Chelsea Manning

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Chelsea Manning (2017)
Signature of Chelsea Manning

Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born December 17, 1987 , before her birth certificate was retrospectively changed as Bradley Edward Manning , in Oklahoma City ) is an American whistleblower . She was a member of the US armed forces and worked as an IT specialist. Manning was arrested in May 2010 on suspicion of copying videos and documents and leaking them to the WikiLeaks website . In the resulting proceedings, charges were made on a total of 21 points. After a partial confession, a judgment was issued at the end of July 2013 , which resulted in a guilty verdict on 19 points. The sentence was 35 years imprisonment, but US President Barack Obama issued Manning on January 17, 2017, most of the sentence. She was released on May 17, 2017. On March 8, 2019 she was detained again until they from in March 2020 Beugehaft was dismissed.

Manning said in a statement issued on August 23, 2013 announcement, to be a woman to feel in this way since childhood, and as soon as possible a hormone replacement therapy for sex approximation to want to start. The name change to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning became effective on April 23, 2014 . In February 2015, a Pentagon spokesman announced that the US Army had given permission for hormone therapy.

Life

Childhood and youth

Manning grew up in Crescent , a small city in Logan County , on the very edge of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area . She was born a boy. According to the older sister, both parents were alcoholics, and a Navy psychiatrist attested Manning to have facial features typical of fetal alcohol syndrome . Due to his job as an IT manager, the father was often on trips lasting several weeks, during which time the children were largely left to their own devices. At the age of eight, Manning learned to program in C ++ from her father . She quickly acquired further knowledge and spent a good part of her free time in front of the computer. In 2000, the parents divorced, and Manning confided to her mother and a friend that she had fallen in love with a boy. Manning's alleged homosexuality was the cause of bullying at school. Manning lived with his mother in Wales between 2001 and 2005, after which she returned to the USA. From this point on, she openly loved men ( androphilia ) and had several partners in life. After dropping out of college and changing jobs several times, Manning's father suggested that she apply to the United States Army to bring stability to her life. In retrospect, Manning said he was hoping army service would make the pain in her life go away.

Role in the US Army

Manning in Uniform (2012)

Manning joined the United States Army in October 2007 . After completing basic training at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri , Manning trained as an intelligence analyst in Fort Huachuca , Arizona based on her IT expertise . Subsequently, Manning was in Fort Drum and from mid 2009 to May 2010 at the advanced base ( " Forward Operating Base ") Hammer east about 60 kilometers from Baghdad stationed. Due to her training and her role as an intelligence analyst in a reconnaissance and defense battalion, she received the clearance for the secrecy levels "Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information" and had access to secret information via the SIPRNet in both Fort Drum and FOB Hammer ( a computer network of the US Department of State and Defense). In Iraq, Manning's task was to analyze the information from other units transmitted via the SIPRNet and to use this to create situational images of the security situation . Her duty hours were exclusively at night, so she slept during the day and had little contact with other soldiers.

While Manning openly cultivated relationships with men in her private life, she had to keep them secret within the Army in order not to come into conflict with the “ Don't ask, don't tell ” rule that was still in force at the time. In an anonymous interview for an Internet news portal, she stated that this regulation was the worst thing about the military for her and that she would have to lead a double life as a result. Manning's relationship with a student broke up in the fall of 2009, shortly before she was transferred to Iraq.

In November 2009, one month after arriving in Iraq, Manning reached out to a gender adviser and said that she felt like a woman and therefore wanted to live fully in the female gender role and take gender reassignment measures . She also confided to the therapist that an innocent man had been killed as a result of one of her military analyzes.

Transfer of confidential documents

Manning said she was becoming more and more dismayed at how little public awareness there was of the futility of this war. She began to log into chat rooms on the WikiLeaks platform and follow conversations there.

On January 5, 2010, Manning downloaded 400,000 documents related to the Iraq war from the CIDNE database and burned them onto CDs. Three days later, it did the same with 91,000 documents pertaining to Afghanistan. According to Manning's statement, this was completely visible to any other soldier. She labeled at least one of the CDs “Lady Gaga” in order to disguise its contents as music. Manning was able to transport the CDs out of the security zone and back in again without the intervention of other soldiers. Manning copied the data from the CDs onto the SD card of her personal camera, which she took with her on a two-week home vacation to the USA at the end of January 2010. There she contacted the Washington Post and the New York Times , but she only got an uninterested journalist and an answering machine. A visit to the Politico office failed, according to Manning, due to bad weather conditions, which is why she was barely able to leave her aunt's house. Manning returned to Iraq on February 11 without receiving a receipt from Wikileaks.

Around February 18, 2010, Manning read a conversation about the Icelandic financial crisis in the Wikileaks chat room. She researched the databases available to her and forwarded several diplomatic cables to Wikileaks regarding the US inaction towards Iceland. The dispatches were published on the platform within a few hours. During the same period, some analysts debated a video held in a Judge Advocate General's Corps folder showing the shelling and death of Iraqi civilians and Reuters news agency journalists on July 12, 2007 in Baghdad by an American attack helicopter . Manning later stated that she wanted to send the video to Reuters, but was influenced by the publication of the Iceland cables to send further material to Wikileaks. On April 5, 2010, the video recordings edited by Wikileaks were published under the title Collateral Murder .

The videos shared by Manning may also include footage of the May 4, 2009 air strike near Garani in western Afghanistan. Furthermore, 303 cases are found in the documents of torture by the occupying forces in Iraq in 2010. Also, information that the end of November 2010 on the United States diplomatic cables leak and in April 2011 for disclosure of information about the Guantanamo prison led , go back to them.

arrest

On May 26, 2010, Manning was arrested in Iraq on suspicion of copying military videos and documents and whistleblowing them to the WikiLeaks website .

There are different representations about the background of the arrest:

  • Manning is said to have confided in Adrian Lamo , a security specialist for the US government, in a chat on May 21, 2010 . Three days later, Lamo informed US authorities, who subsequently followed the chat. Manning revealed that she had burned the data on a CD and labeled it as a music video of Lady Gaga , whereupon the US authorities arrested Manning on May 26th. Lamo recorded the chat, which was initially published in extracts by the technology magazine Wired and finally published in full in July 2011.
  • According to other information, Lamo, as an employee of the secret " Project Vigilant ", a self-protection project supported with donations from the private sector, became aware of Manning through surfing behavior and was able to prove that Manning sent the video Collateral Murder to Wikileaks. Either Lamo or Chet Uber, the head of the project, are said to have informed the authorities.

Conditions of detention

Manning was initially detained at Camp Arifjan in Kuwait and transferred to Marine Corps Base Quantico in late July 2010 . There she was held in solitary confinement under very harsh conditions . She had to stay in her cell for 23 hours a day and had no access to any news or updated information. She was denied sheets or pillows. The conditions were similar to those of a Supermax -Gefängnisses with solitary confinement to mental that can lead cognitive and physical damage.

In March 2011, it was announced through her defense lawyer , David Coombs , that Manning's clothes had been stripped for no reason and that she had been forced to stay naked in her cell for seven hours at night and to stand naked in front of her cell in the morning. Brian Villiard, a spokesman for prison staff, confirmed the incident, citing prison rules. Manning's written complaint about the conditions of detention was denied six months later.

