Al Jazeera

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Al Jazeera
Station logo
Station logo
General information
Reception: Cable , satellite , web TV , IPTV
Owner: Sheikh Hamad bin Chalifa Al Thani (Qatar Media Corporation)
Start of broadcast: 1996
Legal form: Private law
Program type: Full program
Website: www.aljazeera.net
List of TV channels

Al Jazeera ( Arabic الجزيرة al-Dschazīra , DMG al-Ǧazīra ), in German-speaking countries sometimes also Al Jasira (translated "The Island" or "The Arabian Peninsula "), is an Arab news broadcaster based in Doha , Qatar , which began broadcasting on November 1, 1996 recorded. In 2006, the sister station in English, Al Jazeera English , went on the air.

History, work and impact

Al Jazeera has four broadcast houses in Qatar , Kuala Lumpur , London and Washington, DC In March 2010, the then general manager Wadah Khanfar stated that Al Jazeera reported from 65 countries around the world. The English-language broadcaster Al Jazeera English reaches around 190 million people. The journalists in the newsroom represent different political directions and come from different countries. Al Jazeera attaches importance to presenting topics from different perspectives, instead of representing one-sided views, ideologies or parties. Many of Al Jazeera’s journalists have trained with the BBC. From 2002 to 2012 the Syrian journalist Aktham Suliman headed the Berlin office as Germany correspondent .

The Arab media expert Sultan Sooud Al-Qassemi points out that the Arabic-language program of Al Jazeera takes a completely different line than the English-language program. The Arabic-language program, which has a much larger audience, sees itself as a propaganda instrument for the Muslim Brotherhood with Yusuf al-Qaradawi as the spiritual leader who regularly calls for holy war . According to the Middle East expert Petra Ramsauer , the Arabic-language program of Al Jazeera contributes significantly to the Islamist radicalization of the Arab region.

In the Arabic-speaking world, Al Jazeera’s main competitor is the Saudi broadcaster Al-Arabiya and in some cases also BBC Arab .

1996–2000: Foundation and regional influences

When the joint broadcaster of the BBC and the Saudi Arabian media group Orbit ceased broadcasting in April 1996 due to censorship demands by the Saudi government, shortly afterwards the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Chalifa Al Thani , founded the broadcaster Al Jazeera and provided 17 of the dismissed BBC Employee. On November 1, 1996, Al Jazeera began broadcasting its programming via satellite. The station is reportedly financially supported by the Qatari ruling family with up to 400 million francs a year. The news chief in the Arab service, Mustafa Souag , thinks that this will save the station from becoming more commercial and thus having to take the sensitivities of its advertising customers into consideration. He could not remember attempts to influence Sheikh Hamad.

By presenting controversial views on the governments of many Gulf States - including Saudi Arabia , Kuwaits , Bahrain and Qatar , as well as Syria's relationship with Lebanon or the Egyptian judiciary - Al Jazeera became one of the most important news channels in the Middle East with approx. 40 million viewers daily.

2001–2002: Path to international recognition

Al Jazeera building in Doha, Qatar

The station became particularly well known worldwide after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 and the subsequent war in Afghanistan . At that time it was the only television station in Kabul to have an editorial office and provided the world public with images of the war, which were also adopted by Western stations, with the station focusing on the suffering of the civilian population. The US government was annoyed by the coverage and the fact that analysts with “ anti-American ” views were given airtime. During a visit by the Qatari Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani to Washington, the American side put pressure on him to curb the broadcaster's reporting, which the Emir rejected in an interview with Colin Powell on October 3, 2001, referring to freedom of the press.

On October 21, 2001, Al Jazeera's reporter Taisir Alluni conducted the only television interview with Osama bin Laden after September 11, 2001. The day before, at a meeting with the Emir of Qatar , the then US Vice President Dick Cheney had asked him again for the To warn broadcasters to exercise caution when broadcasting bin Laden's recordings. Al Jazeera never broadcast the exclusive interview, justifying the fact that the reporter Alluni was exposed to strong psychological pressure and the conditions under which the interview was conducted did not guarantee the minimum of objectivity and professionalism. In addition, the video does not contain any "news worth reporting". However, to the displeasure of Al Jazeera, excerpts from it were broadcast on CNN in January 2002 . Alluni was sentenced to seven years in prison in Spain in 2005 for alleged contacts with al-Qaeda . He was charged with delivering money to an al-Qaeda leader he was staying at his home in Granada , southern Spain .

In the early morning of November 13, 2001, the day the Northern Alliance occupied Kabul without a fight, Al Jazeera's Kabul offices were destroyed by two bombs dropped from an American military aircraft.

Interview with Sami Al-Haj after his return to Doha (2008)

A cameraman of Al Jazeera, Sami Al-Haj , was captured on the way to Afghanistan in December 2001 and taken to Guantanamo as an " enemy fighter " . His attorney Clive Stafford-Smith explained about the numerous interrogations carried out there, among other things, that for a long time they only pursued the purpose of making his client a person in charge of information against Al Jazeera and letting him testify that Al Jazeera was connected to Al-Qaeda . Sami Al-Haj went on a hunger strike on January 7, 2007 and was force-fed until he was released on May 1, 2008.

