Nicolás Maduro

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Nicolás Maduro (2016)

Nicolás Maduro Moros [ nikoˈlas maˈðuɾo ˈmoɾos ] (born November 23, 1962 in Caracas ) is a Venezuelan politician of the United Socialist Party . From 2013 to January 2019 he was the elected President of Venezuela . He was Foreign Minister from 2006 to January 16, 2013 and from October 2012 Vice President of the Presidential Federal Republic of Venezuela . In this position, he led the affairs of the sick Hugo Chávez until the early elections , which were made necessary by Chávez 'death on March 5, 2013.

On May 20, 2018, he was confirmed in office in an early presidential election , but this vote was not recognized by most western states , including the USA and members of the European Union, due to alleged election fraud . After bypassing parliament since 2017 , he did not take the oath of office, as required by the constitution , in front of parliament. Because of his repeated attempts to overthrow the elected parliament, he is increasingly referred to as a dictator .

On March 26, 2020, the United States Department of State charged him with collaborating with drug cartels ( narcoterrorism ) and asked for $ 15 million for clues leading to his arrest.

biography

Maduro was born in Caracas in 1962 to a Colombian and Catholic mother. His father, Nicolás Maduro García, whose family descended from Sephardic Jews from Curaçao , was a co-founder of the social democratic party Democratic Action ( Acción Democrática , AD) and organized a strike in the oil industry against the military government in 1952 . The uprising failed, the elections were canceled and his father fled the dictatorial military government of Marcos Pérez Jiménez .

His father distanced himself from the AD in the 1960s. In 1967 the five-year-old Maduro was taken by his parents to the meeting of the “electoral movement of the people” (MEP, a left branch of the AD) and a year later to the big public actions in support of the presidential candidacy of Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa. At the age of twelve he began to get involved in the "Ruptura" movement, a project of the legendary Venezuelan guerrilla leader Douglas Bravo . Maduro emerged as a student leader in the late 1970s, although he did not study at the Liceum José Ávalos in El Valle after graduating from school.

He worked in the Socialist League and was just as active in its national governing body as in the regional committee of Caracas, at times as a bodyguard for politically active comrades such as the lawyer and journalist José Vicente Rangel when he ran in 1983. In 1986 he attended political training courses for one year with other left activists in the Escuela Nacional de Cuadros Julio Antonio Mella in Cuba, which was made possible by a scholarship from the Socialist League. Upon his return from Cuba, Maduro co-founded the new Caracas public transport union SITRAMECA, and was elected to its bodies. In 1991 he was a bus driver for the state-owned Caracas Metro .

Parallel to the trade union work for SITRAMECA, Maduro was initially a member of the Bolivarian revolutionary movement founded by Hugo Chávez , which was committed to the implementation of a third state model between socialist state economy and capitalism . His friendship with Chávez goes back to the years when Maduro campaigned with Cilia Flores , a lawyer and his future wife, for the release of the imprisoned Chávez, who after the failed coup attempt of February 1992 against President Carlos Andrés Pérez (1922-2010) had been sentenced to a long prison term. In 1994 Chavez was pardoned. Between 1994 and 1997 Maduro was a member of the National Directorate of the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement. Maduro shares the focus on Russia, which Chavez had taken when the United States rejected it.

In 1997 he was one of the co-founders of the "Movement for a Fifth Republic" ( Movimiento Quinta República (MVR)) along with Hugo Chávez and was elected as its candidate for the first time in the election for the constituent national assembly in 1998 (in December 1998, Chávez was elected with 56% elected president).

In the elections to the National Assembly in 2000 and 2005, he was again elected as a member of parliament and represented the interests of the MVR of the Distrito Capital constituency. From 2000 to 2001 he was initially chairman of the MVR parliamentary group in the National Assembly and until 2003 chairman of the committee for the development of social integration.

