Edward Snowden

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Edward Snowden (October 2013)

Edward Joseph "Ed" Snowden (born June 21, 1983 in Elizabeth City , North Carolina ) is an American whistleblower and former CIA employee. His revelations provide insight into the extent of surveillance and espionage practices around the world by intelligence agencies - predominantly those of the United States and Great Britain . This triggered the NSA affair in the summer of 2013 . He has received several awards from non-governmental organizations for this. In 2014 he received the Honorary Right Livelihood Award (also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize ). In 2016 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Snowden lives in exile in Moscow.

overview

Edward Snowden speaks about the NSA revelations in Hong Kong in June 2013. (12 min 34 s; English)

Edward Snowden is a former agent who worked as a technical specialist for the US intelligence agencies CIA , NSA and DIA . Until May 2013 he worked on behalf of the NSA as a system administrator for the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton in the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center . As part of his job, he had access to information that was classified as top secret , including a. US programs to monitor global Internet communications ( XKeyscore , PRISM , Stellarwind (as part of the PSP ) and Boundless Informant ) and the even broader British monitoring program Tempora . Snowden passed this information on to filmmaker Laura Poitras and Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald , who published it in parts in June 2013 without citing a source.

On June 9, 2013, Snowden revealed his identity to the public in Hong Kong . On June 14, 2013, the FBI obtained a criminal complaint u. a. an arrest warrant against him for espionage . Snowden was able to leave Hong Kong, but was then stuck for a long time in the transit area of ​​an international airport in Moscow . During his stay there, there was a diplomatic debate about how to deal with him.

On August 1, 2013, the press reported that Snowden had received asylum from Russia . After five years, he can apply for Russian citizenship. On August 7, 2014, Snowden's lawyer Anatoly Grigoryevich Kucherena announced that Snowden would be granted a three-year residence permit in Russia; this has been in effect since August 1, 2014. In Germany , Snowden is represented by human rights lawyer Wolfgang Kaleck .

On October 29, 2015, the European Parliament recommended that member states drop all allegations against Snowden and grant him protection as a human rights activist .

Life

Edward Snowden during an interview with the Guardian

Family background

Edward Snowden first grew up in Wilmington , North Carolina . In 1992 he moved with his family to Ellicott City , Maryland . Snowden, who has an older sister, is the son of a former US Coast Guard officer and an officer in the United States District Court for Maryland.

education

Snowden attended Arundel High School, contracted Pfeiffer glandular fever, and missed almost nine months of classes. Instead of repeating the 10th grade and thus obtaining a high school diploma, he took computer science courses at Anne Arundel Community College in Maryland from 1999 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2005 . Between the two phases of his studies, he enlisted in the US Army in 2003 to serve in the Iraq war . Snowden spent four months in the United States Army Reserve , where he completed a 14-week training course as a US Special Forces recruit . He couldn't finish this because he was retired after breaking both legs in a training accident. During the second phase of his studies, he worked as a security guard for an NSA facility at the University of Maryland from 2004 . In 2005 he broke off his computer science studies.

Career

In 2005 Snowden switched to the CIA , where he was able to advance relatively quickly as a technician in the field of IT security thanks to his talent. In 2007 the CIA sent him to the US diplomatic mission in Geneva as part of this activity . Because of his security classification, according to Snowden, he already had extensive access to secret documents and information at that time. However, since these mainly concerned people and not systems and he did not want to endanger human lives, he refrained from publication. According to US government officials in October 2013, Snowden's behavior was already noticed by his manager in 2009 when he tried to gain access to secret files as part of his work for the CIA in Geneva. Accordingly, the CIA then decided to send Snowden back to the USA, but otherwise this had no further consequences.

Then he worked as a freelance technical employees at Dell in an NSA facility on a base of the US Army in Japan .

In 2009 Snowden moved to the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton , through which he worked as an external employee in an NSA office in Hawaii as a system administrator . Snowden describes his life there before the publication of the PRISM documents as "very comfortable". He had a secure job and a house in Hawaii and received an annual salary of about 122,000 US dollars (approx. 108,000 euros). His peak earnings in the time before were at 200,000 US dollars (approx. 177,000 euros) per year.

The Hong Kong newspaper South quoted him as saying that the intention to uncover the surveillance measures was decisive when he took the job as an IT technician at the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, which was involved in Internet surveillance on behalf of the US secret service NSA China Morning Post . According to Snowden, doubts about the legality of his work already came in 2007.

As part of this work at Booz Allen Hamilton, as a technician, he also had access to those secret documents that he later copied and passed on to the press. On the grounds of "violations of company guidelines and ethical company policy", Booz Allen Hamilton terminated his employment relationship with Snowden after their publication and promised the investigating authorities to assist in the investigation.

exile

Ever since Snowden was granted a residence permit, he has lived in an apartment in Moscow. In 2017 he married his long-time girlfriend Lindsay Mills, who had also moved to Moscow the year before.

Edward Snowden has served on the Freedom of the Press Foundation's Board of Directors since January 2014 .

Snowden made numerous live broadcast appearances . On September 29, 2015, a Twitter account was also publicly used in his name.

Unveiling of intelligence surveillance projects

Access to secret documents and their publication

Cover sheet of the top secret presentation on PRISM
XKeyscore presentation as PDF; 27 MB

From 2009 Snowden worked for the NSA related consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton as an external IT employee in an NSA office in Hawaii. As part of this activity, he had access to extensive, top-secret classified data and secret documents of the NSA, including documents relating to the programs for monitoring worldwide Internet communication that were not yet known to the public. After Snowden anonymously contacted the documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013 and the journalist Glenn Greenwald in February 2013, he allegedly copied 1.7 million files onto SD cards and took the copies home with him. In mid-May, he reported "for a few weeks" to his NSA supervisor under the pretext that he was receiving treatment for a type of epilepsy that he had learned about shortly before. On May 20, 2013, Snowden finally flew to Hong Kong . From there he first sent the secret documents to the Washington Post and the Guardian , which finally made the story public on June 6, 2013 and published parts of the secret documents, initially without revealing Snowden's identity. For his emails, Snowden used the sender citizenfour - a name that the 2014 documentary by Laura Poitras adopted as the title. Since Snowden suspected that the US secret services would quickly identify him as a source, he decided to go public. On June 9, he gave the Guardian a video interview in which he identified himself as an informant.

According to the documents that Snowden passed on to the Guardian , the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) systematically monitored politicians from other nations at the G20 meeting in London in 2009. For example, e-mails and computers were spied on and further data was obtained using keyloggers - even after the G20 summit. British politicians were also informed almost in real time about all cell phone connections during the meeting.

On August 29, the Washington Post published a comprehensive report on the US intelligence services' black budget, based on documents from Snowden's pool.

On May 16, 2016, The Intercept published the first internal newsletters of the Signals Intelligence Directorate (SID ) of the National Security Agency (NSA), in which US agents detailed their information, under the name "SIDtoday Files" Have documented work.

motivation

When he was sent to Geneva by the CIA in 2007 and had unhindered access to secret information and surveillance data, he had for the first time had doubts about the legality of his work:

"I realized that I had become part of something that did far more harm than good."

Even then, he had thought about exposing the secret surveillance practices of the US intelligence services, but the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States had given him hope that reforms would abolish the questionable practices of the intelligence services. However, since Snowden got the impression that Obama was carrying on with his predecessor George W. Bush in terms of intelligence policy , he became convinced that he could not wait any longer and should make the existence of the surveillance programs public.

In an interview with Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald , Snowden said:

“I don't want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded. I am neither willing to support such conditions, nor do I want to live under them. "

Although he was aware of the consequences he personally had to fear from the publication of the documents and the resulting consequences, he was prepared to make the sacrifice “because he could not reconcile it with his conscience that the US government destroy privacy, the freedom of the Internet and fundamental freedoms worldwide with their surveillance apparatus. ”In the course of his work, he had recognized that if you were involved in monitoring your own citizens for the secret services, you were helping to expand the architecture of oppression. "Then you realize that you are prepared to take any risk, no matter what the outcome, as long as the public is free to decide." Therefore, he does not consider the disclosure of the documents to be a criminal offense.

According to his own statements, Snowden had previously tried in vain several times to make his concerns heard by official officials. As an employee of an external service provider, he was not protected by the whistleblower laws that apply to employees of the US government.

Snowden also bases his actions on the principles formulated from the case law of the Nuremberg Trials and says:

"Individuals have international obligations that exceed national obligations of obedience."

