Juan Guaidó

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Juan Guaidó (2019)
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Juan Gerardo Guaidó Márquez [ hwan heˈɾaɾðo ɣwai̯ˈðo ˈmaɾkes ] (born July 28, 1983 in La Guaira , Vargas ) is a Venezuelan industrial engineer and politician . Since January 2016, he has been a member of the Voluntad Popular Party (“People's Will”) for the state of Vargas in the National Assembly of Venezuela . Guaidó has been the youngest President of the National Assembly since January 5, 2019. On January 23, 2019 he declared himself in accordance with Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution for interim presidentVenezuela and is recognized as such by 54 nations (as of April 10, 2019). However, the new elections within 30 days, as provided for in Article 233 of the constitution, have not yet been able to take place and effective executive power remains de facto with the cabinet of ministers of Venezuela under Nicolás Maduro .

Origin and education

Juan Guaidó is the son of the teacher Norka del Valle Márquez and Wilmer Guaidó Vidartedes, a former pilot with the airline AVENSA , who now lives in Tenerife . He has a brother and two half-sisters. Growing up in a middle class environment in the port city of La Guaira on the Caribbean coast he made in 2000. Bachiller in sciences at the Institute Los Corales his hometown. After school, he moved to nearby Caracas , graduated from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB) Engineering and graduated in 2007 with the title of the industrial engineer from. He then went through the Postgraduate Studies "Program Governance and Political Management in 2007" at the UCAB American US in Caracas in cooperation with the George Washington University , Washington, DC ; an "on-site training and distance learning for leaders and support teams of national, sub-national and civil organization". He also studied in Caracas at the private business school Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA).

Political positions

Until 2020, Guaidó was a member of the Voluntad Popular party , which is social democratic or centrist. He adopted Barack Obama's election slogan Yes We Can (Si, se puede!) After proclaiming himself interim president. With regard to the US-American situation, Guaidó said: “What is called a socialist in the United States is called a social democrat in this country.” He is referred to as a representative of the “ extreme right ” by supporters of Maduro , as he is primarily supported by right-wing and conservative heads of state in Latin America such as Iván Duque or Sebastián Piñera as well as the US administration of Donald Trump.

Political career

During his university years, he became politically active, due to the experience of the Vargas landslide disaster in December 1999 during his student years with tens of thousands of deaths and hardly any reconstruction in the following years. In 2009 he belonged to a group around the opposition politician Leopoldo López , who founded the Movimento Voluntad Popular (MVP), which was later approved as the Voluntad Popular (VP) party . Guaidó is considered the political foster son of López. According to the website Voluntad Popular, Guaidó initially became the party coordinator for this constituency in his home state of Vargas and was responsible for the organization at national level.

In May 2010 Guaidó was the electoral coalition Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) in the state of Vargas as a party member of the Popular Will the MUD Rank 2 for election to the National Assembly in 2010 set on 26 September, 2010. Bernado Guerra ( Acción Democrática , AD), who was placed on the list by the electoral alliance in Vargas , then won a seat in the III. Legislative period of the National Assembly of Venezuela and Guaidó - the VP received 0.37% of the votes at the time - became its deputy ("Suplente").

In 2012 he ran for governor of Vargas state. During the election campaign he campaigned for the construction of an elevated railway between the port city of La Guaira and Caracas along the Caracas - La Guaira motorway bridges . However, Guaidó was eliminated in the primaries.

In the parliamentary election on December 6, 2015 , Guaidó was elected to the VP - supported by the party alliance MUD - and the state of Vargas with 26.01 percent of the vote and entered the National Assembly of Venezuela on January 6.

On January 5, 2019, Guaidó was elected President of the National Assembly. The parties of the opposition alliance had agreed to take turns to provide someone for this position. When it was the turn of the Voluntad Popular, they nominated Juan Guaidó, as the party leader López was under house arrest.

Proclamation to the interim president

Juan Guaidó on February 2, 2019 in Caracas

After the National Assembly on January 15 declared the re-election of Nicolás Maduro to be illegal and future government decisions null and void, Guaidó declared himself interim president of the country on January 23, 2019 during a rally in front of supporters in the capital Caracas. In doing so, he relied on Article 233 of the constitution , according to which the head of parliament can temporarily take over executive power if the president is permanently absent. That is the case after the National Assembly had denied legitimacy to Maduro.