2003–2004: War and occupation in Iraq

Activity restrictions

In March 2003, due to current events (beginning of the Iraq war ) , Al Jazeera started an English-language version of its website , which, however, was redirected to a page that displayed an American flag due to an external intervention in the domain name system . The disruption lasted a few days, after which the site was only accessible to a limited extent during the Iraq war.

The main editor of the English language offer is Lebanon-born Joanne Tucker , daughter of an American civil aviation pilot and a Lebanese woman. Tucker grew up in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, studied at Cambridge University and worked for the BBC before she got the offer from Ibrahim Helal, editor-in-chief of Al Jazeera, to work for the station.

From March 4, 2003, Al Jazeera and other news agencies , whose names were not published, were temporarily banned from reporting from the New York Stock Exchange - "for security reasons," the official reasoning. The ban was lifted a few months later.

Actions against the sender

During the Iraq war, the same restrictions applied to Al Jazeera as to other broadcasters. Taisir Alluni , a reporter from Al Jazeera, was expelled from Iraq's Ministry of Information, and another reporter, Diyar Al-Umari , was banned from reporting from Iraq. Both decisions were later revoked. In the meantime, Al Jazeera even withdrew completely from Iraq, citing "excessive interference by the Iraqi authorities" as the reason for this.

On April 8, 2003, the station's office in Baghdad was bombed in a US air raid, although the US had been informed of the exact location of the office. The reporter Tariq Ayyub died. A similar attack on the Kabul office occurred during the Afghan War.

A transcript of an April 16, 2004 conversation between George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair , published by the Daily Mirror on November 22, 2005 , shows that Bush spoke of a possible attack on the station's headquarters in Doha. The same newspaper later quoted anonymous sources, one of whom said "Bush was dead serious about the matter" while the other said that Bush's statements were "joking, not serious."

On August 7, 2004, the Allawi government closed all Al Jazeera offices in Iraq. On September 4, 2004, the Iraqi government decided to extend the initial one-month ban on Al Jazeera indefinitely. It was not until March 2011 that the Iraqi government allowed the Baghdad office to be reopened.

2005–2011: International work and reports on the Gaza conflict

Audience survey in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and UAE

Wafa Sultan's provocative Islam-critical appearances on talk shows in 2005 and 2006 attracted a lot of attention .

Al Jazeera has cooperation agreements with the British BBC and the Latin American broadcaster telesur . According to its general manager Wadah Khanfar, Al Jazeera was the first Arab news medium to set up Latin America coverage with its own local correspondents. In March 2008, Wadah Khanfar announced that it would continue to expand, as the economic, social and political developments currently taking place in Latin America can exemplify the search for economic, political and social alternatives in the Arab world, without being limited to alternatives that the western world has to offer. The aim is to report the truth about events in this region from the point of view of the inhabitants of Latin America and from the Arab point of view, without having to resort to third-party communication media.

In 2013, Der Spiegel published information from Edward Snowden's leak, according to which a report by the NSA's "Network Analysis Center" highlighted the service's successes in monitoring Al-Jazeera. Accordingly, it was possible to read the internal and specially protected communication of "interesting goals".

During the Israeli attack on Gaza in 2008/2009 , Al Jazeera was the only international broadcaster to report directly from Gaza because Israel refused to allow journalists to enter the Gaza Strip and Al Jazeera was already present. Al Jazeera put parts of this reporting on the Internet under a free Creative Commons license.

In January 2011, Al Jazeera released confidential documents from negotiations between Israeli and Palestinian delegations, according to which Palestinian President Abbas would be willing, within the framework of a peace agreement, to renounce certain Jewish-populated areas of East Jerusalem and to limit the number of refugees entitled to return to Israel to one small fraction. Abbas denied these reports and closed Al Jazeera's offices in the West Bank.

From 2011: Arab Spring

At various events of the Arab Spring , Al Jazeera influenced the protests and in some cases openly sided with the insurgents. On January 30, 2011, in the wake of the protests in Egypt that led to the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , Al Jazeera was banned from working and receiving and the journalists' accreditations were declared invalid. In the days that followed, several journalists and the station's bureau chief were temporarily detained. On February 4, 2011, strangers attacked the Cairo office and destroyed the equipment.

Al Jazeera also played an active role during the protests against Muammar al-Gaddafi in Libya , which escalated into civil war and the overthrow of the dictator. Al Jazeera reported on February 22, 2011 that its Arabsat satellite signal in Libya had been jamming . According to the station, the jamming signal came from facilities of the Libyan secret service, south of the capital Tripoli . The station's homepage was also unavailable in Libya. At the same time the broadcaster published alternative frequencies on Nilesat , Badr4 and Hotbird . On March 12, 2011, a cameraman from Al Jazeera was shot dead near the Libyan port city of Benghazi . Al Jazeera announced that Ali Hassan al-Jaber and his team had been ambushed and assessed the act as a targeted attack against members of the broadcaster.

During the protests in Bahrain , Al Jazeera was the only foreign television crew in the country. The recordings were broadcast in August 2011 in a one-hour documentary.

