International military operation in Libya 2011

International military operation in Libya 2011

Part of: Civil War in Libya

Map of the air bases used and the area of ​​application

date	March 19 to October 31, 2011
place	Libya
Casus Belli	UN Resolution 1973
output	Rebel victory in civil war
consequences	Overthrow of the regime of Muammar al-Gaddafi, takeover by the National Transitional Council, followed by civil war

Parties to the conflict
Directly involved: France United States Italy United Kingdom Denmark Canada Spain Belgium Netherlands Norway Qatar Greece United Arab Emirates Turkey Sweden Bulgaria Beneficiaries: Libyan rebels	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya beneficiary: Belarus :   Military advisors and military special forces Snipers mercenary Ex-combatants of the 5th Regiment, 334th Division

The international military operation in Libya included armed operations to establish a no-fly zone , protect the civilian population in Libya , support insurgents against government troops and enforce the arms embargo by naval ships.

During the civil war in Libya , the proposed Arab League to the UN Security Council to set up a no-fly zone prior to troops of the Gaddafi regime prevent air attacks on its own people. On March 17, 2011, UN resolution 1973 authorized the UN member states to set up a “no-fly zone over Libya” in compliance with the general arms embargo and without the use of occupation troops.

On the afternoon of March 19, 2011, military action began with the French Harmattan operation . Operation Odyssey Dawn ( German  Morgendämmerung der Odyssey ) was the name for the US participation in the operation, Operation Ellamy was the British part, Operation MOBILE was the Canadian.

The NATO operation to enforce the arms embargo through the use of naval units was called Unified Protector and began on March 22, 2011.

In fact, the military operation also served to support the insurgents and regular consultations with their military leaders took place. Nonetheless, rebel units suffered casualties from coalition military strikes in a number of cases.

Before starting the intervention

See also : Civil War in Libya (2011)  and Chronicle of the Civil War in Libya

The Libyan civil war with its civilian victims received a lot of attention in Western media since February 2011. The establishment of a no-fly zone was discussed in various international bodies for almost two weeks . The discussion only came to an end with the UN Resolution 1973 and the special summit in Paris. The exclusion of "occupation forces" made in the resolution text ( English "excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory" ) is obviously interpreted differently by the states involved in the operation, at least in the opinion of the British leadership of this Use of special troops not recorded. According to media reports, numerous troops of the special forces SAS , SRR and SBS operated for the purpose of targeting and reconnaissance. In parts of the public debate, however, the exclusion of “occupation troops” is read as a general exclusion of ground troops .

Organization of the Islamic Conference

For the Committee of Permanent Representatives of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), General Secretary Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu said on March 8: “We join those in favor of a no-fly zone and call on the UN Security Council to take responsibility for this matter . ”At the same time, he opposed any military interference in Libya on the ground.

African Union

The Council for Peace and Security of the African Union (AU) met on March 10 to discuss, among other things, the Libya question. The participating Libyan Foreign Minister Mussa Kussa defended the positions of the Gaddafi regime in this body. The security commissioner of the AU, Ramtane Lamamra , said on March 11, 2011 after a summit meeting in Addis Ababa that the AU is opposed to foreign military interventions of any kind, including a no-fly zone. The AU stands up for the unity and territorial integrity of Libya. The Peace and Security Council (PSC), made up of 15 AU states, including Libya, will set up a body made up of five heads of state and Commission President Jean Ping to monitor the situation in Libya. As members of the PSC Peace Commission sent to Libya, which was supposed to contribute to a quick end to the violence, the heads of state of South Africa ( Jacob Zuma ), Mali ( Amadou Toumani Touré ), Mauritania ( Abdul Aziz ), Uganda ( Yoweri Museveni ) and the Republic of the Congo ( Sassou Nguesso ). On March 13, 2011, Libyan state television welcomed the establishment of the body and welcomed its members to Libya.

States of the European Union

At a special summit on the crisis in Libya on March 11, differences arose among the member states of the European Union . French President Sarkozy said his country and Britain might intervene militarily. Germany rejected this position. Poland also abstained and did not take part in the planned military operation in Libya. Bulgaria sent its frigate Draski to secure the sea route. Furthermore, EU countries such as Finland, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary and Romania did not take part in the military operation.

The French philosopher and intellectual Bernard-Henri Lévy played an unusual role as the leader of the resolution in German eyes.After a visit to the Libyan rebels at the beginning of March 2011, he successfully called for a military intervention in favor of the insurgents in a telephone conversation with French President Sarkozy.

The cautious policy of the German government, which abstained in the Security Council and, together with China, advocated a ceasefire and a diplomatic solution, led to resentment in Germany's foreign relations. Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle was therefore criticized in terms of domestic policy . The decision is seen as a departure from traditional foreign policy principles.

Arab League

On March 11, 2011 in Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council called on the Arab League to take action against the violence in Libya. Such action also includes imposing a no-fly zone to protect civilians.

The Foreign Ministers of the Arab League met in Cairo on the afternoon of March 12, 2011 to discuss the situation in Libya. According to a media report, they asked the United Nations Security Council to set up a no-fly zone. Egyptian state television reported that the league had also decided to contact the National Council of Insurgents in Benghazi. The council represented the Libyan people from the point of view of the Arab state union. In order to find out what plans the opposition National Council in Benghazi has in the event of Gaddafi's disempowerment, several Arab countries had already made unofficial contact with the transitional government. This became known after a report in Cairo following the League's special summit on March 12, 2011. On March 11, 2011, Gaddafi's diplomatic delegation arrived in Cairo. It was initially unclear whether she could attend the league meeting.

The German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle referred to contradictions in the attitude of the Arab League: On the one hand, it is in favor of a flight ban, on the other hand, it rejects an intervention in Libya.

According to a spokesman for the Arab League, the United Arab Emirates and the Emirates of Qatar could participate in the no-fly zone under discussion. For Egypt , the spokeswoman for the Egyptian Foreign Ministry Menha Bakhoum declared on March 17 that it would not intervene militarily in Libya: “Egypt will not belong to these Arab states. We will not take part in any military intervention. No intervention, period. ”The neighboring Tunisia also declared that they would“ not take part in any military intervention against Libya, in any way. ”

United Nations

→ Main article : UN Security Council Resolution 1973

On March 17, 2011 shortly after 11:30 p.m., the UN Security Council resolved with its resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone over Libya with ten votes in favor, no vote against and five abstentions. This news was celebrated in Benghazi with fireworks and shots in the air. Germany abstained because it emphasized that it did not want to use its own troops. However, the goals of the resolution were supported. The other abstentions are from Russia, China, India and Brazil.

In the first place, the resolution calls for an immediate ceasefire and a complete end to the use of force and all attacks against civilians. Second, she advocates stepping up efforts to find a solution that “takes account of the legitimate demands of the Libyan people”, referring to the decision of the United Nations Secretary-General to appoint his special envoy for Libya, Abdul Ilah al -Chatib to send to Libya. Reference is also made to the decision by the Security Council of the African Union to send a mediator group to Libya to promote a dialogue there that should lead to a peaceful and lasting solution. In addition, however, the resolution also allows the establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya and all other "necessary measures" to protect the Libyan civilian population. The general arms embargo already imposed by Resolution 1970 was expressly confirmed. The use of "occupying forces" (Engl .: occupation forces ) in Libya was excluded, depending on the reading and interpretation of Resolution thus the use of special forces liaison officers and trainers to target marker and reconnaissance, military advisers on the rebel side or about also CSAR units for rescuing shot down pilots may well be permitted. United Nations member states may also act individually.

Shortly before the vote, the permanent representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, Vitaly Churkin, suggested that the UN Security Council should first vote on a resolution for a ceasefire in Libya. The United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice , said a majority in the Security Council opposed a separate resolution for a ceasefire. A ceasefire could be included in the resolution on a no-fly zone.

Australia

On March 16, 2011, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd warned the UN Security Council against turning the Libya crisis into yet another failure of the international community to rescue innocent people. He cited historical examples of the UN's failure to meet its obligations to protect innocent people: the genocide in Rwanda, ethnic violence in the Balkans and the Sudanese crisis region of Darfur.

According to an agency report from March 17, 2011, Australia campaigned for a United Nations-supported no-fly zone over Libya to stop air strikes by the armed forces of ruler Muammar al Gaddafi against the popular uprising.

Paris summit

Summit at the Elysee Palace in Paris on March 19, 2011.

At the summit in Paris on March 19, 2011 with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon , representatives of the European Union ( José Zapatero , Angela Merkel , Donald Tusk , Lars Rasmussen , Silvio Berlusconi , Giorgos Papandreou , Yves Leterme , David Cameron , Mark Rutte , Herman Van Rompuy , Catherine Ashton ), the Arab League ( Hamad Bin Dschassem , Amr Musa , Hoschyar Zebari , Abdullah bin Said al-Nahjan , Nasser Dschudeh , Taïeb Fassi-Fihri ) and several NATO countries ( Stephen Harper , Jens Stoltenberg , Hillary Clinton ), to which Nicolas Sarkozy had invited, a military intervention on the basis of the UN resolution was discussed and further action against the Libyan regime was discussed. A communiqué was adopted in which the participants at the summit called “Muammar Gaddafi and those who carry out his instructions” to “withdraw from all areas into which they have violently entered and back to their bases ] sweep ". Invited representatives of the African Union stayed away from the summit. The chairman of the AU commission Jean Ping was expected .

Late in the afternoon, a spokesman for the French Defense Ministry announced that at 4:45 p.m. (GMT), French fighter planes had started the attack on the Libyan military.

Germany declared that it did not want to take part in the military operation, but instead allowed the use of its military airfields and promised to relieve the NATO allies in Afghanistan .

Role of NATO

Meeting of NATO defense ministers on March 10, 2011 in Brussels

According to NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen , NATO would have been militarily ready to intervene in Libya from March 7, but would not have taken action without a UN mandate: "If Gaddafi and his military continue to systematically attack the Libyan population, I cannot imagine that the international community and the United Nations are just looking on. " At that time, there should not have been a request from any side to set up a no-fly zone or to intercept ships with possible weapons deliveries.

From March 9, NATO allies monitored Libyan airspace around the clock with AWACS aircraft in order to check the arms embargo.

According to a report dated March 14, 2011, NATO member Turkey had registered opposition to all NATO operations in Libya. Prime Minister Recep Erdoğan said in Istanbul that the past had shown that military interventions only exacerbated problems.

For NATO member Germany, Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle declared in a government statement to the German Bundestag on March 16, 2011: "We do not want to get on an incline at the end of which German soldiers will be part of a war in Libya." Enforcing a no-fly zone "is" a military intervention "because" first the Libyan air defense must be militarily switched off ". Nobody should "indulge in the illusion that it is just about putting up a traffic sign".

The day after Resolution 1973 was passed on March 17, 2011, the French Foreign Office spokesman Bernard Valero spoke out in Paris against NATO involvement in the possible operation. Interfering by NATO “in the affairs of an Arab country” is “inappropriate in this context”. France is strictly against a ground operation in Libya and considers the consent of the Arab League to be essential for every decision.

