Treason
Treason is a particularly serious breach of trust that violates the assumed loyalty . The meaning of the word treason has varied. While the medieval understanding did not differentiate between the betrayal of a person and an ideal thing, today's understanding of betrayal is more differentiated and implies a negative connotation . Existing definitions of treason appear to be inadequate, however, and a theory of treason as such is only partially formulated. A person who has committed treason is known as a traitor . In individual cases, secrets can be revealed to other beneficiaries, or in general a person or group can be left in the lurch (compare desertion in the military).
Law
Germany
In Germany there are criminal offenses of high treason against the federal government according to § 81 StGB , of high treason against a state according to § 82 StGB, and in the case of lawyers towards their clients there is also party betrayal according to § 356 StGB. One sub-case is betrayal of secrets . Until it was discontinued, the first title of Section 1 of the Criminal Code was called Peace Treason and contained the penal norms for preparing for a war of aggression (Section 80 of the Criminal Code, old version) and for inciting a war of aggression (Section 80a of the Criminal Code, old version)
Austria
In Austria there are criminal offenses of high treason ( Sections 242 to 248 StGB) and treason ( Sections 252 to 258 StGB).
Switzerland
Swiss criminal law knows treason as well as treason . When it comes to treason, a distinction is made between military and diplomatic treason.
See also
literature
- Simone Barck , Ulla Plener (ed.): Treason - the labor movement between trauma and grief. Karl Dietz, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-320-02192-4 .
- Gundula Bavendamm: Espionage and Treason. Conspiratorial war stories and French domestic politics. 1914–1917 (Writings of the Library for Contemporary History / NF; Vol. 16). Klartext, Essen 2004, ISBN 3-89861-143-4 (also dissertation, University of Essen 2000).
- Margret Boveri : The betrayal in the 20th century. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1976, ISBN 3-498-09030-5 (reprint of the Hamburg 1956 edition).
- Cornelia Epping-Jäger (Ed.): Friend, Enemy & Treason. The political field of the media (mediology; vol. 12). Dumont, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-8321-7889-9 .
- Hermann Levin Goldschmidt : A salutary betrayal? Jude in the New Testament. Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-460-31331-5 .
- Sebastian Haffner : The betrayed revolution. Germany 1918/19 . Scherz, Bern 1969.
- Torsten Hahn: Treason. In: Gert Ueding (Ed.): Historical Dictionary of Rhetoric , Vol. 10 . WBG, Darmstadt 2011, Sp. 1393-1402.
- Urs Jaeggi : Attempt at Treason. Luchterhand, Darmstadt 1984, ISBN 3-472-86602-0 .
- André Krischer (Ed.): Traitors - History of an Interpretation Pattern . 1st edition. Böhlau-Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2019, ISBN 978-3-412-22186-7 , doi : 10.7788 / 9783412511920 (353 pages).
Web links
- Sabine Rückert : Our most useful traitor. In order for Jesus to become Savior, Judas must betray him. Portrait of a tragic figure. In: The time . March 31, 2010, accessed March 18, 2019 .
- Timo Frasch: Treason: About a big word that is all too easily pronounced. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . July 19, 2013, accessed March 18, 2019 .