In April 2011, the US Department of Defense announced that Manning was due for psychiatric evaluation pending trial and was being transferred to the United States Disciplinary Barracks in Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . There her detention conditions improved, she was allowed to receive visitors and to have contact with other prisoners. Supporters Mannings initially criticized that she was now even further away from her family and her lawyer, but were then satisfied with the transfer. The psychological examination revealed her litigation capability. During the Fort Meade trial in early 2012, Manning was relocated to an undisclosed location near Fort Meade. Due to the exceptionally harsh conditions in Quantico, Manning's possible prison term was reduced by 112 days in January 2013.

Public reactions

Vehicle labeled with slogans for Wikileaks and Manning during the “ Occupy Wall Street ” protests in September 2011

A report by the American journalist Glenn Greenwald on Manning's prison conditions received various attention in December 2010 in German-speaking countries. Greenwald had been awarded an online journalism award in October 2010 for an earlier report on the Manning case . That same month, supporters of Manning filed a complaint with Manfred Nowak , the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, about her detention conditions . Its office said it was investigating the complaint, while the US Department of Defense denied the allegations.

Nowak's successor Juan E. Méndez was denied a confidential meeting with Manning several times, about which he publicly complained in July 2011. Later, in March 2012, Méndez criticized Manning's treatment as "cruel, inhuman and humiliating" during her eight months' detention at Quantico. In January 2011, Amnesty International accused the US government of "inhuman treatment of Bradley Manning", called for the relaxation of detention conditions which "violated US obligations to treat detainees" and drafted an open letter to Defense Secretary Robert Gates and reiterated the demands two months later in an open letter to President Barack Obama .

In April 2011 the two renowned lawyers Bruce Ackerman (Yale Law School) and Yochai Benkler (Harvard Law School) published another open letter to Barack Obama in The New York Review of Books . In the letter, they described Manning's detention conditions as degrading, inhuman, illegal and immoral. In particular, they referred to the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment in the 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution and the guarantee in the Fifth Amendment against punishment without prior trial. More than 250 leading US lawyers and the German legal scholar Ulrich K. Preuss signed.

In the same month, the Committee for Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid of the German Bundestag wrote a letter to Barack Obama, asking that Manning's detention conditions be reviewed and “humane accommodation” ensured.

Supporter postcard to Manning from Portugal, August 2010

There were solidarity rallies with Manning in front of the Quantico prison, in Montreal and internationally. A website for supporters was set up on the Internet by her family and friends. Wikileaks donations to their defense totaled $ 15,000 in January 2011, the total at that point being over $ 100,000. Peace activists, Michael Moore and former CIA officer Ray McGovern expressed their solidarity with Manning.

The online campaign platform Avaaz denounced their detention conditions in an email campaign; Over 500,000 people signed a petition by mid-April 2011 .

In American politics, the case caused controversy:

  • Democratic MP Dennis Kucinich criticized Manning's detention conditions as "a kind of torture". They are "a calculated attempt to punish the prisoner and break spiritually". Philip Crowley , spokesperson for US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , said the same thing . After describing Manning's treatment as "ridiculous, counterproductive and stupid" and this became public, he announced his resignation.

  • During a fundraising gala in April 2011, Barack Obama, faced with unexpected protests, spoke out about Manning (“He broke the law”) that Manning's supporters accused him of prejudice.

In November 2011, more than 60 Members of the European Parliament signed an open letter to the US government, Senate and House of Representatives expressing concerns about human rights violations against Manning and the possibility of the death penalty. They appealed for Juan E. Méndez to be given an opportunity to visit Manning under confidential conditions and thus not to undermine the work of the United Nations in the field of human rights.

citizenship

In addition to the US , Manning also has British citizenship , as her mother is from Wales and her father was a US member of the United States Navy . Amnesty International was expected to take a position from the UK government on their detention conditions. With the new charges that became known in early March 2011, the danger of the death penalty being imposed on Manning had moved closer, which has been abolished in the European Union and is being rejected.

The EU advocates "the permanent abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances". In early April 2011, the UK House of Commons dealt with the case and issued an official letter calling on the UK government to step up engagement with Manning and the US to promote humane detention conditions. Parliamentary State Secretary Henry Bellingham pledged that the British Embassy in Washington would raise Manning's detention situation with the US State Department and confirmed Manning's dual citizenship.

Criminal proceedings

Preliminary proceedings

Manning was initially under Articles 92 (command or control denial) and 134 (catch) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ, dt .: "United Law of military justice ") accused of betrayal of state secrets and unlawful transferring secret information. The specific allegation was that they had transferred secret data to their computer and added unauthorized software to a protected computer system, as well as having conveyed, transferred and supplied information for the national defense to an unauthorized source. For this she could face up to 52 years in prison. A compulsory attorney took over their defense. Manning refused to testify and did not cooperate with the prosecution.

According to a report in the British daily The Independent , Eric Holder , the United States Attorney General , was considering offering Manning a form of plea bargaining in December 2010 . Should Manning admit to having been instigated by Julian Assange to do the accused, she could be promised eased detention or a lower sentence in return. This would have made it easier for the American authorities to prosecute Assange, but they were unable to prove a direct link between Manning and Assange. For his part, Assange said he did not know the Mannings name before it appeared in the media.

In early March 2011, Manning was charged on 22 additional counts. Among other things, she was accused of installing data mining software on computers of the US military in order to make it easier for herself to obtain information. The most serious was the charge of " collaboration with the enemy" as Manning was threatened with the death penalty . Manning brought the documents to the public knowing that enemies of the United States would gain access to them. By naming US informants, she endangered their lives. The prosecution only advocated a life sentence , a recommendation that a court does not have to comply with in a later trial.

Disciplinary sanctions against military personnel

In the run-up to a trial against Manning, the US Army imposed disciplinary sentences on fifteen soldiers after an internal investigation. Her behavior put Manning in a position where she could download and pass on military reports and diplomatic dispatches. At least one sergeant was demoted.

Try Assange to get access to the files

Julian Assange tried, on the grounds that he was involved in the proceedings, to gain access to the case files with the help of the Center for Constitutional Rights through his lawyers before the Article 32 hearing . However, it failed on January 11, 2012, when the highest appeals court of the American armed forces rejected his application as well as the lower courts.

Article 32 Hearing
Demonstration on December 19, 2011 in Fort Meade on the occasion of the Article 32 hearing
Rally in Frankfurt am Main on January 21, 2012

On December 16, 2011, under strict security precautions, some described as "bizarre", a one-week, initially scheduled five-day hearing began in a military court in Fort Meade . As Article 32 Hearing according to Section 832. Article 32 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, it should clarify whether the evidence against Manning is sufficient for criminal proceedings.

Her defense attorney, David Coombs, called in advance for exculpatory documents from the US government to be introduced into the hearing and planned to call 48 witnesses who were initially not named, which would have exceeded the deadline. In the event that too few of them were admitted, he announced that their names would be published. Like 36 other people, neither Barack Obama nor Hillary Clinton Coombs were allowed to witness as requested. Coombs wanted to question a statement Obama's prejudice should be understood . Hillary Clinton had stated that the publication of the embassy cables had no "significant" impact on American foreign policy.

On the first day of the trial, the charges were essentially read out. An application by the defense to have the responsible military judge, Reserve Lieutenant Colonel Paul Almanza, declared biased , failed. Almanza works, according to Coombs, in civil life for the Justice Department, which deals with the persecution of Julian Assange, and is therefore in a conflict of interest . In front of the military base, about 50 people demonstrated up to 200 on the following day, Manning's birthday, and demanded that Manning be acquitted.

On the second day of the trial, the witnesses were questioned, sometimes by telephone. The defense thematized the mental state of Manning at the time of her assignment in Iraq, which was interpreted as an attempt to reduce a foreseeable punishment and criticize the US Army for allowing Manning access to secret documents. The testimony of a member of the US Army Criminal Investigation Command corroborated the evidential value of the chat recordings made by Adrian Lamo ; “Corresponding versions” of this would have been found on Manning's laptop.

