Julian Assange

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Julian Assange, 2014
Assange's signature

Julian Paul Assange [ əˈsɑːnʒ ] ( born July 3, 1971 in Townsville , Queensland ) is an Australian - born investigative journalist , political activist , former computer hacker , programmer and founder and spokesperson for WikiLeaks ( investigative platform ). This has set itself the goal of making secret documents generally available. WikiLeaks publishes internal documents, including those from US forces and agencies, such as theWar Diaries of the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War . According to Nils Melzer ( UN Special Rapporteur on Torture ) , Assange and WikiLeaks disclosed, among other things, "alleged war crimes and corruption ".

After Sweden issued an international arrest warrant for Assange in 2010 on allegations of “minor rape ” and sexual assault , the UK braced for the possible extradition. He was released on bail . Ecuador granted him political asylum in 2012 . For the next seven years he lived as a political refugee in Ecuador's embassy in London. He obtained Ecuadorian citizenship . In April 2019, the new Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno revoked both his right to asylum and his citizenship. In April 2019, Assange was arrested by British police at the Ecuadorian embassy and sentenced to fifty weeks in prison for evading justice by fleeing to the embassy. The United States has asked the United Kingdom for his extradition . All charges in the US indictment carry a maximum sentence of 175 years in prison, or even the death penalty in the worst case .

After serving his 50-week prison sentence (for violating bail conditions) in September 2019, Assange remains in custody on the United States' extradition request. The extradition process has been postponed from May to September 2020. Forty human rights organizations called on the British government to immediately release Assange and prevent his extradition to the United States. In December 2020, German Human Rights Commissioner Bärbel Kofler ( Federal Government Commissioner for Human Rights Policy and Humanitarian Aid ) expressed concerns about the extradition process and urged the UK to take Assange's physical and mental health into account when deciding whether to extradite him. On January 4, 2021, a London court ruled that Assange would not be extradited to the US because of the expected prison conditions and the risk of suicide , but the US appealed . On December 10, 2021, an appeals court in London overturned the extradition ban. The decision was based on the assurances given by the United States regarding any prison conditions.

The Swiss law professor and UN special rapporteur Nils Melzer accuses the authorities in Sweden, Great Britain and the USA of "deeply arbitrary conduct of the proceedings", sees the freedom of the press threatened and speaks of fabricated rape and manipulated evidence.

Biographical Stations

Career until 2010

Julian Assange, 2006

Julian Paul Assange, née Hawkins, is the son of Christine Ann Hawkins (b. 1951), a visual artist who left home at the age of seventeen, and John Shipton , whom she met at an anti-Vietnam War demonstration in 1970. The parents separated before the child was born. When Julian Hawkins was one year old, his mother married Richard Brett Assange, an actor with whom she ran a small theater business. The surname goes back to the Chinese name Au Sang. Christine and Brett Assange divorced in 1979. Christine Assange began a relationship with Leif Meynell, which resulted in their second son. Assange tells of an unsettled childhood, living in more than 30 places, until his mother settled in Melbourne with the children. She is said to have been at times on the run from her second husband and the New Age sect to which he belonged.

Young Julian Assange changed schools frequently. Partly he was homeschooled. He studied at the University of Melbourne from 2003 to 2006 without graduating. In 2007, he said he left the university in protest at what he called "the optimization of a killer machine": He suspected that his university's mathematics department was conducting studies to improve the efficiency of military vehicles as part of a contract with the US Army should create. This was not confirmed by the university.

Assange gained his first programming experience on a C64 . In 1987 he acquired a modem . His hacker alias was initially "Mendax", then he went by the name "Proff", a reference to Neal Stephenson's science fiction novel Cryptonomicon . He and two other hackers founded the group "International Subversives". The Australian Federal Police then raided his Melbourne home in 1991. In 1992, Julian Assange was found guilty of 24 counts of illegal hacking, for which he was fined A  $ 2,100 and given a suspended sentence. In 1995 Assange wrote the first free port scanner called Strobe . He also dabbled in encryption software and invented the Rubberhose file system in 1997 , which is a plausibly deniable encryption mechanism.

Assange met his future wife during his time as a hacker. In 1989 they both moved in together and their son was born. The couple separated in 1991. After years of legal battles, Assange and his mother Christine agreed to joint custody with his former wife in 1999.

Julian Assange and Daniel Domscheit-Berg at the 26C3 in Berlin 2009

Assange has been active for WikiLeaks since 2006. According to his own statement, he "earned money on the Internet" and was therefore able to work for WikiLeaks without pay. He was arrested several times, wiretapped, censored and unsuccessfully sued. In 2011, Assange was spied on for the FBI by then 18-year-old Sigurdur Thordarson, who volunteered at WikiLeaks for a year and a half.

Julian Assange and Rick Falkvinge, August 2010
Demonstration in support of Assange outside Sydney Town Hall , Australia on December 10, 2010
Julian Assange speaks at the Occupy London protests outside St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London on October 16, 2011

As of 2007, Assange was a member of Australia's Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA) journalists ' union (The Alliance) .

In September 2010, Daniel Domscheit-Berg left WikiLeaks after Assange had suspended him four weeks earlier. Domscheit-Berg: "There must be a thousand Wikileaks." As Assange's closest confidant, Domscheit-Berg had increasingly criticized the way WikiLeaks worked: He wanted fixed structures, an office, paid employees and an open discussion about them. He later processed his criticism into a book. In the legal dispute that followed, Assange accused him of having stolen and published materials and databases.

Release of US military files

Beginning in March 2010, WikiLeaks published classified US military documents and videos related to the international military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan obtained by whistleblower Bradley Manning (later Chelsea Manning ). When there were fears that the WikiLeaks servers in the USA would be shut down by force, the Swedish pirate party Piratpartiet made its Internet servers available to WikiLeaks in mid-August 2010 in addition to the PRQ AB company's existing servers in Solna .

Since journalists in Sweden enjoy much more comprehensive source protection than elsewhere, but only if they have the “Utgivningsbevis”, a special Swedish license, Assange applied for a Swedish residence and work permit around the same time. The founder and former leader of the Piratpartiet, Rickard Falkvinge , informed the media in this context that Assange, who lives in Sweden, would seek the status of “media editor” and thus create a basis for continuing WikiLeaks on a legal basis.

Around the same time (in August 2010) two women had accused Assange of sexual offenses to the Swedish police . As a result, the Swedish public prosecutor's office issued an arrest warrant for him for rape in August 2010, which was withdrawn shortly thereafter. Investigations then resumed following Assange's application for permanent residency in Sweden. His application for a residence permit was rejected in October 2010 without any reason being given. In November 2010, after Assange had traveled to Great Britain – with official permission from the Swedish judiciary – the Swedish judiciary issued an international arrest warrant on suspicion of rape. Assange then turned himself in to the police in London, was released on bail subject to conditions – including wearing an electronic ankle bracelet – and then tried to use legal means to prevent his extradition to Sweden.

In early November 2010, Assange announced that he was considering applying for asylum in Switzerland and setting up WikiLeaks there. This was intended to secure the politically explosive activities of the unveiling platform. According to the Swiss Refugee Aid, the chances of this asylum application being accepted are slim. Assange must first claim the protection of his home country of Australia and make it credible that Australia cannot protect him, which is very difficult. Facts about a corresponding asylum application are not known.

reactions

Julian Assange faced sharp attacks from politicians, the media and the military in the USA in 2010. Some voices called for his execution after a criminal trial, according to former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee : "Anything but an execution is too lenient a sentence." Former US government official and political commentator for Fox News Kathleen McFarland called for the death penalty if it did he will be found guilty in a criminal trial (orig. “If he's found guilty, he should be executed”).

