Evo Morales

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Evo Morales 2011

Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959 in Isallavi in the Cantón Orinoca in the Oruro department , Bolivia ) was President of Bolivia from January 22, 2006 until his forced resignation on November 10, 2019 . He is the leader of the socialist Bolivian party Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and the movement for the rights of coca farmers .

Evo Morales won the early presidential elections on December 18, 2005 with 54 percent of the vote. He became the first indigenous head of state of Bolivia and achieved the clearest election victory since the end of the last military government in 1982. In the presidential election of December 2009, he exceeded with a vote of 64 percent of the citizens the result of 2005. In 2014, Morales was re-elected with a large majority of 61 percent in a controversial third candidacy (the constitution only allows for re-election). After a highly controversial 4th candidacy and allegations of manipulation in the 2019 presidential election, he resigned from office and was granted political asylum in Mexico .

Morales' trademarks are his sweater (chompa) and a traditional leather jacket (chamarra) thrown over it , which he wore to emphasize his indigenous origins on his trip around the world to see heads of state on the occasion of his inauguration as president.

In October 2009, Morales was named "World Hero of Mother Earth" by the General Assembly of the United Nations . On the other hand, he got u. a. with the advocacy of slash and burn in the Amazon rainforest in the criticism.

Youth and education

Evo Morales spent his youth in the Oruro department in the Altiplano in great poverty . Four of his brothers died at a young age. He comes from an Aymara family from the small village of Orinoca on the Bolivian Altiplano. Often he and his siblings only had corn soup three times a day to eat. Memories of his sister Esther bear witness to the president's tough childhood: “My mother treated our fever with coca and sugar alone . Sometimes it healed us. If the fever was so high it was painful, we were given coca and sugar under our armpits and a black cloth was wrapped around our feet. Which meant something like: You will get through or you have to die. "

During his school days, Morales worked in a bakery and sold sweets at school, which he only attended until sixth grade. At the weekend he also played in a band to earn a living. When the frost had once again destroyed the entire harvest, his father decided to go to the Yungas . But since the land was unaffordable for his family, they stayed in Chapare , the Bolivian center of coca cultivation, from 1978. After Morales did his military service, he went back to the chapare.

Political career

Over time, Morales took on more and more responsibility in Sindicato , where life was organized in the village communities. Money was collected there, taxes, so to speak, to build schools , roads and health stations . The young Evo was ultimately elected conductor (head) of his Sindicato, later also conductor of the next higher unit, the Central .

Morales had been a member of parliament since 1993, first for the Izquierda Unida . In the 1990s he and friends founded the IPSP (Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of Peoples). After the electoral court had prevented the party from appearing in the elections several times, they took over the name MAS (Movimento al Socialismo) of a party that was about to be dissolved. Thanks to this ruse, the party was able to take part in the elections and enter parliament. Morales was able to win the constituency of Chapare with over 60 percent of the vote and move back into parliament as a direct candidate.

2002 elections

In January 2002, Morales was removed from his seat in Congress on charges of terrorism- related riots in Sacaba against the total destruction of the coca plants , killing four coca farmers, three soldiers and a police officer.

Morales announced his candidacy for the following presidential and congressional elections on June 27, 2002. In March 2002, Morales' expulsion from Congress was declared unconstitutional, but he did not claim his Congressional seat until the new Congress was sworn in on August 4. His party had a meager four percent share in the general election, but used its scarce resources to run an imaginative campaign that was very attractive. His party broke with traditional campaign media, in which numerous T-shirts , baseball caps , calendars and other political “confetti” are distributed. An indigenous Bolivian girl appeared in a controversial television ad teaching the masses to vote based on conscience and not following orders from their “bosses”. The MAS received a small government reimburse campaign expenses of less than 200,000 US dollars , received any political party.

Taking advantage of the resentment against the US presence in general and against the US ambassador to Bolivia Manuel Rocha in particular, the MAS circulated a poster in the Bolivian cities with a large photo of Morales in the center and capitalized: “Bolivians: You decides. Who rules Rocha or the voice of the people. ”The poster had a huge impact - hundreds of thousands more had to be printed than planned.