On the third day of the trial, two of Manning's former superiors refused to testify so as not to incriminate themselves. Statements on the security situation in Fort Hammer in Iraq revealed loopholes in the control of the IT activities of their relatives. An IT forensic scientist testified that traces of data and documents were found on one of Manning's computers, which they would have a direct connection to the publication of American embassy dispatches. Two copies of the video and files on inmates of the Guantanamo prison camp , later published under the title Collateral Murder , were also found. WikiLeaks published such documents in April 2011 . Manning used the Wget program to download the files.

On the next day of the hearing, the interviews with witnesses on data traces left by Manning were continued, partly not publicly and in cross-examination , and technical details were discussed. Among other things, 10,000 more American embassy cables were found in a damaged file on a computer used by Manning. Chat logs were stored on her personal laptop that made a connection to Julian Assange seem likely, and an SD card found in her aunt's house contained a file that was seen as a message to WikiLeaks and criticized the asymmetrical warfare of the 21st century . Century contained.

On December 20, the fifth day of the hearing, Mannings' former supervisor, Jirhleah Showman, and Adrian Lamo were questioned. Showman reported about Manning's aggressive behavior even before her transfer to Iraq and her doubts about her psychological stability. She had reported her opinion that Manning was a danger to herself and others to another officer, without this having had any consequences. She herself was assaulted by Manning in Iraq. Adrian Lamo emphasized his independence from the investigative authorities and indirectly confirmed the authenticity of the chat recordings. His illness, Asperger's Syndrome , did not hinder him during these chats. The actions reported to him by Manning were so outrageous that he turned to the investigative authorities. Chelsea Manning himself made no statement. The following day the last two witnesses were questioned and the hearing adjourned after only an hour.

On December 22nd, the hearing ended with the closing arguments. While Coombs described the crackdown on Manning as "excessive" and reiterated Manning's previous mental state, which should not have been given access to classified documents, the prosecution stressed the burden of evidence against Manning and claimed that it was Al Qaeda in played the hands.

On February 3, 2012, Washington Military District commander Major General Michael Linnington, recommended by Paul Almanza, chairman of the hearing, ruled that Manning should be tried by court-martial.

Indictment

On February 23, 2012, at Fort Meade military base, Chelsea Manning was read out the 22 charges, including the one of “collaboration with the enemy”. Although the death penalty is an option, the prosecution did not seek it. Manning was facing life imprisonment. Manning did not comment on the question of her guilt. An agreement on the start of the process could not be reached here.

Motion Hearings

The first of several hearings ( motion hearing ) to hear motions from the prosecution and defense, took place on March 15-16, 2012. It contained motions from the defense, which concerned the jury, the questioning of exonerating witnesses and the handling of secret material. In the second hearing of this kind from April 24th to 26th, motions by the defense to terminate the proceedings and to delete the main charge of “collaboration with the enemy” were rejected. The court initially set September 21 as the preliminary date for the start of the trial. In a further hearing in June 2012, Manning's defense was again denied the request to drop ten of the 22 charges against the soldier and to terminate the case. At a three-day hearing at the end of August, the start of the process was set for February 4, 2013, and in December it was postponed to March 2013. In February 2013 the speech was from the beginning of June to the beginning of August.

Manning's defense attorneys gained the right to see approximately 1,300 emails from law enforcement officers responsible for Manning in Quantico in October 2012. They wanted to use the material to prove that their client was mistreated there.

On November 8, 2012, Chelsea Manning offered to partially confess the alleged acts in exchange for a discount. This concerned the disclosure of classified information, but not the accusation of "collaboration with the enemy". She pleaded guilty on eight counts. According to military judge Denise Lind, if accepted by the court, this could mean a reduction in the sentence to sixteen years' imprisonment. Manning spoke for the first time at the end of November. She answered questions about her pre-trial detention at Quantico and described harsh detention conditions that terrified her to death. A collapse on January 18, 2011 was the result. She applied for the proceedings against her to be closed because pre-trial detention would have been an unlawful punishment before the trial began. Two military psychiatrists said the conditions of detention were not justified, but medical advice was ignored.

Confession of guilt

In late February 2013, Manning pleaded guilty to 10 of 22 counts, including handing over material to WikiLeaks.

In the 35-page long speech she clearly denied that she was an enemy of the state , she had given the documents to Wikileaks because the US media did not react.

“I still consider these documents to be some of the most important documents of our time. I thought the cables wouldn't hurt us, but they'd be embarrassing. I believed that the public, especially the American public, would have a general debate about the military and our foreign policy in Iraq and Afghanistan if they could read these documents. It would be a chance for our society to be accountable for this form of counter-terrorism, in which we disregard the human side of the people in these countries day after day. "

Trial and verdict

Manning's trial began on June 3, 2013 in a military tribunal in Fort George G. Meade . On July 30, 2013, Manning was found guilty of 19 of 21 counts, including military rule violations, “theft” and five cases of “espionage”. You could face a maximum of 90 years in prison. The court acquitted her of the charge of “supporting the enemy”.

During the discovery phase, Manning distanced himself from her previous position on August 14 with an apology:

“I'm sorry that my actions hurt people and I'm sorry that it hurt the United States. I understood what I was doing and the decision that I made. I'm sorry for the unintended consequences of my actions ... When I made these decisions I believed I was going to help people, not hurt people. "

“I am sorry that my actions harmed people, and I am sorry that they harmed the United States. I understood what I was doing and the choices I made. I beg your pardon for the unintended consequences ... When I made these decisions, I acted believing I was helping people, not harming them. "

“How on Earth could I, a junior analyst, possibly believe I could change the world for the better over those with the proper authority? I know that I can and will be a better person. I hope that you can give me the opportunity to prove, not through words but through conduct, that I can return to a productive place in society. "

“How did I, a junior analyst, somehow believe I was changing the world for the better - beyond the ordinary authorities? I know that I can and will be a better person. I hope for an opportunity to prove myself, not just with words but with actions. "

She expressed her hope that she would have the chance of a productive place in society.

On August 19, the prosecution called for Manning to be imprisoned for 60 years. The defense pleaded for a maximum of 25 years. On August 21, 2013, the sentence was set at 35 years and she has to pay a fine of US $ 100,000 . Early release on probation could have taken place after ten years at the earliest. The 1294 days of pre-trial detention were counted towards both the total sentence and the minimum sentence, so that release could have taken place at the beginning of 2020 at the earliest.

Since the trial was held at Fort Meade, which is assigned to the Washington Military District, the Commanding General of the Washington Military District , Major General Jeffrey Buchanan , had to review and confirm the verdict according to the Uniform Code of Military Justice . The confirmation was given, which gave it formal validity.

Manning was also demoted from Private First Class to Private E1 , dishonorably discharged from the army , and lost her pension rights.

vocation

Even before the sentence was announced, Manning had a pardon sent to Buchanan. After this was rejected in mid-April 2014, two downstream instances remained, the Army Court of Criminal Appeals and most recently the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . Manning appealed the conviction in May 2016. Her attorney's letter of appeal described the conviction as "highly unfair," especially as no whistleblower in the history of the United States has received a similarly harsh sentence. Shortly before the end of Barack Obama's term of office , the non-governmental organization Reporters Without Borders (ROG) demanded that the latter end his “campaign against whistleblowers” ​​(according to ROG) and release her from prison.