At its meeting on March 18, the NATO Council could not agree on the nature, scope and participation. Resistance came from Germany and Turkey. Other NATO countries also signaled that they did not want to take part in air strikes because the alliance is already heavily involved in the war in Afghanistan . However, on March 18, the NATO states agreed on a new Alliance Maritime Strategy (AMS 2011). This represents a continuation of the Strategic Concept of NATO 2010 related to maritime security challenges and collective defense, crisis management and cooperative security were highlighted as core tasks of NATO at sea.

On March 20, the NATO Council met again in order to come to a unified position. However, this failed due to the objection of Turkey, which spoke out against any intervention in Libya. US Admiral Mike Mullen said the same day that the no-fly zone had already been enforced. He warned against premature hopes that the offensive was only just beginning.

The Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borissov sharply criticized the military operation on March 21. He said he would never send Bulgarian pilots on "a similar adventure". He criticized the planning of the operation as well as the risk of civilian casualties and criticized the fact that the West did not intervene in the arrest of the Bulgarian nurses in Libya . Nonetheless, Borisov hoped that NATO would take command.

No agreement on the role of NATO could be reached by the evening of March 21. France wanted to keep the leadership role and if necessary cede it to the EU. Turkey blocked a NATO leadership; Prime Minister Recep Erdoğan called for the air strikes to be stopped as soon as possible. Italy required a NATO command of operations in order to use its air bases . The US wanted to get rid of its leadership role as soon as possible. You only wanted to use your “unique potential” at the beginning. The military operation in Libya threatened to split NATO.

On March 22nd, NATO decided to take over the implementation of the arms embargo against Libya in the Mediterranean decided by the UN Security Council. Since Germany had declared that it would not take part in the military implementation of the UN mandate and "the arms embargo also provides for an executive component that can be enforced with armed force if necessary", all German forces were withdrawn from the alliance operations in the Mediterranean.

On March 24, it became known that French Interior Minister Claude Guéant had praised President Nicolas Sarkozy for having led "the crusade to mobilize the UN Security Council, and then the Arab League and the African Union". This choice of words caused great resentment in Turkey. Turkey was reported to have been working on a peace plan for Libya. For weeks she has maintained closer contacts with both Libyan parties to the conflict than any other NATO country and coordinated her mediation efforts with the USA. This initiative was delayed by the start of the French Air Force's military action. Turkey was invited to the next Libya conference in London, unlike at the Paris summit on the implementation of UN resolution 1973 on March 19, 2011.

According to a report on the same day, the USA, Great Britain and France agreed with Turkey in a conference call that NATO should take over command of the military operation. The government of Turkey agreed to allow NATO to conduct the military operation. The Turkish parliament also gave its consent to participate in the military operation. The Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmed Davutoglu said, according to the Turkish state television TRT: "Our demands on Libya have been met, the operation will be handed over to NATO". Command would move entirely from the US to NATO in a day or two, he said. The fight against military vehicles of the Libyan army will then no longer be possible for the time being. The NATO headquarters only have plans to implement the no-fly zone. In order to resume the enforcement of a driving ban zone, a new resolution of all 28 member states will be necessary.

On March 25, Nicolas Sarkozy announced that Paris and London were preparing an initiative for a political and diplomatic solution in Libya. One is aware that the military conflict alone cannot lead to a solution. On the same day, he also said that France would “immediately” react the same way as in Libya: “Every Arab ruler must understand that the reaction of the international community and Europe will be the same every time from now on.” During the debate Sarkozy advocated the management of the technical side of the military operations by NATO and also campaigned for a political body made up of representatives of the countries participating in the operation. This body should serve to involve countries that are not NATO members.

On March 26, it became known that high-ranking Bundeswehr officers were taking on key tasks in controlling the no-fly zone over Libya in Izmir, Turkey . According to Angela Merkel, no approval from the German Bundestag was required for the Air Force officers to work on the NATO command staff . The day before, the Bundestag decided on the expansion of the German mission in Afghanistan, which the Chancellor had promised during the Paris summit, which was intended to relieve the NATO partners involved in Libya.

NATO wanted to investigate reports that an air strike on Tripoli had left at least 40 civilian lives. According to Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli , Vicar Apostolic of Tripoli, “the so-called humanitarian attacks” had killed dozens of civilians in some areas of Tripoli.

US Chief of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen announced on March 31st that the US would end its combat operations in Libya on April 3rd. They only want to play a purely supporting role and only launch attacks in Libya again at the request of the NATO leadership. Mullen also spoke out against the training and arming of the insurgents "at this point in time" because there is still too little information about the insurgents and their goals.

On March 31, 2011, NATO took over command of the entire military operation to enforce UN resolution 1973. From that date, the armed forces of all states involved in the operation against Libya were under NATO command. Participation in the operation “Unified Protector” was made optional for the individual allies of NATO. A steering committee in which non-NATO members (such as Qatar) were also represented should play an advisory role.

Role of the United States of America

After the American embassy in Tripoli was closed on February 23, the Turkish government promised on March 21 that it would represent the interests of the United States in Libya.

In a March 23 letter, John Boehner , speaker of the US House of Representatives, accused the US President and his administration of having "extensively consulted with the United Nations and the Arab League" the American people and their elected officials on the other hand, still groping in the dark. Boehner pointed out that the US had positioned itself in such a way that Colonel Gaddafi had to resign immediately, although there was no such target in UN Resolution 1973. He raised the question of why the US should use its resources to implement a UN resolution that is "incompatible with our stated policy goals and our national interests," and demanded clear information from President Obama, including on the success criteria, on the duration and expected costs of the military operation. He also announced that if the operation in Libya were to expand , the Republicans in the House of Representatives would stand against the government.

The pressure on Barack Obama to finally declare himself “war in Libya” increased. The Conservative Washington Times posted a March 24 commentary calling for him to be impeached . The president, it said, was a " traitor " because he had embroiled the US in an incalculable war by way of a resolution by the UN Security Council , instead of - as the constitution stipulates in cases of this kind - via the US To tread Congress . The " checks-and-balances " mechanism was thereby overridden. On March 28, Obama defended involvement in the military in a televised speech at National Defense University . It is about interests and values ​​of the USA, so there is a responsibility to act. The advance of Gaddafi's troops could be stopped and further violence against civilians was prevented. The US contribution is limited, in particular it is not about a violent overthrow of Gaddafi.

Michele Bachmann , member of the US House of Representatives, described the American military operation as "Obama's war" in an interview on March 30, 2011. She stated that Colonel Gaddafi posed no threat to the US and that no US national interests were threatened. There are atrocities in many parts of the world, including currently in Syria . If that is Obama's justification for the intervention, then it is dealing with an "Obama doctrine" of humanitarian intervention, which requires the US to intervene in one country after another. She criticized the lack of sufficient intelligence on the Libyan opposition, referred to reports that there were al-Qaeda fighters there, and then asked why the US should support al-Qaeda in North Africa - that is certainly not in the national interest of the United States. She rejected the accusation of a lack of compassion. She justified her opposition to the use of the military for humanitarian purposes by stating that the intervention in Libya according to the "Obama doctrine" was fundamentally different from previous interventions by the USA. When asked if she would be supplying arms to the insurgents if she were president, she said that she would not do that because you don't know enough about who you are dealing with in the Libyan opposition, and because too It is not clear what the central national interest of the United States is that justifies intervention in the internal affairs of another nation.

In September 2011, President Obama paid tribute to the protests of the Libyan people and praised the effective coalition of the Arab League and NATO.

In an interview with Fox in April 2016, Obama named probably the biggest mistake of his term in office that there was insufficient planning for the time after Gaddafi.

Course of the military intervention

See also : Chronicle of the Civil War in Libya

The USS Barry fires a Tomahawk cruise missile from

B-2 bomber lands after an attack against Libya, March 20, 2011

On March 19, Libyan Palmaria self-propelled howitzers were destroyed in Opération Harmattan off Benghazi

March 2011

19th March

In the first phase, eight French Rafale fighter planes from the air force base in Saint-Dizier , two Mirage 2000D fighter-bombers from Dijon base and two Mirage 2000-5 fighter planes from Nancy base began their use in eastern Libya in the ' Opération Harmattan ' . Support included an AWACS reconnaissance aircraft and a C-135FR tanker aircraft . The military confrontation of the international armed forces then began at around 5:45 p.m. CET with the French shelling of a military convoy and the destruction of a few dozen artillery weapons in the outskirts of the rebel-controlled city of Benghazi , which at that time was home to around 1 million people with refugees . This was later followed by air surveillance, aircraft and missile attacks on military targets in Libya.

This was followed by the deployment of US and British armed forces, which fired more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles against anti-aircraft systems of the Libyan regime along the coast. These Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired by five United States Navy ships - the USS Stout , USS Barry , USS Providence , USS Scranton, and USS Florida - as well as a Royal Navy ship , HMS Triumph .

The US operation was under the command of the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM), which was led by General Carter F. Ham . According to media reports, the tactical command of the international operation led Admiral Samuel J. Locklear , the commander of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples on the USS Mount Whitney , from the Mediterranean during the first phase . With Major General Margaret Woodward as commander of the 17th US Air Forces Africa , a woman commanded a combat mission in the USA for the first time. After the end of the first wave of cruise missiles, the USA announced that it would limit itself to a "supporting role" after the end of the fight against the Libyan air defense . The RAF started the first combat mission ever from British soil after 1945 from its base RAF Marham , in which tornadoes were used.

The nations that announced during the day that they would take part in the military implementation of the UN resolution include NATO members Spain , Denmark , Norway , Italy , Canada and Belgium as well as the Gulf state of Qatar . According to information from Paris, the United Arab Emirates had promised 24 combat aircraft, but had not yet commented on them.

In the hours immediately before the start of the international military operation, Libyan government troops attempted to attack the rebel stronghold of Benghazi , which was repulsed by the rebels in the city and the Allied fighter planes. According to media reports, at least 90 people were killed. In the meantime, reports were circulated on Libyan television that a French fighter plane had been shot down by the Libyan air defense; this was immediately denied by the French Ministry of Defense. Furthermore, the participating nations announced that a sea blockade had been imposed on Libya.

March, 20th

US illustration of the attacks by troops loyal to Gaddafi south of Benghazi

Shot of the US military after an attack on aircraft shelters at Gardabya Airport

In the early morning hours of March 20, the international air forces attacked the Libyan capital Tripoli , several explosions occurred and the anti-aircraft defense went into action. According to Libyan information from 02:07 a.m. that day, a total of 48 people were killed in the air strikes of the past few hours. According to other information, 64 people are said to have been killed and 150 others injured in the course of the first wave of attacks. British Prime Minister David Cameron referred to this information as "propaganda".

According to the announcement by the Libyan Ministry of Defense, one million men and women should be armed to ward off the "Western crusaders".

During the second day of the military operation, around 18 US military aircraft, including B-2 bombers , AV-8 Harrier and F-15 and F-16 , other Libyan army facilities and Libyan ground forces, including the Gardabya air base, attacked . The French Air Force resumed its attacks from the previous day with Rafale and Mirage 2000 fighter jets , focusing primarily on units of the Libyan army. From 3:10 p.m. local time, four F-16 fighter planes of the Danish Air Force flew their first mission over Libya from Sigonella and returned to the base at around 8:00 p.m.

A cruise missile was fired at the Bab al-Aziziya military complex , which serves as the command center.

