International broadcasting

Main broadcasting house of Deutsche Welle (DW) in Bonn, Germany's international broadcaster

Under international broadcasting means the broadcasts of a state or public radio - or television company , which are not aimed at people in their own country, but of compatriots living abroad, or to citizens in other countries as a whole.

Target groups

There are essentially two groups of broadcasters in international broadcasting:

• On the one hand, channels aimed at (former) citizens of their country who are temporarily or long-term living abroad
• on the other hand, channels aimed at the entire population of other countries or an international audience.

Depending on the target group, programs in the first group broadcast in their home or national language and programs in the second group in the language of the target countries or an international lingua franca. Programs that explicitly address the population of another state often pursue the purpose of creating a counterbalance to the media and their reporting that are predominant in these countries.

to form

Depending on the possible tasks of a foreign broadcaster, there is a subdivision into forms. Jo Groebel calls them the keywords assigned to the functions .

The traditional forms are to be a representative of the broadcasting country, as well as broadcasting a home radio for expatriates. An early example of this are shortwave programs on the German world radio broadcaster . A historical form similar to home broadcasting is the colonial broadcasting that emerged between the World Wars ( Empire Service of the BBC, Poste colonial in France, Philips Omroep Holland-India in the Netherlands, broadcasts for the Belgian Congo from Belgium).

In addition to Vatican Radio, missionary broadcasts canbe found predominantly on North America's international radio .

International broadcasting can also address current issues in the target countries (examples: Radio Free Europe , SNA radio ). The transitions to more recent forms of international broadcasting, such as compensation and crisis and prevention broadcasting, are fluid. Both contain a substitute supply of information for the corresponding countries with insufficient or completely missing offer. The latter is a specialization of compensatory care - a broadcast of programs in war and crisis regions in order to provide additional information with a compensatory character.

Domestic offers in foreign or minority languages ​​( ethnic media ; examples: COSMO , Sorbian Broadcasting ) are not included in international broadcasting .

distribution

Due to the range, the foreign radio stations traditionally broadcast mostly on shortwave frequencies ( shortwave broadcasting ), increasingly rarely on mediumwave or longwave . In recent times, the programs are distributed almost exclusively via satellite and via live stream over the Internet. For around ten years, digital shortwave ( Digital Radio Mondiale , DRM) was introduced, a new reception format that is intended to replace analogue broadcasts, the reception quality of which is very unstable, in the long term. International television is broadcast predominantly via satellite. Multimedia platforms such as swissinfo are distributed exclusively via the Internet.

history

Foreign broadcasting was particularly important during the Cold War , when the West tried to infiltrate the state propaganda of the Eastern Bloc countries through the broadcasts of the foreign broadcasters and the East, for its part, also broadcast programs to the west in order to influence its population.

After the end of the bloc confrontation, international broadcasting lost much of its importance. In addition to the elimination of political disputes, technical developments also contributed to this. The spread of the Internet and its wide range of opportunities to obtain information about foreign countries, as well as the possibility of receiving the domestic stations of the home country in foreign countries, made shortwave broadcasting, which is prone to interference, strong competition. The new digital broadcast standard on shortwave has so far not been able to establish itself. The main reason for this is the lack of affordable receivers.

