Manfred Nowak

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Manfred Nowak in September 2007

Manfred Nowak (born June 26, 1950 in Bad Aussee , Styria ) is an Austrian lawyer and human rights attorney. From 2004 to 2010 he served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture. Nowak was scientific director at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights and a former judge of the Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He currently leads the Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty as an independent expert.

Nowak is General Secretary of the European Interuniversity Center for Human Rights and Democratization (EIUC) in Venice , Italy ; Professor of International Human Rights and Scientific Director of the Vienna Master's Artium for Human Rights. In 2016, he became the United Nations Independent Expert and Director of Global Studies on Children Deprived of Their Freedom. Nowak campaigns for human rights in various countries where people are tortured and ill-treated.

Nowak is a supporter of the campaign for the establishment of a parliamentary assembly of the United Nations, an organization that works for democratic reform in the United Nations, and is for the establishment of an international political system with greater responsibility.

Nowak reports on his work as a special rapporteur in the Journal of Human Rights Practice .

Nowak was a student of Felix Ermacora and worked with him until his death in 1995. Together with Hannes Tretter, you founded the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights in 1992 . From 1992 to 2019 Nowak was Scientific Director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, and he is also Professor of International Law and Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the University of Vienna .

education

Manfred Nowak attended elementary school in Leonding , then the 2nd Bundesrealgymnasium in Linz , Austria, where he graduated from high school on May 28, 1968 . Nowak studied law from 1968 to 1969 at the University of Social and Economic Sciences in Linz. From 1969 to 1972 he studied law and economics at the University of Vienna . In 1973 he was promoted to a doctorate in law from the University of Vienna. From 1970 to 1973 Nowak studied advertising and sales at the University for World Trade in Vienna . 1974-1975 he studied at the Columbia University in New York law . Nowak was then promoted to Columbia University's Masters of Law .

Research and study trips

Life

Manfred Nowak attended the BG / BRG Ramsauerstrasse in Linz and finished his school career in 1968 with the Matura.

In 1975 Nowak received a doctorate in law from the University of Vienna and a year later a Master of Laws from Columbia University in New York. From 1973 to 1978 Nowak was a contract assistant and lecturer and from 1979 to 1987 professor at the Institute for Constitutional and Administrative Law of the Law Faculty of the University of Vienna. Since 1986 he has been a lecturer at the University of Vienna.

From 1987 to 1989 Nowak was associate professor and director of the Dutch Human Rights Institute at the University of Utrecht . From 1989 to 2001 Nowak headed the legal department of the Austrian Federal Academy for Public Administration in Vienna. And from 1989 to 2002 Nowak worked full-time as a lecturer at the Federal Administration Academy in Vienna: responsible for the legal seminars in the field of in-service training and management training including the EU curriculum.

Nowak has been the scientific director of the Vienna Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights (BIM) since 1992, which he founded together with Felix Ermacora and Hannes Tretter. The following year he became a member of an expert group at the United Nations, of which he was a member until 2001. From 1994, Nowak worked for three years as a UN expert on missing persons in the former Yugoslavia. He has been a member of the International Legal Commission (ICJ) since 1995. In that year he also joined the committee of the International Human Rights Tribunal against the Republic of Austria for the persecution and discrimination of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people in Austria from 1945 to 1995 and spoke on the occasion of its verdict.

Between 1996 and 2003 Nowak worked as a judge at the International Court of Justice in Bosnia-Herzegovina. There he saw in January 2002 how agents of the CIA kidnapped six terrorist suspects who had previously been acquitted for lack of evidence. From 2002 to 2003 Nowak was Olof Palme visiting professor for human rights and international humanitarian law at Lund University in Sweden .

On January 8, 2002, Nowak submitted a report to the UN Human Rights Commission . In this he criticized the fact that the existing human rights instruments would not provide sufficient protection against enforced disappearance . Inspired by Nowak's report, the Human Rights Commission called a working group with representatives from 70 countries into the world that was responsible for drafting the UN Convention against Enforced Disappearances , which came into force on December 23, 2010 .