"Destroyed therefore vehicles and corpses lined the road to Benghazi, even hours after the attack had exploded munitions over again." Controversial was whether such operations not considered: was also reported a strong kick "without mercy" for the besieged city of Benghazi close air support for the Libyan insurgents can be seen. When asked about this by a journalist, the US military spokesman said: “I would not speak of close air support for the opposition forces. We knew that these advancing elements were moving to Benghazi armed, and we attacked them. "

March 21st

On the night of March 21, the international armed forces continued their surveillance flights and bombing. According to the US military, there were around 80 such flights on Monday, half of them from the American side.

US General Carter Ham , who led the US troops involved in the Libya operation, admitted that distinguishing between combatants and civilians from the cockpit of an aircraft firing at an altitude of 15,000 feet involves risks. He said that no close air support was planned for the Libyan insurgents and did not rule out that Gaddafi might succeed in staying in power beyond the bombing. In addition, one must expect a stalemate between his troops and the insurgents. The international coalition suffered a loss for the first time that day when an F-15E Strike Eagle fighter plane crashed over Libya , presumably due to technical problems . The two pilots of the machine were saved a little later. Eurofighter Typhoon , which had previously been relocated from their bases at RAF Coningsby and RAF Leuchars to Gioia del Colle , flew the first combat mission of this type in the service of the RAF .

France confirmed the destruction of a tank about 100 kilometers south of Benghazi by a Mirage 2000-D.

US Vice Admiral Bill Gortney announced that all Libyan fixed positions for anti-aircraft missiles of the types S-75 , S-125 Neva and S-200 have been destroyed. Only the mobile anti-aircraft missile systems 2K12 Kub , 9K32 Strela-2 and 9K33 Osa , which have a shorter range, could be used by the government forces.

March 22

The Arab television station Al Jazeera reported air strikes on naval facilities near Tripoli. Due to NATO's participation in the arms embargo against Libya, Germany put the maritime operations and training association 2011 (German Task Group 501.01) with the two frigates Brandenburg and Rhineland-Palatinate , which were still used to help Libyan refugees in Tunisia, now under national leadership and withdrew its personnel from the AWACS reconnaissance aircraft in the Mediterranean region. Meanwhile, government forces continued their offensives in Misrata and Az-Zintan . Tanks and heavy artillery were used. In support of the NATO maritime operation Unified Protector to control the arms embargo against Libya, Romania is sending the frigate Regele Ferdinand (F221) to the Mediterranean. Around 16 ships are to take part in the NATO operation, with Italian Vice Admiral Rinaldo Veri from NATO Maritime Command Naples in command.

March 23

British Air Force Commander Greg Bagwell said the Libyan Air Force was now shut down. One will now concentrate on the events on the ground. The goal is to protect the "innocent people in Libya". To achieve this, the Libyan ground forces would be attacked "whenever they threaten civilians or approach populated centers". Even before the UN mandate was issued to establish the no-fly zone, the British media spoke of a “no drive zone”, which was necessary to protect the areas conquered by the insurgents. Shortly after the start of the attacks, a high-ranking Spanish military also described the objective of the operation as "rather a driving ban zone". Gaddafi's army should be driven back to their barracks.

According to Libyan information, night attacks on a military base near Tripoli also hit a residential area. There are "significant numbers of civilians killed". The shelling targeted an army base in the Tajura area about 30 kilometers east of Tripoli, which had already been attacked on March 19.

March 24th

US map for no-fly zone (no-fly zone NFZ) in Libya of 24 March 2011

The French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé told the radio station RTL that practically all air and air defense forces subordinate to Gaddafi had now been "neutralized". Military objects will continue to be attacked as long as necessary. The main aim of the military operation remains to protect the Libyan civilian population and to support the opposition forces who fought against the Gaddafi regime for democracy and freedom in the country.

The coalition forces again fired 15 Tomahawk cruise missiles at targets in Libya, including bases with Scud short-range missiles near Tripoli, and carried out 153 aerial missions. Two of the six Norwegian F-16s laid on March 20 from Bodø and Ørland also flew the first Norwegian patrols from Souda Bay that day.

On the night of March 25, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton handed command of the no-fly zone to NATO. Furthermore, the EU heads of state and government renewed their call for Gaddafi to resign at the summit in Brussels. The fighting on the ground continued.

25th March

US map showing the situation in Libya on March 25, 2011

Lieutenant-General Charles Bouchard , Royal Canadian Air Force , Deputy Commander Allied Joint Force Command Naples , took up his post as Commander of the Combined Joint Task Force for Operation Unified Protector .

The emirate of Qatar participated for the first time in the military actions to enforce the no-fly zone in Libya with Mirage fighter jets.

Seven T-72 battle tanks belonging to troops loyal to Gaddafi were destroyed by British Tornado GR4 fighter bombers in air raids near Ajdabiya .

26th of March

With air support from the coalition forces, the rebels recaptured the strategically important city of Ajdabiya after heavy fighting. The Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister stated that the troops loyal to the government had left the city because “the Western forces” had actively participated in the battles for the city. A Libyan government spokesman described the coalition forces' operation as "illegal"; it was not covered by UN resolution 1973.

The oil town of Brega , 80 km further west, also fell into the hands of the rebels that evening. In the evening, the first rebel groups set out from Brega in the direction of Ras Lanuf , the next stage on the way of the rebels towards Tripoli.

The rebels trapped by troops loyal to Gaddafi in the city of Misrata continued to offer resistance. Misrata has been under heavy artillery fire for the past few days. Despite the Allied air raids, the port area was captured by government troops with tanks. The port was especially important for refugees who wanted to leave Libya in the face of the civil war.

French Rafale fighter planes destroyed five Libyan G-2 Galeb military aircraft and two Mi-35 attack helicopters at Misrata Airport in the evening .

Play media file

Address by US President Obama on the military operation in Libya, March 28, 2011 (English).

A Tomahawk cruise missile launched from the USS Barry on a target in Libya on March 29

27th of March

The US Army flew 107 attacks, some with low-flying AC-130 and A-10 attack aircraft . The rebels managed to capture the city of Ras Lanuf, which they had to evacuate on March 12th. The city has an important oil port. The rebels announced that they would soon resume oil production and export oil. The rebel troops continued their advance westwards, while the government forces withdrew quickly towards the hometown of Muammar al-Gaddafi in Sirte . The takeover of the city had been prepared by the coalition forces through air strikes on tanks and armored vehicles, in which, according to the Libyan government, civilians were also allegedly killed, for which no independent confirmation was available.

March 29

A P-3C - maritime patrol aircraft of the US Navy, an A-10 Thunderbolt US Air Force and the USS Barry attacked a Libyan coastguard ship Vittoria to class (PV 30-LS) and two smaller boats of the Libyan coast guard after it - according to the US report - had fired indiscriminately at merchant ships in Misrata. The coast guard ship was badly damaged and stranded by the crew. One of the smaller boats was sunk by the A-10 and the other was abandoned by the crew.

March 31st - NATO operation begins

NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced in Stockholm that this morning NATO had taken overall command of the military operations of the international coalition in Libya from the United States Africa Command . Operations are now coordinated from the NATO Allied Joint Force Command (JFC Naples) in Naples .

According to a report by the BBC , seven civilians were killed and 25 injured in an air strike on a Libyan military convoy in the village of Zawia el Argobe. The village is 15 km from Brega . NATO said it would investigate the incident. According to the Vatican envoy, Bishop Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli , 40 civilians were killed in attacks in Tripoli.

April 2011

April 1st

On April 1, Gaddafi called for the resignation of the heads of state of all countries participating in the military operation against his country.

2nd of April

Thirteen people died in a NATO bombing raid on a group of insurgents. The misunderstanding arose after the planes were shot at with a machine gun or an anti-aircraft cannon.

4. April

Control of the military operations was completely transferred to NATO, US fighter planes should only take part in operations at the request of NATO (standby mode) .

April 5th

The chairman of the African Union Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo called for a ceasefire. Following his visits to Greece and Turkey, Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Al-Obeidi was also in Malta for talks with the local government about ways of resolving the conflict in Libya. The Maltese government made it clear that the UN resolution must be respected, the Gaddafi government must resign, Colonel Gaddafi and his family should leave, there should be an immediate ceasefire and a process that enables the Libyan people to make their decisions to meet in a democratic way.

7th of April

Again, NATO planes accidentally attacked a military convoy of anti-Gaddafi militias, killing at least ten rebels. According to information from rebels, the convoy was driving illegally in a restricted area between Ajdabiya and Brega when the planes attacked. NATO Deputy Commander Russell Harding declined an apology for the incident. Meanwhile, the insurgents announced that their vehicles would be labeled to prevent similar occurrences in the future.

10th of April

NATO announced that on April 10, 25 tanks had been destroyed by air strikes, eleven of them near Ajdabiya and 14 near Misrata.

11 April

NATO warplanes destroyed 4 tanks in Az-Zintan and an ammunition depot south of Surt .

12. April

NATO warplanes destroyed 12 tanks in Misrata and four tanks and a pick-up with an anti-aircraft gun southeast of Surt.

April 13th

During NATO air raids on Tripoli, 13 bunkers and 2 tanks were destroyed and three multiple rocket launchers in Brega .

April 14, 2011

At a meeting of the foreign ministers of the NATO states and of non-NATO partners of Operation Unified Protector in Berlin , a joint declaration on the objectives of military intervention in Libya was adopted. In it was demanded by the Libyan government

1. stop all attacks and threats against civilians and civilian areas,
2. to withdraw all military units including paramilitary and mercenary troops to their bases and to end the siege and occupation of various cities,
3. Ensure immediate and full safe access to humanitarian aid supplies for the Libyan people.

In the meantime, NATO has destroyed eight bunkers, four ammunition depots and two transport tanks in Sirte, three bunkers and a helicopter in Misrata, two ammunition depots, a tank and a radar system in Tripoli, and an S-125 Neva anti-aircraft missile system near the Tunisian border .

17th April

NATO warplanes destroyed the headquarters of the 32nd Brigade (Khamis Brigade) under the command of Khamis al-Gaddafi and 9 ammunition bunkers in Tripoli and nine anti-aircraft missile systems, four tanks and a rocket launcher in Misrata.

April 19th

In Misrata, NATO air forces destroyed two T-62 main battle tanks and one T-55 tank and a multiple rocket launcher.

April 21

US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced on April 21 that President Obama had authorized the use of Predator drones in Libya.

April 23

The ruler Gaddafi announced that he would withdraw his troops from Misrata . He will leave control of the city to the tribes in the region. The day before, Gaddafi's troops had slowly withdrawn to the suburbs of Misrata.

On the same day, the United States Department of Defense announced the first Predator attack by the US Air Force in Libya, targeting a multiple rocket launcher near Misrata.

April 25

It turned out that the withdrawal of government troops from Misrata, announced two days earlier by the ruler Gaddafi, had evidently not taken place or - if a significant number of government soldiers had actually been withdrawn - was merely a diversionary maneuver. According to media reports, after the announcement of the withdrawal, the intensity of the fighting in the city increased rather than decreased compared to the previous days. According to eyewitness reports, around 30 people were killed in rocket and artillery attacks by Gaddafi troops on that day alone.

April 28

While on that day even Italian tornadoes had carried out the first air strikes from the Sicilian Trapani on ground targets in Libya, Germany, as the last major European NATO member, remained outside of all combat missions.