Therefore, each individual citizen has a duty to violate domestic laws in order to prevent crimes against peace and humanity.

Criminal charges and arrest warrants

On June 20, 2013 it was announced that the FBI had already filed a criminal complaint against Snowden on June 14, 2013. The Washington Post has received a complaint from the FBI alleging theft of government property, unlawful disclosure of classified information and espionage (each of the three offenses carries a prison sentence of up to ten years). Action was in federal district court (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia) in Alexandria (Virginia) , submitted the charge of the headquarters of his last employer court. The arrest warrant for Snowden was followed by a request to the Hong Kong authorities to keep him in custody until an extradition request was made.

Escape

The Mira Hotel in Hong Kong, where Edward Snowden met with Laura Poitras, Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, to publish the first documents a week later.

Snowden was aware from the outset of the risk of being identified by the US intelligence services as the source of the publication and sentenced to prison. He had chosen Hong Kong as his destination because the Special Administrative Region was committed to the right to free speech and political deviation. There is a right to political resistance , demonstrations on the street are allowed and the Internet is not filtered . He also believes that Hong Kong is one of the few places in the world, unlike many Western governments, to be independent and able to withstand demands from the US government. He hoped that Hong Kong would not extradite him to the United States or China as a result . Snowden said he was aware that he would not see his girlfriend, family and home in the United States for a very long time, or perhaps never again, and asked for political asylum . Nevertheless, he fears that he will be extradited to one of the two countries or kidnapped by employees of US intelligence services or their partners and forcibly brought to the USA or "switched off".

Although there has been an extradition treaty between Hong Kong and the United States for criminal offenses since 1997 , extradition can be refused for political offenses. In addition, China, to which the semi-autonomous Hong Kong Special Administrative Region belongs, could veto an extradition if there was a justified public interest . Nicholasbeluin of the human rights organization Human Rights Watch and James Fallows of the magazine The Atlantic , however, considered the latter to be unlikely, since the surveillance state is practiced even more excessively in China than in the USA. In addition, the Chinese government has no interest in setting a precedent and a model for whistleblowers in their own country with the support of Snowden .

However, the Hong Kong government allowed Snowden to flee despite the US requesting his arrest on the basis of the extradition agreement. It is unclear how Snowden was allowed to leave the country even though the US had already canceled his passport.

According to the Guardian interview, Snowden had also considered applying for political asylum in Iceland because it respects freedom on the Internet and represents the same values ​​as himself. According to the Icelandic ambassador in Beijing , Kristín Árnadóttir, only in Iceland itself, but not from Hong Kong, where Snowden stayed until June 23, 2013. The International Modern Media Institute in Reykjavík , which, with the assistance of Icelandic politician Birgitta Jónsdóttir, had supported the publication of the collateral murder videos by WikiLeaks , announced that it wanted to help Snowden explore the opportunities for asylum in Iceland and was by his side stand if he seriously wants to seek asylum in Iceland. On June 21, 2013, Icelandic businessman and Wikileaks supporter , Olafur Vignir Sigurvinsson , announced that he had chartered a private jet in China to allow Snowden to travel safely to Iceland. Snowden could - according to Sigurvinsson - travel to Iceland by private jet at any time, but would not do so until he received a signal from the Icelandic government that his asylum application, which he himself had to submit, would actually be granted and he would not go to the USA would be delivered. The Icelandic government said it was in informal contact with Snowden but had not yet decided whether or not to give him refuge.

Terminal F with the transit area of Sheremetyevo Airport

The Moscow newspaper Kommersant reported that Snowden bought an Aeroflot ticket on June 21st, destined for Havana, via Moscow. On the same day, Snowden celebrated his 30th birthday in the Russian consulate. Nevertheless, Putin and his press secretary were surprised by Snowden's arrival in Moscow.

The South China Morning Post reported on June 23, 2013 that Snowden boarded a Russian Aeroflot plane to Moscow at 10:55 a.m. local time in Hong Kong , but that the Russian capital was not the last stop on his journey. A little later, the Hong Kong government also confirmed that Snowden had left Hong Kong legally and by regular means for a "third country". He was accompanied by Sarah Harrison , an employee of Wikileaks .

On June 23, 2013, it was announced that Snowden had applied for asylum in Ecuador from Sheremetyevo Airport in Moscow . The Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa immediately confiscated the travel documents issued by the London consulate and announced that the person responsible would be punished (rumors circulated that Julian Assange had interfered). An asylum application can only be finally examined when Snowden is on Ecuadorian soil or in an embassy. This would now be "not in the hands of Ecuador", but the Russian authorities.

Ecuadorian embassy vehicle outside Sheremetyevo Airport on June 23, 2013 around the time Snowden landed

The Ecuadorian government asked the US to provide a written explanation of why it should not grant Snowden asylum. On June 27, 2013, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs , Robert Menendez , threatened Ecuador with the removal of trade facilities: "Our government will not reward countries for wrongdoing." On the same day, Ecuador canceled the customs agreement with the USA; the country waived “unilaterally and irrevocably on tariff concessions”. In addition, the Ecuadorian communications minister offered the USA development aid in the amount of trade concessions (approx. 23 million US dollars), on condition that it be used for “educational measures on the subject of human rights”.

US President Obama said he would “not send jets to catch a 29 year old hacker”. The Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro also took a stand against US interests and announced that Snowden would "almost certainly" receive asylum in his country if requested to do so.

On July 1, 2013, the Los Angeles Times quoted an unnamed Russian diplomat, alleging that Snowden sought asylum in 15 countries - apparently in response to Ecuador's negative opinion on the grounds that "no political persecution can be identified."

Meanwhile, several media outlets reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin offered Snowden asylum in Russia on the condition:

"If he wants to stay here, there is one condition: he must stop work that is aimed at harming our American partners - as strange as it sounds from my mouth."

- Vladimir Putin : kremlin.ru

Also on July 1, the whistleblower platform Wikileaks published a statement by Snowden ( verified on July 7 by Glenn Greenwald ) accusing the United States of “ using citizenship as a weapon by revoking one's passport without legal process have". In addition, the USA deprived him of the 14th human right to asylum by exerting pressure on other states at the diplomatic level. In an undated letter to Ecuadorian President Correa, Snowden thanked Ecuador for helping him flee Hong Kong to Russia; he also announced further publications "that serve the public interest".

Forced landing of the Bolivian President

Bolivia's President Evo Morales during COP15 in Copenhagen

An unscheduled stopover by the Bolivian President Evo Morales on July 2, 2013 in Vienna and an inspection of the aircraft by Austrian authorities caused international irritation . Coming from a conference in Moscow, he was flying back to La Paz when his overflight permits for France, Spain, Portugal and Italy were revoked - apparently because the rumor had arisen that Edward Snowden was on board the presidential plane. Spain and France initially denied this. The French Foreign Ministry later admitted that the withdrawal of the overflight permit had been an "administrative mishap". Morales could not resume his flight for twelve hours. Latin American governments responded to the behavior of the European governments involved with violent protests. According to agency reports, the US government has threatened countries that land a plane with Snowden on board on their territory with a serious deterioration in relations. Bolivia considered closing the US embassy in La Paz. Le Monde diplomatique published a letter from Morales in which he described the flight path.

The Organization of American States (OAS) passed a resolution condemning the incident. France, Spain, Italy and Portugal had "clearly violated the fundamentals of international law " and would have to declare themselves. In fact, Morales reportedly received apologies from these four countries, which he accepted. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also criticized the incident, emphasizing the inviolability of heads of state - they have immunity .