“Before Almighty God, I vow to take over the powers of the executive as interim president of Venezuela. Let us all swear that we will not rest until we are free. "

- Juan Guaidó, January 23, 2019, Caracas

From that moment on, Guaidó was hushed up in the Venezuelan reporting, which was hindered by censorship . A station broadcasting a speech was cut, others were searched. "Guaidó, who declared himself interim president, never interviewed any radio station or television station," noted the Venezuelan social scientist Roberto Briceño . In mid-January 2019, Wikipedia was temporarily no longer accessible via the state telecommunications provider CANTV, which controls 85% of Venezuela's Internet connections, after Juan Guaidó was named President of Venezuela there. The government denied responsibility for the blockade, claiming that third parties carried out a DoS attack.

Guaido is supported by a network of economic experts. Among them the economist Ricardo Hausmann , who has represented the interim government at the Inter-American Development Bank since the beginning of March , to present a plan for the economic reconstruction of the country.

In January there were several large demonstrations against the socialist government. Guaidó first tested the army's loyalty to the government when he was able to organize the provision of relief supplies at the borders with Venezuela; the government did not allow these relief supplies to enter the country, which was suffering from a catastrophic supply situation, where 97 percent of respondents to a survey rated the situation negatively.

At the end of February 2019, in an opinion poll by the election research institute Datanálisis, Guaidó's performance “for the good of the country” was described as positive by 61.2 percent of the population compared to President Maduro, who did by far the worst in the survey with 14 percent. The same poll also asked who the Venezuelans would elect to be their president if elections were scheduled next Sunday. Here Guaidó received 37.3 percent of the votes, Maduro 11.0 percent and others 8.9 percent, with 42.8 percent of those questioned being undecided or not giving any answers.

On March 28, 2019, Venezuela's loyal audit office banned Guaidó from exercising political office for 15 years on the grounds that he had "performed unauthorized public tasks and, together with foreign governments, carried out actions to the detriment of the Venezuelan people." Guaidó made corruption allegations for failing to properly report income from foreign sources. Guaidó immediately rejected the allegations. The actions of the Court of Auditors were criticized by the USA. The International Contact Group for Venezuela (ICG) condemned the suspension of office. Guaidó was withdrawn from his parliamentary immunity by the Constituent Assembly on April 2, 2019 , so that preliminary proceedings can be initiated against him.

Guaidó announced the start of the “Operación Libertad” tour, Operation Freedom, through the states of Venezuela on March 16, 2019, to organize committees for freedom with the aim of conquering the Miraflores Palace .

After Guaidó called for the largest demonstration against the government on May 1st 2019 in April , he called on the street in front of the La Carlota air force base near Chacao de Caracas in a video address on Twitter in the early morning of April 30, 2019 , flanked by uniformed men and Leopoldo López , to overthrow President Maduro. In the "final phase" of the "Operación Libertad" that had now occurred, Guaidó again urged members of the army to join him. There were 70 uniformed men with blue armbands to show their support for the opposition. Voluntad Popular chairman Leopoldo López, who has been imprisoned since 2014, was released from house arrest and gave brief statements to the media and demonstrators. The government-loyal forces at the air base fired tear gas in the direction of the Altamira flyover, where they were located. The uniformed men who supported Guaidó fired live ammunition. Later Guaidó gave a speech in the Francia de Altamira square and called for the protest to continue. In an interview with Deutsche Welle TV Latin America , Guaidó claimed: “We continue to stand for non-violence.” Meanwhile, tensions outside the air force base grew. Civilian protesters tried to break the barriers of the security forces and to break into the area. The riot police appeared at the scene to disperse the crowds. The health services said 69 people were injured.

Various politicians in the USA called for opposition to President Maduro. The national security adviser John Bolton urged the Venezuelan defense minister Padrino and others to join Guaidó. US Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo wrote that they support the “Operación Libertad”. Pompeo appeared on US television and said that Maduro would have wanted to move to Cuba, but then "the Russians" would have asked him to stay in the country. Pompeo did not provide any information about where this information came from, and it subsequently turned out to be false.

Defense Minister Padrino said the coup attempt had been repulsed. Information Minister Jorge Rodríguez wrote that the Maduro government would confront and neutralize a "small group of military traitors". Diosdado Cabello , Vice President of the Venezuelan Socialist Party , confirmed during the day that a breakaway unit of the Sebin domestic intelligence agency had facilitated the liberation of López, but that the opposition had not succeeded in bringing the air base under their control. Attorney General Tarek William Saab said the attorney general was collecting evidence against those involved in the illegal conspiracy. During the day López fled with his wife and children, first as a guest in the Chilean embassy and from there to the Spanish embassy. Maduro said in a televised address that evening that a "small group" wanted to bring violence over Venezuela in a "coup skirmish", but the security forces successfully repelled the coup attempt and he had the total loyalty of the army.