After the parliamentary elections on December 4, 2005 (the opposition boycotted them because they feared manipulation of the voting computers; the PSUV received a large majority) he was elected speaker of the National Assembly and held this office until August 2006. His wife Cilia Flores succeeded him as speaker of parliament . She is accused of nepotism (she put dozens of relatives on Parliament's payroll). Corruption proceedings have been dropped. Two of Cilia Flores' nephews with Venezuelan diplomatic passports were arrested in Haiti while trying to smuggle 800 kg of cocaine and extradited to the United States.

On February 20, 2020, the Schweizer Tages-Anzeiger reported in the article on the impending professional bans on some Julius Baer bankers that in 2018 a former Julius Baer banker "for Venezuela's elite, including the step-sons of President Nicolás Maduro, Laundered huge sums of illegal money ”and was sentenced to 10 years in the US for it.

Foreign minister

Maduro (far left) at a conference of the Latin American Integration Association in Uruguay (2011)

On August 9, 2006, Maduro was appointed Foreign Minister by President Chávez . In September 2006 there was upset relations with the United States when Maduro was "harassed" by security officials at New York Airport after speaking to the UN General Assembly before flying back to Venezuela. The US government later apologized for this. In October 2007 he gave another speech at the General Assembly of the United Nations in New York , in which he addressed the situation in his country, international terrorism and the war in Iraq and mainly criticized the USA.

In an interview in January 2009, he expressed his views on the global economic crisis and the situation in America and Europe . He warned against repeating the mistakes in dealing with the European financial crisis, which Latin America has already committed in its history, after the "collapse of the neoliberal paradigm". The nationalization of banks in the US and the debate about nationalization in Europe are an example of this. He demanded that the conspiracies and conspiracies against the democratically elected presidents of Latin America must come to an end. There should be no more attempted coups such as the one made against President Chavez in 2002, and no more conspiracies such as those made against Bolivia's President Evo Morales . Latin America would have changed forever, and this insight must also prevail in Washington, otherwise the USA would become even more isolated than it already is.

In January 2009, diplomatic relations with Israel were strained . After Venezuela expelled Israeli diplomats in the Gaza Strip because of the military offensive ( Operation Cast Lead ) by the Israeli forces , the Israeli government ordered the expulsion of the Venezuelan ambassador and his staff. In an interview with Al Jazeera TV channel , Maduro stated that Israel had expelled the Venezuelan ambassador:

“The response from the State of Israel is weak, belated, and in every way an honor for us. We are proud that the current state of Israel, which is run by these criminals, made this decision. "

In July 2009 he was one of the mediators in the Honduran constitutional crisis .

president

On October 11, 2012, Chávez named after his re-election Nicolás Maduro to succeed Elías Jaua as Vice-President. On January 16, 2013, Elías Jaua replaced Nicolás Maduro in the office of Foreign Minister.

After the death of Hugo Chávez, Maduro was sworn in as interim president on March 8, 2013. He took over a state whose income depended 95 percent on oil sales and whose government had not invested any reserves.

He called for quick new elections, the date of March 9, 2013 was set for April 14, 2013. During the election campaign, the opposition and the media were severely intimidated and hindered.

According to the electoral authority, Maduro won the presidential election on April 14, 2013, with 50.66% of the vote against his conservative challenger Henrique Capriles (49.06%). The opposition complained about numerous anomalies in the election, such as voter intimidation, non-secret and double voting. The electoral authority controlled by the Chavistas refused to review the election beyond a vote count and declared the result to be valid.

Maduro called on parliament to give him more power in the fight against corruption . At the end of September 2013, Nicolás Maduro appointed his wife's nephew, Carlos Erick Malpica Flores, treasurer of the republic.

Maduro offered asylum to whistleblower Edward Snowden in July 2013.

When the economic crisis was beginning, Maduro had all the stores in the electrical goods chain Daka occupied. The shopkeepers were arrested and the shops looted by passers-by. Due to the crisis, Maduro received special powers. According to this, he should be allowed to enact laws for one year without the consent of parliament. After a power failure in Venezuela, Maduro blamed the opposition and spoke of sabotage.