Fox News host Bill O'Reilly said he would be delighted if Assange was "hit by a small drone." In an interview with CBC News, political scientist Tom Flanagan suggested an attack using an armed drone (orig.: “use a drone or something […] Assange should be assassinated”), but retracted this statement after a criminal complaint.

On December 6, 2010, Fox host Bob Beckel commented on Follow The Money :

“A dead man can't leak stuff. This guy's a traitor, he's treasonous, and he has broken every law of the United States. […] And I'm not for the death penalty, so […] there's only one way to do it: illegally shoot the son of a bitch.”

"A dead man can't publish things. The guy's a traitor , he's a traitor, and he broke every law in the United States. […] And I am not for the death penalty, so […] there is only one way to do it: illegally shoot the son of a bitch.”

– Bob Beckel : Fox Business

National radio host Rush Limbaugh recommended “hanging up” WikiLeaks founder Assange. Sarah Palin questioned why Assange would not be prosecuted with the same vigor as al-Qaeda or Taliban leaders .

In response, Assange, in the British newspaper The Guardian , called for Flanagan and others to be prosecuted for incitement to murder . "If we want to live in a civil society, we can't have high-ranking people on national television calling for bypassing the judiciary," he told US broadcaster MSNBC .

Asylum at the Ecuadorian Embassy in London until 2019

Assange's mother, Christine Assange, before a meeting with Secretary of State Ricardo Patiño , July 30, 2012
Embassy of Ecuador in London, August 16, 2012
Assange on the balcony of the Ecuadorian embassy in London on August 19, 2012

In order to avoid the expected extradition to Sweden, Assange escaped from his extended house arrest on June 19, 2012, ignoring the bail conditions, to the Ecuadorian embassy in London and applied for political asylum there. His home country of Australia does not give him the support he needs and he fears being extradited via Sweden to the United States, where he faces the death penalty. Sweden then declared that extradition would only be possible under strict conditions and if the death penalty threatened. In addition, the United States had not yet filed any charges. In November 2013, the Obama administration said it could not indict Assange for releasing classified documents under the controversial Espionage Act . The Foreign Minister of Ecuador, a signatory country to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Ricardo Patiño , initially stated in June 2012 that Assange's asylum application was being examined and that Assange was under the embassy's protection. Ecuador's Ambassador to London, Ana Albán Mora, has been recalled to her home country for consultations. Ecuador's President Rafael Correa was a guest on Assange's talk show The World Tomorrow in May . In April 2011, Ecuador expelled American Ambassador Heather M. Hodges . In an embassy cable published by WikiLeaks, she accused President Rafael Correa of ​​tolerating corruption. The US responded by expelling Luis Gallegos , the Ecuadorian ambassador in Washington, DC .

As Assange fled to the embassy in breach of his bail conditions, the British police threatened to arrest him if he left the embassy again. His asylum request was criticized for the fact that, contrary to Assange's ideas and goals, Ecuador was ranked way below 104th in the 2012 ranking of press freedom published annually by Reporters Without Borders . Jemima Khan , who posted part of Assange's bail, was critical on Twitter . She expected him to face the allegations in Sweden. Other prominent supporters of Assange, however, participated in a campaign in favor of his asylum request. In July, Spanish lawyer Baltasar Garzón took charge of Assange's defense for free.

Swedish prosecutors initially turned down an offer from Assange's lawyers to question him at the London embassy. In August 2012, Ricardo Patiño announced that his country would grant political asylum to Julian Assange. Former British Foreign Secretary William Hague then declared that Great Britain did not recognize the "principle of diplomatic asylum". A few days later, Assange delivered a previously announced speech to supporters gathered on the street from the balcony of the embassy building. The Organization of American States (OAS) called an emergency meeting over the diplomatic dispute between Britain and Ecuador. In August 2014, Assange announced that he would be leaving the embassy without actually doing so.

In June 2015, Ecuador initially rejected a request from Sweden to question Assange at the embassy in London. In December 2015, after lengthy negotiations, both countries finally agreed on the terms of a survey in relation to the rape allegation. In the meantime, the Swedish authorities have had to stop investigating the other charges because they had expired five years after the announcement in August 2015. Then, in January 2016, Sweden sent the questions that Ecuadorian officials were about to ask Assange, but Ecuador again initially declined to be questioned. Another date in October 2016 was also cancelled.

In September 2016, Assange announced via the WikiLeaks Twitter account that if Chelsea Manning were released, he would be willing to extradite himself and potentially serve a US prison sentence. After Obama pardoned Manning in January 2017, he withdrew this offer.

In November 2016, the indirect questioning of Assange by the Swedish public prosecutor's office took place in the embassy. This led to further investigative measures that could not be carried out because Assange had refused the necessary formal service of the allegations in the embassy and there was no prospect of Assange being able to appear before a Swedish court. The proceedings were therefore suspended in May 2017 for the time being; the question of guilt could not be clarified (more on this in the section Preliminary proceedings in Sweden ).

In March 2017, WikiLeaks began releasing a series of documents, codenamed Vault 7, that provided deep insight into CIA activities. The leaked information included CIA hacking tools. The CIA ultimately described the leak as " the largest data breach in CIA history ." The anger of the CIA and President Donald Trump's newly installed CIA Director Mike Pompeo at WikiLeaks led Pompeo to describe the group as a " non-governmental enemy intelligence agency " in 2017. Pompeo wanted revenge on WikiLeaks and Assange. Pompeo and other top CIA officials are developing plans to assassinate Assange for his role in the Vault 7 leaks. In a statement in September 2021, Laura Poitras said reports of attempts to label herself, Glenn Greenwald and Assange as "information brokers" rather than journalists were "staggering and a threat to journalists worldwide". "That the CIA also conspired to obtain the rendition and extrajudicial assassination of Julian Assange is a state-sponsored crime against the press," she said. Greenwald said: "I'm not the least bit surprised that the CIA, a long-standing authoritarian and anti-democratic institution, has found a way to criminalize journalism and spy on and engage in other attacks on journalists.

Ecuador's President Lenín Moreno , who stripped Assange of political asylum and citizenship, with US Secretary of State under President Trump, Mike Pompeo , July 20, 2019

In January 2018, the Ecuadorian government announced Assange’s naturalization.

In March 2018, Ecuador withdrew Assange's internet access for repeatedly violating an agreement not to disseminate messages "suggesting interference in relations with other states". According to media reports, the government of Ecuador is now planning to withdraw Assange's asylum in the embassy and to initiate his departure. The US Senate then contacted Assange and spoke to him about possible cooperation in connection with the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election .

Arrest in April 2019 and after

On April 11, 2019, Assange was arrested by London police inside the embassy at the request of the Ecuadorian ambassador after the President of Ecuador, Lenín Moreno , stripped him of his right to asylum. Moreno had distanced himself from the policies of his predecessor Correa and was pursuing the foreign policy goal of normalizing relations with the states of North America and Europe. He also accused Assange of violating the basics of the right to asylum so badly during his stay in the embassy through his aggressive and disrespectful behavior that continued granting of asylum had become intolerable. Foreign Minister Valencia said he had guarantees from the British government that Assange would not be extradited to a country where his human rights were being violated. Harsh criticism of the decision came from ex-President Correa and his former foreign minister, who accused Moreno of “sacrificing” Assange in order to access promised loans from the International Monetary Fund . The Ecuadorian parliament, on the other hand, welcomed the measures against Assange by a large majority. On the day of his arrest, Assange was stripped of his 2017 Ecuadorian citizenship. This was justified with irregularities in the papers.