All candidates from Bolivia's established parties refused to even discuss with Morales as the candidate of a minority party . In June, Morales told the media that he was also uninterested in having a public discussion with them: “The only one I want to argue with is Ambassador Rocha - I prefer to talk to the owner of the circus rather than the clowns . "

A few days before the election, in a speech in the presence of outgoing Bolivian President Jorge Quiroga , Rocha warned Bolivian voters that if they vote for Morales, the US would cut its development aid and close its markets to Bolivia. Undoubtedly, the indigenous people, especially those in the indigenous departments of the Altiplano, voted en masse for Morales' party, which gave them 20.94 percent of the vote, just a few points behind the victorious party. Morales later attributed the victory of his MAS to the US ambassador: "Every remark Rocha made against us helped us to become stronger and raised the consciousness of the people."

Because of his refusal to compromise (what some viewed as a lack of insight), Morales and his MAS were expelled from the coalition of those who ultimately determined who became president: Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada . The MAS, led by Morales, therefore entered Congress as a strong opposition party. Even their most ardent followers had to admit that this was the best possible result. Many believed that Morales and his party were not mature enough to rule a modern capitalist country. Morales has been criticized for not having a clear program; it is clear what he is against, but it is still unclear what his alternatives are. Morales attached little importance to the form of government based on parliamentary democracy at the time, which he considered to be in danger of being corrupted from within and manipulated from outside. In his view, Bolivia's improvising smallholders needed above all autonomy, equal opportunities and access to land and soil.

Controversy over gas production taxes (2003 to 2005)

When the Bolivian trade union federation COB called an indefinite general strike on September 29, 2003 in response to the deaths of seven demonstrators who broke out by the armed forces during the conflict over Bolivian natural gas , Morales and the MAS decided to participate and contribute to the gaining of power to set the 2004 regional elections.

Like Venezuela , Bolivia has abundant natural gas reserves. At the same time, Bolivia is also regarded as the poor house of the subcontinent - a condition that many attribute to the exploitation of its natural resources by foreign corporations: the privatization of natural gas production was made a condition for development aid and loan commitments in the 1990s by the World Bank and the IMF, under the leadership of the USA.

Since the natural gas extraction industry mainly relies on already trained foreign guest workers, the only significant source of income for the indigenous people, who make up around 70 percent of the population, is the cultivation of coca . However, since this traditional product of Bolivian agriculture can also be processed into cocaine , coca is increasingly regulated under US pressure and its trade is restricted. As a result, farmers feel criminalized and large parts of the people are deprived of their development opportunities.

The consequence is widespread anti-US-Americanism , which in the past decade has increasingly found its expression in the political system.

The MAS demanded production taxes of 50 percent for oil and gas companies in order to enable the impoverished rural population to participate in Bolivia's natural resources. “What is the point of doing business for our country when Repsol-Bolivia is negotiating with Repsol-Argentina? There is no point, ”Morales told the Argentine newspaper Página 12 . The international gas companies of the British BG Group operating in Bolivia , the French Total , the Spanish-Argentine Repsol YPF and the Brazilian Petrobras threatened with emigration and claims for damages .

Resignation of Mesa and early election in 2005

Due to the pressure of the MAS supporters who protested against the incumbent President Carlos Mesa with street blockades and demonstrations , the latter announced his resignation on March 6, 2005 .

Mesa's resignation was unanimously rejected by Congress on March 9, 2005. At the same meeting, a parliamentary majority voted for a social pact which, among other things, provides for subsidies of around 18 percent in addition to the 32 percent taxes. Morales' MAS voted against the pact in parliament; the followers of Morales continued to blockade against Mesa. Thereupon Mesa again declared his resignation on June 7, 2005, declared the search for a consensus in the political atmosphere heated up by the blockades to be impossible and called for new elections. Morales' party, on the other hand, demanded the appointment of the third most recent President of the Supreme Court as President of the Republic.

After the President of the Supreme Court Eduardo Rodríguez became interim president, he set the election date for December 18, 2005. In the first ballot, Evo Morales won an absolute majority of the votes (54 percent). When he was sworn in on January 22, 2006, preceded by indigenous religious ceremonies, he called for an "end to 500 years of discrimination". Morales appointed Álvaro García Linera as vice-president .

Term of office

First years

Morales (right) with the French farmer and politician José Bové in 2002. Morales wears the traditional Andean sweater, the Chompa , which he also wore on official occasions after his election.