As early as February 2014 there were protests against the high level of crime , the shortage of goods and rising prices in Venezuela (see Protests in Venezuela 2014 ). Six protesters were killed in the riots. Maduro, meanwhile, accused Alvaro Uribe , a former president of Colombia , of funding and controlling the opposition. In November 2014, the approval of Maduro's policy in the population was still 24.5 percent. In the further course of 2014 the oil price fell and Venezuela lost the ability to ensure the supply of the country through imports due to falling revenues.

In the parliamentary elections in Venezuela in 2015 , the opposition received two thirds of the seats. Maduro has been ruling with emergency ordinances since then . The supply situation in the country became increasingly precarious. The Venezuelans called the increasing malnutrition and malnutrition "Maduro diet". According to a survey, three quarters of Venezuelans lost an average of eight kilograms in 2016.

Dismissal referendum 2016

Protesters call for a referendum on the recall of President Maduro (October 2016)

In March 2016, two-thirds of Venezuelans supported the removal of Maduro in a poll by the Defense Ministry. At the beginning of May 2016, the opposition launched the recall referendum in Venezuela in 2016 . In July 2016 it was officially announced that with 399,412 valid signatures there were enough supporters for the first round of the referendum. At least one percent of the electorate had to be reached in all states. In the second round, according to the constitution, 20 percent of the electorate (approx. 4 million Venezuelans) must sign within three days. If this succeeds, the text of the referendum will have to be implemented soon and the president will be removed. According to the constitution, new elections had to be held until January 10, 2017, after which date Maduro would have been replaced by his vice-president, the socialist Aristóbulo Istúriz, since there will be no new elections if the referendum is successful if the current referendum is successful President would not have been in office for more than two years. The national electoral council of Venezuela set the date for February 2017 and set the (unconstitutional) hurdle that the quorum of 20 percent must be achieved in all states. The regional elections of the end of 2016 in Venezuela have also been postponed by the Maduro regime "to Saint Never's Day".

The National Assembly described by a large majority the later cancellation of the referendum by the National Electoral Council due to invalidation of the first rounds of signatures by courts loyal to the regime as a "collapse of the constitutional order", which equates to a " coup of the Maduro regime".

At the end of October 2016, parliament opened political proceedings against Maduro on suspicion of “constitutional violations, human rights violations, attacks on democracy and the economic crisis”. He was asked to answer questions in parliament on November 1st and to comment on the allegations. Parliament also set up a committee of inquiry. In December 2016, the Supreme Court ruled that a parliamentary initiative calling for impeachment was unconstitutional. At that time, in an opinion poll, 80 percent of Venezuelans voted for Maduro's removal.

On January 9, 2017, parliament declared the president deposed and hoped for new elections. Also because the Constitutional Court behaved loyally to the President, the vote had no effect, as the reason for the dismissal was that President Maduro was not fulfilling his constitutional obligations, that is, he was "absent" during the crisis.

Disempowerment of parliament by the Maduro-loyal Supreme Court in spring 2017

On March 29, 2017, the Maduro Supreme Court lifted the immunity of all parliamentarians, deprived parliament of all powers and transferred them to itself. Two days later, Prosecutor General Luisa Ortega described this procedure as a breach of the constitution. On April 1, the decision was reversed. It was unclear on whose instigation the court acted. The pressure from international diplomacy to reverse it was correspondingly great. In fact, the Supreme Court had exercised the function of the legislature, which abolished the separation of powers and de facto equated the balance of power with a dictatorship . President Maduro wanted to return to normal without any consequences, the opposition demanded the removal of the judges. OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro condemned Maduro's authoritarian style of government. Venezuela's membership in Mercosur was suspended in December. The powers of attorney, which the court had transferred to Maduro at the same time, remained, however, so that Maduro could independently negotiate contracts of the state oil company PDVSA with other companies.