On December 1, 2004, he was appointed Special Rapporteur on Torture by the UN Human Rights Commission . In 2004, Nowak was visiting professor for human rights and democratization at the European Inter-University Center for Human Rights and Democratization (EIUC) in Venice . From 2007 to 2008 Nowak held the chair for international human rights protection at the University of Vienna. From 2008 to 2014 Nowak was head of the interdisciplinary research platform "Human Rights in the European Context" at the University of Vienna.

In 2006, Manfred Nowak intervened in a case of severe abuse of a detainee in prison by officers from a special unit in Vienna .

From 2008 to 2009 Nowak held the Swiss Chair for Human Rights at the Institut de hautes études Internationales et du développement in Geneva , Switzerland . In 2010, Nowak headed the “Empowerment through Human Rights” initiative college at the University of Vienna. In 2010 Nowak was one of the four authors of a UN report on secret detentions in the fight against terrorism.

Since 2011 professor for international law and human rights at the Institute for European Law, International Law and Comparative Law and before that professor at the Institute for Constitutional and Administrative Law of the Faculty of Law at the University of Vienna. In this office, Nowak presented a critical report in 2006 on the conditions in the US detention center in Guantánamo . The US government sharply criticized him for this. Nowak, who was not allowed to visit the camp, criticized torture-like conditions and the degrading treatment of inmates. Basically, he relied on testimony from inmates and lawyers and cited internal enforcement orders from the United States Department of Defense .

In Austria he works for the Human Rights Advisory Board of the Ministry of the Interior . Here, too, Nowak advocates for human rights-compliant detention conditions. Nowak is currently Vice President of the Austrian UNESCO Commission. Nowak heads the EU project Atlas of Torture - Monitoring and Preventing Torture Worldwide at the Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights.

From 2012 onwards, Manfred Nowak led the international, interdisciplinary, two-year course "Vienna Master of Arts in Human Rights" at the University of Vienna. The course is currently on hold and will be relaunched in 2021.

In 2014 Nowak was Austrian visiting professor at Stanford University , Palo Alto , California , and head of the interdisciplinary research center for human rights at the University of Vienna.

Nowak has been Secretary General of the EIUC in Venice , Italy , since 2016 , which is responsible for the global human rights campus with seven master’s programs in all regions of the world and many other activities in the field of human rights and democracy education. He teaches regularly at various other universities, including the American University in Washington, DC

From October 2020, Nowak will head the postgraduate master’s course "Applied Human Rights" at the University of Applied Arts Vienna .

Human rights violations

China

Manfred Nowak, the UN Human Rights Commission’s Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel Treatments, visited the People’s Republic of China in 2005 and claimed that torture was "widespread" there. Nowak said that although torture is decreasing, especially in urban areas, it is still widespread in China. Nowak made some recommendations for legislative reforms, including an independent monitoring system. Nowak also complained about interference by Chinese officials in his work. Nowak said there were serious incidents that impeded his mission.

In March 2007, Nowak presented a report on torture and other cruel abuse to the General Assembly of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. Among other things, he referred to the persecution and mistreatment of dissidents in China , such as Uyghurs , Tibetans , Christians , Falun Gong supporters, authors and human rights lawyers . Nowak directly mentioned the organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China that would be carried out in many places to provide organs for transplant operations. In 2009, Nowak told the Epoch Times newspaper : “The explanation that most of these organs are from death row is ambiguous. If so, then the number of serious criminals executed must be much higher than previously assumed. I asked the Chinese government for clarity and specific information. ”The Chinese government made no explanation and denied the allegations.

In 2007, Nowak spoke as UN Special Rapporteur about his investigations into the allegations of organ harvesting by the Chinese government. He mentioned the circumstantial evidence of the two Canadians , David Kilgour and David Matas , was worrying. Nowak said he would like to pursue his investigations before issuing a verdict.

Indonesia

In November 2006, Manfred Nowak presented the adoption of the Yogyakarta Principles at the international panel at Gadjah Mada University and became one of the 29 signatories. The principles are principles for the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity .

There is no law in Indonesia that punishes torture during interrogation. Nowak, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, has been calling for such a law to be passed since his 2007 visit to West Papua.

Nowak was invited by the Indonesian government and went to Papua for a few days. He reported that torture is still practiced and said torture should be officially designated as a crime and included in the criminal law . Nowak regretted that this had not been done long ago, even though it had been recommended by international observers. Nowak said it would send a clear signal if torturers were punished and this is the only way Indonesia can show that it wants to tackle the problem of torture and abolish it. Nowak said that there would be no legal protection for detainees and that Indonesia's government was violating international standards to which it had committed itself.