At the beginning of May 2006, in fulfillment of an election promise, Morales initiated the nationalization of the oil and gas sector in Bolivia. He issued a decree obliging foreign companies to submit their entire production chain to the state oil company within six months. Further nationalizations have been announced. According to Evo Morales, Fidel Castro is a “symbol of the change to a new South America”.

The presidential term of office in Bolivia is five years and cannot be extended immediately afterwards. In an interview with the magazine “Politique Internationale” in the spring of 2006, however, Morales indicated that he was considering changing the constitution.

In July 2006, Morales began preparations for a constitutional reform. This sought to nationalize natural resources , the railways and industry , reform the then liberal economic system, land reform and the abolition of the state religion . Another important element was to recognize all indigenous tribes (including the Afrobolivians ) as nations and to give them special rights to protect their language and culture.

Autonomy controversy and referendum 2008

A central point of discussion was the question of the future form of government: while in the four eastern departments of the "Media Luna" ( Beni , Pando , Santa Cruz and Tarija ) the population demanded the introduction of a federal state structure with regional autonomy, the inhabitants of the five refused western departments in the highlands ( Chuquisaca , Cochabamba , Oruro , La Paz and Potosí ) towards autonomy.

After the departments of the “Media Luna” had voted in referendums in favor of autonomy based on the Spanish model , Evo Morales declared himself ready to hold a referendum on his administration in May. On August 10, 2008, Bolivia's president was clearly confirmed in his office in this referendum. More than 67 percent of the electorate - significantly more than in the 2005 election - voted for Morales and his Vice President Álvaro García Linera. In a speech after the vote, Morales announced that he would continue his nationalization policy.

Constitutional reform was delayed by the conflict. After the government had made several concessions to the opposition on the draft constitution in negotiations, the Bolivian people finally adopted the constitution in January 2009.

Re-elected in 2009

In the presidential election on December 6, 2009, Evo Morales received 64 percent of the vote; the turnout was 94 percent. The polarization of the country, which had become very clear both in the recall referendum in August 2008 and in the referendum on the adoption of the new constitution in January 2009, was less pronounced this time. Only in the Department of Santa Cruz and in the Department of Beni was Morales 'challenger Manfred Reyes Villa clearly ahead of Evo Morales, in the Department of Tarija Morales' MAS had the majority with 51% of the votes. In the parliamentary elections scheduled at the same time, the MAS won 88 out of 130 seats in the House of Representatives and 26 out of 36 seats in the Senate and thus has a two-thirds majority in both chambers of parliament.

In June 2014, Morales chaired the summit of the Group of 77 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra , which to date is the largest conference ever held in Bolivia (as of 2019). On the one hand, it initiated extensive investments in the infrastructure beforehand and on the other hand it represented an important platform for strengthening the political agenda of the Morales government internationally. In particular, the emphasis on the sovereignty of the states and the coordination of measures against what is perceived as imperialistic by the USA were often the focus.

Term of office 2014 to 2019

Although it was nominally the second re-election, the electoral authority argued that the election under the old constitution did not count, rather that the 2009 election was the first election under the new constitution. Morales prevailed confidently against entrepreneur Samuel Doria Medina and ex-President Jorge Quiroga .

In February 2016, Morales was unsuccessful in a referendum on a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him and the vice-president to run again. His plan was to rule for a fourth term until 2025. The indigenous people of the lowlands also rejected the suggestion - Morales is seen there as a traitor to the indigenous cause, especially in regions of former Jesuit missions. He represents too much the interests of the coca farmers, who are one of his political pillars.

Candidacy for a fourth term

Due to the outstanding position in his party and the fact that no clear potential successor has been established over the previous terms of office, representatives of the MAS searched intensively for ways to enable Evo Morales and Álvaro García to run again. Various scenarios, including the role reversal based on the Russian model, were played out.

Following a request from parliamentarians who support Morales, the Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitucional ) on November 28, 2018 repealed the effect of those articles of the constitution that stood in the way of a fourth term of office of the President (and Vice-President), justifying this with the fact that thereby "whose political rights would be impaired". Specifically, it is about the fact that the constitution in Article 13, Paragraph IV particularly protects the human rights guaranteed in international treaties. This also includes the American Convention on Human Rights , Article 23 of which guarantees all citizens political rights without restriction, including application for political offices.