Reactions

Manning

Defense attorney Coombs gave an interview to the Daily Beast following the verdict , detailing Manning's reaction. It was Manning who tried to cheer up those who took part, and she only regards the condemnation as a phase in her life:

“I am moving forward. I will recover from this. "

“I'm making headway. I will recover from it. "

Civil rights movements

The ACLU commented:

“… A legal system that doesn't distinguish between leaks to the press in the public interest and treason against the nation will not only produce unjust results, but will deprive the public of critical information that is necessary for democratic accountability. This is a sad day for Bradley Manning, but it's also a sad day for all Americans who depend on brave whistleblowers and a free press for a fully informed public debate. ”

“A judicial system that does not differentiate between leaks to the press in the public interest and betrayal towards the state will only deliver unjust judgments; critical information, necessary for democratic responsibility, will be withheld from the public. This is a sad day for Bradley Manning, but it is also a sad day for all Americans who depend on courageous whistleblowers and a free press for informed public debate. "

Amnesty International recalled that Manning had not only spent three years in pre-trial detention, but also eleven months in conditions declared by UN Special Rapporteur Juan E. Méndez to be torture . Amnesty International petitioned Manning in December 2013 for a pardon and immediate release.

On the Wikileaks website, Julian Assange wrote, among other things:

“Mr Manning's treatment has been intended to send a signal to people of conscience in the US government who might seek to bring wrongdoing to light. This strategy has spectacularly backfired, as recent months have proven. Instead, the Obama administration is demonstrating that there is no place in its system for people of conscience and principle. "

“Mr. Manning's treatment should send a signal to conscientious people who might try to expose wrongdoing. This strategy failed spectacularly, as the last few months have shown. Instead, the Obama administration is showing that there is no place in their system for people of conscience and principle. "

Spiegel editor Veit Medick wrote among other things:

“Manning has done her country a service in her decision to release military secrets. It has brought back the madness of everyday war life in the Americans and exposed the crimes of US foreign policy, both large and small. The […] video from an attack helicopter shooting at civilians and two Reuters reporters in Baghdad is still a symbol of the excess in Iraq. Manning has confronted their country with its own mistakes. [...] Manning was persecuted with extreme legal severity because Obama's government set this course. "

Shortening of detention

Shortly before the end of his term in office , US President Barack Obama pardoned Chelsea Manning on January 17, 2017. He thereby shortened the prison term from 35 years to just under 7 years. She was released on May 17, 2017, six years, eleven months, and three weeks after her arrest in May 2010.

Release from prison

Chelsea Manning at Wired Next Festival 2018, Milan

Manning has lived in Manhattan since his release . She initially remains in the service of the United States Armed Forces pending the appeal of her lawyers against the judgment of the Military Tribunal. As long as she receives a special status without work, without pay , but with the right to medical care, "moral care" and recovery from the military. If the verdict is confirmed, she faces dishonorable dismissal and the loss of her pension entitlements. The release was equally Mannings many of them directed congratulations as hate comments commented to numerous death threats. She therefore only leaves her apartment in the company of bodyguards .

In August 2017, the women's and fashion magazine Vogue published an extensive online interview with Manning about her life in childhood and since her release from prison. Photos of Manning, taken by star photographer Annie Leibovitz , appeared in the September 2017 issue of Vogue .

The dean of Harvard Kennedy School withdrew Manning's offer of a visiting professorship in September 2017. Previously, CIA director Mike Pompeo and former CIA vice director Michael Morell had canceled performances at the university. Both justified this with the offer to Manning. Pompeo called her an "American traitor". Morell said he was stepping down from his visiting professorship at Harvard; his conscience obliges him to oppose any attempt to justify "leaks" of secrets affecting national security . Other people from the intelligence services and the military also complained about Manning's offer.

On January 13, 2018 Manning announced, 2018 in the State of Maryland as a candidate of the Democratic Party for the Senate of the United States to stand.

Convict

On March 8, 2019, a judge ordered Manning's detention after she refused to testify to a WikiLeaks grand jury . She was held in solitary confinement for 28 days and then in the Truesdale Detention Center in Virginia. She was released after a total of 62 days in detention.

On May 16, 2019, after a week of freedom, she was re-arrested for the same reason by Judge Anthony Trenga of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia for "contempt of court" . A fine of initially 500, after 60 days 1000 dollars per day should force her to testify. Manning said she would starve to death rather than change her beliefs on this point. She is represented by the lawyer Moira Meltzer-Cohen. She attempted suicide in March 2020 . Shortly thereafter, she was released from custody by order of a court.

Torture by the US government

The high-ranking representative of the United Nations, Nils Melzer , has accused the US government of torturing the whistleblower. In a letter to the US government, he wrote that the detention of Ms. Manning "fulfills all elements of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment". The letter was sent in November but was not made publicly available until the end of December 2019. In the letter he also criticizes the illegality of the detention.

Trans identity

On August 22, 2013, Manning said in a statement called The Next Stage of My Life that he has felt like a woman since childhood and that he will be called Chelsea E. Manning in the future and use feminine pronouns. Manning also announced that he would like to start hormone replacement therapy as soon as possible . Manning had to spend his own imprisonment dressed in men's uniform in a prison for men; hormone replacement therapy was not planned there. On January 27, 2014, Manning applied to the court to change her legal name. After a hearing scheduled for April 23, 2014, the name change became final. The court order also included the order that Manning's previous birth certificate had to be retrospectively changed or replaced in accordance with its new name. Treatment with female hormones was approved in February 2015.

Manning's lawyers had raised transsexuality several times during the process . Among other things, they stated that Manning had "created a female alter ego called Breanna Manning." Manning had created a Twitter account under the name Breanna . In a chat with Adrian Lamo , Manning talked about uncertainties regarding his own gender identity and stated that he could not come to terms with the idea that photos of himself with a male appearance ("as a boy") would dominate the entire world press.

Occasionally, but not consistently, the name Breanna was used among Manning's supporters. The majority of members of the support network initially continued to refer to Manning as Bradley and use masculine pronouns, as did the vast majority of the press and the official correspondence in court. On August 22, 2013, the Bradley Manning Support Network announced via Twitter that it would adapt its materials and appearances on social media to meet Manning's wishes to be called Chelsea in the future. Manning himself thanked everyone in a statement to the Guardian who "have now avoided ascribing the wrong gender to me and have started using my new name and feminine pronouns."

Manning went on a five-day hunger strike in September 2016 to obtain approval for a gender reassignment operation with the American military detaining her.

Awards

Manning was one of the nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011, 2012 and 2013 .

  • The international whistleblower prize awarded in Germany in 2011 went to the anonymous person who made the collateral murder video accessible to the public. The awarding of the prize to the whistleblower should take place as soon as his identity was established, but then failed because of Manning's imprisonment.
  • In 2013 Manning was awarded the Sean MacBride Peace Prize . Former US officer and peace activist Ann Wright accepted the award on behalf of Manning and said Manning was overwhelmed that her actions were perceived as actions for peace. Manning later distanced herself from the words, which would have reflected her beliefs inaccurately, since she sees herself not as a pacifist , but as an advocate of state transparency.

Film, theater, music, literature

In 2013, director Alex Gibney shot the documentary We Steal Secrets: The WikiLeaks Story , which links the making of WikiLeaks to Manning's life story. Manning himself did not give any interviews for the making of the film.

British playwright Tim Price wrote The Radicalization of Bradley Manning about Manning's life in 2012 . It was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize , first awarded in the Drama category , at the Edinburgh Festival 2013 . The German-language premiere took place in October 2014 at the Heidelberg Theater and Orchestra under the direction of Caro Thum. The Austrian premiere followed in the Landestheater Niederösterreich in February 2015 under the direction of Daniela Kranz.