Iraq

In September 2006, Nowak claimed that torture has been a bigger problem in Iraq since the Iraq war than it was under Saddam Hussein's regime . Much of the torture, he argued, was carried out by security forces, the militia (popular army) and insurgents . Nowak mentioned that the bodies discovered showed extremely severe signs of torture.

“The torture situation in Iraq is now completely out of hand. […] The situation in itself is extremely serious, but it is not just torture by the government, "Nowak, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Cruelty, told reporters in Geneva.

Nowak told the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva that he had held talks with the authorities in Iraq about a fact-finding mission, but had not yet received an invitation.

Cuba

In January 2009, Nowak appeared on German ZDF and said he believed the United States had a clear obligation to bring charges of torture against President George W. Bush and former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld in the prison camp at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba . Nowak said, "We have seen the documents showing that these interrogation methods were expressly ordered by Rumsfeld, but of course with the knowledge of the highest levels in the United States." The former US administration under George W. Bush should be responsible for torture and Ill-treatment in Guantánamo will be held accountable, said the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture.

Nowak mentioned in United Nations reports on the American prison in Guantánamo Bay that he was checking and investigating the detention center. Nowak called it an investigation into "the dark arts committed in those dark years". He mentioned that the public would prefer to believe the US government rather than the United Nations. The US government has consistently denied the results of the investigation, even though George W. Bush and Dick Cheney largely overestimated the effects of torture in order to justify it, said Nowak.

As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, Nowak was one of the five authors of a 2006 United Nations report on the detention of prisoners at the United States Naval Base in Bahía de Guantánamo , Cuba.

United States

In 2010, supporters of the United States Army Corporal Chelsea Manning (Bradley Manning) complained to Manfred Nowak. You mentioned that the soldier was ill-treated while in custody. Nowak investigated the allegations. Manning was accused of leaking secret military and diplomatic computer files from the Wikileaks website .

The television station Fox News reported in December 2010 that the press secretary of the Quantico Marine Corps Base, where Manning was arrested, had informed the United Nations that there was nothing to worry about after the world body had agreed to a complaint about the conditions of Manning to check. Press Secretary Villard said Manning would be treated fairly and that US officials would be monitoring his situation.

Manning advocates ran a campaign online claiming the soldier's prison conditions were inhuman. However, the military alleged that these allegations were unfounded.

Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison for treason. The then US President Obama reduced the sentence by 112 days in January 2013. According to media reports, Manning was allegedly released in May 2017.

Imprisonment of children

On October 25, 2016, Manfred Nowak was elected independent expert to lead the new global study on the situation of children who have been deprived of their liberty. By resolution 71/177, the General Assembly invited the independent expert to present a final report at its 73rd session in September 2018.

The aim of this study is to find out the number of children who have been deprived of liberty; according to age , gender, origin, disability and other reasons as well as the causes, the type and duration of the deprivation of liberty and the places where they are held. In addition, to present good methods and to record the opinions and experiences of the children so that recommendations for improving the situations of these children can be clearly presented through this global study. This study is also intended to change attitudes and behavior towards children at risk. Make law , policy and practice recommendations so that the rights of affected children are protected through effective alternatives based on the best interests of the child. And to ensure that the number of these liberty-robbed children can be reduced considerably.

Human rights functions

In February 2008 Manfred Nowak was a founding member of the 'Research Platform for Human Rights in a European Context' at the University of Vienna.