State personality cult in Venezuela: Newly built social housing with Maduro's signature and portraits of Chávez and Maduro on the outside of the building (2017)

When the socialists had largely lost popular support, the last bulwark against the disempowerment of the Maduro regime was a constituent assembly to “ anchor the achievements of the Bolivarian revolution in the constitution”. However, according to the constitution, the power to convene lay with the people; Such a referendum to initiate the convocation was unconstitutionally waived. The opposition boycotted their election (because of the pre-selected candidates); the Chavists called the "election" a "victory". Members of the assembly standing above parliament include Maduro's wife Celia Flores and his son Nicolás junior . The separation of powers in the country has been abolished since this complete disempowerment of parliament. Maduro rules with decrees and special powers.

Prosecutor General Luisa Ortega Díaz had also declared this meeting to be unconstitutional. She was then illegally dismissed from office (the parliament actually responsible for this vote against) and fled the country after flimsy charges. She said in October 2017 that she had sufficient evidence of killings and human rights violations that could bring President Maduro to the international criminal court . She has no political ambitions, she just wants to restore justice and democratic institutions in her country.

Development 2018

Julia Buxton concluded in February 2018 that Maduro had not tackled a single problem during his five-year presidency that he inherited from his predecessor at the beginning. Instead, on February 27, 2018, he enrolled as a candidate for the presidential elections, which were held from autumn 2018 to April 2018. Because the opposition had boycotted the regional elections, the main opposition parties would have had to re-register. However, the date for this had been postponed at the same time, which meant that the most important candidates could not participate. The majority of states on the American continent did not recognize the elections.

On August 4, 2018, an incident occurred during a military parade in Caracas. The government side spoke of an attack with explosive-filled drones on Maduro, in which seven soldiers were injured. The fire brigade, on the other hand, spoke of a gas explosion in a nearby apartment, and a staging was also suspected: a previously unknown “National Flannel Soldiers Movement” wanted to admit to the “attempted attack” on the Internet. Maduro said in a televised address just hours after the incident that an attack on him had been carried out by the right-wing opposition and accused Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos of being partly responsible. In an unexpected turn at the beginning of August 2018, Maduro called himself and the party responsible for the country's economic misery, instead of blaming the "US imperialists", as is customary in the "script of the socialists". The NZZ commented that the admission of guilt could still "blow Maduro's ears". Just as dangerous is a game with the almost free gasoline, which Venezuelans see as a kind of natural right; This should only remain so for holders of the Carnet de la Patria or when registering as a motorist at a registration office, which was criticized by the opposition as social and political control or was described as favoritism. The smuggling of fuel was an important source of income of the population and corrupt military become

Political stance on Venezuela (black) as of March 2019
_ neutral
_ took no position
_recognize Guaidó as president
_recognize the Venezuelan National Assembly to
_ recognize Maduro as president

Interim presidency of the President of Parliament from January 2019

On January 15, 2019, the disempowered National Assembly declared the re-election of Maduro illegal and future government decisions null and void. On January 23, 2019, the President of Parliament Juan Guaidó declared himself interim president due to a reinterpretation of Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, as no legitimate President was present.

Ecuador and other countries, including the USA, recognized the speaker of parliament as interim president, after which President Nicolás Maduro broke off diplomatic relations with the USA. The demolition was completed in March.

In mid-March 2019, he urged all ministers to submit their resignations in order to serve a reorganization due to all kinds of threats to the country.

UN Report on Torture and Executions in Maduro's Prisons 2019

Beginning in July 2019 presented Michelle Bachelet , High Commissioner for Human Rights of the United Nations a report with evidence of torture and extrajudicial executions in Venezuela before. It is primarily about the practice of the Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales .

In May 2020, Nicolás Maduro and his government accused the United States and neighboring Colombia of being responsible for a military operation earlier in the month aimed at overthrowing Maduro.