May 1st, International Workers' Movement Day, was dominated by an attempted coup and there were large demonstrations, to which both Guaidó and the incumbent government of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela under President Maduro had called on their supporters.

Election of the President of Parliament in January 2020

Diosdado Cabello announced in mid-August 2019 that a “parliamentary election commission” of the constituent assembly could come to the conclusion during its deliberations that the national assembly, the elected parliament, no longer exists and would therefore have to be re-elected in the same year. Instead of taking advantage of this ruse, Maduro's representatives began again in September 2019 to participate in the sessions of the elected parliament, which they had left for two years. According to the Times , this move has been seen as bringing the last democratic institution in the country under government control. On January 5, 2020, opposition MPs were prevented by security forces from entering the parliament building, where MPs from Maduro's Socialist Party and excluded members of the opposition alliance elected Luis Parra as the new President of Parliament in a government "forced vote" . Around 100 opposition MPs then met outside parliament in the building of the El Nacional newspaper in accordance with the constitution and elected Juan Guaidó as parliamentary president for another year. Parra was accused of having tried to win other parliamentarians for Maduro with large bribes . Representatives of Latin American states like the Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno congratulated Guaido on his new election and, like the EU and the USA, condemned the events on that day as illegitimate.

Support for Guaidó from the Western community of states

US President Donald Trump , Paraguay's President Marito Abdo, as well as Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro and Ecuador immediately recognized Guaidó as transitional president on January 23. Guaidó represents “the only legitimate” state body in the country because he was “properly” elected by the Venezuelan people, according to a statement published by the White House. On the eve of Guaidó's proclamation, Mike Pence assured him of US support. The Organization of American States (OAS) dismissed Maduro's presidency of the legitimacy, but an application by the United States of America to recognize Guaidó as legitimate president failed. OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro said on Twitter: “He has our support to bring the country back to democracy.” The German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas declared Guaidó's support for the German government and called for new elections and the restoration of constitutional rights in the country.

On January 26, 2019, Colonel José Luis Silva Silva, the military attaché at the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington, DC , joined Guaidó's service. Various countries accredited Ambassador Guaidó in the following months . Guaido had 38 diplomatic representatives in 2019, mostly in countries in which Venezuela has an embassy. Those who could not work in the embassy because it was led by ambassadors loyal to Maduro, exercise the office voluntarily and unpaid, for example in France.

On January 31, 2019, the European Parliament decided by 439 votes to 104, with 88 abstentions, to recognize Guaidó as interim president. On February 4, 2019, eight EU states (Denmark, Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Spain, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom) recognized him as President. Switzerland declared that in principle it would only recognize countries, not governments. On January 22nd, 2020, Switzerland welcomed Juan Guaidó as the “legitimate president of the Venezuelan parliament” in the words of its Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis.

A total of 54 states recognized Guaidó as interim president by mid-March 2019, after the change of government in Greece in summer 2019, the country joined.

Assessment under international law

According to the international law experts Christoph Vedder and Kai Ambos , the recognition of Guaidó as President is not permitted due to the few existing guidelines, especially according to the principle of effectiveness, since recognition should be based on an "at least extensive" exercise of state authority. Traditional international law is afraid to withdraw the legitimacy of an incumbent government. According to Oliver Diggelmann , a softening of such usages of international law, which serve to prevent war but at the same time and contradictingly protect human rights, arises from the modern higher weighting of human rights to be protected under international law and shows the dilemma of international law; international law shows “both highly developed and archaic elements”.

Germany

An expert opinion on the state of affairs "On the recognition of foreign heads of state", commissioned by the left-wing parliamentary group of the Bundestag and written by the Scientific Service of the German Bundestag and published on February 7, 2019, stated that the question of whether the recognition was not "entirely justified" was should be assessed as inadmissible intervention in internal affairs . Another expert opinion of February 15, 2019 explains that Germany is positioning itself with the reference to the Venezuelan constitution on a controversial issue of Venezuelan constitutional law. This appearing "from the standpoint of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of another State 'under international law just as questionable as the (early) recognition of an opposition politician as interim president, who has not been effectively enforced in the power structure of the state." The international law Hans- Joachim Heintze commented on the scientific service's expertise as follows: "States recognize states", but international law does not recognize the recognition of individuals in offices.