A British court justified the arrest warrant by saying that Assange violated bail conditions because he failed to appear at an earlier court hearing. Assange's defense attorney, Baltasar Garzón , called on the Ecuadorian government and president to state the "real reasons" behind the extradition of Assange to British police. It is out of place to speak of any breaches of protocol rules. President Moreno's interpretation of asylum was "arbitrary and inconsistent," he said. Garzón also said it was "very serious" that Assange was stripped of his Ecuadorian citizenship, which he had been granted more than a year ago: "This happened without regard to any procedural norm and we will establish it before the Ecuadorian judiciary."

An hour after Assange's arrest, the United States requested Assange's extradition on the basis of a 2017, but previously secret, extradition request from Britain. They accused him of conspiring with Chelsea Manning to break into government computer networks . Assange could face a maximum sentence of five years in prison for this charge. Sweden, which withdrew its previous extradition request to Great Britain in 2017 because it was hopeless, was also considering renewed diplomatic action in the new situation.

On the day of his arrest, Assange was brought before a magistrate and found guilty of violating bail conditions because he evaded justice by fleeing to the Ecuadorian embassy. On May 1, 2019, Southwark Crown Court in London sentenced him to 50 weeks in prison. The maximum penalty of 52 weeks was almost exhausted. In Great Britain, fines or imprisonment of a few days are common for violating bail conditions. Other possible criminal offenses were not part of this procedure. A working group of the UN Human Rights Council , which had already commented on Assange's stay in the embassy in 2016 , criticized the conviction: It was a disproportionate punishment for an insignificant offence; Assange should be released. In a letter to British journalist Gordon Dimmack , Assange himself criticized the conditions in the high-security prison HMP Belmarsh : he is only allowed two visits a month, his telephone contacts are severely restricted and he has no access to the internet, a computer or a library - although he this would be needed to prepare his defense. The German embassy in London rated these descriptions as "quite conceivable". Because of the harsh prison conditions, the prison is also known as the 'British version of Guantánamo Bay '.

In May 2019, the Swedish prosecutor's office reopened the investigation against Assange on allegations of rape. This had previously been requested by the lawyer for the woman who had made the rape allegation. A European arrest warrant was then requested, which was not approved by the Uppsala District Court, however, since Assange was already in custody in Great Britain and the investigations could therefore initially be followed up by questioning there.

On May 23, 2019, the US expanded its indictment for the WikiLeaks publications to a total of seventeen counts - now also under the controversial Espionage Act of 1917 , including alleged disclosure and endangerment of intelligence sources. Overall, this extended US indictment allowed a theoretical sentence of up to 175 years in prison. Shortly after being sworn in, the new Trump administration announced much tougher action against Assange in 2017, after the Obama administration had ruled out charging Assange under the Espionage Act .

Assange was transferred to the prison's medical wing due to deteriorating health. In a statement, WikiLeaks expressed concern for him (he had lost a significant amount of weight during the seven weeks in prison). Assange's Swedish defense attorney Per Samuelson said he was unable to have a normal conversation with him on May 24 because of this. The UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on Torture, Nils Melzer , who visited Assange in the maximum security prison HMP Belmarsh along with two medical experts , also expressed grave concern and issued a statement on May 31, 2019 calling for an immediate end to the " collective persecution” of Assange and accused the US and its allies of “psychological torture” ( white torture ). He also warned in particular against extradition to the USA. On June 11, 2019, Assange's father, John Shipton, and Berlin-based Chinese artist and dissident Ai Weiwei were given the opportunity to visit Assange in the maximum security prison in London. Both expressed concern afterwards. Ai Weiwei urged Britain and Europe not to grant the extradition of the WikiLeaks founder: "Europe is known as a place where human rights and freedom of the press are respected. What Julian has done is expose dark, unspeakable incidents that have had state structures in the 21st century." It would still be possible not to grant extradition even after the British courts had given the appropriate approval, because the British Home Secretary ultimately decides whether extradition will actually take place. Assange's father said his son was being deprived of any opportunity to prepare for his extradition challenge and wished the Australian government to provide diplomatic assistance to their citizen as his son had been victimized by British and Swedish law enforcement.

After an official US extradition request for Assange was formally accepted by the British Home Secretary on June 12, 2019, a court hearing two days later – at which Assange was connected via video stream from prison – decided that the hearing would be held on February 25 should start in 2020. Since Assange defended himself, the various British courts, including the European Court of Human Rights , have to decide on the US application . They are also subordinate to him after leaving the EU .

In September 2019, it was revealed that Assange was being spied on at the embassy: Spanish security firm UC Global secretly installed surveillance equipment there, and US intelligence gained real-time access to it. German media employees were also affected, as Die Zeit reported: "In addition to Assange's doctors and lawyers, three employees of the NDR were also affected by the surveillance, the broadcaster said. This is evident from documents and video recordings available to NDR and WDR .” On November 28, 2019, NDR filed a criminal complaint against UC Global.

Assange had served the 50-week prison sentence imposed on May 1, 2019 for violating bail conditions “at the end of September because in England sentences of less than a year are only half carried out”. Assange also had to remain in custody because of the pending US extradition request.

In March 2020, an application by Julian Assange for bail due to the coronavirus pandemic was rejected by the competent court. Assange's defense had argued that her client's poor health made him particularly vulnerable in prison. The United States extradition request process was scheduled to resume on May 18, 2020.

Stella Moris (June 2021)

The conditions under which the court hearings take place were sometimes heavily criticized by observers: the poor acoustics in the hall and the safety glass panes behind which Assange was sitting made it very difficult for him to follow the hearing, which he kept going through draw attention to hand signals. Contact with the defense would also be made more difficult by the fact that confidential communication was not possible due to the permanently present security forces and Assange could not make eye contact with his defense lawyers during the hearing, as they were sitting with their backs to him. A request for Assange to sit next to the defense was denied by the judge. Accompanying the trial by representatives of the press was only possible to a limited extent, since the courtroom of Woolwich Crown Court only has a backup microphone system, so that in the adjoining press room there is often little, or in some cases nothing, to be heard.

In April 2020 it was announced that Assange had been in a relationship with his lawyer Stella Moris-Smith Robertson since 2015 . The couple have two sons. According to them, they are engaged and planning to get married. She, as Assange's partner, asked for his release because she saw "his life was at stake... She was concerned for the health and life of the Wikileaks founder".

Assange's situation in the maximum security prison HMP Belmarsh (as of June 2021)

On June 19, 2021, Assange received a visit from his family for the first time in months. »Wikileaks founder Julian Assange has been in Belmarsh maximum security prison for more than two years. Now the isolation was briefly interrupted, the 49-year-old could see his wife and children. The situation was "intolerable and grotesque", according to his fiancé . ... "It can't go on like this," said Moris-Smith Robertson . Assange is tormented, the imprisonment is driving him into a "deep depression and despair ."