Talk

Maduro speaks to journalists in Brazil (2010)

In the 2012 presidential election campaign , Maduro, the opposition leader of the Primero Justicia , Henrique Capriles , and Leopoldo López , the former mayor of Chacao, a district of Caracas, said they were “sifrinitos, mariconzones y fascistas” ( German for  “snobs, gays (or fagots ) and fascists) " ). This led to violent protests, and a few days later Maduro apologized with a statement.

In many of his speeches, Maduro spoke about “love and service to the home”. This is associated with his belief in the Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba . Maduro has already visited his ashram in Puttaparthi (India) several times with his wife .

In December 2012, Maduro declared in a public address: “Opposition politicians and traitors must stop hating Hugo Chavez” and on March 5, 2013 Maduro accused the “enemies of Venezuela” of having poisoned Chavez.

Henrique Capriles Radonski, the opposition candidate, urged Maduro to accept a public debate. He replied that the only "debate" would be the April 14 elections.

During a speech on March 16, 2013, Maduro stated that Chavez was the immortal commander of the people.

When Barack Obama questioned the legitimacy of the election, Maduro said: "We are defending our institutions, peace, democracy, the people of Venezuela (...), and we can talk to anyone, even the top devil of all: Obama."

At the beginning of September 2016, an inauguration of new social housing could not take place in the presence of Maduro due to angry people in Porlamar .

Maduro wrote to the Pope at the beginning of February 2019 that he was serving “the cause of Jesus”. In 2017 he wrote to the church that it was "contaminated, poisoned by a counter-revolutionary vision and an ongoing conspiracy." ("Contaminado, envenenado por una visión contrarrevolucionaria y de conspiración permanente.")

Maduro repeatedly compared his appearance with that of Josef Stalin .