As an internationally recognized expert in the field of human rights, Nowak held various independent expert functions for the United Nations, the Council of Europe , the European Union , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) as well as for non-governmental organizations and in the corporate sector. The most important expert functions are listed below:

  • 1986–1993: Member of the Austrian delegation to the UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva.
  • 1993: Austrian CSCE (OSCE) expert within the Moscow 4 Human Dimension Mechanism.
  • 1993–2001: Member of the UN working group on the disappeared.
  • 1994–1997: UN Special Representative for the Disappeared in Former Yugoslavia .
  • Since 1995: Member and honorary member of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Geneva.
  • 1996–2003: Judge at the Chamber of Human Rights for Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo .
  • 2000–2012: Chairman of a visiting committee of the Human Rights Advisory Council at the Federal Ministry of the Interior .
  • 2001–2006: UN expert on the disappeared.
  • 2002–2006: Member of the EU network of independent experts on fundamental rights .
  • 2004–2010: United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment.
  • 2008: Member and rapporteur of a panel of high-level figures.
  • Since 2010: Vice President of the Austrian UNESCO Commission.
  • 2012–2017: Deputy Chairman of the Administrative Council of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, Vienna.
  • Since 2012: Chairman of an international review committee to assess compliance with the two UN human rights covenants by the Taiwanese government.
  • Since 2012: Member of the OMV Advisory Board for Resource Conservation and Member of the Advisory Board of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights , Berlin .
  • Since 2016: Independent Expert and Head of the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Freedom.

Private

He is the father of two children and speaks fluent English and Dutch in addition to his native German.

Prices

  • 1994: Prize for the Teaching of Human Rights from UNESCO
  • 1995: Awarded the professional title of Associate University Professor
  • 2007: Bruno Kreisky Prize for Services to Human Rights
  • 2008: Award of the Medal of Honor of the European Inter-University Center for Human Rights and Democratization in Venice and the Magdeburg Human Rights Medal by the Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg
  • 2010: Human Rights Prize from the Panteion University of Athens
  • 2011: IAFS 2005 Hong Kong Forensic Foundation Lecture Award
  • 2012: Awarded the title of Dr. et Prof. honoris causa of the Eötvös Lorand University Budapest
  • 2013: Lisl and Leo Eitinger Prize for Human Rights from the University of Oslo uio.no
  • 2014: Otto Hahn Peace Medal
  • 2015: Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer Prize , Association for Contemporary History in Braunau
  • 2017: Awarded the Dr. honoris causa of the University of Bucharest
  • 2017: Presentation of the Federal Cross of Merit on ribbon by Michael Müller, Mayor of Berlin
  • 2018: Prize of the City of Vienna for the humanities

Fonts

Manfred Nowak is the author of more than 500 publications in the field of constitutional , administrative and international law as well as fundamental and human rights . Below are a few:

  • Basic political rights . Springer, Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-211-81993-2 (habilitation thesis).
  • UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Optional Protocol, CCPR Comment . Engel, Kehl 1989, ISBN 3-88357-077-X .
  • UN covenant on civil and political rights, CCPR commentary . Engel, Kehl 1993, ISBN 3-88357-106-7 .
  • The United Nations and human rights . In: Heiner Bielefeldt, Volkmar Deile, Bernd Thomson (eds.): Amnesty International, human rights before the turn of the millennium . Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 978-3-596-11691-1 , pp. 19-52.
  • Council of Europe and human rights . Orac Verlag, Vienna, 1994, pp. 157-171, ISBN 978-3-8258-0524-1 .
  • The myth of effective human rights protection . In: FORVM , Vienna 1995, issue 493/494.
  • Human rights dialogue between the EU and China - negotiations of the second seminar on legal experts between the EU and China in Beijing on October 19-20, 1998 . Vienna, 2000.
  • China and Human Rights, Südwind Magazin, Vienna, 2001.
  • Introduction to the international human rights system , Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7083-0080-7 .
  • Introduction to the international human rights regime (Chinese translation 2009), 365 pages, NWV Neuer Wissenschaftsverlag, Leiden 2002, ISBN 3-7083-0080-7 , 735 pages.
  • Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime . Brill, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-13658-8 , 365 pages.
  • Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment on his Mission to China, submitted on 10 March 2006 to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, UN-Doc. E / CN.4 / 2006/6 / Add.6, 59 pages, 2006.
  • (with Elizabeth McArthur) The United Nations Convention against Torture. A Commentary , Oxford UP, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-928000-1 .
  • Protecting Dignity: An Agenda for Human Rights by Manfred Nowak, Panel Member and Rapporteur, 2008.
  • Human Rights in Criminal Justice Systems (together with Dato´Param Cumaraswamy), 9th Informal Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Seminar on Human Rights, Strasbourg, 2009, 88 pages.
  • The importance of human rights in the 21st century . In: Annual Report 2009 of the Austrian Parliamentary Administration, Vienna, 2009/2010.
  • Introduction to the International Human Rights System (Chinese translation) (“Guoji Renquan Zhidu DaoLun”). Peking University Press, 2010, 383 pages.
  • Towards a world court for human rights . In: Heiner Bielefeldt, Hannes Tretter et al. (eds.): Jahrbuch Menschenrechte , 2011, pp. 364–380. ISBN 978-3-205-78668-9 .
  • Torture. The everyday of the incomprehensible . Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-218-00833-4 .
  • All Human Rights for All - Vienna Manual on Human Rights , edited together with Karolina Januszewski and Tina Hofstätter, Intersentia / Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7083-0853-1 .
  • The absolute ban on torture from an extraterritorial perspective (together with Moritz Birk, Jörg Stippel). In: Zeitschrift für Menschenrechte , 2, 2012, pp. 8–26, ISBN 978-3-89974-823-9
  • Human rights. An answer to growing economic inequality . Edition Konturen, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-902968-08-1 .
  • Human Rights or Global Capitalism: The Limits of Privatization. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-8122-4875-3 .
  • Human rights or global capitalism, the limits of privatization . Pennsylvania 2017, 256 pages.