Foreign radio station

See also : List of German-language radio broadcasts abroad

active

country	Name of the sender	Start of transmission	Number of languages	languages	Website
Albania	Radio Tirana International	1938	7th	German , English, French	[1]
Argentina	RAE Argentina al mundo	Apr 11, 1949	8th	Chinese, German , English, French, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish	[2]
Bangladesh	Bangladesh Betar	1939	6th	Arabic, Bengali, English (GOS), Hindi, Nepali, Urdu	[3]
Belgium	RTBF International	0Apr 1, 2004	1	French, Spanish German	[4]
Taiwan	Radio Taiwan International	1939	13	Mandarin, Minnan, Hakka, Cantonese; German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Vietnamese	[5]
People's Republic of China	Radio China International	0December 3, 1941	61	Chinese, Cantonese, Hakka, Minnan, Chaozhou, Wenzhou, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tibetan, Uighur; Albanian, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Bulgarian, Danish, German , English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Greek, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Croatian, Lao, Lithuanian, Malaysian, Mongolian, Nepali, Dutch, Norwegian, Pashtun, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Serbian, Sinhala, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Thai, Czech, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Belarusian	[6]
Germany	German wave	0May 3, 1953	9	Amharic, Hausa	[7]
France	Radio France Internationale	0May 6, 1931	14th	French, Hausa, Swahili, Vietnamese	[8th]
Greece	Voice of Greece	1947	1	Greek	[9]
India	All India Radio	0Oct. 1, 1939	26th	Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Arabic, Baloch, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, English (GOS), French, Indonesian, Persian, Pashtun, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan	[10]
Indonesia	Voice of Indonesia	July 22, 1945	8th	Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Dutch, Spanish	[11]
Iran	Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting	1956	26?	Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Chinese, Dari, German , English, French, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Pashtun, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Tajik, Talisch, Turkish, Uzbek	[12]
Japan	NHK World Radio Japan	1935	18th	Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Urdu, Vietnamese	[13]
Canada	Radio Canada International	Feb 25, 1945	5	French	[14]
North Korea	Voice of Korea	Oct 14, 1945	9	Arabic, Chinese, German , English, French, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish	[15]
	P'yŏngyang Pangsong		1	Korean
South Korea	KBS World Radio	Aug 15, 1953	11	Arabic, Chinese, German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, Vietnamese	[16]
	Jayu Bukhan Bangsong		1	Korean	[17]
	Jayu Joseon Bangsong	2004	1	Korean	[18]
	Yeollin Bukhan Bangsong		1	Korean	[19]
Croatia	Voice of Croatia	1991	4th	German , English, Croatian, Spanish	[20]
Cuba	Radio Habana Cuba	0May 1, 1961	6th	Arabic, English, Esperanto, French, Portuguese, Spanish	[21]
Mongolia	Voice of Mongolia	Sep 1964	5	Chinese, English, Japanese, Mongolian	[22]
New Zealand	Radio New Zealand International	1948	7th	English	[23]
Nigeria	Voice of Nigeria	1961	8th	Arabic, English, French, Fulfulde, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba	[24]
Pakistan	Radio Pakistan	Apr 21, 1973	13	Pashto, Punjab, Sindhi, Urdu	[25]
Poland	Radio Poland	01st Mar 1936	6th	German , Polish, Russian, Belarusian	[26]
	Belaruskaje Radyjo Razyja	0Nov 3, 1999	1	Belarusian	[27]
	Eurapejskaje Radyjo dlja Belarusi	2005	1	Belarusian	[28]
Portugal	RDP Internacional		1	Portuguese	[29]
Romania	Radio Romania International	Feb 12, 1939	12	Arabic, Aromanian, Chinese, German , English, French, Italian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Ukrainian	[30]
Russia	sputnik	2014	31	Abkhazian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, Dari, German , English, Estonian, French, Georgian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Kurdish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Ossetian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Serbian, Spanish, Tajik, Czech, Turkish, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Belarusian	[31]
Sweden	Radio Sweden	1938	6th	easy Swedish; Arabic, English, Kurdish, Persian / Dari, Somali	[32]
Slovakia	Radio Slovakia International	0Jan. 1, 1993	6th	German , English, French , Slovak, Spanish	[33]
Spain	Radio Exterior de España	05th Mar 1942	6th	Spanish	[34]
Sri Lanka	Radio Sri Lanka		5?	English, Sinhala, Tamil; Bengali, Hindi	[35]
South Africa	Channel Africa	0Oct 1, 1992	6th	Chewa, English, French, Lozi, Portuguese, Swahili	[36]
Syria	Radio Damascus	1957	6th	English, Hebrew, Russian	[37]
Thailand	Radio Thailand	Oct. 20, 1938	10	Burmese, Chinese, German , English, Japanese, Cambodian, Lao, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese	[38]
Czech Republic	Radio Praha	Aug 31, 1936	6th	German , English, French, Russian, Spanish, Czech	[39]
Tunisia	RTCI	Feb 1960	5?	German , English, French, Italian, Spanish	[40]
Turkey	TRT World	1937	35	Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bulgarian, Chinese, Dari, German , English, Farsi, French, Georgian, Hausa, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Croatian, Malay, Macedonian, Pashtun, Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Erbian, Spanish, Swahili, Tatar, Turkmen, Uighur, Hungarian, Urdu, Uzbek	[41]
Ukraine	Radio Ukraine International	May 1966	4th	German , English	[42]
Vatican city	Vatican Radio	Feb 12, 1931	37	Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Bulgarian, Chinese, German , English, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Tigrinya, Czech, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Vietnamese, Belarusian	[43]
United States	Voice of America	0Feb. 1, 1942	38	Amharic, Bambara, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hausa, Cantonese, Khmer, Kinyarwanda / Kirundi, Korean, Kurdish, Lao, Oromo, Portuguese, Rohingya, Somali, Swahili, Tibetan, Tigrinya	[44]
	RFE / RL	0May 1, 1951	16	Russian, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek	[45]
	Radio Free Asia	Sep 1996	9	Burmese, Chinese, Cantonese, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Tibetan, Uighur	[46]
	Radio and TV Martí	May 20, 1985	1	Spanish	[47]
	Radio Farda	Dec 2002	1	Persian	[48]
	Radio Sawa	23 Mar 2002	1	Arabic	[49]
United Kingdom	BBC World Service	Dec 19, 1932	36	Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Dari, English, Farsi, French, Hausa, Hindi, Kinyarwanda, Korean, Oromo, Pashtun, Tajik, Tigrinya, Urdu, Uzbek	[50]
U.N.	United Nations Radio	Feb 13, 1946	11	Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Urdu	[51]
Vietnam	Voice of Vietnam	0Sep 2 1945	12	Chinese, German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Khmer, Lao, Spanish, Russian, Thai, Vietnamese	[52]
Belarus	Radio Belarus	May 11, 1962	8th	Chinese, German , English, French, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Belarusian	[53]