Web links

Commons : Nicolás Maduro  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ State of play: On the recognition of foreign heads of state. In: Scientific Services. German Bundestag, February 7, 2019, p. 4 , accessed on July 18, 2020 : “This means that recognition by another state does not change the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of a change of government, which remains to be judged solely according to domestic law. Ie mere recognition does not give the new government any legitimacy. "
  2. ^ Luisa Ortega: El Ejército debe restablecer la democracia . Deutsche Welle (Spanish), January 10, 2019
  3. ↑ The United States are indicting Venezuela's President Maduro of “narco-terrorism” | NZZ . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . ( nzz.ch [accessed on March 26, 2020]).
  4. ^ Nicolás Maduro Moros - New Target. In: United States Department of State. Retrieved March 26, 2020 (American English).
  5. ↑ elheraldo.co ( Memento from June 26, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Nicolás Maduro (El Heraldo, Colombia)
  6. ↑ Nicolás Maduro. badish newspaper
  7. ^ Nicolás Maduro: Hugo Chávez's incendiary heir .
  8. ↑ Venezuela's President awards Putin Peace Prize , Tagesanzeiger, October 8, 2016
  9. ↑ Maduro's wife accused of nepotism . Badische Zeitung, December 11, 2012
  10. ↑ Tjerk Brühwiller: Drug trafficking charges: Dark suspicions of Maduro's relatives . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . November 13, 2015, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed November 26, 2016]).
  11. ↑ "Now Julius Baer bankers could face a professional ban". Retrieved from the Tages-Anzeiger on February 20, 2020 on the same day.
  12. ↑ Airport officials harass Venezuela's foreign minister. In: welt.de . September 24, 2006, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  13. ↑ Speech by Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro to the UN General Assembly in New York on October 2, 2007
  14. ↑ "We want a free and independent Europe". A conversation with the Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro Moros about the global economic crisis, political consequences and the position of the South
  15. ↑ Israel expels Venezuelan envoy ( Memento from March 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Chavez appoints new vice president
  17. ↑ a b c From Wealth to Rags: Venezuela's Economic Crisis , Al Jazeera, February 14, 2018
  18. ↑ Maduro sworn in as interim president ORF, March 9, 2013
  19. ↑ Tobias Buyer: Venezuela: Chávez 'Crown Prince wants rule. In: zeit.de. April 13, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  20. ^ Sandra Weiss: Venezuela: Chavez preserved the system and ruined the country. In: zeit.de. March 8, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  21. ↑ Venezuela: Chavez's foster son Maduro wins presidential election. In: Spiegel Online . April 15, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  22. ^ Nicoletta Wagner: The revolution goes on: Chavism without Chávez. In: nzz.ch. June 22, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  23. ↑ Venezuela - Maduro wants special powers from parliament. In: sueddeutsche.de. October 9, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  24. ↑ New officials for the government (El Nacional) ( Memento from November 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ↑ Obama “doesn't want to send any jets to catch hackers”. In: handelsblatt.com. June 27, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  26. ^ Prism revelers on the run: Snowden applies for asylum in Venezuela. In: Spiegel Online . July 9, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  27. ↑ Tobias buyer: Venezuela: Maduros class struggle in the supermarket. In: zeit.de. November 13, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  28. ↑ wsj.de
  29. ↑ a b afp: Maduro suspects sabotage behind the power failure. In: handelsblatt.com. September 4, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  30. ↑ Thousands demonstrate in Caracas. In: FAZ.net . February 16, 2014, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  31. ↑ Tjerk Brühwiller: Maduros next victim . In: NZZ , December 5, 2014, p. 5
  32. ↑ Venezuela lets its children die . NZZ, December 15, 2016.
  33. ↑ The last of its kind . FAZ.net , April 13, 2017.
  34. ^ El “colectivo” del TSJ , El Nacional, March 9, 2016
  35. ↑ Deselection of Maduro: Referendum in Venezuela clears an important hurdle. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved August 2, 2016 .
  36. ↑ Referendum in Venezuela clears an important hurdle
  37. ↑ Maduro holed up from the citizens . In: NZZ , September 22, 2016
  38. ↑ It's five to twelve in Venezuela , NZZ August 5, 2017
  39. ^ Parliament accuses Maduro's government of a coup; in SPON from October 24, 2016 online
  40. ↑ Political crisis in Venezuela: Parliament starts proceedings against Maduro at tagesschau.de, October 26, 2016