April 29

NATO ships monitoring the arms embargo against Libya found a number of sea ​​mines in front of the port of Misrata , which apparently had been sunk earlier in the day by inflatable boats. The port had to be temporarily closed and several mines were cleared.

April, 30th

In a NATO air strike on the residence of Muammar al-Gaddafi in Tripoli, which was not a military target, his son Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi and three grandsons of Gaddafi were killed.

May 2011

May 15

According to their own statements, NATO warplanes destroyed four armored personnel carriers, two rocket launchers and an ammunition depot of the Gaddafi regime in their air strikes in Libya.

May 16

On May 16, NATO naval forces prevented another attack on shipping to the port of Misrata. Of two rigid inflatable boats that apparently came from the area around Zliten , one was forced to turn back, the second abandoned by the crew, on which an investigation found an explosive charge of around one tonne, detonated by targeted fire.

May 19th

The news agency Reuters reported from Tunisian security circles that Gaddafi's wife Safia and his daughter Aischa left for the neighboring country a few days ago. The Libyan government spokesman Chaled Kaim denied this.

May 20th

According to the alliance, eight warships of the Libyan Navy were hit in air strikes by NATO . Six hits were confirmed by the Libyan side. The attacks in the ports of Tripoli, al-Chums and Sirte are said to have taken place as a result of the ships being used as mine layers .

23/24 May

According to information from French diplomatic circles, France was considering the use of attack helicopters in Libya. As the newspaper Le Figaro reported, the helicopter carrier Tonnerre set sail from Toulon on May 17th, heading for the Libyan coast. On board would be a unit of the Aviation légère de l'armée de terre (French army aviators) with twelve attack helicopters, which are said to be models of the Eurocopter Tiger and Aérospatiale Gazelle types . The information about the planned operation was confirmed by Foreign Minister Alain Juppé at a press conference on the sidelines of a meeting of EU foreign ministers in Brussels. The British Minister of State in the Defense Ministry, Nick Harvey , told Parliament on May 24 that, contrary to French statements to the contrary, the British government had not yet taken a decision on the use of attack helicopters. The British Guardian had previously reported that Great Britain was preparing to relocate Apache attack helicopters to the helicopter carrier HMS Ocean , which had been cruising off the Libyan coast since April.

May 27th

According to a report by the BBC, the British government "in principle" approved the use of Apache attack helicopters in Libya. The military commanders would now have to decide on the actual deployment on site.

At the two-day G8 summit in Deauville 2011 , which ended on May 27, the heads of government of the participating NATO countries reaffirmed their determination to maintain military pressure on Gaddafi. In the joint final communiqué, Russia also joined the call for Gaddafi to resign for the first time.

May 29th

The UK Department of Defense over the weekend announced the deployment of bunker-breaking , 2,000-pound Enhanced Paveway III bombs for its Tornado fighter jets based in Italy . These should be able to fight the command and communication facilities of the Gaddafi army in bunkers in and around Tripoli .

30th May

The rebels reported in their media about a NATO air strike on the coastal city of Zliten , in which ten tanks were destroyed by troops loyal to Gaddafi. At the same time, a Tunisian radio station reported that 30 soldiers had deserted and fled to Tunisia. Among them were high-ranking officers who said they wanted to fight on the side of the rebels.

June 2011

June 1st

The NATO-led international coalition decided to extend its deployment in Libya by 90 days. A meeting of the Libya Contact Group in the United Arab Emirates was also agreed on June 9th. A Libyan government spokesman announced new casualty figures for NATO air strikes. The attacks up to May 26 reportedly killed 718 civilians and injured more than 4,000.

3rd of June

The US House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for President Barack Obama to explain his strategy in Libya within 14 days after no questioning of Congress about the US operation against Libya had taken place. A second resolution calling for an immediate cessation of US involvement in the Libya mission had failed.

June 4th

NATO attack helicopters first entered the fighting in Libya on the night of June 4th. British Apache helicopters attacked two targets near Brega , while French helicopters destroyed several military vehicles and command centers in unspecified locations.

British Foreign Secretary William Hague and his colleague Andrew Mitchell , in charge of international development, arrived in Benghazi to hold talks with the head of the National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abd al-Jalil .

6th of June

NATO planes attacked the Libyan military intelligence headquarters in Tripoli that morning. Statements by the Libyan Ministry of Information, according to which rooms on Libyan state television were said to have been hit, were denied by a NATO spokesman.

June 7th

On June 7th, the NATO air force intensified its day-to-day attacks on targets in Tripoli with several waves of attacks, including against institutions of the People's and Revolutionary Guards. According to NATO, several command and control centers as well as vehicle storage facilities, anti-aircraft guns and radar stations were destroyed. Gaddafi's birthday is on June 7th, so there has been speculation whether NATO would have intensified its air strikes on Tripoli on this date. State television broadcast an audio message from Gaddafi, in which he called on his supporters to position themselves as human shields in endangered places.

Gaddafi's daughter Aisha filed a war crimes complaint with the Brussels public prosecutor's office against those responsible for the April 30 airstrike in which Gaddafi's youngest son Saif al-Arab and three of his grandchildren were killed.

June 29th

France admitted that for several weeks it had been supplying arms directly to the rebels in violation of UN resolutions in 1970 and 1973. Machine guns , assault rifles , rocket launchers and MILAN anti-tank guided missiles were parachuted over rebel positions in western Libya.

June 30th

The French arms deliveries were criticized , among others, by Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov “as a gross violation of the current UN embargo”. While France described the deliveries as being in accordance with the UN resolutions and had an army spokesman say that the "weapons were used to protect civilians", Mahmoud Jibril said in Vienna: "We need weapons to win this fight as quickly as possible" .

July 2011

July 28th

The former Libyan interior minister, Abdel Fattah Junis , who defected to the rebels , was killed. At first it was said that he had been brought to Benghazi by the front "for questioning". It later emerged that Junis, who was apparently suspected of having had contacts with the Libyan government, was murdered along with "two high-ranking officers", apparently by rival tribal groups.

22nd of July

NATO warplanes bombed a factory near Brega that manufactured water pipes for the maintenance and repair of the Great Man Made River project . Six guards were killed in the attack.

30th July

According to its own statements, NATO destroyed three satellite systems on Libyan television to "prevent Gaddafi from using television to terrorize civilians". NATO's intention was "to weaken Gaddafi's use of satellite television as a means of intimidating the Libyan people and inciting violence against them," said NATO spokesman Roland Lavoie. The attack, in which three journalists were killed, has been condemned by the Director General of UNESCO as "incompatible with the principles of the Geneva Convention ".

August 2011

3rd August

Near Malta , the Libyan oil tanker “Cartagena” loaded with petrol was boarded, confiscated and brought to rebel-controlled Benghazi by Libyan rebels, supported by unknown European special forces. This operation was not coordinated by the National Transitional Council and took place without its approval. The Petroleum Economist , an information service of the international oil industry, called this process an "act of piracy".

12. August

The Libyan rebels claimed to have brought the coastal city of az-Zawiya under their control, but the city of Brega was still held by troops loyal to Gaddafi.

August 21

NATO announced that it had destroyed three command centers, a military facility, two radar stations, nine surface-to-air missile launchers, a tank and two armored vehicles in the greater Tripoli area. In Al-'Azīziyah five air defense missile facilities were destroyed. The actions probably served to prepare the rebel advance into Tripoli.

August 23

On the evening of August 23, Gaddafi's residence in Tripoli was taken by the rebels.

September 2011

5th September

Through Secretary General Rasmussen, NATO declared that it wanted to end its mission as quickly as possible. But first the last Gaddafi fighters would have to surrender.

October 2011

October 31

NATO's military operation in Libya ends.

NATO statistics

month	Air inserts	including air strikes	Held ships	of which ships searched (boarding)
March / April 2011	4,536	1,864	740	24
May 2011	4,647	1,625	379	39
June 2011	4.141	1,516	457	72
July 2011	4.122	1,537	449	65
August 2011 (1-24)	2,816	1,093	301	38
total	20,262	7,587	2,326	238

International debate since the beginning of the mission

Protests against US military action on March 21 in Minneapolis.

Organization of the Islamic Conference

On March 19, 2011, the Executive Committee of the OIC, made up of foreign ministers from the seven members ( Egypt , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Syria and Tajikistan ), adopted a communiqué at an emergency meeting in the OIC General Secretariat in which it welcomed Resolution 1973 and called on the United Nations Security Council to revoke the resolution in a new resolution once the reasons for its adoption cease to exist. In addition, Libya's request to send a fact-finding mission to Libya was welcomed as appropriate. The use of military planes, mortars and heavy weapons against the civilian population was condemned and the Libyan government was urged to immediately end military operations against civilians. All parties involved in the conflict were called upon to renounce violence and to give preference to the highest national interests and the peaceful solution of differences through dialogue with the aim of national unity. Member States have been invited to contact the Transitional National Council when they deem it appropriate. The strict obligation to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Libya as well as not to interfere in its internal affairs was reiterated and the fundamental and firm position of the OIC against any form of military intervention in Libya was underlined.

On the day after his participation in the London Conference on Libya on March 29, the Secretary General of the OIC called on the international community to fully commit to the maintenance of the unity, territorial integrity and political independence of Libya, as well as to the national unity of the Libyan people and to guarantee its sovereignty over the country, as well as the security of the citizens of Libya.

African Union

The committee of the AU states met on March 19 in Nouakchott to discuss developments in Libya and to determine the implementation modalities of its mandate. It called for an immediate cessation of military action in Libya and issued a communiqué calling for “the security of foreigners, including migrant workers from African countries residing in Libya, to be guaranteed” and “political reforms to address the root causes of the situation seize it and put it into practice ”. A visit to Libya by representatives of the committee planned for the following day could not take place because the UN Security Council had not approved this visit. A mediator group spokesman said the mediation mission would continue once the French-led coalition eliminated Libyan air defenses. The decision of the Security Council of the African Union to send a mediator group to Libya to find a peaceful and lasting solution there was referred to in UN Security Council Resolution 1973.

Mediation conference on March 25th in Addis Ababa

On March 23, Jean Ping , the chairman of the AU commission, recalled the invitation of the mediator group to representatives of the Arab League, the Organization of the Islamic Conference , the European Union, the United Nations (including the five permanent members) and other partners Stakeholders at the meeting on March 25th in Addis Ababa . The invitation had already been issued during the AU meeting in Nouakchott on March 19 , which also invited representatives of the Libyan government and the National Transitional Council to Addis Ababa or another location to meet with the mediator group as soon as possible . Ping reiterated that the African heads of state had already spoken out against international intervention two weeks before the UN resolution was passed and that they had advocated a clear roadmap for Libya.

At the opening of the mediator conference in the Ethiopian capital, Jean Ping spoke out in favor of a transition phase in Libya, which should end with democratic elections; political reforms are inevitable. Agreeing on this is important in order to ensure lasting peace, security and democracy in Libya. In addition to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the Libyan government and five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, USA, Great Britain, Russia) were also represented. Heads of state from various African countries were also present. The hope that was cherished to the end that a representative of the Libyan insurgents would also take part was not fulfilled. The Gaddafi government officials announced that their government accepted the AU plan to end the fighting. Ping called on the international community for a ceasefire.