In June 2021, Moris-Smith Robertson again announced that she and Assange plan to marry while in prison. There is no date yet, but the process has already been initiated. "We're working our way through the bureaucracy so that it can be ready soon." However, organizing a wedding in a high-security prison is anything but a simple matter. The prison chaplaincy told her it would be the first marriage in the prison for at least 12 years. It is still unclear whether guests will be allowed to attend the wedding. "We'll probably do another wedding reception with family and friends when he's free," Moris-Smith Robertson continued. "... His partner and wife-to-be... is now counting on the new US administration under Joe Biden to drop the charges against her partner."

investigative proceedings

Rape allegation in Sweden and international arrest warrant

In August 2010, two women reported to the Swedish police and made allegations against Assange. But neither woman reported Assange. Both said they initially worshiped Assange and took him to their home after a seminar in Stockholm in mid-August 2010. Both also showed their sexual interest, but insisted on protected sex. According to one woman, Assange held her during the disagreement about condom use, but then released her and applied a condom as she wished, but unnoticedly tampered with it in some way, causing it to rupture during the subsequent consensual intercourse. Detention "in a sexual manner" was later classified by the public prosecutor's office as sexual assault and the alleged unnoticed damage to the condom - regarded as non-use of a condom contrary to the woman's express wish - as sexual harassment ("sexual molestation"). The woman organized another party with her friends and Assange the next day, but she was already raising concerns about sexual violence with a friend. According to the other woman, there was an initial controversy with Assange over the condom, but no intercourse. At least one consensual intercourse occurred later that same night, during which Assange unwillingly used a condom. The morning after she had gone back to bed next to Assange after shopping for breakfast and fell asleep, she woke up to find that Assange was having unprotected sex with her. Sexual intercourse with a sleeping woman is considered rape under the Swedish Criminal Code (Chapter 6, Paragraph 1). Therefore, this accusation was later assessed by the public prosecutor's office as rape in a less serious case. Both women only went to the police after they spoke to each other about their similar experiences, found it suspicious that the condom had allegedly accidentally broken in both cases - although both, unlike Assange, insisted on protected sex - and Assange then received an HIV test Test initially refused. The public prosecutor's office then initiated an investigation. According to Assange, the sex was consensual and the initiative came from the women. According to UN Special Rapporteur Nils Melzer, the women wanted him to be forced to take an HIV test, but the allegation of rape was "constructed" and one of the women's complaints were not signed.

A day after the Swedish pirate party WikiLeaks offered its servers in Solna, an arrest warrant was issued against Assange for rape on August 20, 2010, but was initially lifted the next day because the investigating authority considered the allegation of rape to be unfounded; the investigations into this were discontinued, the investigations into the other case of possible sexual assault continued. On September 1, 2010, after it became known that Assange had applied to the Swedish Immigration Service for a permanent residency and work permit, the Swedish Investigative Service - under the new prosecutor Marianne Ny - resumed its investigation into Assange, in a case of rape and in the other case because of " sexual coercion and sexual harassment ". Assange himself denied the allegations and spoke of "dirty tricks" by his opponents. His supporters saw the case as a smear campaign by political opponents to harm WikiLeaks. Sweden's public prosecutor ( överåklagare in Sweden) Marianne Ny then stressed in December 2010 that she was not subject to any political or other pressure.

After the investigation began, Assange initially stayed in Sweden for three weeks in order to be questioned if necessary; according to his lawyer, he had also agreed to testify under oath. According to Ny's own account, Assange eventually called her personally to ask if he could leave the country, which she allowed. According to UN Special Rapporteur Melzer, there was written confirmation from the Swedish prosecutor that Assange could “leave Sweden for short-term absences”, after which Assange left the country.

On November 18, 2010, the Swedish prosecutor's office again applied for an arrest warrant for rape, sexual harassment and coercion; the local court responsible issued an arrest warrant with international effect. Assange appealed . Sweden's second highest court upheld the arrest warrant, but reduced the rape charge to "less serious rape".

On December 1, 2010, it was announced that Interpol had issued a "Red Notice" against Assange. These "red notices" mean that Interpol's 194 member states should assist the country that issued the original arrest warrant in locating a person "with a view to arrest and extradition". The so-called "Red Notice" is the strictest means available to Interpol. In German, this is often referred to as the " International Arrest Warrant "; the special regulation of the " European Arrest Warrant " was applied here. However, Interpol itself avoids the term “arrest warrant ” in English usage in order to emphasize the difference to national arrest warrants. Assange was wanted on rape charges against him in Sweden. A few hours before Interpol published the “Red Notice”, his lawyer called an appeals court in Sweden and asked for the Swedish arrest warrant to be set aside.

On December 7, 2010, Assange turned himself in to the police in London and was taken into custody. He was in Wandsworth Prison . A week later, a London court ruled to release Assange on bail of £200,000 in cash, plus £40,000 provided by two guarantors. He also had to wear an electronic ankle bracelet and meet a number of other requirements. On December 16, 2010, after British prosecutors appealed against the release, the court decided to release Assange on bail on the same terms as above, which happened the same day. Journalist Vaughan Smith hosted Assange and publicly professed his support. A brief hearing was held in London in January 2011, and another hearing on possible extradition to Sweden began in February and was further adjourned. The London Magistrates' Court ruled in February that Assange could be extradited to Sweden. Assange appealed against this; the appeal process before the London High Court began in July 2011. On November 2, 2011, the High Court ruled that Assange could be extradited from the UK to Sweden.

Against this, Assange lodged a final appeal with the highest court, the Supreme Court , which was declared admissible on December 16, 2011 because the legal dispute was of fundamental importance. A two-day hearing began on February 1, 2012. On May 30, this court ruled that Assange must be extradited to Sweden within 10 days, regardless of the possibility of appealing to the European Court of Human Rights . It did, however, give Assange's defense attorneys two weeks to submit a motion to reopen the case. Assange will not be extradited within that time. On June 12, 2012, Assange submitted an application to this effect, but it was rejected two days later. This allowed Assange to be extradited from the UK to Sweden within 10 days from June 28.

In order to avoid the expected extradition to Sweden, Assange took off his electronic tag on June 19, 2012, fled to the Ecuadorian embassy in London and asked for political asylum there. According to his account, he feared that after his extradition to Sweden he would be extradited from there to the USA. On August 16, Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño announced in Quito that Assange would be granted asylum in Ecuador. However, a British Foreign Office official had recently said that Assange would be arrested as soon as he left the Ecuadorian embassy.

Although Assange's bid to have Sweden's arrest warrant lifted failed, he said in the summer of 2014 that he would soon be leaving the embassy. In autumn 2014, Assange submitted a complaint to the UN , in which he criticized his stay in the embassy as unlawful as it amounted to imprisonment. The legally non-binding opinion of the UN body was in his favour.

In March 2015, Swedish prosecutor Marianne Ny announced that she would ask Ecuador for permission to question Assange at the London embassy. According to Ecuador, an official request came on June 12, 2015 for a survey on June 17. However, Ecuador then refused the Swedish prosecutors access to the embassy, ​​since an international judicial cooperation agreement was first required, which, according to Sweden, was not required by international law. Both Great Britain and Assange himself had agreed to be questioned.

In August 2015, the allegations of sexual harassment and coercion became statute-barred and were therefore dropped by the Swedish prosecutor. The procedure for the allegation of rape remained in place for the time being.

After six months of negotiations, Sweden and Ecuador finally agreed in December 2015 on the framework conditions for questioning Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy in London. In January 2016, Swedish prosecutors then sent the questions to Ecuador, allowing Ecuadorian government officials to interrogate Assange under the agreement. The questioning was initially rejected by Ecuador. Another survey date in October was also cancelled. It was not until November 14, 2016 that Assange could finally be questioned about the rape allegation in the Ecuadorian embassy. The questions submitted by the Swedish Attorney General Ingrid Isgren were asked by an Ecuadorian colleague and the answers were then transmitted by Ecuador to Sweden.

In May 2017, the Swedish public prosecutor's office announced that it was dropping the investigation into Assange for the time being. She emphasized that the question of guilt was still not clear. The investigations have been stopped for the time being because there is currently no way to continue them. The questioning of Assange at the embassy in 2016 led to further investigative measures which would require Assange to appear in court in Sweden as he had refused a required formal service of the allegations at the embassy. However, given the circumstances in this case, it cannot be expected that this will happen in the foreseeable future. The Swedish prosecutor's office further stated that the investigation could be resumed at a later date.