  41. ^ No impeachment proceedings against President Maduro ( Memento from December 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Deutschlandfunk, December 16, 2016
  42. ↑ Venezuela braces for turbulence after recall is stalled , apnews, October 23, 2016
  43. ↑ Venezuelan parliament declares president Maduro in “abandonment of post” , panamatoday, January 9, 2017
  44. ↑ Venezuela's decline: From rich oil country to poor dictatorship , NZZ on Sunday, January 26, 2015: "2017 - The supreme court loyal to the regime usurps the powers of parliament. There are protests with many dead."
  45. ↑ Controversial judgments of the Venezuelan Supreme Court are to be revised , swissinfo, April 1, 2017
  46. ↑ Venezuela: Parliament overturned from power , 6 p.m. News Radio SFR, April 1, 2017
  47. ↑ Maduro is only half-heartedly back , NZZ, April 3, 2017
  48. ↑ Venezuela: Parliamentarians want to remove judges ( memento from April 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), heute.de, April 6, 2017
  49. ↑ A country on the edge - What is happening in Venezuela is not a crisis - it is a catastrophe. (Title of the print edition: Venezuela's unmasked dictatorship ), NZZ, April 13, 2017
  50. ↑ Maduro's regime strikes again , NZZ, August 2, 2017.
  51. ↑ Klaus Ehringfeld: The Chavists are back. In: Spiegel Online. August 5, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2017 .
  52. ↑ Venezuela Economic Report 2017/18 (PDF) Federal Department of Foreign Affairs , p. 4, June 30, 2018
  53. ↑ Venezuela: Former Attorney General Luisa Ortega wants to see Maduro in court , DW, October 14, 2017.
  54. ↑ NZZ, February 28, 2018, p. 2.
  55. ^ Presidential election in Venezuela postponed from April to May 20 , az, March 2, 2018.
  56. ↑ NZZ, January 27, 2018, p. 2.
  57. ↑ Venezuela: Attack on Head of State Maduro during live TV broadcast . Welt Online , August 5, 2018.
  58. ↑ a b A white lie in an economic emergency? In: NZZ , August 8, 2018
  59. ↑ Neue Zürcher Zeitung : Venezuela's President escapes alleged assassination attempt and speaks of a murder plot , August 5, 2018.
  60. ↑ Venezuela's president admits economy has failed , France24, July 31, 2018
  61. ^ Socialist Venezuela Falling Apart As President Maduro Shockingly Blames Party , Forbes, August 1, 2018; "In a surprising twist on Monday, Maduro went against the Socialists United (PSUV) playbook of blaming Washington (especially the CIA) for Venezuela's troubles."
  62. ^ Nicolas Maduro increases minimum wage , NZZ, August 20, 2018
  63. ↑ faz.net
  64. ↑ Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro terminates diplomatic relations with the USA . Zeit Online , January 23, 2019; accessed January 24, 2019
  65. ↑ Maduro calls for the resignation of all of his ministers . In: FAZ , March 18, 2019
  66. ↑ Human rights UN: Much evidence for extrajudicial executions in Venezuela , Deutsche Welle July 4, 2019
  67. ↑ Venezuela: UN reports on torture and executions in Maduro's prisons , Der Spiegel, July 5, 2019
  68. ↑ Venezuela UN report: Maduro can be killed , by Tobias Buyer, Der Tagesspiegel July 4, 2019.
  69. ↑ Executions in Venezuela UN calls for the dissolution of the FAES special police , N-tv , July 4, 2019
  70. ^ "A Canadian-American military man, a failed Venezuela coup and a Twitter video" theglobeandmail.com of May 5, 2020
  71. ↑ Maduro: Capriles y López son “sifrinitos, mariconzones y fascistas” larepublica.ec of April 12, 2012
  72. ↑ El Canciller de Venezuela pide perdón por llamar “mariconzones” a los líderes de la oposicíon, abc.es of April 17, 2012
  73. ↑ Venezuela: Hugo Chávez designates Nicolas Maduro as his successor (derstandard.at of December 9, 2012)
  74. ↑ The Sai Movement in Venezuela, Zone 2 Region 22 (accessed December 4, 2013)
  75. ↑ Nicolás Maduro, sucesor de Hugo Chávez, es seguidor de Sai Baba (infocatolica.com of December 17, 2012)
  76. ↑ Waiting to See if a 'Yes Man' Picked to Succeed Chávez Might Say Something Else (The New York Times December 22, 2012)
  77. ↑ Maduro's speech after Chávez named him Vice President (El Universal)
  78. ↑ Venezuela accuses “enemies” of poisoning Chavez
  79. ↑ Chávez as immortal commander (El Universal)
  80. ↑ Venezuela: President Maduro describes Obama as a "devil". In: Spiegel Online . May 5, 2013, accessed December 17, 2014 .
  81. ^ Head of state Maduro chased away by an angry crowd . Spiegel Online , September 4, 2016
  82. ↑ Maduro asks Pope Francis for help , Tages-Anzeiger, February 4, 2019
  83. ↑ Maduro: “En Venezuela lo vinculado a la Iglesia Católica está contaminado” , aciprensa, November 14, 2017
  84. ↑ Maduro compares himself to Stalin - not for the first time. In: sputniknews. September 18, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2019 .
predecessor Office successor
Hugo Chavez President of Venezuela
2013– 		-
personal data
SURNAME Maduro, Nicolás
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Maduro Moros, Nicolás (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Venezuelan politician
DATE OF BIRTH November 23, 1962
PLACE OF BIRTH Caracas