After the mediator conference in Addis Ababa

No African Union representatives attended the London Libya Conference. In an interview on March 29, its chairman, Jean Ping, criticized the international community for not consulting the AU prior to the Paris summit and stated that it would have been pointless for AU representatives to attend Paris under these circumstances.

According to a report dated April 5, 2011, the AU criticized the military operation and called for a ceasefire. AU President Teodoro Obiang Nguema is said to have said that the conflict does not need foreign interference, it is an internal problem in the North African country. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is said to have described the military efforts to establish a no-fly zone over Libya as a "so-called humanitarian intervention". The Secretary General (Chairman of the Commission) of the AU Jean Ping first met with the British Foreign Minister and other government representatives during his official European tour from April 3 to 5, 2011 in London. This was followed by a meeting with the EU Council President and the NATO Secretary General in Brussels and a meeting with the Italian Foreign Minister in Rome.

Russian Federation

After reports of civilians killed and injured and the destruction of civil infrastructure in Libya as a result of the air strikes, a call by the Russian opposition politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky to all Muslim countries to unite and support Libyan head of state Gaddafi, and a statement by the Russian Foreign Ministry stating that the arms deliveries carried out by Egypt with the knowledge and approval of the US to the insurgents in the east were banned by a UN resolution, said Prime Minister Vladimir Putin on March 21, 2011, the resolution reminded him of a "call to crusade from the Middle Ages"; it is "not adequate and inadequate". President Dmitry Medvedev criticized Putin's choice of words and stated that he did not consider the resolution to be wrong. By and large, it reflects Russian ideas about what is going on in Libya, but not in all aspects. Putin's statement was seen as a criticism of Medvedev's decision against a veto.

During a visit by the US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to Moscow on March 22, his Russian counterpart Anatoly Serdyukov declared that everything should be done to end the violence. “We are convinced that an immediate ceasefire and dialogue is the most direct way to reliably ensure the safety of civilians.” President Dmitry Medvedev also called for an end to the conflict through negotiations and confirmed Russia's readiness to do so Assumption of a corresponding mediating role.

The Russian ambassador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin , said on March 26th that a ground operation in Libya would be assessed as an occupation of this country: "This would directly contradict the relevant resolution of the UN Security Council." It will be discussed on this subject at the NATO meeting -Russia Council held an in-depth discussion on March 29th to confirm the restrictions that the UN Security Council imposed on those involved in this conflict. Two days earlier, the relocation of 4,000 Marines off the Libyan coast had been reported in Russian media.

Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on March 28 that the coalition was interfering with the civil war with its attacks on troops loyal to Gaddafi. That is not covered by the UN resolution. To check previously unconfirmed reports that coalition attacks had resulted in casualties among the civilian population, Lavrov called for the UN Secretary General's special envoy for Libya, Abdul Ilah al-Khatib , to be sent to Libya so that he could get an objective picture on the ground and then report back to the UN Security Council.

On March 30, Dmitry Rogozin said he did not expect NATO to take sides with either side. He hoped that the assertion of NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen about the impartiality of the alliance were not just empty words. The arms embargo of the UN resolution applies to all of Libya and not just to Gaddafi's side. The Russian ambassador to NATO responded to media reports about the request of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi to the international community for the supply of more effective weapons. Sergei Lavrov supported Rogozin's position and also stressed that information about a possible presence of "al-Qaeda elements" among opposition forces in Libya had emerged. Lavrov therefore called the considerations about arms deliveries to the insurgents worrying.

On August 12, 2011, Russia also agreed to the UN sanctions and participated in the entry ban for Muammar al Gaddafi and other people, the blocking of accounts of al-Gaddafi and members of his family and his management, a flight ban on Libyan machines and the possible control of suspicious Libyan ships on the high seas by Russian naval forces.

Arab League

After it had spoken out in favor of an intervention before the start of the operation, the Arab League criticized the actions of the Western powers in Libya on March 20, 2011. Chairman Amr Musa said the air strikes did not serve the agreed purpose of enforcing a no-fly zone over the country. They want protection for the civilian population and not shooting at other civilians. Musa emphasized a day later that the league was behind the decision of the United Nations Security Council. The aim of this is to protect civilians. That is why they spoke out in favor of a no-fly zone and the membership of Libya was frozen. The UN resolution is respected because it calls for neither an invasion nor an occupation of Libya.

In an interview published in The Huffington Post on March 23, Amr Musa distanced himself from objectives beyond protecting civilians. When asked whether it had not already been clear to him during the debate on the UN resolution that bombing on the ground would also be necessary to establish “the driving ban zone”, he emphasized the need to protect the civilian population, excluded invasion and occupation troops and merely said that it was clear to him that launchers would have to be turned off. If Gaddafi managed to keep power, he feared a prolonged civil war, tensions and destruction in Libya. He did not want to comment on the idea of ​​simply shooting Gaddafi or killing him with bombs.

United Nations

It was expected that the UN Security Council would discuss a Libyan urgency motion on March 21, at the suggestion of China, because the military action would endanger "the internal security of Libya". This meeting was then postponed to March 24th. Turkey proposed on March 22, 2011 that the United Nations could take over the leadership of the international military operation.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called on the Libyan leadership on March 21, 2011 to fully comply with the UN resolution. In Cairo, he appealed to the international community to speak with one voice. He had met representatives of the Arab League there. The league reiterated its support for the no-fly zone.

Ban Ki-moon called on Russia to participate in the implementation of the UN Security Council resolution on Libya. All UN member states should adhere to the resolution and enable its implementation, said Ban on March 22nd in Tunis. This also applies to countries that abstained from voting in the UN Security Council. Ban responded to a question about the Russian government's repeated criticism of the military action in Libya.

Reactions in Latin America

The Chilean President Sebastián Piñera supported the military intervention in Libya with clear words and in clear demarcation from the criticism expressed by the governments of Venezuela , Cuba , Nicaragua and Ecuador as well as Bolivia .

The Latin American states that support the international military engagement in Libya should include Chile , Colombia (represented as a member of the UN Security Council), Mexico and Peru .

Other states

In its March 19 editorial, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano criticized France for the “hastily” launched military operation. It was criticized that Paris had not coordinated with allied countries. NATO's problems with reaching an agreement have often been linked to the exclusion of Turkey at the Paris summit. On March 27, Pope Benedict XVI. an end to the fighting. The increasingly dramatic situation of the civilian population worries him. The international organizations and all those responsible at the political and military level must therefore immediately initiate a dialogue in order to end the violence.

New Zealand Prime Minister John Key said on March 20, 2011 that his country supports the UN resolution and the actions that have been started and will fully implement the UN sanctions against Libya. New Zealand also suspended an educational program between the two states. Any assets owned by leaders of the regime - if they can be found in New Zealand - would be frozen and members of the Gaddafi family and their supporters would be banned from entering the country. Labor leader Phil Goff also said that he always supports UN sanctions, but does not support unilateral action. It would not do much good for New Zealand if economic sanctions were unilaterally extended. For the New Zealand Green Party , Keith Locke spoke out against the military intervention in Libya.

Debate in Germany

Vigil of the party Die Linke against the military intervention in Libya on March 20, 2011 in front of the Brandenburg Gate

In Germany so far (as of November 7, 2015) there has been no pronounced debate about the German stance on the Libya intervention. There was cautious criticism of Germany's abstention from among Union politicians. Volker Rühe , former CDU general secretary and defense minister, Christian Schwarz-Schilling and Wolfgang Bosbach were critical .

• Rühe called the abstention a “serious mistake of historical dimension with inevitable long-term consequences”. "The supporting pillars of Union politics are destroyed with this behavior in a mixture of disorientation and inability".
• Schwarz-Schilling accused the federal government of "historical cynicism". When the no-fly zone was imposed over Libya, the aim was to prevent a massacre like the one in the Bosnian Srebrenica. “You can't just withdraw”. It was a big mistake that the German government had given up international solidarity in the fight against Libya's ruler Gaddafi.
• Bosbach said: “The voting behavior touches on a question of fundamental foreign policy importance, because it concerns our relationship with our close European and American partners. We should have stood by their side ”.
• Gunter Pleuger considered the German abstention from the UN vote as “a clear departure from the multilateral policy of previous federal governments”. Pleuger wrongly called the argument that if Berlin had voted in favor of military action. “Before the vote, the federal government could have declared that Germany would not participate militarily in the implementation of the resolution. This could have been referred to if the resolution had been approved. ”From November 2002 to July 2006, Pleuger was the permanent representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the United Nations in New York, during the debate about the Iraq war , and made comparisons with the position of rot -Green Federal Government ( Cabinet Schröder II ) back. At that time France and several other European countries stood on the side of Germany. “When it came to the Iraq war, we were in good company and had the majority behind us. Now we are in bad company and have the majority against us. "

Reinhard Merkel commented in ZEIT: “The public debate about the military intervention in Libya has so far left a number of questions unanswered. Its importance extends far beyond the present occasion.

• What are the reasons and limits of the legitimation of a war for humanitarian purposes?
• Before the fighting broke out, was there any justification for the Libyan opposition to expand its resistance to Gaddafi into open civil war ?
• Does anything depend on this for the possible right of external powers to intervene violently ?
• Does the current war lower the threshold for exemptions from the prohibition of violence , and what significance would that have for the normative world order ? "

Left-wing critics of the war effort in Germany have also expressed concern about the consequences of the war for international law. The political scientist Ingar Solty has argued that by bombing the part of the country controlled by Gaddafi, NATO has effectively made itself the air force of the insurgents. The UN resolution 1973 was deliberately formulated so openly that the establishment of a no-fly zone to protect the civilian population in an illegal war with the aim of regime change could be expanded. The protection of the civilian population, if at all realistic, is at most a side effect. The real war goals of the West are to ensure the free flow of oil from Libya, regain geopolitical control in North Africa after the events of the Arab Spring at the beginning of 2011 and the renewal of the ideology of humanitarian war. Contrary to popular Marxist analyzes of imperialism, the war against Gaddafi is not a war to open up new markets. Since 2003, Gaddafi has developed into an important ally of the West in the region and has pushed the integration of Libya into global capitalism on its own initiative. Concerns about the troubled world economy and sudden increases in oil prices led Western governments to believe that a quick regime change in Libya would best suit Western interests.

Reinhard Merkel described the intervention as "illegitimate". The common justification of military intervention with the responsibility to protect is not permissible. The difficulties of a democratic state building without a historical foundation and after an externally forced regime change are often underestimated. Not every act of war within a state should be regarded as genocide . It was obvious that Gaddafi had not started genocide.

In March 2017, Federal Development Minister Gerd Müller considered the military intervention in Libya to be a mistake. The mission has not been further developed, militias have not been disarmed and no investment has been made in stabilizing the country. "In Libya, the world community made big mistakes by bombing Gaddafi."

Resources used

An American F-15E Strike Eagle leaves RAF Lakenheath Air Base on March 19, 2011 .

A Qatar Air Force Mirage 2000-5 as part of Joint Task Force Odyssey Dawn.