After Assange's arrest on April 11, 2019 in London on allegations by the British and US judiciary, the Swedish public prosecutor's office resumed investigations against Assange on May 13, 2019 for the rape allegation. This had already been requested on the day of Assange's arrest by the lawyer of the woman who had accused Assange of raping him. On May 20, 2019, the Swedish prosecutor's office again applied to the Uppsala District Court for an arrest warrant against Assange. However, the court did not follow this request, instead ruling on June 3 that the investigation could continue if Assange was questioned in London. A formal arrest in Sweden is not necessary because he is already in prison in Great Britain. On November 19, 2019, the Swedish public prosecutor announced that the preliminary investigation into the rape allegation had been dropped because there was insufficient evidence to convict him: since the incident was so long ago that the evidence had weakened significantly. After almost a decade, the witnesses no longer remembered exactly, but the plaintiff was believed to be credible. An appeal can be lodged against the decision.

Nils Melzer on the rape allegation

At the end of January 2020, UN Special Rapporteur Melzer spoke in an interview with the Swiss online magazine Republic about the findings of his investigation into the case of Julian Assange. He asked why a person had been in a preliminary criminal investigation into a rape for nine years without ever being charged. Police and public prosecutors in Sweden fabricated the allegation of rape against Assange and immediately pinned the false suspicions on the press. The woman SW concerned never signed her statement, which was subsequently manipulated by the police. Melzer raised serious allegations against the US, British, Ecuadorian and Swedish authorities. They had deliberately delayed the case for almost ten years through formalism in order to make Assange unable to think through long isolation and psychological torture and to make him vulnerable through a smear campaign . Melzer, who checked the facts based on his knowledge of Swedish based on the original documents, explained: "We have to stop believing that this was really about conducting an investigation into sexual offenses." In early February 2020, Melzer explained - also in an interview on ZDF – that the rape allegations against Assange were fabricated. According to the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) , there are pieces of the puzzle that fit together for Melzer's theory that the indictment was fabricated. But these and other circumstances of the process as well as certain personal ties in Sweden are indications and not stringent evidence. According to the legal scholar Tatjana Hörnle , Melzer's public evidence for the serious allegations is not sufficient. Melzer rejected various statements by Hörnle. The woman who accused Assange of having sexually harassed her and with whom Melzer had direct contact, accused Melzer, among other things, of slandering her personally and of having partly spread untruths about the investigation, for example about Assange's willingness to comment on the incidents to testify. Melzer published a statement in which he tried to clear up misunderstandings and expressed the hope that they would not distract from the real problems in the Assange case. The woman later said that Assange's behavior did not constitute a crime and that she had "long forgiven" Assange.

Extradition to the USA denied

Due to the extensive publication of secret documents by WikiLeaks from mid-March 2010 , which was problematic for the USA, Julian Assange was in the special focus of the US judiciary from this point at the latest. Among other things, a grand jury was established in 2011 to investigate whether Assange could be charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 for transmitting information pertaining to national security ; this law allows i.a. also the death penalty.

The problem lies in the formulation of the law, the intention of which against espionage has little to do with the situation at the beginning of the 21st century. In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg - the source of the Pentagon Papers - became the first whistleblower to be indicted under the law. Since then, particularly under President Barack Obama, whistleblowers have repeatedly been accused under the Espionage Act instead of spies . According to critics, this contradicts the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees freedom of the press and freedom of speech. Edward Snowden criticized that when charged under the Espionage Act , a fair trial was not possible because the secrecy of the information prevented the jury from considering the defendant's motivation.

Collateral Murder - Video withheld by the US military on July 12, 2007 in Iraq documented the arbitrary killing of ten people, including two Reuters journalists, and the apparent delight of US gunship pilots in the killing. This was one of the revelations by WikiLeaks and caused a media sensation in 2010.

After the arrest of Chelsea Manning (formerly: Bradley Manning) - who was accused of having leaked the Collateral Murder video and the cables from American embassies to WikiLeaks - unauthorized access to a computer network and theft of government property should also be investigated as charges . Assange himself invoked the Freedom of Information Act ; he had only published the material, not procured it himself, and the name Manning had only become known to him through the media. According to a 2019 indictment, the US later had the chat logs of a direct communication between Assange and Manning from early March 2010, just before the WikiLeaks publication began.

Since his stay in Great Britain and Sweden's international arrest warrant in 2010, Assange feared extradition from England or Sweden to the USA. The US sought help from Germany, the UK, Australia and other allies. To prevent this from happening, Assange announced in late 2010 that if anything happened to him, WikiLeaks would immediately post all undisclosed documents on 2,000 websites worldwide.

According to statements published in the Global Intelligence Files by a former federal agent and then Vice President of the American company Strategic Forecasting (Stratfor) , the US government was allegedly preparing a “secret indictment” (sealed indictment) against Assange before a closed Grand by January 2011 at the latest jury before. The United States Department of Justice initially declined to comment. In the US, an indictment can be sealed to keep it secret. As of the summer of 2012, US authorities had failed to formulate an indictment against Assange or seek an extradition request from Britain. The Swedish Ministry of Justice also declared in August that it was not aware of any US extradition requests. The responsible director in the Swedish Ministry of Justice emphasized that according to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights , extradition to the USA is only possible if there is no danger to the life of the prisoner.

In November 2013, the US Department of Justice under Obama declared that Assange could not be charged with publishing secret documents, otherwise one would also have to indict journalists and media outlets such as The Guardian or the New York Times , which also often publish secret documents as part of their work documents published. On the other hand, state employees or service providers such as Chelsea Manning or Edward Snowden who had stolen classified information in violation of their contracts could be charged under the Espionage Act. Following this DOJ statement, the grand jury investigation into WikiLeaks continued; Assange could still be charged with possible other criminal activities. It was officially declared that there was no secret grand jury indictment at the time.

After Donald Trump's inauguration as the new US President in January 2017, the new US Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who he had appointed, announced in April 2017 that arresting Assange and combating the disclosure of state secrets had become priorities under the new administration. Charges should be prepared against Assange – also for violating the espionage law. Judicial files erroneously submitted to the court in August 2018 revealed that an indictment was already being prepared.

In August 2017, at the Ecuadorian embassy in London, US Republican Dana Rohrabacher , in the presence of his lawyer Jennifer Robinson , offered Assange a pardon , although no official charges had been filed at the time. Assange, however, declined to disclose the source of the Clinton emails, which were published on WikiLeaks and which the US government hoped would benefit from. Rohrabacher did not deny the meeting, but stressed that he was not acting on behalf of the US government.

In April 2019, the US Department of Justice published the charges against Assange that had been drawn up a year earlier and had initially been kept secret. He was accused of assisting Chelsea Manning in trying to crack a password for a network of secret US Department of Defense documents. Manning already had access to classified information on the network, and cracking the password would have helped her disguise the origin of the leaked documents. Assange was also accused of encouraging Manning to make further leaks . The accusation was based, among other things, on logs of direct communication between Assange and Manning in early 2010. These presumably came from the encrypted chat platform Jabber . A maximum sentence of five years was possible for these charges, but this is usually not exhausted.

In May 2019, the United States replaced its previous indictment with a significantly expanded indictment comprising a total of seventeen points and also based on the US military documents published in 2010 – which Chelsea Manning had leaked to Wikileaks – and now also invoked the Espionage Act . In the new charges, Assange continued to be charged with inciting and assisting Manning to steal the documents. In addition, he has now been accused of unmasking sources of the US secret services in the Middle East and in China and thus endangering them. Overall, all charges together carry a theoretical maximum sentence of 175 years in prison.

In June 2019 it became known that the USA had made an official extradition request for Assange to Great Britain, which was formally accepted by the British Home Secretary on June 12, 2019 and which had to be decided by the various British courts, ultimately the European Court of Human Rights .