Asylum applications

Asylum applications not accepted

On July 2, 2013, Wikileaks published a list with a total of 21 countries in which Snowden is said to have already applied for asylum on June 30, 2013, including Iceland and Ecuador, both of which he had refused, in which he apparently renewed his application:

flag Country status Become known Reason (long) Justification (short)
BoliviaBolivia Bolivia offer July 6, 2013 Bolivia's President Morales declared on July 6th: "If this American asks us for asylum, we will grant him" . offer
BrazilBrazil Brazil declined 2nd of July 2013 A State Department spokesman said the request would not be answered and Snowden would not be granted asylum. unanswered request
China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China China - - - -
GermanyGermany Germany declined 3rd July 2013 "The Foreign Office and the Ministry of the Interior do not see the requirements for Snowden's admission as fulfilled." ambiguous reason
EcuadorEcuador Ecuador declined 2nd of July 2013 President Rafael Correa said that an asylum application could only be made from Ecuadorian territory. In a press release dated June 12, 2013, Snowden thanked the country for its commitment to counter human rights violations on the matter. Territory
FinlandFinland Finland declined 2nd of July 2013 The Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs made it clear that only people who are in Finland can apply for asylum. Territory
FranceFrance France declined 4th July 2013 “The US is a friendly country,” said the Paris daily Le Monde in a statement from the French Home Office: “If Snowden should enter French territory, it would be the police's duty to stop him - after all, there is an extradition agreement with the United States . " Extradition treaty
IndiaIndia India declined 2nd of July 2013 "After a thorough investigation, we see no reason to comply with Snowden's request," a State Department spokesman said on Twitter. substantive rejection
IrelandIreland Ireland declined 2nd of July 2013 According to the Justice Department, an asylum application can only be made if the person is in Ireland. Territory
IcelandIceland Iceland declined July 6, 2013 According to the Icelandic opposition MP Birgitta Jónsdóttir , the request to grant Snowden Icelandic citizenship did not win a majority in parliament. To apply for asylum, he had to be on Icelandic soil. Territory, also no citizenship
ItalyItaly Italy declined 4th July 2013 Italy's Foreign Minister Emma Bonino said on July 3, 2013 in front of the parliament in Rome that the 30-year-old had not personally asked for asylum at the external borders of Italy. For this reason, his request must be rejected. It is also not possible "from a political point of view" to grant Snowden asylum. Territory and "political position"
CubaCuba Cuba - - - -
NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands declined 2nd of July 2013 A spokesman for the Ministry of Justice told journalists that since 2003 it has no longer been possible to apply for asylum in the Netherlands without being in the country: "We do not take this as an asylum application." Furthermore, Deputy Justice Minister Fred Teeven stated that a A correctly drafted asylum application would have had "no chance" of success anyway, since Snowden was not in an "acute emergency". Sovereign territory and "no acute emergency"
NicaraguaNicaragua Nicaragua Offer review July 6, 2013 Nicaragua is examining the application for "humanitarian asylum". President Daniel Ortega told supporters in the capital Managua that Nicaragua is an open country and respects the right to asylum. "If the circumstances allow, we will be happy to take Snowden in and grant him asylum here in Nicaragua."

Nicaragua's embassy in Moscow confirmed on July 8, 2013 that it had received an application from Snowden.

Application review
NorwayNorway Norway declined 2nd of July 2013 Pål Lønseth from the Norwegian Ministry of Justice told the state broadcaster NRK : "You have to apply for asylum from Norwegian territory" and added: "If the normal procedure goes, your application will be rejected". Territory and rejection
AustriaAustria Austria declined 2nd of July 2013 Interior Minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner stated: "An asylum application can only be made from within Austria". However, should Snowden manage to travel to Austria, he would not be deported because there was no international arrest warrant against him. Territory, but "no deportation"
PolandPoland Poland declined 2nd of July 2013 The then Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski tweeted: "I will not make a positive recommendation." substantive rejection
RussiaRussia Russia offer 2nd of July 2013 President Vladimir Putin offered Snowden asylum on condition that he cease his “anti-American activities”. On July 2, 2013, it was announced that Snowden would not accept this reservation. However, on July 12, Snowden issued a press release in which he expressed the hope that the offer was still open as he might still want to accept it. offer
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland - 2nd of July 2013 The spokeswoman for the Swiss Federal Office for Migration announced on July 2, 2013 that they were not aware of an asylum application made by Snowden. As early as June 12, 2013, it became known that National Councilor Balthasar Glättli had raised the question of whether Switzerland would be willing to “answer an asylum application from Snowden positively” in the National Council's Question Time . However, the Federal Council did not want to comment on a hypothetical asylum application; a request from Snowden would be examined by the competent authorities in accordance with the applicable provisions. -
SpainSpain Spain declined 2nd of July 2013 - Territory
VenezuelaVenezuela Venezuela offer July 6, 2013 Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro said in a military parade: “As the head of state and government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, I have decided to offer humanitarian asylum to the young American Edward Snowden. He should come to the fatherland of Bolívar and Chávez and live free from the imperialist persecution of North America. ”( Nicolas Maduro : Reuters / dpa).

On July 9, 2013, Maduro confirmed having received an application from Edward Snowden. He then has to "decide if he actually wants to come here when he takes an airplane".

Offer but territory; Request
Explanation: "Territory", if an application can only be made on the national territory or in an embassy or consulate.
Reactions from the individual countries
  • offer
  • Offer subject to conditions
  • Offer review
  • Decision unknown
  • Rejection

    • The rejecting countries behaved very differently. While France responded to the application by referring to an extradition agreement with the USA and Brazil wanted to leave the application unanswered, countries like India and Poland rejected the content; one sees no reasons for the granting of asylum.

    Countries such as Ecuador, Finland, Ireland and Spain formally justified their rejection by stating that an applicant had to be on the country's territory. This was also the Austrian and Icelandic rationale. In Iceland, however, six opposition MPs tried to grant Snowden Icelandic citizenship through a parliamentary motion, and Austria pointed out that Snowden would not be deported from Austria as there was no international arrest warrant.

    Countries such as Norway, the Netherlands and Italy gave a formal reason as well as a substantive reason for their refusal. Germany, on the other hand, left it open with the chosen wording whether it refused for reasons of form or content.

    Snowden initially rejected Russia's offer because of Putin's condition. According to Spiegel , only the People's Republic of China, Iceland, Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela have not signed an extradition treaty with the USA in the past 60 years.

    Wikileaks reported on Twitter on July 5, 2013 that Snowden had applied for asylum in six other countries. In order to prevent the USA from exerting influence, one does not want to name the individual countries.

    Four days later, on July 9, 2013, Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro confirmed that he had received a request from Edward Snowden. The day before, the Nicaraguan embassy in Moscow also confirmed that Snowden had applied for asylum. In addition, Der Spiegel reported that the Nicaraguan economy was opposed to the application for asylum, as one - to a far greater extent than Venezuela - was dependent on the cooperation and support of the United States.

    Granted asylum

    On July 12, 2013, Edward Snowden announced in a press release published on WikiLeaks that he would accept an offer from Russia until he could safely travel to one of the South American countries that had offered him asylum. He also stated that he had accepted all offers of asylum and assistance. He stressed that, thanks to the Venezuelan offer, he now has official asylum status, referring to the Geneva Refugee Convention . In the press release, he summarized the situation from his point of view and denounced what he believed to be illegal actions by various states in North America and Western Europe in this matter. The Russian parliamentary leader Sergei Naryschkin then spoke out in favor of granting Snowden, at least temporarily, political asylum, as he had rendered outstanding services to human rights. However, Russian President Vladimir Putin said Snowden would be leaving Russia soon. On August 1, 2013, it was announced that Snowden had received provisional asylum from Russia for one year with the option to extend it for a further year. After five years, an application for Russian citizenship is possible, according to press statements.

    In April 2014, Snowden was switched to a TV show on Russian state television with President Putin, where Snowden asked him a question about Russia's surveillance policy. Critics accused Snowden of allowing Putin to use him for propaganda purposes. In the UK Guardian, Snowden defended his participation in the show.

    On July 31, 2014 at midnight, Snowden's temporary asylum expired; the Russian authorities had not yet decided on the application for an extension. His lawyer Anatoly Kutscherena expected that Snowden could stay in Russia until his case was decided. On August 7, it was announced that Russia had granted Snowden another three-year residence permit. The residence permit has been valid since August 1st. Snowden can move freely in Russia. In addition, the 31-year-old is allowed to travel abroad - but not longer than three months. In January 2017, it was announced that Snowden's residence permit had been extended by the Russian Foreign Ministry for a further three years.

    Reactions

    United States

    US President Obama and his cabinet did not initially comment directly. The day after Snowden's identity was revealed, Republican Congressmen Mike J. Rogers , chairman of the US House Standing Committee on Intelligence , and Peter T. King , former member of the Intelligence Committee, called for the first steps in a Snowden rendition to the US to open a criminal investigation and his persecution with the full severity of the law. The Democratic senator from California and chairman of the Committee of Intelligence in the US Senate , Dianne Feinstein , joined the demand and encouraged beyond hearings in the US Congress on.

    Numerous civil rights and human rights groups around the world have expressed their support for Snowden, including Jesselyn Radack , a former senior Justice of the United States who advocates for whistleblowers.

    Thomas Drake , a former NSA employee and whistleblower, called Snowden's exposures an act of civil disobedience .