The following military resources have been considered or designated for use:

•  Belgium : Participation with six F-16 fighters from a military base on the Greek Peloponnese peninsula and the mine clearance boat M923 Narcis ( Tripartite class ) in the Mediterranean.
•  Denmark : Relocation of six F-16 multi- role fighter jets , one transport plane and 100 soldiers from Skrydstrup to Sigonella in Sicily .
•  France : Several Dassault Rafale and Dassault Mirage 2000 fighter aircraft belonging to the Armée de l'air . Eurocopter Tiger and Gazelle helicopters . Relocation of the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle with eight Rafale-M multi -role fighter jets and six Super-Étendard fighter-bombers on board from Toulon towards the Libyan coast. The helicopter carrier Mistral is off Tunisia, the sister ship Tonnerre in the Gulf of Sidra . Two anti-aircraft destroyers - the Jean Bart and the Forbin - are deployed off the coast of Benghazi. France has bases in Solenzara in Corsica and in N'Djamena in Chad . Exact details not yet known.
•  Greece : Greece provides military bases, including Souda Air Base on Crete, but did not want to take part in combat operations itself.
•  United Kingdom : Several Eurofighters and Tornado warplanes, transport and surveillance aircraft, and since the beginning of June also Apache attack helicopters operating from the helicopter carrier HMS Ocean , the frigates HMS Westminster and HMS Cumberland and the nuclear missile- armed submarine HMS Triumph . Use of the bases in Gibraltar , Akrotiri and Dekelia in Cyprus possible. In Libya itself, members of the special forces SAS , SRR and SBS are helping to coordinate the air strikes.
•  Romania : Dispatch of the frigate “Regele Ferdinand” with a crew of 205 men and two officers of the General Staff of the Navy to participate in “Unified Protector”.
•  Italy : bases in Aviano , Decimomannu , Trapani , Pantelleria , Sigonella , Gioia del Colle and Amendola made available. Twelve fighter planes and two tanker planes kept permanently available for missions in Libya and mainly deployed from Trapani. Maritime patrols, drones and other means used for reconnaissance purposes. Several warships dispatched, including the aircraft carrier Garibaldi .
•  Canada : Relocation of six CF-18 fighter-bombers from Bagotville Air Base near Saguenay with 140 men to Italy, the HMCS Charlottetown frigate equipped with guided missiles was relocated to the Mediterranean Sea.
•  Netherlands : On March 24th, six F-16s and one KDC-10 were relocated to Decimomannu in Sardinia . Minesweeper sent to Haarlem in the central Mediterranean.
•  Norway : Relocation of six F-16 fighter planes and one Orion maritime patrol aircraft from Ørland Air Force Base near Trondheim to bases in Crete and Sardinia.
•  Spain : Four F / A-18 Hornet fighter jets, a Boeing 707 tanker and a CN-235 maritime reconnaissance aircraft operate from Decimomannu. In addition, the frigate Méndez Núñez and the submarine Tramontana were moved to the Libyan coast. In addition, Spain is making its air force bases in Rota and Morón available.
•  United States : Possibly two squadrons with a total of 40 F-16 aircraft stationed at Aviano Air Base . The 29 F-16 aircraft from Spangdahlem Air Base are also available . The US Navy is already patrolling the Mediterranean with the helicopter carrier USS Kearsarge , the guided missile destroyers USS Barry , USS Mason and USS Stout , the amphibious transport ship USS Ponce and the nuclear submarines USS Florida and USS Providence . In addition, three B-2 long-range bombers and F-15 and F-16 fighter planes of the Luftwaffe were used. In addition, US Navy EA-18G Growlers are deployed from Sicily, and from the end of March six A-10 Thunderbolt IIs and two AC-130s were also deployed. The USS Kearsarge also uses AV-8B Harrier II. The unarmed supply ships USS Kanawha (AO-1), USNS Lewis and Clark (T-AKE-1) and USNS Robert E. Peary (T-AKE-5) are also in action . On April 21, 2011, US President Barack Obama approved the use of Predator drones . They are intended to be used specifically through Misurata .

Qatar Air Force Mirage 2000-5 refueling in Turkey

•  Qatar : Military involvement after NATO assumed command with up to six Mirage 2000-5 aircraft and two C-17A transport aircraft .
•  United Arab Emirates : Participation with Mirage 2000-9 and F-16 fighter aircraft confirmed
•  Sweden : Dispatch of eight Saab JAS 39 Gripen , a Hercules transport aircraft, a radio survey reconnaissance and 130 men intended for a period of three months. The units should not take part in ground attacks.

See also

• Responsibility to Protect
• Chronicle of the civil war in Libya

Web links

Commons : International Military Operation in Libya 2011  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Original text of the UN resolution (English)
• Communiqué of the Paris Summit in support of the Libyan people of March 19, 2011 ( English , French )
• Communiqué of the Ad Hoc Committee of the African Union on Libya of 19 March 2011 ( English )
• NATO and Libya on nato.int
• Unified Protector on jfcnaples.nato.int
• Volker Lehman & Robert Schütte: “The Future of Responsibility to Protect after the Gaddafi Fall”, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Perspektive, October 2011, (PDF; 238 kB) ISBN 978-3-86872-927-6
• Reinhard Merkel: The intervention of NATO in Libya. Notes on international law and legal philosophy on a global tragedy game , Journal for International Criminal Law Doctrine, 2014, pdf