See also

Web links

Commons : Manfred Nowak  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Stefan Müller: Hunter of Truth . In: Die Zeit , No. 21/2011; accessed on March 2, 2018
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v CV Manfred Nowak. (PDF) Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, Human Rights, University of Vienna, February 18, 2015; accessed on March 2, 2018
  3. ↑ a b c d e Children Deprived of Liberty - The United Nations Global Study, United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner; accessed on March 2, 2018
  4. ↑ a b So that no child remains invisible - Manfred Nowak at the General Assembly of the United Nations . Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Human Rights, October 2017; accessed on March 2, 2018
  5. ↑ Lisa Nimmervoll: International lawyer Nowak: "Human rights are really in a crisis" . der Standard.at, February 3, 2015; accessed on March 2, 2018
  6. ↑ United Nations experts endorse the creation of a UN Parliamentary Assembly . UNPA Campaign, November 3, 2016; accessed on March 2, 2018
  7. ↑ Manfred Nowak: Fact-Finding on Torture and Ill-Treatment and Conditions of Detention . In: Journal of Human Rights Practice , Vol. 1 (1), pp. 101-119, March 1, 2009; accessed on March 2, 2018
  8. ↑ Fremuth new head of the Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights - derstandard.at/2000100595660/Michael-Lysander-Fremuth-neuer-Chef-des-Boltzmann-Instituts-fuer-Menschenrechte. Accessed May 1, 2019 .
  9. ↑ a b Judith Hecht: Manfred Nowak: “One must not be intimidated” . Die Presse, November 23, 2013; accessed on March 2, 2018
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Manfred Nowak's curriculum vitae. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, Human Rights, 2018; accessed on March 2, 2018
  11. ↑ New professorships, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak, LL.M. University of Vienna, February 2011; accessed on March 2, 2018
  12. ↑ a b c d Curriculum vitae ( memento from October 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
  13. ↑ Sylvia Karl: Convention against Enforced Disappearances. In: Sources on the history of human rights. Working Group on Human Rights in the 20th Century, May 2015, accessed on January 11, 2017 .
  14. ^ Lambda News 3/1995
  15. ↑ a b A man who shines . In: Die Zeit , No. 52/2005
  16. ↑ Sylvia Karl: Convention against Enforced Disappearances. In: Sources on the history of human rights. Working Group on Human Rights in the 20th Century, May 2015, accessed on January 11, 2017 .
  17. ^ "Torture as an everyday method of finding the truth" derstandard.at, accessed on August 27, 2012
  18. ↑ a b China torture 'still widespread' . BBC News, December 2, 2005; accessed on March 2, 2018
  19. ^ Department for International Law and International Relations ( Memento of April 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), University of Vienna; accessed on July 15, 2018
  20. ^ Manfred Nowak, endowed professorship at the University of Vienna
  21. ↑ Univ.- Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak, LL.M. ( Memento from April 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) intlaw.univie.ac.at, accessed on May 11, 2011
  22. ↑ A World Map of Torture ; Atlas of Torture - Monitoring and Preventing Torture Worldwide univie.ac.at, accessed on May 11, 2011
  23. ↑ How do I become a human rights expert , article in the online newspaper uni: view of the University of Vienna from March 19, 2012, accessed on April 1, 2012; Otto Kammerlander: New course “Human Rights” ( Memento from March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). jusportal.at, March 19, 2012; Website of the Vienna Masters in Human Rights: humanrights.univie.ac.at
  24. ^ Vienna Master of Arts in Human Rights. University of Vienna; accessed on March 2, 2018
  25. ^ "Vienna Master of Arts in Human Rights" postgraduatecenter.at, accessed on June 9, 2020