At a hearing, the court decided that the first instance hearing on the US extradition request, scheduled for five days, should begin on February 25, 2020. The first substantive hearing has been postponed to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In June 2020, the US Department of Justice expanded the charges against Assange. No new charges were added because the deadline for adding new charges had expired. However, the existing charges were expanded to include more details about alleged collaboration with Anonymous - affiliated hackers and others.

On January 4, 2021, Westminster Magistrates' Court in London, the magistrate's court of first instance in the UK judicial system, refused extradition. This was justified with the expected prison conditions and the existing risk of suicide. The US has appealed. Mexican President and Prime Minister Andrés Manuel López Obrador offered Assange political asylum after his extradition refusal. On January 6, 2021, the same Magistrates' Court denied Assange's request for release on bail, citing the risk of absconding. The appeal process initiated by the US side began on October 27, 2021.

In a June 2021 interview, Sigurður Ingi Þórðarson, a former FBI informant and a key witness against Assange in the US trial, stated that he lied and committed perjury on key counts on which the charges against Assange are based, to get immunity.

lifting of the extradition ban

On December 10, 2021, the extradition ban was overturned by an appeals court in London. Judge Timothy Holroyde reasoned that the United States had given sufficient assurances as to the conditions of detention. Nils Muižnieks, Amnesty International 's European Director , called the decision a "travesty of justice". On January 24, 2022, the UK High Court of Justice ruled that Assange could appeal to the UK Supreme Court against his extradition to the US.

Work, positions and criticism

Wikileaks and Assange's way of working had a major impact on traditional media companies: they adopted many of the innovations Assange pioneered for WikiLeaks, including installing anonymous digital dropboxes , publishing large, revised datasets, hiring journalists for data science , and encouraging reporters to improve their internet security to protect sources . Assange adheres to a libertarian worldview. In 2006 he published the essay Conspiracy as Governance , in which he lays out his core political beliefs. In it, he describes any authoritarian governance as a “ conspiracy ” that would work to the detriment of the populace. The "defenders of truth, love and self-actualization" would have to fight these conspiracies. In times before literacy , this fight was fought with assassinations , today it is about disrupting the communication links between the individual conspirators and cutting them off from their secret flow of information from the outside world. The American historian Sean Wilentz interprets WikiLeaks' practice of stealing and releasing classified government information as a realization of the basic political beliefs set out in this text; however, they are wrong, sometimes even paranoid .

In August 2013, Assange professed his admiration for Ron Paul and his son Rand of the Tea Party movement . Both have been the strongest supporters in the fight against the US government's attacks on WikiLeaks and are also firmly opposed to drone warfare and the practice of unlawful targeted killings . On the other hand, he is reported to have told Guardian reporter Nick Davies , who worked with him on the US intelligence documents, that an Afghan civilian informant in Western coalition forces deserved to die and his identity was not identified in WikiLeaks publications need to protect. Referring to the US elections, he said the libertarian wing of the Republican Party is "the only hope right now."

In March 2013, Assange co-founded the libertarian party The WikiLeaks Party . In August, some prominent members left, including party Vice President Leslie Cannold and Wikileaks co-founder Daniel Mathews, accusing Chairman Assange of disregarding decisions of the party council. Contrary to his decision to make the Greens, rather than Creationists , Gun Party or Christian Right electoral recommendations, which are important in Australia's preferential voting system , Assange made recommendations for right-wing parties, including the Australia First Party , on behalf of his party . In the September 2013 elections , the WikiLeaks Party received 0.62 percent and was removed from the party register by the Electoral Commission in 2015.

Debbie Wasserman Schultz was forced to step down from chairing the presidential nomination convention in late July 2016 after WikiLeaks released emails from the DNC showing party leadership favored Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in the primary.

During the 2016 US presidential campaign, Wikileaks published several thousand emails stolen from the Democratic Party 's server (see also WikiLeaks#US presidential election 2016 ). In his indictment, US Special Counsel Robert Mueller alleged that there had been correspondence between WikiLeaks and the hacker “Guccifer 2.0” with the aim of influencing the elections to the detriment of Clinton. The disclosure platform received the material from a person directly controlled by the Russian military intelligence service GRU . During the same period, it also became known that there were targeted collusion and contacts between WikiLeaks and Donald Trump Jr. – son of presidential candidate Donald Trump – regarding how to proceed in the election campaign. Assange has also been accused of intentionally withholding similar material from a hack against the Republicans - Donald Trump's own party. Assange denied having any such material. A civil lawsuit brought by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) against Russia, Trump's campaign organization and also WikiLeaks and Assange was dismissed on July 30, 2019. Russia, as the supposed key player, cannot be civilly sued in the US – and the actions of WikiLeaks and Assange are protected under the First Amendment to the US Constitution under civil law .

Assange is a member of the Advisory Committee of the DiEM25 movement .

Statements on Assange's situation (as of February 2016)

The UN Human Rights Council's Working Group on Arbitrary Detention issued a statement in February 2016 on Assange's situation, as he was under diplomatic protection at the Ecuadorian embassy in London to avoid extradition from Britain to Sweden (read more in the investigation procedure section ). The statement described Assange's "detention" in the embassy as illegal and a violation of human rights. It called on the governments of Sweden and Britain to ensure that Assange could move freely again; he would also be entitled to compensation. The report was narrowly approved by the five-strong panel of experts, by a vote of three to two. Both accused countries rejected the statements of the legally non-binding report. Former British Foreign Secretary Hammond said the working group was made up of lay people, not lawyers, and that its conclusion had legal flaws; Assange is a fugitive from justice. The Swedish government said Assange is staying in the embassy voluntarily and can leave at any time. Assange himself, on the other hand, spoke of a “really important victory” after the verdict and called on Great Britain and Sweden to comply with the verdict.

The indictment against Assange based on the espionage law published by the USA in 2019 was also criticized by various journalists ’ associations in April and June 2019: The German Association of Journalists (DJV) called on the British authorities to “release Assange immediately”. He explained: "The Wikileaks founder is accused of something that should not be punished as a criminal offense: aiding and abetting treason through publications". The chairwoman of the German Union of Journalists (dju), Tina Groll, warned of “a massive encroachment on the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of the press” if Assange were extradited to the United States. According to the writers' association PEN , his extradition would be "a serious blow to freedom of speech, freedom of the press and the right to freedom of expression."

The Special Rapporteur on Torture appointed by the UN Human Rights Council , the Swiss Nils Melzer , visited Assange in the British high-security prison HM Prison Belmarsh with two medical experts on May 9, 2019 and then criticized Assange's situation: He condemned the "deliberate and coordinated abuse". that would have been imposed on Assange for years. He also stressed: “My most urgent concern is that Mr Assange would be at real risk of serious violations of his human rights in the United States, including his freedom of expression, his right to a fair trial and the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". "Over the past nine years, Mr Assange has been subjected to persistent, escalating abuse, ranging from systematic prosecution and arbitrary detention at the Ecuadorian embassy, ​​to his repressive isolation, harassment and surveillance within the embassy, ​​to deliberate collective mockery, insult and humiliation, open incitement to violence and even repeated calls for his assassination was enough.” In official letters sent to the governments of Ecuador, the USA, Great Britain and Sweden at the end of May 2019, Melzer called on the four governments involved to stop spreading, Refrain from inciting or condoning statements or other activities that adversely affect Assange's human rights and dignity, and to take steps to provide him with adequate remedies and rehabilitation for past harm. Melzer also appealed to the British government not to extradite Assange to the US or to any other state that does not offer reliable safeguards against his extradition to the US. He also reminded Britain of its obligation to ensure Assange's unhindered access to legal counsel, documentation and adequate preparation commensurate with the complexity of the pending case. "In 20 years of working with victims of war, violence and political persecution, I have never seen a group of democratic states come together to deliberately isolate a single individual for so long and with so little regard for human dignity and the rule of law, to demonize and abuse," said Melzer. "The collective persecution of Julian Assange must end here and now!" In November 2019, in a public hearing on the premises of the German Bundestag , Melzer stated that the German federal government was also not at all involved in the case. On the contrary, despite repeated requests from the UN representative for official statements, these were not forthcoming. He was only invited to a meeting at the Federal Foreign Office on the evening before his appearance in the Bundestag building. In it he was informed that "my reports on the Assange case have still not been read and that there is no time to do so". At the end of January 2020, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe unanimously passed a resolution calling for the "immediate release" of Julian Assange and the prevention of his extradition to the United States. The resolution was preceded by a hearing attended by John Shipton, father of Julian Assange, Nils Melzer, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture , Anthony Bellanger, Secretary General of the Confederation of National Union Journalists ' Federations, the International Federation of Journalists , and Regis Brilliard, Executive Secretary of the Anti- Council of Europe Torture Committees , which reported dubious legal prosecution and torture of Assange. At the end of January 2020, UN Special Rapporteur Nils Melzer made serious allegations against the Swedish, British and US authorities (published in the online magazine Republic ).  