    Daniel Ellsberg , who released the secret Pentagon papers to the press in 1971 and clarified the misconduct of several US governments during the Vietnam War , wrote in the Guardian that, in his opinion, there was no more important leak in US history than publication of the NSA material by Snowden:

    "Snowden's whistleblowing gives us a chance to roll back what is tantamount to an" executive coup "against the US constitution."

    “ Snowden's whistleblowing gives us the chance to push back what is tantamount to a“ government coup ”against the US Constitution. "

    - Daniel Ellsberg : The Guardian

    Former Vice President Al Gore said, in his opinion, collecting US phone data across the board is not really the " American way ", it is illegal. He urged President Obama and the US Congress to review and change the laws on which the NSA operates.

    On June 10, 2013, the Süddeutsche Zeitung quoted Booz Allen Hamilton , for whom Snowden last worked, with the words: “If the newspaper reports turn out to be true, his action is a serious violation of the company's code of conduct and encroaches on our core values Company ". On the following day, the company announced that Edward Snowden would be resigning without notice.

    According to a survey by Quinnipiac University , 55 percent of US citizens consider Snowden a so-called whistleblower with a legitimate concern, while 34 percent consider him a traitor. According to Martin Ganslmeier , he is viewed more positively by left-wing liberals and the tea party movement . According to opinion polls, however, a majority of tea party supporters believe that Snowden has harmed public interests.

    Former director of the CIA , James Woolsey , has asked Fox News to charge Snowden with treason and his execution should he be convicted.

    The website BuzzFeed quoted an employee of the US Department of Defense interviewed about Snowden on January 16, 2014 with the statement "I would love to put a bullet in his head" (I'd like to put a bullet in his head). In relation to this, Snowden told Norddeutscher Rundfunk in an interview a few days later that there were clear threats against him, but that he was still sleeping well.

    In an interview with Frankfurter Rundschau on September 11, 2015, Noam Chomsky said of Snowden: “His actions were courageous and extremely important. It should not be condemned, it should be praised instead, and of course it must be defended. "

    In November, 15 former members of the Church Committee that had dealt with the illegal activities of the US intelligence services from 1975 to 1976 sent an eight-page plea for Snowden's pardon to Obama and US Attorney General Loretta Lynch .

    The US initiative Pardon Snowden , which campaigned for US President Obama to pardon Snowden, received support from numerous personalities from home and abroad in autumn 2016, including Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak , investor and philanthropist George Soros , Internet pioneer Tim Berners-Lee , whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg, American actress Susan Sarandon , American actor and Monty Python co- founder Terry Gilliam , American civil rights activist Cornel West and then Amnesty Secretary General Salil Shetty . The petition found support from foreign parliaments from British MP David Winnick and German MP Hans-Christian Ströbele . In January 2017, the initiative handed over a million signatures for its cause to the outgoing president, who did not pardon Snowden until the end of his term in office.

    When asked whether he would pardon Snowden before the end of his term after the presidential election in 2016, US President Barack Obama said : “I cannot pardon anyone who has not been convicted by a court. I think Mr Snowden raised some legitimate concerns. If Mr. Snowden should decide to stand before the courts and his attorneys make their case, then these questions will matter. "

    Germany

    Demonstration of the Pirate Party against PRISM during the Berlin visit of US President Barack Obama in June 2013

    In a ZDF summer interview conducted by Bettina Schausten at the end of June 2013, Federal President Joachim Gauck initially made differentiations, but was misunderstood in the media. Four weeks later, he gave a detailed account of the surveillance and espionage affair in 2013 and Snowden: "Anyone who brings them to the public and acts on grounds of conscience deserves respect" ( Joachim Gauck : Passauer Neue Presse). In the second interview, the press saw mostly “clear” words from Gauck.

    On July 1, 2013, Jürgen Trittin (then parliamentary group leader of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen in the Bundestag ) pleaded for Snowden to be given refuge in Germany or another European country; because "he has done Europe a service by exposing a massive attack on European citizens and businesses".

    CDU and SPD refused to grant Snowden asylum in Germany; GREEN , Pirate Party and Die Linke spoke out in favor of it. On July 8, 2013 it was reported that three members of the federal executive committee of the FDP (despite / because of the announced rejection of Snowden's application for asylum in Germany) wanted to open the discussion.

    The parliamentary group of the Pirate Party of North Rhine-Westphalia proposed Snowden for the Federal Order of Merit on July 1, 2013 : “Snowden has decided to give up his personal welfare for the worldwide education. He left his family and friends behind, gave up his job. He will probably never see his homeland again, ”was the justification given by the parliamentary group leader Joachim Paul .

    On August 2, 2013, on the occasion of Snowden's publications, the federal government repealed or had an administrative agreement of 1968/69 on Article 10 law with the USA and Great Britain repealed. This administrative agreement legalized the violation of the confidentiality of letters and telephones. A verbal note also guaranteed the USA additional rights.

    During the election campaign leading up to the federal elections on September 22, 2013 , high-ranking CDU politicians (e.g. Chancellery Minister Ronald Pofalla ) said the NSA affair was over.

    Heribert Prantl wrote on November 1, 2013 that one should and must “give him a stable residence permit for Germany, even if one risks a conflict with the Americans.” Several German politicians share this demand. On the same day, the SZ published an interview with Snowden.

    According to a report by "Bild am Sonntag", the NSA also wired Merkel's predecessor Gerhard Schröder (Chancellor until autumn 2005) from 2002 . The reason was the federal government's no to participate in the Iraq war in 2002 (see also Iraq crisis 2003 ). This raised the question of whether Schröder was still trustworthy. Schröder's proximity to the then Russian President Vladimir Putin also worried. Image used the term "Handygate" (referring to the Watergate affair ). In response to the government's negative attitude towards a questioning of Snowden before the committee of inquiry, the Chaos Computer Club and the League for Human Rights filed criminal charges against the federal government, including the Interior Minister and Chancellor Merkel, in February 2014 .

    Legal experts disagree with the view of the federal government that Snowden must be extradited to the United States if he enters Germany to testify before the commission of inquiry in Berlin, recalling that the extradition treaty between Germany and the United States prohibits extradition in the case of political crimes. According to the criminal and international law expert Nikolaos Gazeas, there may even be an obligation to hear Snowden in Berlin, since the investigative committee's interest in clearing things up is a high legal interest.

    On May 8, 2014, the NSA investigation committee of the German Bundestag decided on behalf of all parliamentary groups to summon him as a witness. It remained open where he would testify.

    On September 8, 2014, the international literature festival berlin organized a worldwide reading for Edward Snowden.

    South America

    The NSA also recorded electronic communications between heads of state Felipe Calderón (Mexico) and Dilma Rousseff (Brazil) with their closest advisers. FAZ correspondent Matthias Rüb wrote in a comment : “The fact that the political leaders of Washington’s closest allies and most important partners were spied on by the NSA cemented the distrust of the United States that was already widespread throughout Latin America. In Europe, the alleged wiretapping of Chancellor Angela Merkel's cell phone has become a signal for a movement across the EU to better protect civil rights and privacy in cyberspace. "( Matthias Rüb : FAZ)

    Rousseff canceled her long-planned state visit to Washington because of the NSA spying; instead, she gave an incendiary speech at the UN General Assembly in New York at the end of September . She castigated the NSA's eavesdropping practice as an attack on freedom of expression and speech and thus on the foundations of democracy: "The right to security of the citizens of one country must never be based on the violation of fundamental human rights of the citizens of another country."

    Brazil is now promoting plans to lay fiber optic cables to Europe and all Latin American countries. According to Rüb, this should reduce the hegemony of the United States in data transmission.

    More reactions

    Julian Assange , who has published numerous secret data from various whistleblowers on the Internet platform Wikileaks he co-founded since 2007, called Snowden a hero who was responsible for the largest and most terrifying disclosure of secret surveillance programs in recent decades. He called the USA a mass surveillance state because of the all-encompassing dimension of the surveillance and espionage programs exposed .

    The Swedish sociologist Stefan Svallfors suggested Snowden for the Nobel Peace Prize because, in heroic effort at a high personal price, he had revealed the existence and dimension of the surveillance of global electronic communications by the US government .