The music group Flobots released a song of the same name Bradley Manning .

Graham Nash addresses Manning's prison conditions in his song Almost Gone .

The writer Francis Nenik wrote a prose piece in which he had the accusers Mannings appear.

Artist and WikiLeaks activist Clark Stoeckley wrote a graphic novel called The United States vs. Private Chelsea Manning with his drawings from the courtroom published.

literature

Web links

Commons : Chelsea Manning  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Order of the First Judical Circuit District Court of Leavenworth County, Kansas dated April 23, 2014 Copy u. a. of the original decision, engl. PDF 436 kB, accessed on 11 August 2017
  2. ↑ Obama Commutes bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence. Retrieved January 17, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Obama releases whistleblower Chelsea Manning in May. In: Spiegel Online . January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  4. ↑ Chelsea Manning released from custody, Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 13, 2020
  5. ↑ Wikileaks informant Manning wants to be a woman in the future. In: Reuters Germany. August 22, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2017 .
  6. ↑ In Chelsea Manning, We Finally Have a Scapegoat for the Iraq War: A target that Republicans and Democrats can unite in vindictive harmony against. , The Nation , August 21, 2013.
  7. ^ Manning Public Statement
  8. ↑ Blog post ( memento of August 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) by lawyer David Edward Coombs, August 26, 2013.
  9. ↑ a b US court approves name change from Wikileaks source Manning. Time online April 23, 2014, accessed April 23, 2014
  10. ↑ Pentagon spokesman announces approval for hormone therapy. taz online on February 13, 2015, accessed on February 17, 2015.
  11. ^ A b c d e Matthew Shaer: The Long, Lonely Road of Chelsea Manning. In: The New York Times Magazine. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Julie Tate: Manning apologizes, says he 'hurt the United States'. The Washington Post, August 14, 2013, accessed June 13, 2017 .
  13. ↑ Ellen Nakashima: Who is WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning? In: The Washington Post Magazine. May 8, 2011, accessed June 13, 2017 .
  14. ↑ Marcel Rosenbach , Holger Stark : Public enemy WikiLeaks. How a group of net activists challenge the most powerful nations in the world. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt , Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04518-8 , pp. 135 ff .
  15. ↑ Kevin Poulsen and Kim Zetter: US Intelligence Analyst Arrested in Wikileaks Video Probe. In: Wired , June 6, 2010 ( online )
  16. ↑ a b Matthias Rüb: The perfect storm of a corporal. In: FAZ , November 29, 2010, No. 278, p. 3 ( online )
  17. ↑ Marcel Rosenbach, Holger Stark: Public enemy WikiLeaks. How a group of net activists challenge the most powerful nations in the world. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt , Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04518-8 , pp. 137 f . Citing: David Nicks, Private Manning and the Making of WikiLeaks, This-landpress.com on September 23, 2010
  18. ↑ Advocate: Berkeley weighs honor for Wikileaks leaker ( Memento of December 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ a b Süddeutsche Zeitung online on November 29, 2010: Bradley Manning, the betrayed traitor. Retrieved August 26, 2011 .
  20. ^ David Nicks: Private Manning and the Making of WikiLeaks. In: This-landpress.com. September 3, 2010, archived from the original on April 29, 2011 ; accessed on June 14, 2017 .
  21. ↑ Steve Fishman: Bradley Manning's Army of One. In: New York Magazine . July 3, 2011, accessed June 14, 2017 .
  22. ↑ Tom Shanker: Loophole May Have Aided Theft of Classified Data. July 9, 2010, accessed June 14, 2017 .
  23. ↑ Statement In Support of Providence Inquiry - US v. Private First Class (PFC) Bradley E. Manning (U). January 29, 2013, pp. 13–15 , accessed June 14, 2017 .
  24. ↑ a b c Larry Shaughnessy, Mark Morgenstein: Pfc. Manning admits leaking classified material that "upset" him to WikiLeaks , March 1, 2013, accessed December 25, 2013
  25. ↑ Johannes Korge: Amnesty report exposes Iraq's torture system. In: Spiegel Online , March 11, 2013.
  26. ^ Bradley Manning Uncovered US Torture, Abuse, Soldiers Laughing As They Killed Innocent Civilians. In: Huffington Post. August 21, 2013, accessed December 25, 2013 .
  27. ↑ Networks, Tricks and Informers. In: tagesschau.de, accessed on November 29, 2010 ( online )
  28. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung on April 26, 2011: Revelations on Guantanamo - Wikileaks: The last hurray? Retrieved July 15, 2011 .
  29. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html
  30. Jump up ↑ Video of the US attack on Iraqi civilians. Wikileaks informant arrested. In: taz , June 7, 2010 ( online )
  31. ↑ US military arrests alleged WikiLeaks informants. In: Spiegel Online , June 7, 2010.
  32. ↑ 22-year-old soldier arrested as an Army mole. In: Kronen Zeitung , June 8, 2010 ( online )
  33. ↑ http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/wikileaks-chat/
  34. ↑ gulli.com on July 14, 2011: Manning / Lamo: Wired publishes complete chat logs. Retrieved July 15, 2011 .
  35. ↑ Wired.com on July 13, 2011: Manning-Lamo Chat Logs revealed. Retrieved July 15, 2011 .
  36. ↑ Detlef Borchers : "Collateral Murder" video - amazing twist in the matter of Wikileaks. In: FAZ.Net and FAZ , August 4, 2010 ( online )
  37. ^ Army private transferred to Virginia amid WikiLeaks probe. In: cnn.com, July 30, 2010 ( online )
  38. ↑ US accused of inhumane treatment over Wikileaks soldier case Amnesty International , January 24, 2011
  39. ↑ Berner Zeitung: A traitor in search of recognition; August 13, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  40. ^ Süddeutsche.de on March 4, 2011: Lawyer: Wikileaks informant had to wait naked in cell. Retrieved March 5, 2011 .
  41. ↑ gulli.com on March 4, 2011, Update 3: Bradley Manning: Detention conditions continue to worsen (3rd update). Retrieved March 7, 2011 .
  42. ↑ The Guardian on March 4, 2011: Bradley Manning 'forced to sleep naked'. Retrieved March 5, 2011 .
  43. ^ The New York times on March 4, 2011: Soldier in Leaks Case Will Be Made to Sleep Naked Nightly. Retrieved March 7, 2011 .
  44. ^ Mannings' complaint of March 10, 2011
  45. ^ Gulli.com on June 26, 2011: Bradley Manning: Navy Secretary rejects complaint. Retrieved June 30, 2011 .
  46. ^ FR online on April 20, 2011: Manning is being transferred to another prison. Retrieved April 20, 2011 .
  47. ^ Salon.com on April 20, 2011: Lessons from Manning's transfer out of Quantico. Retrieved April 20, 2011 .
  48. ↑ Suspected Wikileaks informant in new prison. AFP, April 20, 2011, archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; accessed on May 28, 2017 .
  49. ^ Swiss television on April 29, 2011: Relief of detention for Wikileaks informant Manning. Retrieved May 23, 2011 .
  50. ↑ Gulli.com on May 5, 2011: Manning supporters happy about better prison conditions. Retrieved May 23, 2011 .
  51. ↑ Focus Online on May 1, 2011: Alleged Wikileaks "mole" declared mentally fit. Retrieved May 23, 2011 .
  52. ↑ "Manning is now being detained at an undisclosed location close to Fort Meade but not on the base, a military source said." Chantal Valery: US says Manning helped Al-Qaeda with leaks. AFP, March 15, 2012, archived from the original on September 3, 2012 ; accessed on May 28, 2017 (English).
  53. ^ US Army releases Manning documents. In: Spiegel Online , February 28, 2013.
  54. ↑ "Glenn Greenwald. The inhumane conditions of Bradley Manning's detention "( http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/14/manning )