2019 presidential election and resignation

Morales ran for a fourth term together with Vice President Álvaro García Linera . Originally, the October 20th election, in which former President Carlos Mesa was his main competitor, was considered open. After the provisional conclusion of the counts with 80% of the votes, a second round with Carlos Mesa was imminent, but the TREP system (system for transmission of preliminary results) was switched off and the data transmission did not resume until the evening of the following day. When the results were published, there was a significant deviation in the trend compared to the last previous publication. Morales received 47.07% of the vote, while Mesa received 36.51% of the vote, according to these figures. This would mean that the runoff election expected by many sides would no longer have been necessary, as Morales had received more than 40% of the vote and was more than ten percentage points ahead of Mesa, which, according to Bolivian suffrage, was enough for the immediate victory. Both Morales himself and the Supreme Court declared him the winner of the elections.

The opposition did not recognize this election result and there were protests among the population. In response to the demonstrations in various cities, he ordered the cities to be besieged and surrounded. The election observers of the OAS recommended to cancel the first choice because of irregularities. The police and military leadership increasingly sided with the demonstrators and on the evening of November 10, 2019, the military chief asked him to resign. After Morales had talked about the coup and conspiracy the day before , he first spoke out in favor of new elections - on the afternoon of November 10 - and announced his resignation in a televised speech that evening. Morales went into exile in Mexico on November 11, 2019 after police remained in their barracks on November 10 and there were outbreaks of violence. Despite his official resignation and the emigration to Mexico , Morales continued to describe himself as the legitimate president, as the parliament, which was unable to act due to the boycott of the Morales party MAS, “did not accept his resignation”. Even Russia , which hoped for continued good relations with Bolivia , recognized Jeanine Áñez as the “new leader”. In late November 2019, a $ 50,000 bounty was placed on Morales.

Morales left Mexico and settled in Argentina. In July 2020, prosecutors brought terrorism and terrorist financing charges against him. Among other things, Morales ordered a confidante to cut off food supplies to several cities in Bolivia by telephone.

Political positions

General

Morales is described by his opponents as a populist or even a dictator. He sees himself as a socialist , but without following a clear dogmatic teaching. In an international context, he is considered pragmatic and a supporter of multilateralism. He regularly emphasizes the friendship of the Latin American "brother peoples" and was enthusiastic about the UNASUR initiative for a closer union of the Patria Grande from the start . Strengthening sovereignty at all levels ( agriculture , science , culture, etc.) is at the core of his policy. This also includes strict non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. Domestically, he seeks to strengthen the “social movements” - such as trade unions , cooperatives and associations - and at the same time to bind them to himself and his party.

Morales is regarded as critical of capitalism and described neoliberalism as an invention of the IMF and World Bank , which only ensured the bare survival of the common people. In 2014, Morales asked the IMF to make compensation payments to Bolivia and other countries. The IMF policy has led to the poverty , suffering and death of millions of people and the IMF should finally take responsibility for it. According to Morales, the neoliberal-dominated state supports individualism , consumerism and dependence, but leaves the farmers in the lurch if, for example, a harvest is destroyed by storms. Under Morales extensive nationalizations took place in the Bolivian industry. As a result, the Bolivian economy grew, government revenues rose, national debt fell, and the International Monetary Fund attested Morales an “appropriate economic policy”. A large part of the income from the nationalized companies flows into education, health, infrastructure and sports facilities as well as social programs.

Morales is also critical of the practice of coca politics . When it comes to climate change , he sees the industrialized countries - also financially - responsible. He sees child labor as part of the national culture of Bolivia. She contributes to the children's development of social awareness. In July 2014, a law was passed in Bolivia that allows children over the age of 10 to work to a certain extent. At the same time, however, the rights of children have also been strengthened, for example with regard to access to education and health facilities or protection against exploitation.

Statements on the Middle East conflict

On January 14, 2009, Evo Morales announced the severance of diplomatic relations between his country and Israel because of Operation Cast Lead . He said he would support a lawsuit against Israel in the International Criminal Court and called for then-Israeli President Shimon Peres to be stripped of the Nobel Peace Prize . He also criticized the United Nations Security Council for its allegedly reluctant response to the crisis.