Discontinued

country	Channel	Start of transmission	Send end	languages
German Empire	World radio station	Aug 26, 1929	31 Mar 1933	German and from 1932 in-house productions in English
German Empire	Shortwave / overseas transmitters and European transmitters	0Apr 1, 1933	Apr 25, 1945	1939: Afrikaans, Arabic, English, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovenian, Hungarian; later over 50 languages
German Democratic Republic	Radio Berlin International	May 1959	0Oct 3, 1990	Arabic, Danish, German , English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Spanish, Swahili
Austria	Radio Austria International	1955	26th Mar 2003	Arabic, German , English, Esperanto, French, Spanish
Austria	Ö1 International	0July 1, 2003	Dec 31, 2009
Switzerland	Swiss Radio International	1930	Oct 30, 2004	Arabic, German , English, Esperanto, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romansh, Spanish
Soviet Union	Radio Moscow / Voice of Russia	Oct. 29, 1929	2014	64 languages ​​(1974): Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Assamese, Bambara, Bengali, Burmese, Bulgarian, Chinese, Danish, Dari, German , English, Finnish, French, Fulfulde, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Catalan, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Lingála, Malagasy, Malayalam, Marathi, Macedonian, Mongolian, Ndebele, Nepali, Dutch, Norwegian, Oriya, Punjabi, Pashtun, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Quechua, Romanian, Swedish, Serbo-Croatian, Shona, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Czech, Turkish, Hungarian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Zulu
Italy	EIAR / RAI	0July 1, 1930	Dec 31, 2011	Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Bulgarian, English, Esperanto, German , French, Greek, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Czech, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian
Serbia	International Radio Serbia	0March 8 1936	July 31, 2015	Albanian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, German , English, French, Greek, Italian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Hungarian
Netherlands sent from London	Radio Orange	July 28, 1940	1945	Dutch
Netherlands	Radio Nederland Wereldomroep	Apr 15, 1947	June 29, 2012	Afrikaans, Arabic, English, French, Indonesian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish
South Africa	Radio RSA	0May 1, 1966	1992	Afrikaans, Chewa, Danish, German , English, French, Lozi, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, Tsonga, Zulu
Hungary	Radio Budapest	1934	2007	German , English, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Hungarian
Transnistria	Radio Pridnestrovye	Aug 1991	2014	German , English, French, Moldavian, Russian, Ukrainian