At the beginning of February 2020, the investigative journalist Günter Wallraff , the former Federal Ministers Sigmar Gabriel and Gerhart Baum and the member of the Bundestag Sevim Dağdelen presented the appeal for Julian Assange to be released from prison at the federal press conference in Berlin ( Wallraff appeal , because he initiated it). The publicist Navid Kermani and the former Federal Minister of Justice Herta Däubler-Gmelin are also part of the initiative. This was preceded by a broad appeal to Great Britain signed by 130 personalities from German politics, science and culture, including ten former ministers: "We support the call of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the subject of torture, Nils Melzer, for the immediate release of Mr Julian Assange, for medical and constitutional reasons” – which had appeared on a full page in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Four associations , the German Association of Journalists , the German Union of Journalists in Verdi , Reporters Without Borders and the non-profit Whistleblower Network also joined the demand. Gabriel explained that the rule of law of the procedure was not guaranteed - apparently for political reasons. Wallraff added that it was not just about Assange himself, but about defending freedom of expression and freedom of the press. If journalists and whistleblowers had to fear that they would pay for the uncovering of state crimes with "imprisonment" or their lives, the " fourth estate " and thus democracy would be in danger. The Wallraff Appeal can be signed by anyone. Over 45,000 (as of June 27, 2021) have already done so.

In a letter initiated by Wallraff, Chancellor Merkel is appealed to, during her upcoming visit to US President Joe Biden on July 15, 2021 , to ask him to end the proceedings against Assange conducted by his predecessor and to drop the lawsuit.

Autobiography and Business

Video transmission for the ConventionCamp 2012

Assange announced in January 2011 an autobiographical book to be published worldwide by Scottish publisher Canongate Books and in the US by Alfred A. Knopf in the autumn. The German language rights were awarded to Kiepenheuer & Witsch . Other publishers in Europe, Brazil and Australia secured the rights for their respective book markets. According to Assange, he did not want to write the book, but needed the money to defend himself legally against the allegations in Sweden and to be able to support WikiLeaks. Assange gave ghostwriter Andrew O'Hagan interviews for fifty hours and wanted to terminate the book deal in June 2011. However, he did not repay the advance payment he received, and the book was published in September as an unauthorized biography. Knopf Publishers canceled the contract with Assange, and Kiepenheuer & Witsch decided not to publish a German translation.

In early March 2011, it became known that Assange, like other prominent figures, applied to the British Intellectual Property Office to have his name and that of WikiLeaks trademarked; Trademark protection does not exist (as of 2018). WikiLeaks also maintains its own webshop with merchandising items; the earlier status is preserved in the web archive .

In January 2012, in a statement authorized by Assange, WikiLeaks announced that it was planning a series of discussions with political leaders and revolutionary thinkers. In 2012, a total of twelve programs entitled The World Tomorrow (Мир завтра) were broadcast on the Russian TV channel Russia Today as a half-hour talk show. In the first episode of his broadcast in mid-April 2012, Assange greeted the Lebanese Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in a video chat. Cooperation with the foreign broadcaster controlled by the Russian government met with significant international media criticism that Assange was allowing himself to be used for Russian interests.

At the end of November 2012, Assange gave a lecture as part of the ConventionCamp in Hanover , in which he was connected via Skype and his recently published book Cypherpunks . Freedom and the Future of the Internet presented. Cryptography is the necessary non-violent resistance to state surveillance on the Internet.

Film, theater and comics

Australian doctor and author Ron Elisha wrote a play about Assange's life entitled Stainless Steel Rat , which was directed by Wayne Harrison and rehearsed in Sydney from May 2011 and at the University of Sydney 's Seymour Centre was performed from late June to mid-July.

In September 2012, a play by Angela Richter entitled Assassinate Assange was performed at the Kampnagel cultural center in Hamburg and later in Vienna . Prior to this, Richter bought a lunch with Assange for €1,600 and had extensive talks with Assange.

In the 500th episode of The Simpsons , Assange made a cameo appearance as an animated character. He spoke the text over the phone from Great Britain.

In 2013, director Alex Gibney made the documentary We Steal Secrets: The WikiLeaks Story , which explores Assange and the history of WikiLeaks.

Steven Spielberg's studio DreamWorks Interactive secured the rights to film two books in March 2011. In October 2013, the feature film Inside WikiLeaks was released , directed by Bill Condon . Benedict Cumberbatch played Julian Assange and Daniel Brühl played Daniel Domscheit-Berg. The film was written by Josh Singer and based in part on Domscheit-Berg's book Inside WikiLeaks: My Time at the World's Most Dangerous Website . In an open letter to Cumberbatch, Assange described the film as "not good" and expressed fears that the release could harm him and those close to him, mainly because Domscheit-Berg's book was used as a template.

In the comic The Papyrus of Caesar from the comic series Asterix , Assange is impersonated by investigative journalist Polemix.

Wikileaks - Public Enemy Julian Assange was released in 2020 , an NDR/WDR film about the rise and fall of Julian Assange.

June 2021: The TV channel Arte publishes the report Julian Assange: chronicle of a spy affair .

Prizes and awards

factories

  • Suelette Dreyfus , Julian Assange: Underground: Tales of hacking, madness and obsession on the electronic frontier . Mandarin, Kew, Australia, 1997, ISBN 1-86330-595-5 ( underground-book.net ).
  • Julian Assange: Conspiracy as Governance . 2006 ( iq.org ( Memento of 29 August 2007 at the Internet Archive ) [PDF]).
  • Suelette Dreyfus, Julian Assange: Underground. The History of the Early Hacker Elite. fact novel . Haffmans & Tolkemitt, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-942989-00-8 (Original title: Underground: Tales of hacking, madness and obsession on the Electronic Frontier .).
  • Julian Assange, Andrew O'Hagan: Julian Assange: The Unauthorized Autobiography . Canongate Books, Edinburgh 2011, ISBN 978-0-85786-384-3 . About the making: Andrew O'Hagan: Ghosting. In: London Review of Books , 6 March 2014, online
  • Jacob Appelbaum , Julian Assange, Andy Müller-Maguhn , Jérémie Zimmermann: Cypherpunks. Freedom and the Future of the Internet . OR Books, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-939293-00-8 (English).
  • Jacob Appelbaum, Julian Assange, Andy Müller-Maguhn, Jérémie Zimmermann: Cypherpunks. Our Freedom and the Future of the Internet . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt, New York 2013, ISBN 978-3-593-39913-3 .
  • Julian Assange: When Google Met WikiLeaks . OR Books, New York City 2014, ISBN 978-1-939293-57-2 (English).
  • Introduction to: The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire . Verso Books, 2015, ISBN 978-1-78168-874-8 .
  • Pamela Anderson, Julian Assange, et al.: In Defense of Julian Assange . Eds.: Tariq Ali , Margaret Kunstler. OR Books, New York City 2019, ISBN 978-1-68219-221-4 (English).