For the forced landing in Vienna on July 2, 2013

In connection with the disclosure of US intelligence surveillance projects by whistleblower Edward Snowden , Morales' presidential plane was forced to land at Vienna Airport on the night of July 2 to 3, 2013 due to impending fuel shortages , after France, Italy, Spain and Portugal had withdrawn the overflight rights of the machine coming from Moscow on the flight to South America, whereby the Republic of France had announced this at short notice, shortly before reaching their territory. The Spanish ambassador in Vienna, Alberto Carnero, then tried in vain to get an invitation to "drink coffee" on board the stationary machine.

After landing in La Paz, Morales described the process as “one of the most extraordinary incidents in the history of international law ”, even as state terrorism : The process shows that “racism against the indigenous peoples and their democratic and revolutionary developments, with some European governments still unbroken ”, Indios are seen even more as an“ obstacle to civilization ”. His indigenous people, on the other hand, are "able to fight fraternally with the brave peoples of this world and Europe to put an end to imperialist colonialism".

Morales then offered Edward Snowden asylum and threatened to close the US embassy.

religion

An important project of the Morales government from the beginning was to strengthen the status of the autochthonous spiritual traditions and to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church, which is seen as the legacy of colonization. With the constitutional reform of 2009, the Catholic Church lost its role as an official religion. A new religious law has been in force since 2019, which equates all faiths and thus fulfills the constitutional mandate. Evo Morales regularly takes part in indigenous spiritual ceremonies, but also professes the Christian faith.

In 2013, Morales tried to establish a national church with the Iglesia Católica Apostólica Renovada del Estado Plurinacional ("Renewed Catholic Apostolic Church of the Plurinational State") . The Roman Catholic Church does not recognize this.

According to a report by the weekly newspaper ZEIT on the presidential elections in October 2014, Morales described the Catholic Church as an "enemy of peace". In the Bolivian media, the president is quoted as saying in January 2009 that “new enemies have appeared in Bolivia, not only the right-wing media, but also groups of the Catholic Church, the leadership of the Catholic Church are enemies of peaceful change”.

Under Pope Benedict XVI. he regularly sought open discussions with the church. However , he saw Pope Francis , who visited Bolivia in 2015, more as a partner and mediator.

reception

The editor-in-chief of the Bolivian daily "Página Siete" estimated in 2019 that, in retrospect, Morales' presidency would be linked with successful reforms, even though his policy was based on polarization. The newspaper remained closed during the riots as Morales supporters attacked people and buildings, including media houses. In 2014, Die Zeit attested that the left-wing Morales had a successful economic policy: since he took office, tax increases and nationalizations had increased government revenues by 460 percent until 2013, from which the Bolivian government had financed various social policy measures. The redistribution policy also had a positive effect on consumption. On the other hand, the tendency towards authoritarian rule could not be overlooked and the time called Morales' polemics a contentious addiction.

President Morales made a state visit to Quito in 2013 together with Foreign Minister Choquehuanca . In the background the Ambassador of Bolivia to Ecuador, Ruzena Maribel Santamaría.

For a long time and until 2006 it would have been inconceivable that indigenous women, pejoratively called “ cholas ”, even dressed in traditional clothing (the polleras, wide pleated skirts and bowler hats) could pursue a professional career outside the informal sector . The inclusion of the indigenous peoples was one of the most important achievements of Morales' reign, during which the term was reappropriated. The once insulting term “chola” is now worn with pride.

Criticism of the agricultural policy

In 2009, Sven Schaller criticized in an article for the Latin America online magazine Quetzal that the agricultural reform of June 3, 2006 had not been able to defuse the problem of the high concentration of landed property. The Morales government concentrated solely on the reorganization of property rights and only expropriated unproductive latifundia , which is why no radical restructuring of the property structure had been achieved.

Criticism of the composition of the first government

Morales is the first indigenous president in the history of Bolivia , but indigenous critics like Felipe Quispe in 2009 believe that there is no question of an indigenous government. “The few Indians who were in the government, such as the former education minister Félix Patzi or the water minister Abel Mamani, were replaced. The only Indian in the government palace is Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca . ”In addition, there is no sign of traditional indigenous self-determination, for which many movements advocate.

honors and awards

In addition to the title "World Hero of Mother Earth" of the UN General Assembly of October 2009, Morales has received numerous national and international awards:

Honorary doctorate

Although he did not have a higher education himself, Evo Morales today holds more than 20 honorary doctorates, the majority of them abroad. A selection of them:

  • In November 2007 Evo Morales received an honorary doctorate from the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo in recognition of his career as a campaigner for social improvement.
  • August 12, 2011: Renmin University in China.
  • On September 19, 2011 Evo Morales received an honorary doctorate from the University of Havana in the field of political science for his contribution to the re-establishment of this scientific discipline. In the certificate of appointment, his efforts to make the peoples of the South "protagonists of their own development" are particularly recognized.
  • In August 2013 he was awarded by the Universidad Nacional de Lanús (UNLa, Argentina) for being a point of reference in the defense of the dignity, equality, freedom and integration of the peoples of Latin America.
  • On his trip to Europe in November 2015, he was honored by the Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA, France) and the Sapienza Università di Roma (Italy).

additional

In spring 2007, the citizens of the small settlement “Montevideo” on the Río Abuná in the Pando department applied for their settlement to be renamed Puerto Evo Morales . Puerto Evo Morales now has 721 residents.

In addition, numerous squares, markets and institutions throughout Bolivia now bear his name.

Private

The First Lady Esther Morales Ayman with Ricardo Patiño , Foreign Minister of Ecuador in President Correa's cabinet .

Morales is not married; his sister Esther Morales Ayman assumed the role of First Lady .

At the beginning of his presidency from 2005 to 2007, Morales had a brief love affair with Gabriela Zapata Montaño , who was sentenced to ten years in prison for corruption in 2017 . In May 2016, President Morales was acquitted of allegations of favoritism in this regard .

Movie

In the documentary South of the Border by Oliver Stone in 2009 Evo Morales is among other world leaders interviewed in Latin America.

Cocalero is the title of Evo Morales' self-expression biography for the presidential election. The director of the 2007 film was Alejandro Landes. It was shot in Spanish with English subtitles available.

museum

In 2017, the Museo de la Revolución Democrática y Cultura , one of the largest museums in Bolivia, opened in the village of Orinoca, the capital of Morales' canton of birth . It depicts the cultural richness and diversity of the indigenous cultures of Bolivia, their centuries-long struggle against oppression, exploitation and discrimination, and the development that the country took under the direction of Evo Morales.

Football career

In May 2014, at the age of 54, Morales signed a contract with the Bolivian first division club Sport Boys Warnes . He should play as a midfielder or striker for the club. In 2009 he was active for a few months in the Bolivian second division for Correo del Orinoco CF.

literature

  • Linda C. Farthing, Benjamin H. Kohl: Evo's Bolivia: Continuity and Change. University of Texas, Austin 2014, ISBN 978-0-292-75868-1 .
  • Susanne Käss: Seven years of Evo Morales in Bolivia. Balance of a self-proclaimed bearer of hope of the indigenous In: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. International information 12/2012.
  • Benjamin Beutler: Bolivia and lithium: the white gold of the future. Rotbuch Verlag, Berlin 2011. ISBN 978-3-86789-126-4 , 192 pp.
  • Judith Grümmer, Max Steiner (eds.): Mosaico Boliviano - Bolivia in reports, interviews and snapshots. Sucre / Cologne 2011. ISBN 978-3-00-033447-4 . With a current assessment of the socio-political situation in Bolivia and much more
  • Erich Riedler : Bolivia under Evo Morales - new beginning or old in new packaging? Baden-Baden 2011. ISBN 978-3-8329-6930-1 .
  • Robert Lessmann : The new Bolivia. Evo Morales and his democratic revolution. Zurich 2010. ISBN 978-3-85869-403-4 .
  • Jean Ziegler : The hatred of the West . How the poor people defend themselves against the economic world war. Bertelsmann, Munich 2009, ISBN 3-570-01132-1 (Original title: La Haine de l'Occident . Translated by Hainer Kober ).
  • Muruchi Poma: Evo Morales. The biography . Militzke Verlag, March 2007.
  • Katharina Müller: High expectations for Evo Morales. A report from Bolivia three months after the election. In: analysis & criticism No. 504, March 17, 2006.
  • Simón Ramírez Voltaire: Timpani and Trumpet. An unequal couple has declared war on old structures in Bolivia . In: sheets of the information center 3rd world (iz3w), No. 292/2006.
  • Johannes Winter: Bolivia - Poverty welds together. Approaches for an intercultural coexistence beyond all fragmentation . In: eins - Entwicklungspolitik Information Nord-Süd, vol. 11–12 (June) / 2006, pp. 42–45.
  • Johannes Winter, Andre Schamansky: Are the Andean states ungovernable? Causes of the political crisis in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. In: Zeitschrift Entwicklungspolitik No. 14, year 2005, pp. 30–34.
  • Rafael Sevilla, Ariel Benavides: Bolivia - the misunderstood country? Horlemann, Bad Honnef 2001.
  • Ulrich Goedeking: The Power of Political Discourses: Indigenous Movement, Local Protests and the Politics of Indigenous Leaders in Bolivia ; in: INDIANA 17/18 (2000/2001), 83-104 online (PDF; 228 kB)