List of foreign television channels

active

country	Name of the sender	Start of transmission	languages	Website
People's Republic of China	CCTV news	25 Sep 2000	English, French, Spanish, Arabic and Russian	[54]
Germany	DW-TV	0Apr 1, 1992	German and English	[55]
	DW (Español)	0Feb 6, 2012	Spanish	[56]
	ProSiebenSat.1 World	Feb. 2005	German	[57]
France	France 24	0Dec 6, 2006	French, English and Arabic	[58]
France Belgium ( RTBF ) Switzerland ( RTS ) Québec ( SRC )	TV5 moons	0Jan. 2, 1984	French	[59]
Georgia	PIK	0Jan. 4, 2010	Russian	[60]
Iran	Sahar TV	1997	English, French, Arabic, Kurdish, Urdu and Azerbaijani	[61]
	IRIB 1 (Europe)	Dec 16, 1997	Persian
	IRIB 2 (America)	0Feb 8, 2000	Persian
	IRIB 3 (Asia and Oceania)	May 30, 2002	Persian
	Al-Alam	Feb 23, 2003	Arabic	[62]
	Al-Kawthar	Feb 2006	Arabic	[63]
	Press TV	0July 3, 2007	English	[64]
	iFilm	Aug 11, 2010	English, Persian and Arabic	[65]
	HispanTV	Dec 21, 2011	Spanish	[66]
Israel	i24news	17th July 2013	French, English and Arabic	[67]
Japan	NHK World	0Apr 1, 1998	English and Japanese	[68]
Qatar	Al Jazeera	0Nov 1, 1996	Arabic	[69]
	Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr	Dec 10, 2005	Arabic	[70]
	Al Jazeera English	Nov 15, 2006	English	[71]
	Al Jazeera Balkans	Nov 12, 2011	Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian	[72]
	Al Jazeera America	Aug 20, 2013	English	[73]
South Korea	Arirang TV	Apr 10, 1996	English	[74]
Netherlands Flanders	BVN	0July 1, 1996	Dutch	[75]
Austria	ORF 2 Europe	0July 5, 2004	German
Poland	TVP Polonia	Oct 24, 1992	Polish	[76]
	TVN International	Apr 29, 2004	Polish	[77]
	Belsat TV	Dec 10, 2007	Belarusian	[78]
Portugal	RTP África	0Jan. 7, 1998	Portuguese	[79]
	RTP Internacional	June 10, 1992	Portuguese	[80]
Russia	RT International	Sep 15 2005	English	[81]
	Rusiya Al-Yaum	0May 4, 2007	Arabic	[82]
	RT Actualidad	Dec 28, 2009	Spanish	[83]
	RT America	Feb 2010	English	[84]
	RT Documentary	June 23, 2011	Russian and English	[85]
	RT UK	Oct. 2014	English	[86]
	RT German	0Nov 6, 2014	German	[87]
	RT Français	2014	French	[88]
Sweden	SVT	1988	Swedish	[89]
Switzerland	SRF info	0May 3, 1988	German	[90]
Thailand	Thai Global Network		Thai, English	[91]
Turkey	TRT-Turk		Turkish	[92]
	TRT Avaz		Turkic languages	[93]
	TRT at-Turkiyya	May 2010	Arabic	[94]
United States	CNN International	0July 1, 1985	English	[95]
	TV Martí	27 Mar 1990	Spanish	[96]
	al-Hurray	Feb 14, 2004	Arabic	[97]
	Current time	Feb 2017	Russian	[98]
United Kingdom	BBC World News	11th Mar 1991	English	[99]

Discontinued

country	Channel	Start of transmission	Send end	languages
Germany	German TV	0Apr 8, 2002	Dec 31, 2005	German
Greece	ERT World	1996	11th of June 2013	Greek
United States	WorldNet	1983	May 2004	Arabic, Croatian, English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Russian, Polish, Serbian and Ukrainian

List of multimedia internet platforms

active

country	Name of the sender	Start of transmission	languages	Website
Switzerland	swissinfo	2000	10 languages ​​including German, English, Italian, French, Spanish, Arabic and Russian	[100]

literature

• Foreign media . Special issue. From politics and contemporary history . No. 11/2008. February 28, 2008.
• Donald R. Browne: International Radio Broadcasting. The Limits of the Limitless Medium. Praeger, New York, Westport 1982, ISBN 0-03-059619-X .
• Patricia Jäggi: In the rustling of the Swiss Alps. An auditory ethnography on the sound and cultural politics of international radio . transcript, Bielefeld 2020, ISBN 978-3-8376-5164-5 ( transcript-verlag.de - Open Access; License: CC-BY-NC 4.0; Format: PDF).
• Norbert Nail: News from Cologne, London, Moscow and Prague. Studies on the use of language in German-language international broadcasts. Marburg 1981 (Marburg Studies in German Studies; 1). ISBN 9783770807093
• Oliver Zöllner : International broadcasting abroad. In: Hans Bredow Institute (Ed.): Internationales Handbuch Medien. 28th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8329-3423-1 , pp. 175-183.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Jo Groebel: The role of foreign broadcasting. A comparative analysis of experiences and trends in five countries ( Memento from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . Assessment. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2000, p. 41f.
2. ^ Dieter Danckwortt: Handbook for International Cooperation. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 1989, ISBN 3-7890-1814-7 , p. 145.
3. ↑ Jo Groebel: The role of foreign broadcasting: a comparative analysis of experiences and trends in five countries. Bonn, 2000, ISBN 3-86077-931-1 .
4. ^ Rudolf Stöber: International broadcast policy and "free flow of information". In: Study books on communication and media studies. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14047-7 , p. 111.