  26. ↑ Displacement- related migration - a challenge for development cooperation Presentation of the publication “Austrian Development Policy 2016” and discussion . (PDF) Center for International Development, ÖFSE, October 3, 2016; accessed on March 2, 2018
  27. ^ "New university course" Applied Human Rights "with Prof. Manfred Nowak" dieangewandte.at, accessed on June 9, 2020
  28. ↑ Alexander Hamrle: Nowak: Torture still widespread in China . Epoch Times, December 18, 2005; accessed on March 2, 2018
  29. ↑ a b Persecuted Authors in China, Freedom of Word for Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongols and Han Chinese . (PDF) Human Rights Report No. 61 of the Society for Threatened Peoples, October 2009; accessed on March 2, 2018
  30. ^ UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Concludes Two-Week Visit to China . Congressional – Executive Commission On China, May 22, 2006; accessed on March 2, 2018
  31. ↑ a b Torture, though on decline, remains widespread in China . UN expert reports, UN News, December 2, 2005; accessed on March 2, 2018
  32. ↑ Religious persecution of Uyghurs in China is intensified, Society for Threatened Peoples . ( Memento from March 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) China Observer, June 22, 2013; accessed on March 2, 2018
  33. ↑ Sonja Ozimek: Persecution of Christians in China “in the style of Taliban IS”: Authorities tear down church - believers imprisoned . Epoch Times, Jan. 13, 2018; accessed on March 2, 2018
  34. ↑ Manfred Nowak: “Massive wave of repression” to Uyghurs . Epoch Times, July 22, 2009; accessed on March 2, 2018
  35. ↑ Issue 36: 2010 UN Report Highlights Falun Gong Persecution in China . Falun Gong Human Rights Group, 2003-2007; accessed on March 2, 2018
  36. ↑ a b Yiyuan Hackmayer: civil rights attorney wrote for the third time Chinese leaders . Epoch Times, December 14, 2005; accessed on March 2, 2018
  37. ^ A b Arleen Freeman: China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports . Marketwire, May 8, 2008; accessed on March 2, 2018
  38. ↑ Manfred Nowak: Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . Human Rights Council, General Assembly, United Nations, A / HRC / 4/33 / Add.1, March 20, 2007, pages 60 to 63; accessed on March 2, 2018
  39. ^ Charlotte Cuthbertson: Unsolved: Organ Harvesting in China . The Epoch Times, Aug. 5, 2009; accessed on March 2, 2018
  40. ↑ United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteurs Reiterate Findings on China's Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners . The Information Daily, May 9, 2008; accessed on March 2, 2018
  41. ↑ David Matas, Identity And Advocacy: The Killing Of Falun Gong For Their Organs . International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China, March 24, 2017; accessed on March 2, 2018
  42. ↑ Interview with outgoing UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Manfred Novak on Falun Gong in China . David Kilgour, Misik.at, March 12, 2007; accessed on March 2, 2018
  43. ^ A b Signatories to The Yogyakarta Principles . (PDF) p. 35, March 2007; accessed on March 2, 2018
  44. ↑ a b c Torture in Abepura Prison in Papua / Indonesia . West Papua Network, October 26, 2008; accessed on March 2, 2018
  45. ↑ UN Special Rapporteur on Torture ends trip to Indonesia / Special Rapporteur On Torture Concludes Visit To Indonesia . November 23, 2007; accessed on March 2, 2018
  46. ↑ Maik Söhler: Tormenting with System, Where? Who? How? What to do about it With “Torture” Manfred Nowak, the former UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, presents a clairvoyant overview of his six years of work . Amnesty International, September 25, 2012; accessed on March 2, 2018
  47. ^ Human rights expert Nowak and the Torture Atlas . Epoch Times, May 14, 2011; accessed on March 2, 2018
  48. ↑ Iraq torture 'worse after Saddam' . BBC News, Sept. 21, 2006; accessed on March 2, 2018