Broadcast reports

Web links

Commons : Evo Morales  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Category: Evo Morales  - in the news

proof

  1. ↑ Bolivia's President Morales resigns. In: tagesschau.de. ARD, November 11, 2019, accessed on November 11, 2019 .
  2. ↑ [1]
  3. ↑ Morales receives asylum in Mexico , Tagesschau.de, November 12, 2019
  4. ↑ Morales Named “World Hero of Mother Earth” by UN General Assembly. In: Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved December 20, 2009 .
  5. ↑ Klaus Ehringfeld: Bolivia's left Bolsonaro. In: Spiegel Online . August 28, 2019, accessed May 14, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Benjamin Beutler: The miracle worker Evo Morales: He is Bolivia's first indigenous president and is about to be re-elected. Will the country find itself with him? Friday , issue 4014, October 7, 2014, accessed on January 30, 2015.
  7. ↑ a b Goedeking 2000: 91
  8. ↑ https://blickpunkt-latein America.de/artikel/zehn-jahre-gefaengnis-fuer-ex-geliebte-von-evo-morales/
  9. ^ Josef Oehrlein: Referendum in Bolivia: President Morales confirmed in office ; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 11, 2008
  10. ↑ t / http: //www.kas.de/proj/home/pub/50/1/-/dokument_id-18325/ Brilliant election victory for Evo Morales ( Memento from December 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung , Bolivia Office, December 7 (accessed November 7, 2009)
  11. ↑ Close defeat for Morales confirmed. Constitutional referendum in Bolivia. In: nzz.ch. April 2, 2016, accessed December 5, 2016 .
  12. ↑ Referendo sobre la reelección en Bolivia: resultados parciales apuntan a derrota de Evo Morales pero gobierno habla de empate técnico , BBC Mundo of February 22, 2016 (Spanish)
  13. ↑ Andreas Fink: Evo Morales forever? Tages-Anzeiger from February 17, 2016.
  14. ^ With violins against discrimination , NZZ, August 11, 2016
  15. ↑ Tribunal Constitucional permite a Evo Morales reelegirse para un cuarto mandato. El presidente de Bolivia podrá participar en las elecciones de 2019 después de que se suspendieran los artículos de la Constitución que prohibían la reelección . In: El País , November 29, 2018.
  16. ^ Ernesto Londoño: Bolivia's Evo Morales Faces Runoff, Early Election Returns Show . In: The New York Times . October 20, 2019, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed October 26, 2019]).
  17. ↑ Bolivia's Morales declares himself outright winner of presidential poll but opponents allege vote fraud . In: The Japan Times Online . October 25, 2019, ISSN  0447-5763 ( japantimes.co.jp [accessed October 26, 2019]).
  18. ↑ ORF at / agencies red: Bolivia: Morales declared the winner. October 26, 2019, accessed October 26, 2019 .
  19. ↑ RUNNER-UP IN BOLIVIAN ELECTION CARLOS MESA SAYS WILL NOT RECOGNIZE RESULTS OF QUICK COUNT, ACCUSES GOVT OF ELECTORAL FRAUD -LOCAL NEWSPAPER EL DEBER. Retrieved October 26, 2019 (American English).
  20. ↑ Morales amenaza con convocar a sus bases y cercar ciudades de Bolivia. October 26, 2019, accessed November 11, 2019 (Spanish).
  21. ↑ Bolivia's President Evo Morales resigns after the police and the military turn away from him , NZZ, November 11, 2019
  22. ↑ Morales is setting new elections due to protests - derStandard.at. November 10, 2019, accessed on November 10, 2019 (Austrian German).
  23. ↑ Resignation: Bolivia's President Evo Morales resigns after mass protests - updated at 10:14 p.m. CET - derStandard.at. November 10, 2019, accessed on November 10, 2019 (Austrian German).
  24. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung : Morales flees into exile, army plans to use his supporters , November 12, 2019.