literature

web links

Commons : Julian Assange  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Julian Assange  – in the news

interviews

itemizations

  1. ↑ a b c d Holger Stark , Kai Biermann : 175 years in prison / British and Americans treat WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange like a criminal. In: Die Zeit, February 5, 2020.
  2. ↑ Heribert Prantl on Julian Assange - "It is important to stand up for someone who is being mistreated". Retrieved 29 July 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b ZEIT ONLINE | Assange trial hearing postponed to September 4 May 2020, retrieved 5 May 2020 .
  4. ↑ PEN Centre: Open letter demanding immediate release of Julian Assange. In: PEN Center Germany. Retrieved 29 July 2020 .
  5. ↑ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Germany urges UK to uphold human rights in Assange case | DW | 12/30/2020. Retrieved 27 June 2021 (British English).
  6. ↑ a b Barbara Barkhausen Sydney: "They want to kill him" (new Germany). Retrieved April 6, 2021 .
  7. ↑ a b Nelly Keusch: Julian Assange: Court of Appeal authorizes extradition to the US, supporters want to challenge the verdict. In: New Zurich newspaper. 10 December 2021, retrieved 10 December 2021 (Swiss High German). Assange jailed in London – court lifts extradition ban In: tagesschau.de. 10 December 2021, retrieved 10 December 2021 .
  8. ↑ a b Daniel Ryser: "A murderous system": Engineered rape, manipulated evidence. Republic , retrieved February 7, 2020 .
  9. ↑ Family Notices. The Sydney Morning Herald , March 10, 1951, retrieved March 17, 2014.
  10. ↑ David Leigh, Luke Harding: WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. Guardian Books, London 2011; rev. edn. Guardian Books/Faber and Faber, 2013. p. 34.
  11. ↑ Processo . Cisa, 2011 ( com.ph [accessed 24 April 2019]).
  12. ↑ Like father, like son. 14 June 2013, retrieved 24 April 2019 .
  13. ↑ Richard Guilliatt: For John Shipton, the Wikileaks Party isn't just a political cause. In: The Australian , 15 June 2013, accessed 16 March 2014.
  14. ↑ a b Robert Manne: The cypherpunk revolutionary: Julian Assange. The Monthly, March 2011, retrieved March 16, 2014 : "By the time he was addressing audiences worldwide, his 'father'—which Assange informed me is an amalgam of Brett Assange and John Shipton, created to protect their identities"
  15. ↑ Raffi Khatchadourian: No secrets: Julian Assange's mission for total transparency. In: The New Yorker , 7 June 2010, accessed 16 March 2014.
  16. ↑ The secret life of Julian Assange. CNN , December 2, 2010, retrieved March 16, 2014.
  17. ↑ WikiLeaks founder's Lismore roots | Lismore News | Local News in Lismore | Northern Star. October 5, 2011, retrieved April 17, 2020 .
  18. ↑ Gerry Georgatos: Rights campaigner Julian Assange acknowledges his Torres Strait Islander form and content. Indymedia Australia, 2 June 2012, retrieved 10 October 2018 .
  19. ↑ Glenda Kwek: Magnet for trouble: how Assange went from simple island life to high-tech public enemy number one. In: The Sydney Morning Herald , 8 December 2010, accessed 16 March 2014.
  20. ↑ Julian Assange: 'We just kept moving'. September 23, 2011, retrieved in 2019 .
  21. ↑ Leigh, Harding: WikiLeaks , pp. 37–38.
  22. ↑ Massimo Calabresi: WikiLeaks' war on secrecy: truth's consequences. In: Time magazine , 2 December 2010, accessed 16 March 2014.
  23. ↑ Hans Ulrich Obrist: "In conversation with Julian Assange, Part I" ( Memento of 7 May 2011 in the Internet Archive ), e-flux, May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  24. ↑ Andrew O'Hagan: Ghosting: Julian Assange. London Review of Books 36, no. 5. 6 March 2014. pp. 5-26. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  25. ↑ Chris Anderson: Why the world needs WikiLeaks. TED, Al Jazeera English on youtube.com, from minute 14:30.
  26. ↑ "Jeremy Geia first Australian to interview Assange" ( Memento of 26 January 2014 at Internet Archive ), Gilimbaa, 24 October 2012, accessed 16 March 2014.
  27. ↑ He studied Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics at Central Queensland University (1994) Frazer Pearce: Assange studied at CQU. The Morning Bulletin , December 18, 2010, accessed March 16, 2014.
  28. ↑ Meet the Aussie behind Wikileaks. Stuff, 7 August 2008, accessed 21 March 2014. First appeared in The Sydney Morning Herald .
  29. ↑ Sarah Whyte: Driven to dissent—like father, like son. The Sydney Morning Herald , 6 December 2010, accessed 21 March 2014.
  30. ↑ Raffi Khatchadourian: No Secrets. Julian Assange's mission for total transparency. In: The New Yorker , June 7, 2010.
  31. ↑ Mythbusted: Professor says WikiLeaks founder was 'no star' mathematician. The Daily Caller, December 12, 2010, retrieved December 25, 2010 .
  32. ↑ Marcel Rosenbach, Holger Stark: Public Enemy WikiLeaks. How a group of net activists is challenging the world's most powerful nations. p. 63 . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04518-8 .
  33. ↑ Andy Greenberg: An Excerpt From 'This Machine Kills Secrets': The Education Of Julian Assange. In: Andy Greenberg, Forbes Staff: 'This Machine Kills Secrets': The Education Of Julian Assange. Retrieved April 24, 2019 : Assange believed (inaccurately, according to the department's staff) that money would ultimately go toward improving the design of the Grizzly Plow, a military bulldozer used in the first Iraq War and designed to sweep away barbed wire and sand at more than thirty-five miles per hour. The plow, as Assange described it, filled the trenches inhabited by enemy troops, rolling over them and burying them alive like an accelerated version of Tim May's father's bunker-burying bulldozer from World War II"
  34. ↑ a b The man with the white hair. now.de
  35. ↑ Daniel Domscheit-Berg: Inside WikiLeaks. Grasset, 2011. p. 139.
  36. ↑ Julian Assange Biography. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  37. ↑ Credits of strobe. Retrieved October 28, 2018 (English).
  38. ↑ Marcel Rosenbach, Holger Stark: Public Enemy WikiLeaks. How a group of net activists is challenging the world's most powerful nations. p. 51f. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04518-8 .
  39. ↑ Stefan Mey: Leak-o-nomy: The Economy of Wikileaks. Interview with Julian Assange. In: Online JournalismBlog. January 17, 2010, retrieved April 11, 2019 (English).
  40. ↑ Julian Assange ( Memento of 12 February 2010 at the Internet Archive ). In: The Center for Investigative Journalism , accessed 1 June 2010.
  41. ↑ WikiLeaks Volunteer Was a Paid Informant for the FBI. wired.com (English)
  42. ↑ Ryan Gallagher: How the FBI used a baby-faced WikiLeaks volunteer to spy on Julian Assange. In: Slate , 9 August 2013.
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personal data
SURNAME Assange, Julian
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Assange, Julian Paul (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Australian political activist
BIRTH DATE July 3, 1971
PLACE OF BIRTH Townsville , Queensland