  55. ↑ Telepolis on December 16, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  56. ↑ 20 minutes online, December 16, 2010. Accessed December 17, 2010 .
  57. ↑ Courier of December 17, 2010: WikiLeaks informant is stewing in solitary confinement. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010 ; Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  58. ^ Welt online from December 17, 2010: Wikileaks informant Manning desperate in solitary confinement. Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  59. ↑ Annika Kremer at gulli.com on December 15, 2010: Bradley Manning: "Cruel and inhumane" conditions of detention. Retrieved December 18, 2010 .
  60. ^ The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks. Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  61. ^ Online News Association: Online Journalism Awards honor the best of the best. Retrieved December 17, 2010 .
  62. ↑ Guardian, December 23, 2010: UN to investigate treatment of jailed leaks suspect Bradley Manning. Retrieved December 23, 2010 .
  63. ↑ Junge Welt on July 15, 2011: Rights denied. UN criticizes Bradley Manning's detention conditions in the United States. Retrieved July 15, 2011 .
  64. ↑ Office of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, July 12, 2011: USA: Unmonitored access to detainees is essential to any credible inquiry into torture or cruel inhuman and degrading treatment, says UN torture expert. Retrieved July 15, 2011 .
  65. ↑ Heise.de on April 12, 2011: US government refuses UN commissioner a confidential meeting with alleged Wikileaks informant. Retrieved April 13, 2011 .
  66. ↑ UN official slams WikiLeaks suspect Manning's treatment. AFP, March 5, 2012, archived from the original on January 25, 2013 ; accessed on May 28, 2017 (English).
  67. ↑ USA - Inhuman detention conditions for Bradley Manning , Amnesty International website, Germany, accessed January 24, 2011 at 12:30 p.m.
  68. ↑ Open letter to Robert Gates. (PDF; 68 kB) Retrieved May 28, 2017 (English).
  69. ↑ Amnesty International on March 24, 2011: Amnesty International Reiterates its Call for End to Harsh Detention of Wikileaks Soldier. Retrieved January 6, 2013 .
  70. ^ "Private Manning's Humiliation," The New York Review of Books
  71. ↑ "Cruel and unusual punishment" In: Spiegel Online , April 11, 2011.
  72. ↑ FR online on April 15, 2011: “Prison detention must not be a preliminary punishment”. Retrieved April 20, 2011 .
  73. ↑ Tom Koenigs: Conditions of Bradley Manning's Detention at Quantico Marine Base in Virginia. (PDF; 43 kB) April 12, 2011, accessed on May 28, 2017 .
  74. ↑ gulli.com on August 9, 2010: Protesters declare solidarity with Bradley Manning. Retrieved March 3, 2011 .
  75. ↑ cnn.com on August 8, 2010: Activists rally to 'Free Bradley Manning' in WikiLeaks case. Archived from the original on January 12, 2011 ; accessed on March 3, 2011 (English).
  76. ^ Montreal Gazette on December 18, 2010: Montreal protesters rally in support of WikiLeaks. Retrieved March 3, 2011 .
  77. ↑ cnn.com on January 14, 2011: WikiLeaks contributes to Manning defense, support group says. Retrieved March 3, 2011 .
  78. ^ Daniel Domscheit-Berg: Inside WikiLeaks: My time at the most dangerous website in the world. P. 180 . Econ Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-430-20121-6 .
  79. ↑ avaaz.org STOP TORTURE FOR WIKILEAKS SHARING “To US President Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, we urge you to immediately stop the torture, isolation, and public humiliation of Bradley Manning. This treatment violates the human rights laid down in the constitution and sends a chilling signal to potential informants who feel committed to public integrity. "
  80. ^ Gabriel Beltrone: Huck: Leaker should be executed. In: Politico. November 30, 2013, accessed May 28, 2017 .
  81. ↑ gulli.com on August 3, 2010: US politician would agree to the death penalty for Manning. Retrieved March 14, 2011 .
  82. ↑ John Goetz , Marc Hujer, Astrid Langer, Marcel Rosenbach : Heavy chicane. In: Der Spiegel , No. 11/2011, p. 97.
  83. ↑ Resignation after criticism of dealing with Wikileaks informants. In: FAZ.net. March 14, 2011, accessed March 4, 2015 .
  84. ↑ Gulli.com on April 23, 2011: Manning Supporters: Obama statements represent prejudice. Retrieved April 24, 2011 .
  85. ↑ Firedoglake on April 22, 2011: Obama on Manning: "He Broke the Law." So Much for that Trial? Retrieved April 24, 2011 .
  86. ^ The Guardian on November 29, 2011: Bradley Manning treatment in custody concerns MEPs. Open letter to US authorities raises human rights fears and urges access for UN special rapporteur on torture to whistleblower. Retrieved November 30, 2011 .
  87. ^ Bradley Manning appeals for a pardon from Barack Obama , The Telegraph, Aug. 21, 2013
  88. ↑ Bradley Manning: Welsh relative react to 35-year prison sentence BBC, August 22, 2013
  89. ↑ Bradley Manning's disrupted family life BBC, August 21, 2013
  90. ↑ Guardian Feb. 1, 2011 , Newsfeed Time , Guardian Mar. 2, 2011
  91. ↑ Europa.eu, operated by the Directorate General for Communication of the European Commission: EU guidelines on the death penalty. Retrieved March 5, 2011 .
  92. ^ Gulli.com on April 5, 2011: House of Commons deals with Bradley Manning. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; Retrieved April 6, 2011 .
  93. ^ The Guardian, April 5, 2011: Bradley Manning case: British moral authority 'at risk'. Retrieved April 6, 2011 .
  94. ↑ Manning Charge Sheet, July 5, 2010 (PDF; 1.2 MB), accessed December 21, 2010.
  95. ↑ Matthias Rüb: With cannons and paragraphs. In: FAZ , December 17, 2010, page 4, accessed on December 17, 2010.
  96. ^ The Independent UK, December 18, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010 .
  97. ↑ US justice wants to lure Manning as a witness. In: Spiegel Online . December 17, 2012, accessed December 18, 2010 .
  98. ↑ The Standard on January 26, 2011: No Process? USA have nothing in hand against Assange. Retrieved February 4, 2011 .
  99. ↑ Gulli.com on April 7, 2011: Manning is said to have installed data mining software on military computers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; Retrieved April 24, 2011 .
  100. ↑ While conviction on the charge of "aiding the enemy" could result in the death penalty, military prosecutors recommended that he be sentenced to life in prison if convicted on that charge alone. But the presiding military judge would have the authority to dismiss the prosecution's recommendation and impose the death penalty. NBC on March 2, 2011: Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty. Retrieved December 18, 2011 .
  101. ^ Gulli.com on March 3, 2011: New allegations made against Bradley Manning. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; Retrieved March 3, 2011 .
  102. ^ Spiegel Online according to DPA, AFP on March 3, 2011: USA accuse WikiLeaks informants on 22 points. Retrieved March 3, 2011 .
  103. ↑ Politico.com, December 8, 2011: Army disciplined 15 over Bradley Manning and Wikileaks. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  104. ↑ Politico on January 12, 2012: Court rejects petition from WikiLeaks, Julian Assange. Retrieved January 12, 2012 .
  105. ↑ gulli.com on January 12, 2012: Manning hearing: Assange petition rejected. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; Retrieved January 12, 2012 .
  106. ↑ 10 US Code § 832 - Art. 32. Preliminary hearing in: Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute, at www.law.cornell.edu
  107. ↑ Gulli.com on November 30, 2011: Bradley Manning: Defense attorney requests additional documents. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013 ; Retrieved December 3, 2011 .