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The Libya mission ends on Monday. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 28, 2011, accessed on October 29, 2011 . 
2. ^ Corriere.it: 'Nuovi raid, decollati anche i jet italiani L'esercito libico ordina il cessate il fuoco' Last accessed : March 30, 2011
3. ↑ Greek Reporter: 'Greece's Participation in Operation against Libya Costs 1 Million Euros Daily' Last accessed: March 30, 2011
4. ↑ Emirates News Agency: 'UAE updates support to UN resolution 1973' Last accessed: March 30, 2011
5. ↑ 'Parliament OKs Turkey's involvement in Libya' Last accessed: March 30, 2011
6. ↑ https://books.google.de/books?id=NTZtAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA79&ots=Pq-mhTdn1B&dq=Sweden%20plans%20to%20join%20Libya%20no-fly%20zone%20with%20fighter%20jets%2C%20but%20no % 20ground% 20attacks & hl = de & pg = PA79 # v = onepage & q = Sweden% 20plans% 20to% 20join% 20Libya% 20no-fly% 20zone% 20with% 20fighter% 20jets,% 20but% 20no% 20ground% 20attacks & f = false
7. ↑ The frigate Draski returns (Bulgarian) , last accessed : October 20, 2011
8. ↑ Комсомольская правда: На стороне Каддафи воюют белорусские партизаны (6 апреля 2011)
9. ↑ Источник: освобожденный из плена в Ливии белорусский военный прибыл в Минск
10. ↑ СМИ: в расправе над ливийскими повстанцами, возможно, участвуют наемники из Белоруссии
11. ↑ Летало ли белорусское оружие в Ливию и Кот-д'Ивуар? // Тут Бай Медиа, 2 марта 2011
12. ↑ Белорусские снайперы защищали Каддафи в Ливии?
13. ↑ Stefan Schultz: Allies launch massive air strikes against Gaddafi regime. Spiegel Online , accessed March 19, 2011 . 
14. ↑ ^{a b} Jim Garamone: Coalition Launches 'Operation Odyssey Dawn'. United States Department of Defense , accessed March 19, 2011 . 
15. ↑ Terri Judd: Operation Ellamy: Designed to strike from air and sea. The Independent , March 19, 2011, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
16. ^ Operation MOBILE. Department of National Defense , archived from the original on March 9, 2011 ; accessed on March 20, 2011 (English). 
17. ↑ defense.gouv.fr ( Memento from July 24, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Libya: Coalition Forces Provide Direct Support to Insurgents
19. ↑ ^{a b} Rebels overrun Libya's coastal cities. Spiegel Online, March 27, 2011, accessed March 27, 2011 . 
20. ↑ ^{a b} Libya: Ras Lanuf oil port again under the control of the insurgents
21. ↑ Libya: The Fleeting Power of the Rebels
22. ↑ Aljazeera.com: Friendly fire hits Libya rebels , April 2, 2011
23. ↑ Aljazeera.com: Libyan rebels and residents flee Ajdabiya ('.. as apparent NATO friendly fire causes opposition retreat in east.'), April 8, 2011
24. ↑ Libya - Aug 14, 2011 - 5:40 pm - Al Jazeera Blogs , August 14, 2011, 'Rebels say they have lost a tank and four fighters in a "friendly fire" air strike during their attack on Az-Zawiyah.'
25. ↑ SAS 'Smash' squads on the ground in Libya to mark targets for coalition jets. Daily Mail , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
26. ↑ OIC chief backs no-fly zone over Libya ( Memento of March 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
27. ↑ African Union praises Ghaddafi "reform offer". In: afrol News. March 11, 2011, accessed March 13, 2011 . 
28. ^ Libya: Nouakchott hosts AU meeting on Libya on Saturday. Afrique en ligne, archived from the original on July 17, 2012 ; accessed on March 20, 2011 (English). 
29. ^ Libya: African Union names panel on Libya crisis. In: Afrique en ligne. March 13, 2011, archived from the original on March 19, 2011 ; Retrieved March 13, 2011 . 
30. ^ African Union Declaration on Libya. In: Mathaba.net. March 11, 2011, accessed March 13, 2011 . 
31. ^ Libya says welcomes African Union panel - state TV. In: Handelsblatt. March 13, 2011, accessed March 14, 2011 . 
32. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 12, 2011, p. 4.
33. ^ The News: Support for Poland staying out of Libya military campaign
34. ↑ When philosophers wage war, by Daniel Arnet , Tagesanzeiger March 31, 2011, 33, He is the driving force behind the Libya mission: The French dandy philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy likes to mess with those in power who disregard human rights.
35. ^ Der Spiegel: Critique of German Libya Policy ( Memento from April 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 4, 2011.
36. ^ Majid Sattar: UN resolution on Libya: The isolation of the Westerwelle system. Germany abstained in the decision on the no-fly zone over Libya - and thus isolated itself in the western world. The result is a diplomatic damage case of the highest degree for Berlin and also for Westerwelle personally. on: FAZ.NET March 19, 2011.
37. ^ GCC foreign ministers end meeting in Abu-Dhabi. Saudi Arabia, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
38. ↑ Arab League wants no-fly zone. In: derStandard.at. March 12, 2011, archived from the original on March 14, 2011 ; Retrieved March 12, 2011 . 
39. ↑ Arab League urges UN to establish a no-fly zone in Libya. In: derFocus Online. March 12, 2011, accessed March 12, 2011 . 
40. ^ Arab League demands flight ban over Libya. In: Spiegel Online. March 12, 2011, accessed March 12, 2011 . 
41. ^ Head of the Arab League demands no-fly zone. In: Spiegel Online. March 12, 2011, accessed March 12, 2011 . 
42. ^ Arab League for Flight Prohibition. Wiener Zeitung , March 14, 2011, accessed on November 28, 2013 . 
43. ↑ The United Arab Emirates and Qatar promise support. Focus , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
44. ↑ ^{a b} Libya Live Blog - March 17th In: Al Jazeera Blogs, 05:00 pm. March 17, 2011, accessed March 17, 2011 . 
45. ^ Tarek Amara, Silvia Aloisi: Tunisia won't join military intervention in Libya. Reuters , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
46. ↑ Security Council decides no-fly zone over Libya. In: Spiegel Online. March 17, 2011, accessed March 17, 2011 . 
47. ↑ UN security council resolution 1973 (2011) on Libya - full text. The Guardian , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
48. ↑ UN approves military operation against Gaddafi. In: Main-Post . March 18, 2011, accessed October 15, 2016 . 
49. ^ UN vote on flight ban in Libya on Thursday. Focus , March 17, 2011, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
50. ^ Chile: Piñera supports military intervention in Libya. In: trading-house.net. trading-house.net AG, Berlin, March 22, 2011, archived from the original on December 2, 2011 ; Retrieved March 22, 2011 . 
51. ↑ Fighter jets attack Gaddafi troops. The time , accessed 20 March 2011 . 
52. ↑ Invitation to a war of aggression
53. ^ Special summit in Libya without the African Union. The African Union stayed away from the special Libya summit in Paris. Retrieved March 23, 2011 . 
54. ↑ Ashton travels to Paris for Libya talks. Kleine Zeitung , accessed March 23, 2011 . 
55. ↑ Jamey Keaten: France fires on Libyan military vehicle. Forbes Magazine , March 19, 2011, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
56. ↑ Merkel offers indirect help for the Libya mission. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011 ; accessed on September 23, 2015 . 
57. ↑ Sarkozy: International coalition enforces UN no-fly zone over Libya. In: Deutschlandfunk Nachrichten 6:00 p.m. Deutschlandradio, March 19, 2011, accessed on March 19, 2011 . 
58. ↑ NATO examines military strike. Handelsblatt , accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
59. ↑ Ghadhafi's son announces military action. Swiss Radio DRS , accessed on March 10, 2011 . 
60. ↑ UN Security Council advises on flight ban. In: DW-World.de Deutsche Welle. March 14, 2011, accessed March 14, 2011 . 
61. ↑ Guido Westerwelle : Government declaration by Federal Foreign Minister Westerwelle before the German Bundestag on the upheaval in the Arab world. Federal Foreign Office , accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
62. ↑ France wants to exclude NATO from the Libya mission. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
63. ↑ Thomas Mayer: Germany is slowing down NATO. The standard , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
64. ^ NATO : Alliance Maritime Strategy. Retrieved April 23, 2013 . 
65. ↑ https://rusi.org/commentary/slowing-alliance-natos-new-maritime-strategy-and-need-reform
66. ↑ NATO Council decides on participation in air strikes. Yahoo , archived from the original on April 5, 2011 ; Retrieved March 20, 2011 . 
67. ↑ Gaddafi in the crosshairs of the West. Handelsblatt , accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
68. ↑ NATO Council fails on the Libya question against Turkey. DerWesten.de, accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
69. ↑ ^{a b c} Libyan offensive only partially stopped. Österreichischer Rundfunk , accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
70. ↑ Bulgaria criticizes military action in Libya: "Adventure". europe online magazine, accessed on March 21, 2011 . 
71. ↑ NATO shows that it is not capable of forming alliances. Tagesschau , accessed on March 22, 2011 . 
72. ↑ Analysis: NATO disempowered itself. Focus , accessed on March 23, 2011 . 
73. ↑ French interior minister apologises for liking Libya intervention to a crusade
74. ↑ Turkey attacks France on Libya 'crusade'
75. ^ Turks were working on a peace plan for Libya. In: Tagesspiegel Online, Berlin. March 24, 2011, accessed March 24, 2011 . 
76. ^ Libya: NATO will take command. In: SF Tagesschau. March 24, 2011, accessed March 24, 2011 . 
77. ↑ https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/naher-osten/krieg-in-libyen-bodentruppen-sind-unausnahmlich-1626376.html
78. ↑ Libye: Sarkozy prépare une solution "diplomatique" ( Memento of 31 August 2011 at the Internet Archive )
79. ^ A declaration of war from Paris.
80. ↑ NATO only responsible for the technical side of the Libya operations - Emirates now also included
81. ↑ Bundeswehr officers apparently involved in the Libya mission ( memento from January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
82. ↑ Bundestag resolves Awacs mission in Afghanistan
83. ^ Air strikes in Libya: NATO examines report on civilian casualties in Tripoli
84. ^ Libya: USA end combat mission on Sunday
85. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, April 1, 2011, p. 6
86. ^ Libya NATO takes over the entire military operation in Libya , Zeit-Online, March 27, 2011.
87. ^ Turkey to represent US interests in Libya
88. ↑ John Boehner rips President Obama on Libya
89. ↑ KUHNER: Obama's impeachable was
90. ↑ Video
91. ↑ Klaus Kastan: "In Benghazi a massacre threatened". Obama defends mission in Libya. tagesschau.de, March 29, 2011, archived from the original on August 24, 2011 ; accessed on September 23, 2015 . 
92. ↑ Obama justifies deployment in Libya. Reference to US interests and values. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 29, 2011, accessed on March 29, 2011 . 
93. ↑ Helene Copper: Obama Cites Limits of US Role in Libya. In: The New York Times, March 29, 2011, the New York edition. The New York Times Company, March 29, 2011, p. A1 , accessed March 29, 2011 . 
94. ↑ Libyan opposition includes a small number of al-Qaeda fighters, US officials say
95. ↑ Bachmann slams Obama's Libya strategy ( Memento from April 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) - Today (NBC)
96. ^ President Obama Salutes the People of Libya
97. ↑ "he does take some responsibility, along with our coalition partners, for failing to plan effectively for the situation in Libya after Colonel Qaddafi was removed from power"
98. ↑ Jean-Dominique Merchet: Opération Harmattan, le nom de code militaire pour la Libye. Marianne (French magazine), archived from the original on March 21, 2011 ; Retrieved March 20, 2011 (French). 
99. ↑ Des Rafale français survolent la Libye ( Memento of July 31, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
100. ^ Libya: French plane fires on military vehicle. BBC , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
101. ^ Libya attacked from air and sea. BBC , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
102. ^ US Naval Forces Open Odyssey Dawn, Prepare No-Fly Zone. US Navy , accessed March 19, 2011 . 
103. ^ RAF strikes against Gaddafi's forces branded 'a success' as bombed out tanks and cars litter the roads near Benghazi. Daily Mail , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
104. ^ ^{A b} Libya Live Blog - March 19. Al Jazeera, March 19, 2011, archived from the original on March 19, 2011 ; Retrieved March 19, 2011 . 
105. ^ The barrage begins. Bombs on Libya. The Economist , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
106. ↑ General Maggie calls for a fight , Spiegel Online on March 30, 2011.
107. ^ Gunfire, explosions heard in Tripoli. CNN , accessed March 19, 2011 . 
108. ^ British Armed Forces launch strike against Libyan air defense systems. mod.uk , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
109. ↑ Julia Hahn: Fighter jets and warship shell Libya. Deutsche Welle , accessed March 19, 2011 . 
110. ↑ The Arab supporters of the no-fly zone. March 18, 2011, accessed March 19, 2011 . 
111. ↑ ^{a b} Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 22, 2011, p. 3.
112. ↑ Gaddafi's last battle. With loyal fighters against the "crusaders". N24.de , archived from the original on March 22, 2011 ; Retrieved March 20, 2011 . 
113. ^ Unrest in Libya - The people are fighting against Gaddafi. stern.de , accessed on March 20, 2011 . 
114. ↑ Factbox: Military assets in play in Libya crisis. Reuters , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
115. ^ Niall Paterson, Pete Norman: Analysts Review Missiles Strike In Libya. Sky News , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
116. ↑ Heavy anti-aircraft fire in Tripoli. Focus , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
117. ↑ ^{a b c} Stealth jets bomb Gaddafi's troops. Spiegel Online , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
118. ^ British Defense Minister: Information on the dead "Propaganda". Hamburger Abendblatt , archived from the original on July 20, 2012 ; Retrieved March 20, 2011 . 
119. ^ Air raid on Tripoli - the capital's air defense in action. stern.de , archived from the original on March 23, 2011 ; Retrieved March 20, 2011 . 
120. ^ Larry Shaughnessy: Wide array of US warplanes used in Libya attacks. CNN , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