    Petitions

    • Avaaz - "Stand with Edward Snowden"
    On June 12, 2013, on the online petition site Avaaz, the appeal "Stand with Edward Snowden" was directed to US President Barack Obama , calling for the immediate termination of the PRISM surveillance program and advocating Snowden not as a criminal but as a View and treat whistleblowers acting in the interests of the people. Almost 500,000 people signed within the first 24 hours. By July 8, 2013, around 1.35 million signatures had been collected.
    • openPetition - "Honorary German citizenship for Edward Snowden"
    A petition entitled “Honorary German citizenship for Edward Snowden” was posted on the online platform “openPetition” on June 24, 2013. Found 1,700 supporters.
    At the beginning of July 2013, German academics wrote an open letter to Federal Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger . They called on the minister to campaign for Germany to grant Edward Snowden asylum , and described him as “key witnesses for the investigation of these state surveillance activities”. As of July 8, 275 people followed suit.
    • Campact - "Protection for Edward Snowden in Germany!"
    On July 3, 2013, Whistleblower Netzwerk e. V. on the online petition page Campact sent a petition to the German Bundestag with the appeal “Protection for Edward Snowden in Germany!” And the aim of a legislative initiative “to protect public interests by promoting and protecting whistleblowers”, which was published on July 8, 2013 already approx. 145,000 people had signed.
    Also on July 3, 2013, the online petition at the German Bundestag “43198 - Political asylum for US citizen Edward Snowden” started. In it u. a. demanded that the Bundestag should resolve the admission of the American; by July 14th, 10,147 supporters were counted.
    • The Greens (Austria) - "Asylum for Edward Snowden"
    At the beginning of July 2013, the Austrian Green Party launched the online petition “Asylum for Edward Snowden”. This has been signed by a little more than 14,800 people (as of April 13, 2014 ).
    • The Swiss pastor Lutz Fischer-Lamprecht launched a citizens' petition about Avaaz in October 2015 , which called on the Federal Council to guarantee Edward Snowden asylum before he even entered Switzerland.

    Autobiography

    On August 1, 2019, Edward Snowden announced that he had written an autobiography.

    “ Permanent Record ” was published on September 17, 2019. In Germany, the book was published by S. Fischer Verlag in a translation by Kay Greiners. In September 2019, at the presentation of the book, he gave interviews to Spiegel and Die Welt in which he continued to express his wish to get political asylum in Germany. "If Germany would take me in", Snowden told the world , it would meanwhile "no longer be viewed as a hostile act against the USA".

    Other activities

    Edward Snowden participated in a work by electronic musician Jean-Michel Jarre , which appeared on his album Electronica 2: The Heart of Noise in May 2016 . On April 15, 2016, Jarre published the techno track Exit , for which Snowden recorded a monologue in the form of a manifesto . Snowden had always declined previous requests from other artists to collaborate.

    Events

    On October 18, 2018, the Management Center Innsbruck (MCI) invited 1,500 guests to an event in the local congress center , in which Edward Snowden was connected live . Before that, questions could be emailed to the MCI, some were then put to Snowden. Thousands followed the event live on the Internet. Attorney Robert Tibbo was also present and said: "It is a great opportunity for young people to ask questions to Edward Snowden, because often only journalists get this chance". The preparations had taken several years, the MCI was in contact with Snowden's lawyer. At the end, a fundraising campaign for the benefit of the refugee families in Hong Kong who Snowden had hidden with them was advertised.

    Awards

    Prices

    Excerpt from Edward Snowden's speech on the presentation of the Sam Adams Award on October 11, 2013 (0:53 min; English)

    Nominations

    • Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize on January 29, 2014 by the Norwegian politicians Bård Vegar Solhjell (former Norwegian Environment Minister) and Snorre Valen .
    • In 2014 Snowden was nominated for the German IQ Award. Shortly before the start of the election, however, Snowden's expulsion was arranged by the board of the Mensa Association , which led to a heated controversy among the members.

    Honorary doctorate

    On November 14, 2013, the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Rostock announced that it would initiate an examination procedure for the possible award of an honorary doctorate to Snowden. In the justification for the decision in favor of the test procedure, the faculty committee spoke of "Snowden's decision to put his personal freedom up for the higher purpose of clarifying social grievances shows a high degree of philosophical-practical reflection." In addition to the moral-philosophical Component in Snowden's actions, the procedure particularly examines the extent to which Snowden's actions are scientifically relevant.

    On May 14, 2014, the Philosophical Faculty decided in the Faculty Council meeting with 20 votes in favor, one against and one abstention to award Snowden an honorary doctorate. However, the decision has been challenged and has therefore not been implemented. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania's Interior Minister Lorenz Caffier said that Snowden must under no circumstances receive an honorary doctorate from the University of Rostock. After a corresponding report by the former Federal Constitutional Judge Brun-Otto Bryde , the rector's objection to the decision on the award of an honorary doctorate was rejected by the Faculty Council with 19 votes in favor and 2 abstentions.

    Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania's Education Minister Mathias Brodkorb then approved the complaints of the Rector of the University of Rostock, Wolfgang Schareck , as legitimate and finally refused to be awarded the honorary doctorate. An intensive legal examination had shown that the faculty at Snowden had not proven special academic achievements, as required by the state university law. This means that the requirements are higher than in other federal states. The dean of the Philosophical Faculty, Sven Bruhn, confirmed on March 2, 2015 that the Faculty would file a declaratory action against the Schwerin Administrative Court. The aim of the lawsuit is to establish that the assessment of the academic performance is exclusively the responsibility of the faculty council and not the rector of the university or the state's education minister and that the complaints about the procedure were therefore not admissible. The hearing of the lawsuit (Az. 1 A 2088/15 SN) took place on June 15, 2016 before the Schwerin Administrative Court . The Schwerin Administrative Court dismissed the lawsuit on June 15, 2016. The plaintiff still has the option to appeal.

    Honorary membership

    Honor in species name

    Cherax snowden

    The cancer Cherax snowden was named in the epithet after Edward Snowden in honor of him. Chris Lukhaup explained to the Washington Post : "After describing a couple new species, I thought about naming one after Edward Snowden because he really impressed me ... We have so many species named after other famous people who probably don't do so much for humanity. I wanted to show support for Edward Snowden. I think what he did is something very special. " The first describing scientists wrote in their publication: "The new species is named after the American freedom fighter Edward Joseph Snowden. He is honored due to of his extraordinary achievements in defense of justice, and freedom". This type of crab lives in clean rivers on the Vogelkop Peninsula in western New Guinea , Indonesia . Cherax snowden is also important in the aquarium hobby . Before it was described as a new species, the taxon was considered a color variant of Cherax holthuisi .

    Rector

    Snowden was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow by the students . The office is more of a symbolic nature and other whistleblowers have already been elected to the office.

    reception

    Movies

    • Verax (June 2013): Short film, named after Snowden's self-chosen pseudonym (like the adjective verus , verax is Latin and means true or truthful )
    • Snowden (September 2016), feature film by Oliver Stone with Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the role of Edward Snowden

    Documentation

    • Laura Poitras : Citizenfour (October 2014): Documentary about the exposure of the NSA scandal (multiple awards, including an Oscar in the category Best Documentation)
    • John Goetz, Poul Heilbuth: The story in the first: Hunt for Snowden (January 12, 2015): ARD documentary

    theatre

    • I regret nothing. Theater production by Jan-Christoph Gockel; World premiere: October 2014 at the Karlsruhe State Theater .

    Action art

    As part of a public art campaign, four artists unveiled a Snowden bust on a New York memorial in 2015. The bust was discovered, covered and removed after a few hours.

    See also

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : Edward Snowden  - Collection of Images
    Wikiquote: Edward Snowden  - Quotes