On his three-day trip to South America around May 1, 2019, Foreign Minister Heiko Maas announced in Bogotá , Colombia, “Our support for Juan Guaidó has not changed in any way,” but stressed that it would have been the job of the interim president to organize new elections. For this one usually gives - according to the Süddeutsche Zeitung - a period of 30 days, which had passed. The German government has been criticized by the left and the Greens for its stance that it has sided with Juan Guaidó ; Jürgen Trittin says that anyone who takes one side cannot mediate.

Rejection of other states

A group of states with Russia , Turkey , Bolivia (until Guaidó was recognized by interim president Jeanine Áñez in November 2019 after the overthrow of the current president Evo Morales ) and Nicaragua continues to regard Maduro, who has ruled since 2013, as the legitimate head of state. China and Mexico asked everyone involved to enter into dialogue. India announced a joint communiqué with China and Russia at the end of February 2019, according to which “all principles of the United Nations Charter , the norms of international relations and international law must be respected”. According to their president, the 16 states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) support the Maduro government, while most African states refused to position themselves.

Access to currency and gold reserves abroad

From became known on January 27 letters show that Guaidó at the British Prime Minister Theresa May had turned so that they'll make the government Maduro access to in the Bank of England overlying gold reserves to withdraw Venezuela. Instead, these reserves should be made available to him. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo gave Guaidó permission on January 29 to access certain Venezuelan accounts at US banks. On the same day, the pro-government Venezuelan Supreme Court banned Guaidó from leaving the country and frozen all of his accounts and assets.

Venezuela Aid Live

On February 14, 2019, the British billionaire Richard Branson went public and announced a Venezuela Aid Live concert on February 22, 2019 in the Colombian border town of Cúcuta in the Departamento de Norte de Santander . The campaign aims to raise US $ 100 million in donations within 60 days. According to Branson's own statements, Guaidó had asked him for this support for the needy population in Venezuela.

Attempt to prevent Iranian oil shipments

In mid-May 2020, five tankers loaded with a total of 1.53 million barrels of gasoline started from Iran for Venezuela. Juan Guaidó called the deliveries illegal and called on the international community to prevent the ships from entering. This was criticized by observers as inhumane, as the population in the country suffered enormously from the existing fuel shortage. In addition, the National Assembly does not have the authority to prevent the entry of oil tankers.

Personal

Juan Guaidó lives in Macuto , Vargas. Since 2013 he has been married to the journalist and former VP of Public Relations Fabiana Rosales. The couple had a daughter in May 2017.

Others

In April 2019, the US news magazine Time included Guaidó in its Time 100 , a list of the one hundred most influential personalities from 2019, in the “Leaders and Revolutionaries” category .

In February 2019, Juan Guaidó met in Colombia with representatives of the paramilitary group Los Rastrojos who are suspected of drug trafficking. After the meeting became known, the Venezuelan public prosecutor launched an investigation against Guaidó by publishing photos. The latter stated that he did not know who the persons depicted with him were.

Web links

Commons : Juan Guaidó  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  74. ↑ Prague recognizes Venezuela's opposition leader as president of ČT24 on February 4, 2019
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  98. ↑ Juan Guaidó ejerció su voto desde Macuto en compañía de su esposa e hija, participando así en la gran consulta lapatilla.com, accessed on January 24, 2019 (Spanish)
  99. ↑ Fabiana Rosales: guapa, influencer, periodista, la mujer que pone los pies en el suelo a Guaidó , telecinco.es from January 28, 2019, accessed on March 20, 2019
  100. ↑ Fabiana Rosales, esposa del presidente Guaidó: “Los venezolanos volvemos a creer” , vidanuevadigital.com of February 22, 2019, accessed on March 20, 2019
  101. ↑ Juan Manuel Santos : Juan Guaidó , time.com, accessed April 17, 2019
  102. ↑ Jens Glüsing: President or Paper Tiger? In: Spiegel Online . September 18, 2019, accessed September 22, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Guaidó, Juan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Guaidó Marquez, Juan Gerardo (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Venezuelan engineer and politician
DATE OF BIRTH July 28, 1983
PLACE OF BIRTH La Guaira , Vargas