121. ↑ Dirk Eckert: Fighter planes attack other targets. Deutsche Welle , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
122. ^ Allies set fire to Gaddafi's residence. Spiegel Online , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
123. ↑ Vice Adm. Bill Gortney, Director of The Joint Staff: DOD News Briefing by Vice Adm. Gortney on Operation Odyssey Dawn. Military aerospace, accessed March 22, 2011 . 
124. ^ Elisabeth Bumiller , Kareem Fahim: US-Led Assault Nears Goal in Libya. New York Times , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
125. ↑ USA want to reduce the number of attacks. Focus , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
126. ^ Greg Jaffe, Karen DeYoung: In Libya, new rifts open in international coalition. Washington Post , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
127. ↑ US fighter plane crashed in Libya. Focus , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
128. ^ Peter Hutchison: Libya: live. Daily Telegraph , accessed March 22, 2011 (ticker message at 3:59 p.m.). 
129. ^ Rob Crilly: crew believed safe. Twitter , accessed March 22, 2011 (Twitter account of Daily Telegraph reporter Rob Crilly). 
130. ^ RAF Typhoons patrol Libyan no-fly zone. mod.uk , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
131. ^ L'aviation française a détruit un blindé. Le Figaro , accessed March 22, 2011 (French). 
132. ↑ Vice Adm. Bill Gortney, Director of The Joint Staff: DOD News Briefing by Vice Adm. Gortney on Operation Odyssey Dawn. United States Department of Defense , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
133. ^ Allies bomb the port of Tripoli. Spiegel Online , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
134. ↑ Bundeswehr withdraws from NATO operational area around Libya. Berliner Umschau, accessed on March 22, 2011 . 
135. ↑ Air strikes leave Gaddafi unaffected. Berliner Morgenpost , accessed on March 22, 2011 . 
136. ^ Romania sends frigate for arms embargo against Tripoli. Stern, archived from the original on February 12, 2012 ; Retrieved March 22, 2011 . 
137. ↑ Naples is the English-language name for Naples
138. ↑ Ralph Schulze: British announce elimination of the Libyan air force. Die Presse , March 23, 2011, accessed March 24, 2011 . 
139. ↑ Only a no-drive zone can stop Gaddafi's forces now. Financial Times , accessed March 24, 2011 (registered users only). 
140. ↑ Johannes von Dohnányi: Gaddafi is so cowardly. He abuses the population as a living protective shield. Blick (newspaper) , March 20, 2011, archived from the original on March 23, 2011 ; Retrieved March 24, 2011 . 
141. ↑ Attack on military base - also civilians killed? Hamburger Abendblatt , March 23, 2011, accessed on March 24, 2011 . 
142. ↑ https://www.brecorder.com/2011/03/24/8422/explosions-anti-aircraft-gunfire-in-tripoli/
143. ^ "Bombard Gaddafi's forces as much as necessary" - France's Foreign Minister Juppé. RIA Novosti , March 24, 2011, accessed March 24, 2011 . 
144. ↑ RAF Tornados blitz Gaddafi tanks to save town and boost rebels. Mirror.co.uk, March 25, 2011, accessed March 25, 2011 . 
145. ↑ Live ticker on unrest in Libya. Welt.de, March 25, 2011, archived from the original on March 26, 2011 ; accessed on September 23, 2015 . 
146. ↑ Canadian General in command of the "yet to be fully defined NATO operations" over Libya. acus.org, March 25, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011 ; Retrieved May 30, 2011 . 
147. ^ RAF launches attacks on Gaddafi armor. The Telegraph, March 25, 2011, accessed March 25, 2011 . 
148. ^ Rebels are driving Gaddafi troops out of Ajdabiya. Spiegel Online, March 26, 2011, accessed March 26, 2011 . 
149. ↑ Libyan rebels report the recapture of Brega. Welt.de, March 26, 2011, accessed March 26, 2011 . 
150. ^ Rebels Retake Key Towns of Ajdabiya, Brega. AllAfrica, March 26, 2011, accessed March 26, 2011 . 
151. ^ Air strikes hit Gaddafi forces in Misrata: rebels. Reuters, March 26, 2011, accessed March 26, 2011 . 
152. ↑ Libye: point de situation opération Harmattan n ° 8. www.defense.gouv.fr, March 26, 2011, accessed March 26, 2011 (French). 
153. ↑ USA plays the biggest role in the air strikes ( Memento from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Kleine Zeitung from March 29, 2011
154. ↑ Rebels overrun Libya's coastal cities. Spiegel Online, March 27, 2011, accessed March 28, 2011 . 
155. ↑ US forces fire on Libyan vessels: command.
156. ↑ NATO Assumes Command of Libya Operations. In: defense.gov. March 31, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
157. ↑ Libya air raid 'killed civilians'
158. ^ Tripoli air strikes killed 40 civilians claims Vatican official.
159. ↑ Gaddafi calls on western heads of state to resign
160. ↑ Ten Libyan insurgents killed in coalition bombing raid
161. ↑ NATO bombers apparently killed rebels
162. ^ Libyan Rebels Complain of Deadly Delays Under NATO's Command. Retrieved April 5, 2011 . 
163. ^ Libyan rebels reject Gaddafi 'peace' overture. April 5, 2011, accessed April 5, 2011 . 
164. ↑ General-Anzeiger , April 8, 2011
165. ↑ No apology from NATO for “friendly fire”. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. April 8, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
166. ^ Libya rebels paint vehicles to avoid friendly fire. In: reuters.com. April 8, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
167. ^ NATO destroys 25 tanks - Der Standard, April 10, 2011
168. ^ Statement on Libya, following the working lunch of NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs with non-NATO contributors to Operation Unified Protector. In: nato.int. April 14, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
169. ^ NATO and Libya - Operational Media Update for April 19. (PDF; 74 kB) In: http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/ . April 20, 2011, accessed August 26, 2011 . 
170. ^ Gates: US to use Predator drones in Libya. In: cnn.com. April 21, 2011, archived from the original on July 8, 2012 ; accessed on May 30, 2011 (English). 
171. ↑ Libya: Gaddafi's troops withdraw. Zeit Online , April 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011 ; Retrieved April 23, 2011 . 
172. ^ Pentagon Confirms First Predator Drone Strike in Libya. In: ABC News. April 23, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
173. ↑ War in Libya Many dead from rocket fire in Misurata. April 25, 2011, Retrieved April 25, 2011 . 
174. ↑ Italian tornado jets fly first attacks against Libya
175. ^ Mines discovered in the approaches to Misrata. In: nato.int. April 29, 2011, accessed May 31, 2011 . 
176. ^ "Ghadhafi's son is most likely dead" in: Tages-Anzeiger from May 2, 2011
177. ^ Youngest Gaddafi son killed in NATO air strike. In: Der Standard , May 1, 2011.
178. ↑ NATO Maritime assets thwart another attack on Misrata by forces pro-Qadhafi. In: nato.int. May 16, 2011, accessed May 31, 2011 . 
179. ↑ http://de.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idDEBEE74I0BX20110519
180. ^ NATO targets Libyan Navy in Tripoli, Al Khums and Sirte. In: NATO . Retrieved May 20, 2011 . 
181. ^ NATO sinks several Libyan warships. In: Tages-Anzeiger . Retrieved May 20, 2011 . 
182. ↑ La France engage des hélicoptères en Libye in: lefigaro.fr of May 23, 2011, accessed on May 25, 2011.
183. ↑ London: Helicopter an "option", NATO flies heavy attack. In: n-tv.de of May 24, 2011, accessed on May 25, 2011.
184. ^ France and Britain to use attack helicopters in Libya. In: reuters.com of May 23, 2011, accessed May 25, 2011.
185. ↑ Libya unrest: UK 'undecided' on sending helicopters in: bbc.co.uk of May 24, 2011, accessed on May 25, 2011.
186. ↑ Apache helicopters to be sent into Libya by Britain in: guardian.co.uk of May 23, 2011, accessed May 25, 2011.
187. ^ Libya Apache deployment approved by David Cameron. In: bbc.co.uk. May 27, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
188. ^ NATO pledge to keep pressure on Gaddafi. In: news.com.au. May 26, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
189. ^ G8 summit: Gaddafi isolated as Russia joins demand for Libyan leader to go. In: guardian.co.uk. May 27, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
190. ↑ Libya: Britain prepares 'bunker buster' bombs for assaults. In: guardian.co.uk. May 29, 2011, accessed May 30, 2011 . 
191. ↑ General-Anzeiger, May 31, 2011
192. ↑ NATO Extends Libya Mission After Vowing to Intensify Attacks. In: bloomberg.com. June 1, 2011, accessed June 1, 2011 . 
193. ↑ House rebukes Obama on Libya mission, but does not demand withdrawal. In: The Washington Post. June 3, 2011, accessed June 4, 2011 . 
194. ^ UK, French helicopters strike Qaddafi troops. In: CBS News. June 4, 2011, accessed June 4, 2011 . 
195. ^ British FM William Hague visits Benghazi. In: AFP via Google News. June 4, 2011, accessed June 4, 2011 . 
196. ^ NATO hits Qadhafi intelligence HQ. In: dawn.com. June 6, 2011, accessed June 7, 2011 . 
197. ^ Hail of bombs on Gaddafi's last bastion. In: spiegel.de. June 8, 2011, Retrieved June 8, 2011 . 
198. ↑ NATO intensifies air strikes on Tripoli. In: dw-world.de. June 7, 2011, accessed June 7, 2011 . 
199. ↑ Gaddafi's daughter sues over deadly Nato air strike. In: guardian.co.uk. June 7, 2011, accessed June 7, 2011 . 
200. ↑ France delivers weapons to Libyan rebels. July 29, 2011, accessed July 5, 2011 . 
201. ↑ Libyan rebels capture Gaddafi's arsenal. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011 ; Retrieved July 5, 2011 . 
202. ↑ Russia criticizes arms deliveries to Libyan rebels. July 30, 2011, accessed July 5, 2011 . 
203. ↑ Weapons for Libyan rebels Russia rages against France going it alone. July 30, 2011, accessed July 5, 2011 . 
204. ↑ Russia criticizes arms deliveries to Libyan rebels. June 30, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011 . 
205. ↑ ^{a b} Libya's rebel general probably shot by allies. Retrieved July 31, 2011 . 
206. ↑ A major setback for Libya's rebels. Retrieved July 31, 2011 . 
207. ^ NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River. Retrieved August 9, 2011 . 
208. ↑ NATO attacks TV stations in Tripoli. Retrieved August 14, 2011 . 
209. ↑ UN official deplores NATO attack on Libyan television station. Retrieved August 9, 2011 . 
210. ^ Gaddafi oil tanker captured off Malta. Retrieved August 15, 2011 . 
211. ↑ Libya rebels seize gasoline tanker. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011 ; Retrieved August 15, 2011 . 
212. ^ Rebels conquer Zaviya. Retrieved August 15, 2011 . 
213. ↑ Gaddafi troops hold Brega. Retrieved August 15, 2011 . 
214. ^ NATO and Libya Operational Media Update For 21 AUGUST. (PDF; 66 kB) Accessed August 22, 2011 . 
215. ↑ Kareem Fahim and Mark Mazzetti, Rebels' Assault on Tripoli Began With Careful Work Inside, NY Times, August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011 . 
216. ↑ Rebels devastate Gaddafi's power center. Der Spiegel, August 23, 2011, accessed April 1, 2014 . 
217. ↑ NATO wants to end its mission in Libya quickly. Der Spiegel, September 5, 2011, accessed April 1, 2014 . 
218. ^ Deutsche Welle: NATO's military operation ends
219. ^ Final Communiqué Issued By the Emergency Open Ended Ministerial Meeting of the OIC Executive Committee on the Alarming Developments in Libyan Jamahiriya. In: Organization of The Islamic Conference. March 19, 2010, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
220. ↑ https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/ihsanoglu-political-solution-libyan-crisis-only-way-bring-lasting-peace-libya
221. ↑ African Union calls for cessation of military operation in Libya. In: RIA Novosti. March 20, 2011, accessed March 20, 2011 . 
222. ↑ Emmanuel Mulondo: Kutesa, AU blocked from entering Libya. Daily Monitor , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
223. ^ Communique of the African Union Ad Hoc Committee on Libya. Mathaba News Agency, accessed on March 23, 2011 (communiqué of the meeting of the High-Level ad hoc Committee on Libya in Nouakchott on March 19, 2011). 
224. ^ AU Against Use Of Force In Libya, Says AU Commission Chairman Ping. Bernama , accessed March 23, 2011 . 
225. ↑ Tripoli wants to implement the African Union's peace plan ( Memento from February 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
226. ^ African Union chief ask West for dialogue on Libya
227. ^ Libya Conference Opens With Call for Cease-Fire
228. ^ Libya: African Union Absent From 2nd Meeting On Libya As Its Chief Pleads for Funds
229. ^ Libya: Moscow warns coalition against unselective use of force. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
230. ^ The head of Russia's Liberal Democrats calls on all Muslims to support Gaddafi. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
231. ^ Charles Levinson, Matthew Rosenberg: Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels. The Wall Street Journal , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
232. ↑ Russia advises USA of a ban on arms deliveries to Libya. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
233. ↑ Putin compares deployment to a crusade. Spiegel Online , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
234. ↑ Putin indignant about "medieval" resolution of the UN Security Council on Libya. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
235. ↑ Gleb Bryanski, Steve Gutterman: Putin: Libya Intervention Is like 'Crusades'. The Huffington Post , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
236. ↑ Russia deliberately did not veto the Libya resolution - Medvedev. RIA Novosti , accessed March 20, 2011 . 
237. ↑ Expressions like "crusades" unacceptable with respect to the situation in Libya - Medvedev. Interfax , accessed March 22, 2011 (English). 
238. ↑ Medvedev calls to stop conflict in Libya. Russia Today , accessed March 22, 2011 . 
239. ↑ Medvedev confirms Moscow's readiness to mediate in Libya. RIA Novosti , accessed March 23, 2011 . 
240. ↑ Ground operation in Libya will mean occupation - Russian ambassador to NATO
241. ↑ Reinforcements for "Odyssey Dawn": USA relocate naval troops off the Libyan coast
242. ^ Obama to Deliver National Address on Libya. Voice of America, March 28, 2011, accessed March 28, 2011 . 
243. ↑ Russia expects UN to check information on civilian victims in Libya - Lavrov
244. ↑ Russia expects NATO to be impartial in Libya
245. ^ Libya coalition is not allowed to deliver weapons to the Libyan opposition - Lavrov
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