISM: According to the NSA, Internet services knew about massive surveillance. Retrieved February 14, 2020 .
  85. Microsoft: Statement of Microsoft Corporation on Customer Privacy ( English ) Microsoft Corp. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  86. John Frank: Microsoft's US law enforcement and national security requests for last half of 2012 ( English ) Microsoft Corp .. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Accessed June 18, 2013.
  87. a b AP: Facebook, Microsoft says they have new permission to talk about government's user surveillance ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 15, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  88. FISCoR: ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT (PDF; 3.7 MB), August 22, 2008 (greatly abbreviated for confidentiality purposes )
  89. ^ New York Times: Secret Court Ruling Put Tech Companies in Data Bind , June 13, 2013
  90. Washington Post: US threatened massive fine to force Yahoo to release data , September 11, 2014
  91. Marissa Mayer, Ron Bell: Exclamation - Our Commitment to Our Users' Privacy ( English )> Yahoo! Corp. June 17, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  92. ^ Spiegel Online: Prism scandal: Yahoo names number of inquiries from authorities . In: Spiegel Online . June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  93. ^ A b Larry Page, David Drummond: What the ...? ( English ) Google Inc. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  94. NSA project spies on internet users worldwide . The mirror. July 7, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  95. Google: Tranparenzbericht . Google Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  96. Mike Isaac: Facebook Reaches Agreement With Feds to Allow Data Request Disclosures . In: AllThingsD . June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  97. a b Mike Isaac: Google Calls Facebook's Data Disclosure Deal With the Feds "A Step Back for Users" ( English ) In: AllThingsD . June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  98. ^ Matthias Kremp: Prism spy program: Google criticizes Microsoft and Facebook . In: Spiegel Online . 2013-0615. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  99. Craig Timberg, Cecilia Kang: Google challenges US gag order, citing First Amendment ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  100. ^ The Washington Post: Google's Motion for Declaratory Judgment ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  101. Goggle: MOTION FOR DECLARATORY JUDGMENT OF GOOGLE INC.'s FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT TO PUBLISH AGGREGATE INFORMATION ABOUT FISA ORDERS ( English , PDF; 365 kB) Google Inc. June 18, 2013. Accessed June 19, 2013.
  102. Spiegel Online Author meu: Prism scandal: Google wants to fully disclose intelligence inquiries . In: Spiegel Online . June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  103. a b c Frederic Lardinois: Google, Facebook, Dropbox, Yahoo, Microsoft, Paltalk, AOL And Apple Deny Participation In NSA PRISM Surveillance Program ( English ) In: TechCrunch . June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  104. Rachel King: Mark Zuckerberg addresses 'outrageous press reports about PRISM' ( English ) In: ZDNet . June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  105. Ted Ullyot: Facebook Releases Data, Including All National Security Requests ( English ) Facebook Inc .. June 14, 2013. Accessed June 15, 2013.
  106. James Risen, Nick Wingfield: Web's Reach Binds NSA and Silicon Valley Leaders , New York Times, June 19, 2013
  107. Hakan Tanriverdi: European Court of Justice should decide on Prism . Southgerman newspaper. June 18, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  108. Kim-mai Cutler: PalTalk: It Was “Flattering” To Be Included In The PRISM Slidedeck ( English ) In: TechCrunch . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  109. Tom Gara: Paltalk: Why Did a Small Fish Join Internet Giants in the PRISM System? ( English ) In: Corporate Intelligence . The Wall Street Journal. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved on April 6, 2014.
  110. Corporate Communications: AOL Statement Regarding NSA / Prism ( English ) In: AOL . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  111. Tagesschau: PRISM: Up to 5000 spy requests to Apple . In: Tagesschau . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved on April 6, 2014.
  112. Apple: Apple's Commitment to Customer Privacy ( English ) In: Apple . June 16, 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved on April 6, 2014.
  113. ^ A b Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, Laura Poitras: Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations . In: The Guardian . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  114. a b Die Welt - Author ecb: NSA surveillance: "I had emails, passwords, credit card details " . In: The world . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  115. Till Schwarze: Ex-Secret Service Agent: Where's Edward Snowden? . In: Zeit Online . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  116. ^ A b Fabian Reinbold: Kerry threatens China and Russia because of Snowden . In: Spiegel Online . June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  117. ^ Andreas Wilkens: PRISM whistleblower avows himself . In: Heise Online . June 9, 2013. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  118. ^ A b Glenn Greenwald: Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved on February 25, 2014.
  119. ^ SPON authors Carlo Ingelfinger, kpg: Prism scandal: US judiciary accuses Snowden of espionage . In: Spiegel Online . June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  120. Time Online -author sdo: Whistleblower: China had let Snowden . In: Zeit Online . June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  121. Fabian Reinbold: USA attack China because of Snowden's departure from Hong Kong ( English ) In: Spiegel Online . June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  122. Glenn Greenwald, Ewen Macaskill: Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  123. Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill: Obama orders US to draw up overseas target list for cyber-attacks ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  124. Fabian Reinbold, Alwin Schröder: Merkel wants to address the Prism scandal during Obama visit . In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  125. Felicity Capon: Sales of Orwell's 1984 rocket in wake of US Prism surveillance scandal ( English ) In: The Telegraph . June 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  126. ^ Spiegel Online author sha: Prism: George Orwell's "1984" bestseller in the USA and Great Britain . In: Spiegel Online . June 13, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  127. Martin Brinkmann: Startpage and Ixquick search engines improve user privacy further ( English ) In: ghacks.net . August 25, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  128. DuckDuckGo: DuckDuckGo Direct queries per day (28d avg) ( English ) In: DuckDuckGo . March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  129. Andreas Weck: DuckDuckGo with a new search query record through PRISM . In: t3n . June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  130. Ricardo Bilton: PRISM fears give private search engine DuckDuckGo its best week ever ( English ) In: Venture Beat . June 13, 2013. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved on March 24, 2014.
  131. PRISM BREAK: Opt out of global data surveillance programs like PRISM, XKeyscore, and Tempora ( English ) In: PRISM BREAK . Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2014.