  108. ↑ The Guardian, November 22, 2011: Bradley Manning's defense plans to call 50 witnesses. Retrieved December 3, 2011 .
  109. ↑ n-tv on December 16, 2011: Interview with Bernd Schlömer, Pirate Party. Retrieved December 17, 2011 .
  110. ^ The Guardian on December 5, 2011: Bradley Manning team to highlight WikiLeaks suspect's fragile mental state. Defense lawyer wants to call 48 people to testify at military hearing in Maryland, including Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Retrieved December 17, 2011 .
  111. ↑ Associated Press, December 16, 2011: Hearing officer in Manning case is a Justice Department employee in civilian life. Retrieved December 17, 2011 .
  112. ^ Zeit Online on December 16, 2011: Alleged Wikileaks informant Manning in court. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  113. ↑ a b Spiegel Online on December 16, 2011: Manning's lawyers accuse the court of partiality. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  114. ↑ a b Spiegel online on December 18, 2011: "The freest of us all". Retrieved December 18, 2011 .
  115. ↑ Gulli.com on December 18, 2011: Bradley Manning: Second Day of the Hearing (12th update). Archived from the original on January 25, 2013 ; Retrieved December 18, 2011 .
  116. ↑ Wired December 18, 2011: Army: Manning Kept a Copy of His Chatroom Confession. Retrieved December 18, 2011 .
  117. ^ Spiegel Online on December 18, 2011: Manning had copies of incriminating chat logs. Retrieved December 18, 2011 .
  118. ↑ Gulli.com on December 19, 2011: Bradley Manning: Third Day of the Hearing (11th Update). Archived from the original on September 9, 2012 ; Retrieved December 19, 2011 .
  119. ↑ Wired December 19, 2011: Forensic Expert: Manning's Computer Had 10K Cables, Downloading Scripts. Retrieved December 19, 2011 .
  120. ↑ Gulli.com on December 20, 2011: Bradley Manning: Fourth Day of the Hearing (6th Update). Archived from the original on February 8, 2013 ; Retrieved December 20, 2011 .
  121. ^ The Guardian on December 19, 2011: Bradley Manning pre-trial hearing - Monday December 19, 2011 as it happened. Retrieved December 20, 2011 .
  122. ↑ NZZ Online on December 20, 2011: Even more dispatches found at Wikileaks informants. Retrieved December 20, 2011 .
  123. ↑ This is one of the most significant documents of our time removing the fog of war and revealing the true nature of 21st century asymmetric warfare. Wired.com on December 19, 2011: Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop. Retrieved December 20, 2011 .
  124. ↑ Gulli.com on December 20, 2011: Bradley Manning: Fifth day of the hearing (3rd update) ( Memento from January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  125. ^ The Guardian on December 20, 2011: Bradley Manning hearing - Tuesday December 20, 2011 as it happened. Retrieved December 21, 2011 .
  126. ↑ Gulli.com on 21 December 2011: Bradley Manning: Sixth day of the hearing. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013 ; Retrieved December 22, 2011 .
  127. ↑ Gulli.com on December 22, 2011: Bradley Manning: Seventh day of the hearing (update) ( Memento of January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  128. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung Online on December 22, 2012: Justice - Internet: Defense lawyer: 30 years imprisonment for Manning would be enough. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011 ; Retrieved December 22, 2011 .
  129. ↑ Der Standard on January 12, 2012: Manning threatens court martial. Retrieved January 12, 2012 .
  130. ^ SZ online on February 4, 2012: Alleged Wikileaks informant Manning has to go to court martial. Retrieved February 5, 2012 .
  131. ^ CNN on February 23, 2012: Bradley Manning charged. Retrieved February 23, 2012 .
  132. ^ The Guardian on February 23, 2012: Bradley Manning defers plea after being formally charged with aiding the enemy. Retrieved February 23, 2012 .
  133. ↑ Der Standard on March 17, 2012: US military judge declined to hear witnesses before Manning trial. Retrieved April 14, 2012 .
  134. ↑ Gulli.com on March 15, 2012: Bradley Manning: First day of the "Motion Hearing" ( Memento from January 25, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  135. ↑ Gulli.com on March 16, 2012: Bradley Manning: Second day of the "Motion Hearing" ( Memento from January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  136. ↑ NZZ Online on April 27, 2012: Main allegation against US soldier Manning maintained. Retrieved April 28, 2012 .
  137. ↑ taz.de on April 26, 2012: Trial against Bradley Manning; Hiring rejected. Retrieved April 28, 2012 .
  138. ↑ Der Standard on June 8, 2012: Alleged Wikileaks informant failed again with requests. Retrieved June 18, 2012 .
  139. ↑ The Standard on August 31, 2012: Trial of alleged Wikileaks informants begins in February. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
  140. ↑ The standard on December 3, 2012: Manning process will only continue in March. Retrieved December 3, 2012 .
  141. ↑ Bradley Manning as a Wikileaks informant: "They are the most important documents of our time" . Heise.de on March 1, 2013, accessed on March 3, 2013.
  142. ↑ AFP at Stern.de on October 18, 2012: Manning's defense may see emails. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013 ; Retrieved October 23, 2012 .
  143. ^ Welt online on November 9, 2012: partial confession for penal reduction. Wikileaks informant Manning offers the court a deal. Retrieved November 9, 2012 .
  144. ↑ Spiegel Online on November 30, 2012: Alleged WikiLeaks informant: "I felt like an animal in a cage". Retrieved December 2, 2012 .
  145. ^ The Guardian on November 29, 2012: WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning gives evidence for first time. Retrieved December 2, 2012 .
  146. ↑ daily newspaper on November 30, 2012: Bradley Manning testifies. Cruel and inhumane imprisonment. Retrieved December 2, 2012 .
  147. ↑ They are the most important documents of our time , Heise online - website. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  148. ↑ United States against Bradley Manning sueddeutsche.de, June 3, 2013
  149. ↑ WikiLeaks informant: US court convicts Bradley Manning of espionage . Spiegel Online . Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  150. ↑ Bradley Manning verdict: guilty of most charges but not 'aiding enemy' , The Guardian . Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  151. ^ Manning's court testimony: 'I believed I was going to help people, not hurt people' , rt.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  152. ^ Trial against Wikileaks whistleblower: Bradley Manning appeals to judge , Heise online . Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  153. ^ Dpa: WikiLeaks informant: Prosecution calls for 60 years in prison for Bradley Manning. In: Zeit Online. August 20, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013 .
  154. ↑ Bradley Manning sentenced to 35 years in prison - SPIEGEL ONLINE
  155. ^ Bradley Manning Sentenced to 35 Years for Leaking Secrets , ABC News . Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  156. ^ Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks , The Guardian , August 21, 2013
  157. ^ Wikileaks informant: Request for clemency for Chelsea Manning rejected . Heise online, April 15, 2014, accessed April 24, 2014
  158. ↑ Bradley Manning has to go to prison for 35 years , golem.de. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  159. ↑ Whistleblower Chelsea Manning: "Highly Unjust". Spiegel Online , May 20, 2016, accessed May 20, 2016 .
  160. ↑ Reporters Without Borders: Obama should release whistleblower Manning from prison from: Heise online from November 16, 2016 (accessed November 19, 2016)