    Interviews and lectures

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c What we know about NSA leaker Edward Snowden. In: National Broadcasting Company. June 10, 2013, archived from the original on September 21, 2013 ; accessed on March 1, 2014 (English).
    2. ^ PressTV-Snowden among Nobel Peace Prize tips. In: presstv.com. Retrieved August 22, 2016 .
    3. ↑ Sonja Kastilan: November 1st, 2013 Message to Germany - Snowden's letter in full . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    4. ↑ a b c Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, Laura Poitras: Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    5. ↑ a b Kevin Poulsen: What's in the Rest of the Top-Secret NSA PowerPoint Deck? ( English ) In: Wired . June 10, 2014. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    6. ↑ a b c d e f Ewen MacAskill: Edward Snowden, NSA files source: "If they want to get you, in time they will" ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved on February 26, 2014.
    7. ↑ Peter Finn, Sari Horwitz: US charges Snowden with espionage ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved on February 27, 2014.
    8. ↑ a b Spiegel Online authors kpg, Carlo Ingelfinger: Prism scandal: US justice accuses Snowden of espionage . In: Spiegel Online . June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved on February 27, 2014.
    9. ^ A b Claudia Thaler: Russian media speculate about Snowden's future . In: Spiegel Online . August 1, 2013. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved on March 2, 2014.
    10. ↑ a b Julia Smirnova, Uwe Schmitt: Russia: Edward Snowden already has the first job offer . In: The world . August 1, 2013. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.
    11. ^ SPON authors kes, Ole Reissmann: Snowden: Russia grants a three-year residence . In: Spiegel Online . August 7, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    12. ↑ Julia Prosinger, Norbert Thomma: Interview with Edward Snowden's lawyer: He deserves great respect . In: Der Tagesspiegel . February 8, 2014. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    13. ↑ Mass surveillance: EU citizens' rights still in danger, says Parliament , October 29, 2015
    14. ^ A b c Kim Rixecker: Whistleblower Edward Snowden: "I will not see my home again" . In: t3n . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    15. ^ A b Edward Snowden: Permanent Record 2019, ISBN 978-3-10-397482-9 .
    16. ↑ Jerry Markon: Effort to get NSA leaker Edward Snowden's father to Moscow collapses . July 30, 2013.
    17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Hannah Beitzer, Oliver Klasen: Whistleblower Edward Snowden: Alone against the superpower . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 19, 2014., archive page @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
    18. ^ Matthias Rüb: Informant Edward Snowden: Nothing is impossible . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
    19. ↑ Martin Holland: Edward Snowden allegedly as early as 2009 under suspicion by the CIA . In: Heise Online . October 11, 2013. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved on March 2, 2014.
    20. ↑ Eric Schmitt: CIA Warning on Snowden in '09 Said to Slip Through the Cracks ( English ) In: The New York Times . October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
    21. ↑ Suzanna Andrews, Bryan Burrough & Sarah Ellison (May 2014), "The Snowden Saga: A Shadowland of Secrets and Light," Vanity Fair
    22. ↑ Simone Hamm: Big Boss is watching you . In: Deutschlandfunk . June 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    23. ↑ a b c d Marc Pitzke: Ex-CIA employee comes out as a Prism whistleblower . In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    24. ↑ Glenn Greenwald: Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    25. ^ Lana Lam: Snowden sought Booz Allen job to gather evidence on NSA surveillance . In: South China Morning Post . June 24, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
    26. ↑ a b Booz Allen Hamilton: Booz Allen Statement on Reports of Leaked Information ( English ) In: boozallen.com . June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    27. ^ Charlie Savage: Snowden to Join Board of the Freedom of the Press Foundation , The Guardian - Website, Dec. January 2014, accessed June 20, 2014
    28. ^ Matt Pearce: Edward Snowden joins Twitter, immediately gets more followers than NSA .
    29. ↑ Christina Passariello, Yoree Koh: It's Verified: Edward Snowden Is Now on Twitter . 29th September 2015.
    30. ↑ Irin Carmon: How we broke the NSA story ( English ) In: Salon . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    31. ^ RIA Novosti: Pentagon Report: Snowden stole 1.7 million files about secret US military operations . In: RIA Novosti . January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved on March 2, 2014.
    32. ^ Edward Snowden: Permanent Record . Henry Holt, 2019, ISBN 978-3-10-397482-9 , pp. 258 .
    33. ↑ Ewen Macaskill, Nick Davies, Nick Hopkins, Julian Borger, James Ball: GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summits ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    34. ↑ Barton Gellman, Ellen Nakashima: US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show ( English ) In: The Washington Post . August 31, 2013. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    35. ^ Andreas Ross: Further Snowden documents: "Black Budget" exposes American secret services . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . August 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    36. ↑ Snowden Archive - The Sidtoday files. The Intercept , May 16, 2016, accessed May 16, 2016 .
    37. ^ NSA scandal: "The Intercept" opens the Snowden archive. Zeit Online, May 16, 2016, accessed May 16, 2016 .
    38. ^ Ewen MacAskill: Edward Snowden, NSA files source: 'If they want to get you, in time they will' . In: The Guardian . June 10, 2013, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed August 22, 2016]).
    39. ↑ Johannes Kuhn: Prism Whistleblower: Obama chases Edward Snowden . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 2, 2014., archive page @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
    40. ^ A b Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras: Edward Snowden: "The US government will say I aided our enemies" - video interview ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 8, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    41. ↑ a b Andreas Wilkens: PRISM whistleblower avows himself . In: Heise Online . June 9, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    42. ↑ Christoph Sydow: Whistleblowers Edward Snowden and Bradley Manning uncover scandals . In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
    43. ↑ Andrea Peterson: Snowden: I raised NSA concerns internally over 10 times before going rogue ( English ) In: The Washington Post . March 7, 2014. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
    44. ↑ Snowden wants temporary asylum in Russia. In: zeit.de. Die Zeit , July 12, 2013, accessed on November 26, 2016 .
    45. ↑ Snowden asks Putin for asylum after all. In: diepresse.com. July 12, 2013, accessed November 26, 2016 .
    46. ^ A b Peter Finn, Sari Horwitz: US charges Snowden with espionage ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    47. ↑ US vs. Edward J. Snowden criminal complaint ( English ) In: The Washington Post . June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    48. ↑ Martin Holland: Arrest warrant against Edward Snowden . In: Heise Online . June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    49. ^ Roy Greenslade: How Edward Snowden led journalist and film-maker to reveal NSA secrets ( English ) In: The Guardian . August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved on August 31, 2013.
    50. ↑ The Head of the Department of State Press, Patrick Ventrell, told journalists: “We are deeply disappointed by the decision of the authorities in Hong Kong to permit Mr. Snowden to flee despite a legally valid US request to arrest him for purposes of his extradition under the US-Hong Kong Surrender Agreement ... We were very clear about our interest in this individual, and ... we're just not buying that this was a technical decision by a Hong Kong immigration official. This was a deliberate choice by the government to release a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant. "( Http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/06/211081.htm#SNOWDEN )
    51. ^ Edward Snowden Says Disclosures Bolstered Individual Privacy . 17th September 2016.
    52. ↑ Fabian Reinbold, Alwin Schröder: Merkel wants to address the Prism scandal during Obama visit . In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    53. ↑ a b Peter Gotzner: businessman wants to bring Snowden with private jet to Iceland . In: Spiegel Online . June 21, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved on March 16, 2014.
    54. ↑ Ian Phillips: Reporters Seeking Snowden: Trapped in Transit . In: The daily newspaper . June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    55. ↑ Will Englund: Snowden stayed at Russian Consulate while in Hong Kong, report says . August 26, 2013.
    56. ↑ a b Lana Lam: Snowden leaves Hong Kong “on his own accord”, arrives in Moscow with WikiLeaks help ( English ) In: South China Morning Post . June 23, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    57. ↑ Benjamin Schulz: Prism Revelation: Edward Snowden flies to Moscow . In: Spiegel Online . June 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved on March 16, 2014.
    58. ↑ Manager Magazin -Author cr: Affront to the USA: Why Hong Kong whistleblower Snowden left the country . In: Manager Magazin . June 23, 2013. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    59. ↑ Michael Kelley: Meet Sarah Harrison, The Wikileaks Representative Traveling With Edward Snowden ( English ) In: Business Insider . June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    60. ^ Hendrik Ternieden: Edward Snowden applies for asylum in Ecuador . In: Spiegel Online . June 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved on March 16, 2014.
    61. ↑ Till Schwarze: Ex-Secret Service Agent: Where's Edward Snowden? . In: Zeit Online . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    62. ↑ n-tv author dsi: NSA whistleblower's asylum application : Will Ecuador drop Snowden? . In: n-tv . June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    63. ^ Dpa: Snowden: USA threaten Ecuador . In: Web.de . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    64. ↑ Manager Magazin -Author la: Snowden case: US Senator threatens Ecuador with trade barriers . In: Manager Magazin . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    65. ↑ SPON: Ecuador terminates customs agreement with the USA because of a dispute over Edward Snowden . In: Spiegel Online . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    66. ↑ Al Jazeera: Obama refuses to barter over Snowden ( English ) In: Al Jazeera . June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    67. ↑ Handelsblatt: Venezuela offers asylum: Obama “doesn't want to send any jets to catch hackers” . In: Handelsblatt . January 4, 2014. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved on March 16, 2014.