  49. ↑ a b c Torture in Iraq 'worse after Saddam', says UN . The Irish Times, September 21, 2006; accessed on March 2, 2018
  50. ↑ a b c d Torture in Iraq worse than under Saddam . The Guardian, September 21, 2006; accessed on March 2, 2018
  51. ↑ a b Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative . Deutsche Welle , January 21, 2009; accessed on March 2, 2018
  52. ^ A b UN report on Guantanamo , humanrights.ch, February 22, 2006; accessed on March 2, 2018
  53. ↑ Manfred Nowak: Beyond the Senate report: torture never 'works' the way torturers tell you it does , The Guardian, April 3, 2014; accessed on March 3, 2018
  54. ^ Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner, 2014; accessed on March 2, 2018
  55. ↑ Ewen MacAskill: UN to investigate treatment of jailed leaks suspect Bradley Manning . The Guardian, December 23, 2010; accessed on March 2, 2018
  56. ↑ UN looking into Treatment of suspect linked to WikiLeaks . The Mercury News, December 22, 2010; accessed on March 2, 2018
  57. ↑ WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning subject to 'cruel and degrading' treatment, says UN official . National Post March 5, 2012; accessed on March 2, 2018
  58. ↑ a b c U.S. Military Assures UN WikiLeaks Suspect Treated 'Fairly' . Fox News Politics, December 22, 2010; accessed on March 2, 2018
  59. ↑ Ellen Nakashima: WikiLeaks suspect's treatment 'stupid,' US official says . Washington Post, March 11, 2011; accessed on March 2, 2018
  60. ↑ Obama releases whistleblower Chelsea Manning in May . Spiegel Online , January 18, 2017; accessed on March 2, 2018
  61. ↑ a b Item 68: Promotion and protection of the rights of children . General Assembly Of The United Nations Social, Humanitarian & Cultural - Third Committee; accessed on March 2, 2018
  62. ^ Secretary-General Welcomes Selection of Manfred Nowak to Lead New Global Study on Situation of Children in Detention . United Nations, Press Release, October 25, 2016; accessed on March 2, 2018
  63. ^ The Research Platform Human Rights in the European Context. University of Vienna; accessed on March 2, 2018
  64. ↑ Jeanette Seiffert: Nowak: "We have a new East-West conflict" . Deutsche Welle , December 7, 2013; accessed on March 2, 2018
  65. ↑ Awards for Human Rights, Peace, Ethics and Social Sciences. German UNESCO Commission; accessed on March 2, 2018
  66. ↑ Previous winners of The University of Oslo's Human Rights Award . UiO University of Oslo, 1986-2017; accessed on March 2, 2018
  67. ^ Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold for Manfred Nowak univie.ac.at, accessed on February 20, 2014
  68. ↑ Golden Otto Hahn Peace Medal for Manfred Nowak . Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Human Rights, December 17, 2014; accessed on March 2, 2018
  69. ↑ Egon Ranshofen Wertheimer Prize to Univ.Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak . Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  70. ↑ Müller presents Manfred Nowak with the Federal Cross of Merit . The Governing Mayor of the Senate Chancellery, September 7, 2017; accessed on March 2, 2018
  71. ↑ wien.gv.at
  72. ↑ Manfred Nowak: Civil And Political Rights, Including The Question Of Torture And Detention: Report Of The Special Rapporteur On Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment , March 10, 2006; accessed on March 13, 2018
  73. ↑ Herbert Lackner : In the antechambers of hell. The startling diary of the UN anti-torture commissioner Manfred Nowak. In: profil , February 29, 2012
  74. ↑ Above all the poor are tormented , review by Martin Zähringer in Deutschlandradio Kultur on December 9, 2012
personal data
SURNAME Nowak, Manfred
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nowak, Manfred Jürgen (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian lawyer
DATE OF BIRTH June 26, 1950
PLACE OF BIRTH Bad Aussee , Styria