  161. ^ Bradley Manning, 'I Will Recover From This… This Is Just a Stage in My Life' , The Daily Beast website. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  162. ^ Comment on Bradley Manning Sentence
  163. ↑ Commute Bradley Manning's sentence and investigate the abuses he exposed , Amnesty International - website. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  164. ^ Support the Release of Chelsea Manning ( Memento January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Amnesty International USA website. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  165. ^ Statement by Julian Assange on today's sentencing of Bradley Manning , WikiLeaks . Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  166. ↑ Veit Medick: Obama's grand gesture. In: Spiegel Online . January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  167. ↑ Obama pardons whistleblower Chelsea Manning. Focus , January 17, 2017, accessed January 17, 2017 .
  168. ↑ Chelsea Manning: Wikileaks source freed from prison. In: BBC News . May 17, 2017, accessed May 17, 2017 .
  169. Jump up ↑ Freedom for the Spy Who Was Once a Spy. In: The world. May 16, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017 .
  170. ↑ Chelsea Manning remains in active military service after being released from prison. In: 3Sat. May 11, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017 .
  171. ↑ Sebastian Leber: The new life of Chelsea Manning. In: Tagesspiegel , June 26, 2017, accessed on August 11.
  172. ^ Nathan Heller: Chelsea Manning Changed the Course of History. Now She's Focusing on Herself. In: Vogue, August 10, 2017, accessed August 11, 2017.
  173. ↑ Andrew deGrandpre: Harvard dean rescinds Chelsea Manning's visiting fellow invitation, calling it a 'mistake'. In: The Washington Post. September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017 .
  174. ↑ Chelsea Manning files to run for the US Senate in Maryland
  175. ↑ Chelsea Manning jailed for refusing to testify on Wikileaks.
  176. ↑ Chelsea Manning released from solitary confinement. Neues Deutschland from April 5, 2019, accessed on April 14, 2019.
  177. ↑ https://www.wsws.org/de/articles/2019/12/19/pers-d19.html
  178. ↑ After a week at liberty, whistleblower Manning was back in custody. Spiegel Online on May 17, 2019, accessed June 1, 2019
  179. ↑ mst / dpa / AP: US whistleblower: Chelsea Manning after attempted suicide in hospital. In: Spiegel Online . March 12, 2020, accessed March 12, 2020 .
  180. ↑ USA: Chelsea Manning released from custody. In: sueddeutsche.de . Retrieved March 13, 2020 .
  181. ↑ UN Special Rapporteur - Whistleblower Chelsea Manning allegedly tortured. Accessed December 31, 2019 (German).
  182. ^ 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement, Today News , accessed August 22, 2013.
  183. ↑ Der Spiegel 35/2013, p. 145
  184. ^ The Guardian: Chelsea Manning petitioning Kansas court for legal name change , accessed March 28, 2014.
  185. ↑ Tom Vanden Brook: Military approves hormone therapy for Chelsea Manning. USA Today, February 12, 2015
  186. ↑ Bradley Manning Defense Reveals Alter Ego Named 'Breanna Manning', ABC News. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  187. ↑ @bmanningfm, Twitter.com Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  188. ^ Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed, Wired.com , Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  189. ↑ Why do the media and her supposed supporters continue to misgender Breanna Manning? Feministing.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  190. ↑ Tweet by @SaveManning , accessed August 22, 2013.
  191. ↑ Chelsea Manning statement: 'I don't consider myself anti-war or a conscientious objector'. The Guardian, October 7, 2013, accessed on January 18, 2017 (English): "And, I'd like to thank everyone who has avoided misgendering me and switched to using my new name and feminine pronouns."
  192. ↑ Whistleblower ends hunger strike. Five days ago, Chelsea Manning stopped eating in protest of her detention conditions. Now the US military has promised her sex change surgery. In: time online. September 14, 2016, accessed September 15, 2016 .
  193. ^ Nobel Peace Prize may recognize Arab Spring. In: Reuters . September 27, 2011, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  194. ↑ Stephen Smith: WikiLeaks: Bradley Manning Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize by Icelandic Parliamentarian. In: International Business Times . February 7, 2012, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  195. ↑ First honor for Bradley Manning? In: Tages-Anzeiger . August 13, 2013, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  196. ↑ Awarding of the Whistleblower Prize 2011. In: Background. June 6, 2011, accessed January 18, 2017.
  197. ↑ Andreas Wilkens: Whistleblower Prize 2011 goes to nuclear researchers. In: heise online . June 6, 2011, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  198. ^ Jürgen Heiser: Human rights award for Manning. In: young world . April 5, 2012, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  199. ↑ Corey Hill: And the 2012 People's Choice Winner is… In: Global Exchange. April 2, 2012, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  200. ↑ IPB awards MacBride Peace Prize 2013 to US whistleblower Bradley Manning. In: Bureau International Permanent de la Paix . July 19, 2013, archived from the original on July 24, 2013 ; accessed on January 18, 2017 .
  201. ^ Detlef Borchers, Christian Kirsch: Peace Prize for Bradley Manning. In: heise online . July 20, 2013, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  202. ↑ Ed Pilkington: Chelsea Manning rejects 'pacifist' label in first statement since sentencing. In: The Guardian . October 9, 2013, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  203. ↑ Werner Pluta: Chelsea Manning: It was about transparency, not about pacifism. In: golem.de . October 10, 2013, accessed January 18, 2017.
  204. ↑ Chelsea Manning receives whistleblower award. In: The Standard . January 17, 2014, accessed January 18, 2017.
  205. ^ Detlef Borchers, Andreas Wilkens: Whistleblower Prize for Wikileaks informant Chelsea Manning. In: heise online . January 17, 2014, accessed January 18, 2017 .
  206. ↑ Chaos Computer Club supports Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden. In: Chaos Computer Club . August 24, 2014, accessed January 18, 2017.
  207. ↑ Lars-Olav Beier : The smallest largest enemy . In: Der Spiegel . No. 24 , 2013, p. 138 f . ( online ).
  208. ↑ Edinburgh Festival: Play about Bradley Manning excellent. In: Spiegel Online. August 6, 2013, accessed August 7, 2013 .
  209. ↑ The Radicalization of Bradley Manning. Retrieved May 28, 2017 .
  210. ^ Gary Graff: Sound Check: Flobots take a stand on Bradley Manning. theoaklandpress.com, June 5, 2013, accessed January 23, 2014 .
  211. ↑ Graham Nash and James Raymond release song & video in support of Bradley ( Memento from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Manning Support Page, accessed August 22, 2013.
  212. ↑ Nenik Report , February 23, 2013, accessed on August 22, 2013. PDF, 116 kB
  213. ↑ The Nation, June 9, 2014, accessed June 15, 2014. The United States vs. Private Chelsea Manning. A GRAPHIC ACCOUNT FROM INSIDE THE COURTROOM.
  214. ↑ New York Times publishes e-book about Wikileaks in: ZDNet from January 27, 2011

→ at the beginning of the individual proofs

personal data
SURNAME Manning, Chelsea
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Manning, Chelsea Elizabeth (full name); Manning, Chelsea E .; Manning, Bradley (maiden name); Manning, Bradley E. (maiden name); Manning, Bradley Edward (full maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American whistleblower
DATE OF BIRTH 17th December 1987
PLACE OF BIRTH Oklahoma City