    68. ↑ Sergei L. Loiko: Putin: Edward Snowden can stay in Russia if he stops leaks ( English ) In: Los Angelas Times . July 1, 2013. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    69. ↑ eng.kremlin.ru: News conferences following the working meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries ( English ) In: eng.kremlin.ru . July 1, 2013. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved on February 19, 2014.
    70. ↑ Glenn Greenwald: Edward Snowden confirmed to… ( English ) In: Twitter . @ggreenwald. July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    71. ↑ WikiLeaks: Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow ( English ) In: WikiLeaks . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    72. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: NSA affair: Germany examines Snowden's asylum application . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    73. ↑ Handelsblatt: Asylum application submitted: Snowden is also looking for refuge in Germany . In: Handelsblatt . July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
    74. ↑ Reuters: Informant Snowden announces further revelations . In: Reuters Germany . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
    75. ↑ USA forced Austria to search Morales aircraft derstandard.at in 2013 , accessed on January 14, 2015
    76. ↑ Fabian Reinbold, Katharina Peters: Morales plane stopped in Vienna: Snowden not on board . In: Spiegel Online . July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    77. ↑ Der Standard: After a stopover in Vienna: France regrets "problems" . In: The Standard . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    78. ↑ Der Standard: South American states advise after the “kidnapping” of Morales . In: The Standard . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
    79. ^ A b Daniel Ramos: Morales back in Bolivia after plane drama over Snowden ( English ) In: Reuters . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    80. ↑ Der Standard: Bolivia could close the US embassy in La Paz . In: The Standard . July 5, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
    81. ↑ Evo Morales Ayma: Letter from the Air . In: Le Monde diplomatique, German edition . August 9, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    82. ↑ Evo Morales Ayma: Defendamos la Humanidad: Contra es Secuestro estatal y el Espionaje global ( Spanish , PDF; 324 KB) In: bolivia.de . August 9, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
    83. ↑ a b Der Tagesspiegel: OAS criticizes Europeans for dealing with President Morales . In: Der Tagesspiegel . July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
    84. ↑ Morales accepts apologies from Europe . In: The Bund . July 24, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
    85. ↑ a b c d WAZ: Snowden makes further asylum applications - refusal in Iceland . In: The West . Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. July 5, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    86. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Raniah Salloum: Snowden: These countries examine asylum for the NSA revealer . In: Spiegel Online . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
    87. ↑ WikiLeaks: Edward Snowden submits asylum applications ( English ) In: WikiLeaks . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    88. ^ Johannes Korge, Sebastian Fischer: US data scandal: Snowden also applied for asylum in Germany . In: Spiegel Online . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
    89. ↑ a b c d e f Berliner Zeitung: Edward Snowden: Asylum in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia . In: Berliner Zeitung . July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    90. ↑ The Standard: Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela offer Snowden asylum . In: The Standard . July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    91. ^ A b c d Susanne Höll, Stefan Braun: Germany gives Edward Snowden no asylum . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    92. ↑ a b c Edward Snowden: Statement by Edward Snowden to human rights groups at Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport ( English ) In: WikiLeaks . July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
    93. ↑ a b c d e SPON author bos: NSA whistleblower: France and Italy refuse Snowden asylum . In: Spiegel Online . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    94. ^ A b Elise Vincent: Si Snowden entrait en France, "la police serait tenue de l'interpeller" ( English ) In: Le Monde . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    95. ↑ a b c WebReporter Sijamboi: Netherlands rejects asylum application from whistleblower Edward Snowden . In: ShortNews.de . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    96. ↑ a b c DutchNews: "No hope" for Edward Snowden's asylum application in Holland ( English ) In: DutchNews.nl . July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    97. ↑ a b c d Stuttgarter Zeitung: Asylum for Edward Snowden: After Venezuela and Nicaragua, Bolivia also makes the Prism revelator an offer . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014., Page 2 ( Memento from March 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) in the archive
    98. ↑ a b Jörn Sucher: Prism-Enthüller: Snowden applies for asylum in Venezuela . In: Spiegel Online . July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
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    114. ^ Friedhelm Greis: Snowden's stay in Russia extended. In: Golem.de. January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017 .
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    116. ^ Daniel Ellsberg: Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved on February 9, 2014.
    117. ^ Suzanne Goldenberg: Al Gore: NSA's secret surveillance program "not really the American way" ( English ) In: The Guardian . June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
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    119. ↑ Volker Königkrämer: Survey in the USA: Snowden a hero and not a traitor . In: Stern . July 11, 2013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    120. ↑ Martin Ganslmeier: PRISM disclosure: Computer expert Snowden divides USA . In: Tagesschau . October 6, 2013. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved on February 26, 2014.
    121. ^ Pew Research Center , Dec 2013, America's Place in the World 2013 , p. 32
    122. ↑ Lucas Tomlinson: Ex-CIA director: Snowden should be "hanged" if convicted for treason ( English ) In: FOXNews . December 17, 2013. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
    123. ↑ Martin Holland: Ex-CIA boss: "Snowden should be hanged" . In: Heise Online . December 20, 2013. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    124. ↑ Benny Johnson: America's Spies Want Edward Snowden Dead ( English ) In: buzzFeed . January 16, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
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    126. ↑ ARD: Snowden Exclusive - The Interview (Video 32 minutes) In: YouTube . ARD. January 26, 2014. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved on February 9, 2014.
    127. ↑ Noam Chomsky in conversation with Michael Hesse: "It was a mistake to be lulled by Obama's rhetoric". In: Frankfurter Rundschau of September 11, 2015, pp. 30–31.
    128. ↑ a b Ed Pilkington: Intelligence experts urge Obama to end Edward Snowden's 'untenable exile'. In: theguardian.com. November 29, 2016, accessed December 14, 2016 .
    129. ^ Ed Pilkington: Edward Snowden did this country a great service. Let him come home. In: theguardian.com. September 14, 2016, accessed December 14, 2016 .
    130. ↑ Edward Snowden: "Your support is with me through this fight". Amnesty International, January 23, 2017, accessed November 24, 2018 .
    131. ↑ US President Obama: "Snowden raised legitimate concerns" . 18th November 2016.
    132. ↑ Video Joachim Gauck in the ZDF summer interview with Bettina Schausten  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on July 5, 2013.
    133. ↑ Transcription of the interview: Bettina Schausten with Joachim Gauck: ZDF summer interview 2013 . In: bundespraesident.de . Office of the Federal President. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
    134. ↑ Stefan Braun: Shitstorm against Joachim Gauck because of Snowden's testimony . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
    135. ↑ Christoph Slangen, Andreas Herhol: www.bundespraesident.de: The Federal President / Interviews / Interview with the “Passauer Neue Presse” . In: Bundespraesident.de . July 26, 2013. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
    136. ↑ Stefan Braun: Gauck on the NSA scandal - "This affair worries me very much" . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 26, 2013. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
    137. ^ Günther Nonnenmacher: Snowden Affair: Gauck warns . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . July 27, 203. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
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    151. ^ A b Michael Backhaus, Kayhan Özgenc: wiretapping scandal: US President Obama approves eavesdropping on Chancellor Merkel . In: image . October 27, 2013. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
    152. ^ Zeit Online: US secret services: criminal complaint against Merkel in NSA scandal . In: Zeit Online . February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    153. ^ Jan Schnorrenberg: Snowden Leaks: Chaos Computer Club files criminal charges against the federal government . In: Netzpolitik.org . February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    154. ↑ henning: Chaos Computer Club files criminal charges against the federal government . In: Chaos Computer Club eV . February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    155. ↑ zdf.de: Frontal21: broadcast on May 27, 2014 . In: Frontal21 . ZDF. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    156. ↑ Tonja Pölitz, Ulrich Stoll: witness undesirable - The political wrangling over Edward Snowden (PDF; 51 KB): zdf.de . Frontal21. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved on May 9, 2015.