  25. ↑ a b “The Bolivians had the ghost of Venezuela in mind” , NZZ, November 11, 2019
  26. ↑ Bolivia's ex-President Morales: "I am still President - Tagesschau.de"
  27. ↑ Vladimir Putin dijo que Bolivia está “al borde del caos” y que hay un vacío de poder: “Me recuerda a Libia” , infobae, November 14, 2019
  28. ↑ Russia sees Agnes as President of Bolivia ahead of the elections, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced , RIA, November 14, 2019 (Russian)
  29. ↑ Frederigo Füllgraf: The fascist bastion Santa Cruz in Bolivia [2]
  30. ↑ Bolivia's ex-president Morales charged with terrorism , ORF, July 7, 2020.
  31. ↑ IMF should compensate peoples. Retrieved October 19, 2016 .
  32. ↑ Lithium mining: the treasure in the salt lake. May 20, 2010, accessed November 11, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Evo Morales: Climate Change: From the Principle of Solidarity. , WOZ of December 18, 2008.
  34. ↑ Knut Henkel: Labor dispute is not a children's birthday party , Jungle World from June 26, 2014
  35. ↑ Bolivia: Child labor allowed from ten years of age , APA in Der Standard of July 4, 2014
  36. ↑ Maxim Graubner: Bolivia also breaks off relations with Israel. In: Portal America21. January 15, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009 .
  37. ^ Bolivia cuts Israel ties over Gaza. In: Al Jazeera. January 15, 2009, accessed January 15, 2009 .
  38. ↑ Evo Morales Ayma: Letter from the Air. Translated from Spanish by Angelica Ammar. Le Monde diplomatique , August 2013, p. 2
  39. ↑ Bolivia's government adopts new law on religion amerika21, April 19, 2019.
  40. ↑ Bolivia: Iglesia Católica desconoce a Iglesia oficialista creada por Evo Morales , Chimbotenlinea.com, August 13, 2013.
  41. ↑ a b Left Triumph , Die Zeit, October 16, 2014 (p. 27)
  42. ↑ Evo Morales pide fundar "una nueva iglesia" para reemplazar a quienes lo critican , aciprensa.com, January 30, 2009
  43. ↑ How Bolivia's Cholas came to power , NZZ, October 17, 2019
  44. ↑ The drama in the country: Why the agrarian reform has not yet solved the problem of poverty. In: quetzal-leipzig.de. Retrieved May 14, 2020 . Italics in the original, accessed May 30, 2009
  45. ↑ "We are mortal enemies and will always be" , latein Amerika-nachrichten.de, Sept / Oct 2008, accessed on November 15, 2019
  46. ↑ Honorary doctorates worldwide
  47. ↑ Dominican university honors Bolivian president ( Memento from November 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ Steffen Niese: University of Havana honors Evo Morales. In: amerika21. September 24, 2011, accessed September 25, 2011 .
  49. ↑ Dr.hc UNLa
  50. ↑ Dr.hc Uni Pau
  51. ↑ Dr.hc Sapienza
  52. ^ INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística Bolivia 2012 ( Memento from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  53. ↑ ntv.de, JVE / afp: Ex-President of Bolivia condemned. In: n-tv.de. May 24, 2017, accessed May 14, 2020 .
  54. ↑ En medio de lágrimas, Evo inaugura en Orinoca el museo de la Revolución Democrática y Cultural . In: La Razón , February 2, 2017, accessed October 10, 2019.
  55. ^ Andrés Schipani: The limits of Evonomics . In: Financial Times, October 9, 2019, p. 7.
  56. ↑ Die Welt : Bolivia's President Evo Morales becomes a professional footballer on May 20, 2014
  57. ↑ Evo Morales quiere “estatizar” la Federación Boliviana de Fútbol
predecessor Office successor
Eduardo Rodríguez President of Bolivia
2006 - 2019 		vacant
personal data
SURNAME Morales, Evo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Morales Ayma, Juan Evo (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bolivian politician, President (2006-2019)
DATE OF BIRTH October 26, 1959
PLACE OF BIRTH Isallavi