    157. ^ The head of the NSA committee wants to question Snowden in the Swiss embassy. In: The time. May 11, 2014, accessed October 9, 2014 .
    158. ↑ 08.09.2014 - Worldwide reading for Edward Snowden - Worldwide Reading. In: www.worldwide-reading.com. Retrieved March 29, 2016 .
    159. ^ A b Matthias Rüb: Comment: Before a post-American era . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . October 26, 2013. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
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    165. ^ Annette Sawatzki: Protection for Edward Snowden in Germany! . In: Campact . Annette Sawatzki. July 3, 2013. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
    166. ^ Anne-Kathrin Schumann: Petitions: Petition 43198 . In: epetionen.bundestag.de . Anne-Kathrin Schumann. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved on March 19, 2014.
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    168. ↑ «Freedom is important to me» | Church. Accessed April 28, 2020 (German).
    169. ↑ AZ-Online: Aargauer Pfarrer calls for asylum for whistleblower Snowden with petition, article dated October 12, 2015
    170. ↑ 20 minutes: Aargau pastor calls for asylum for Edward Snowden Article from October 13, 2015
    171. ^ Federal Council: Asylum for Edward Snowden in Switzerland. Now! .
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    173. ↑ Edward Snowden continues to hope for asylum in Germany on zeit.de
    174. ↑ American whistleblower: Snowden is promoting asylum in Germany .
    175. ↑ Martin Scholz: Edward Snowden: "The European governments are afraid of me" . 13th September 2019.
    176. ↑ Martin Knobbe, Jörg Schindler: Interview with Edward Snowden: "If I Happen to Fall out of a Window, You Can Be Sure I Was Pushed" . 13th September 2019.
    177. ^ Snowden seeks asylum in Germany . 13th September 2019.
    178. ^ N-tv news: Edward Snowden and Jean Michel Jarre. Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
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    180. ↑ Great interest in Edward Snowden . October 18, 2018 ( orf.at [accessed October 28, 2018]).
    181. ↑ Snowden takes part in an event in Tyrol . October 18, 2018 ( orf.at [accessed October 28, 2018]).
    182. ^ Sauermann Matthias: Edward Snowden in Tirol: Just save the world for a moment . In: Tiroler Tageszeitung Online . October 19, 2018 ( tt.com [accessed October 28, 2018]).
    183. ↑ Snowden live | Tyrolean daily newspaper. Retrieved October 28, 2018 .
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    185. ^ Mike Taylor, Help Save The Refugees That Sheltered Edward Snowden. Retrieved October 28, 2018 (American English).
    186. ^ Heise online authors Detlef Borchers, anw: Whistleblower Prize for Edward Snowden . In: Heise online . July 23, 2013. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
    187. ↑ Douglas Kim: Former National Security Whistleblowers Meet in Moscow and Award Sam Adams Prize to Snowden ( English ) In: Whistleblower.org . October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
    188. ↑ Judith Horchert: award: Whistleblower Edward Snowden meet in Moscow . In: Spiegel Online . Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
    189. ↑ The Ridenhour Prizes: Fostering the spirit of courage and truth ( English ) In: The Ridenhour Prizes . April 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved on April 8, 2014.
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    191. ^ Rolf Gössner: Prize and speech for Edward Snowden - civil rights resistance against surveillance mania and state injustice . In: nrhz.de . Neue Rheinische Zeitung. June 25, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    192. ↑ Sven Lüders: Award for a valuable contribution to safeguarding our fundamental rights . In: humanistische-union.de . Humanist Union. June 23, 2014. Accessed May 9, 2015.
    193. ↑ Die AnStifter: Stuttgart Peace Prize 2014 . In: die-anstifter.de . The instigators. November 24, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    194. ↑ Ina Müssig man: Peace Prize for Edward Snowden: Ed talks to Stuttgart . In: The daily newspaper . November 23, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    195. ^ Alternative Nobel Prize for Edward Snowden . In: deutschlandfunk.de . September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
    196. ↑ RLAF: Stockholm Right Livelihood Award Foundation rewards commitment to human rights, freedom of the press, civil liberties and the fight against climate change (PDF; 622 KB) In: rightlivelihood.org . Right Livelihood Award Foundation. September 24, 2014. Accessed May 9, 2015.
    197. ↑ RLAF: Right Livelihood Award: 2014 - Edward Snowden ( English ) In: Right Livelihood Award Foundation . Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    198. ^ Zeit Online: Germany: Snowden awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal . In: Zeit Online . October 14, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    199. ↑ rbb: Edward Snowden honored with the Ossietzky Medal . In: rbb-online.de . Broadcasting Berlin-Brandenburg. December 14, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    200. ↑ Deutschlandradio Kultur: Ossietzky Medal for Snowden . In: Deutschlandradio Kultur . October 15, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
    201. ↑ Norway awards the Snowden Prize for Freedom of Expression to NSA revelers. Retrieved October 13, 2015 .
    202. ↑ Suma Award for NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden , Heise News from March 3, 2016
    203. ^ Neue Zürcher Zeitung: Edward Snowden receives Norwegian Ossietzky Prize. Retrieved March 8, 2016 .
    204. ↑ Kristina Beer: Kassel Citizen Prize goes to Edward Snowden. In: heise online. June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016 .
    205. ↑ Associated Press: Edward Snowden nominated for Nobel peace prize ( English ) In: The Guardian . January 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved on February 19, 2014.
    206. ↑ AFP / dpa / jw: Edward Snowden nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . In: The world . January 29, 2014. Archived from the original on May 22, 2014. Retrieved on May 23, 2014.
    207. ↑ Friday: No IQ Prize for Edward Snowden
    208. ^ NDR 1 Radio Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Will Snowden be an honorary doctor of the University of Rostock? . In: Norddeutscher Rundfunk . November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved on November 14, 2013.
    209. ^ Rostock-today: University of Rostock: Honorary doctorate for Edward Snowden . In: Rostock-Today . May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    210. ↑ Wolfgang Schareck: Rector objects to decision of the Philosophical Faculty . In: University of Rostock . May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    211. ↑ Lorenz Caffier: Edward Snowden: He must not be awarded! . In: Zeit Online . June 17, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    212. ↑ Hans-Jürgen von Wensierski: Former. Federal constitutional judge Bryde supports the Faculty of Philosophy in the dispute with the rector about Snowden's honorary doctorate . In: Philosophical Faculty . Rostock University. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
    213. ^ Faculty Council of the Philosophical Faculty: Press release - Resolution of the Philosophical Faculty to object to the Snowden honorary doctorate . In: Philosophical Faculty . Rostock University. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved on July 14, 2014.
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    217. ↑ Amory Burchard: Edward Snowden - No honorary doctorate in Rostock: Minister forbids honoring the whistleblower . In: Der Tagesspiegel . September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    218. ↑ Philosophical Faculty: Honorary Doctorate Snowden - Philosophical Faculty files suit against the complaint of the Rector and the Minister of Education . In: Philosophical Faculty . Rostock University. March 2, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    219. ^ NDR: Honorary Doctorate for Snowden: Faculty complains . In: Norddeutscher Rundfunk . March 2, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    220. ↑ Appointment announcement. Schwerin Administrative Court, June 2, 2016, archived from the original on June 8, 2016 ; accessed on June 8, 2016 .
    221. ^ No honorary doctorate for Edward Snowden. Schwerin Administrative Court, June 2, 2016, archived from the original on June 8, 2016 ; accessed on June 8, 2016 .
    222. ↑ Goran Krstin: Edward Snowden is an honorary member of the Free University of Berlin . In: Free University of Berlin . July 2, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    223. ↑ 46halbe: Chaos Computer Club supports Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden . In: Chaos Computer Club e. V. . August 24, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    224. ↑ Eliana Dockterman: New Species of Crayfish Named After Edward Snowden, August 25, 2015, in: http://time.com/4010078/crayfish-edward-snowden/
    225. ↑ Details - Cherax snowden, a new species of crayfish (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae) from the Kepala Burung (Vogelkop) Peninsula in Irian Jaya (West Papua), Indonesia - Biodiversity Heritage Library .
    226. ↑ a b Elahe Izadi: There's a new crayfish species and it's named after Edward Snowden . August 25, 2015.
    227. ↑ http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-cherax-snowden-crayfish-03169.html New Crayfish Species Found in Indonesia Named after Edward Snowden, Sci News, August 25, 2015
    228. ↑ CRUSTAHUNTER "Cherax snowden (holthuisi" Orange Tip "), Lukhaup et al. 2015 .
    229. ^ Students elect Snowden as rector of the University of Glasgow. Edward Snowden has a new job: the University of Glasgow students have chosen him as their new Rector. However, he will hardly be able to fulfill the associated tasks - but that is not expected either. February 19, 2014, accessed on January 15, 2019 (author code: juh).
    230. ↑ I have no regrets . In: Staatstheater.karlsruhe.de . Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
    231. Jump up ↑ Activists smuggle Snowden bust into New York memorial. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . April 7, 2015, accessed on January 25, 2017 : “The four artists were working at dawn and were disguised as park employees in safety vests. They hoisted the 120 centimeter high and around 50 kilogram bust onto an existing stone pillar. [...] around noon officials covered the bust. "
    personal data
    SURNAME Snowden, Edward
    ALTERNATIVE NAMES Snowden, Edward Joseph (full name); Verax (pseudonym)
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION American whistleblower
    DATE OF BIRTH June 21, 1983
    PLACE OF BIRTH Elizabeth City , North Carolina , United States