In September 2011, General Director Wadah Kanfar resigned, his post was filled with Sheikh Ahmad bin Jasem bin Muhammad al-Thani from a member of the Qatari ruling family. The change was not justified.

On April 28, 2013, the Iraqi Communications and Media Commission revoked ten television stations, including Al Jazeera, from their broadcasting licenses on the grounds that their reporting encouraged violence, apostate behavior and sectarianism.

2017: Isolation of Qatar and ban on Al Jazeera

In May 2017, US President Trump visited Saudi Arabia and accused Qatar of being a financier of terrorism and of a very high level. At the beginning of June 2017, Egypt , Bahrain , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates and a little later also Yemen , Libya , the Maldives and Mauritius broke off their diplomatic relations with Qatar and closed all borders with the then almost isolated country. At the end of May 2017, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates blocked the Al Jazeera website. Saudi Arabia closed the station's office and at the same time revoked its broadcasting license. Thereupon the Jordanian government joined in this procedure and also announced to close the studio of the station in the capital Amman and to withdraw its license.

In the midst of this crisis there were massive hacker attacks on the station on June 9, 2017. According to the company, both the website and other digital platforms of the media group were temporarily affected. According to media reports, the station's program failed on some transmission channels. The state news agency of Qatar was also no longer accessible via its website. The English and Arabic language services were no longer available at the same time as the attacks on Al Jazeera.

After a number of Arab countries revoked Al Jazeera's broadcasting license within a few days and closed its offices, Christian Mihr of Reporters Without Borders said: “What Al Jazeera is experiencing these days is an obviously internationally coordinated campaign of undisguised political censorship. ... With this massive wave of repression against a news broadcaster of international importance, Saudi Arabia and its allies are demonstrating their complete disregard for the freedom of the media. ”Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also criticized this as a violation of press freedom, given his actions in his own country against independent newspapers and because of the 160 Turkish journalists imprisoned by the international press as an advanced argument.

According to the Emir of Qatar, Al Jazeera enjoys editorial independence. However, from memos from the US embassy, ​​which WikiLeaks published, it emerges that, although Qatar claims to uphold press freedom, the US ambassador believes that it does not tolerate freedom of the press in its own country. US Ambassador Joseph LeBaron reported several times that Al Jazeera was one of Qatar's most important political and diplomatic tools. A conversation between Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and John Kerry is cited as an example , in which Sheikh Hamad boasted that Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had asked Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to change his stance on the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations in exchange for a one-year waiver of Al-Jazeera. To have brought coverage of Egypt. The embassy also reported that, out of consideration for the government in Iran, Al Jazeera barely reported on the protests following the Iranian presidential election in 2009 . Furthermore, the Wiki Leaks documents show that the US embassy made the content of Al Jazeera reporting directly the subject of bilateral negotiations between the US and Qatar and that other states hold it similarly.

criticism

Al Jazeera boss Wadah Khanfar said in an interview that Al Jazeera has already been accused of taking sides with various sides and that these allegations are false. According to an investigation by media expert Sultan Sooud Al-Qassemi from the United Arab Emirates , however, the station consistently sees itself as a propaganda instrument for the Muslim Brotherhood . According to the Middle East expert Petra Ramsauer , the Al Jazeera program makes a significant contribution to the radicalization of Islam in the Arab region.

In the Iraq war, Al Jazeera was accused by the US government of violating the Third Geneva Convention . The broadcaster had shown footage of captured US soldiers, including during interrogation . Al Jazeera employees again accused the US of double standards . During the same war, US television stations showed footage of the capture of Iraqis, such as Saddam Hussein ; The US and global media had filmed and broadcast the initial medical examination of the captured Iraqi president. The production of this footage was under the direction of US military personnel. Particularly harsh criticism was expressed by Donald Rumsfeld , who regularly attacked the station for broadcasting reports by Iraqi extremists and claimed that the station had been infiltrated by terrorists .

In June 2003 Ataullah Mansur criticized the depiction of the Palestinian living conditions on Al Jazeera in an article in the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Quds. Instead of showing the real emergency situation, which would have made peace negotiations necessary, the broadcaster tries to “drive a wedge between the Arab peoples and their rulers” and proclaim that “the only light on the path of the Arab peoples is in the Intifada and the To recognize stones “, which does not help to remedy the plight of the Palestinians.

On September 23, 2004, the Iraqi government of Al Jazeera and al-Arabiya banned reporting on official government activities for two weeks for alleged support of attacks on members of the government council and on occupation forces. Some Iraqis accused the station of inciting and increasing ethnic and religious tensions and of supporting the "lawless resistance" by broadcasting statements by Iraqi resistance leaders to violence against the occupiers. Saudi companies have been banned from advertising on Al Jazeera by the Saudi Arabian royal family. However, the Saudi government tried several times to buy a majority stake in Al Jazeera and thus gain control of the station, but failed. On May 19, 2010, the station was banned from working in Bahrain . The reason given was a breach of professional media guidelines and disregard for the law. It is believed that a recent report on poverty in Bahrain may have angered the authorities there. Al Jazeera said in a statement that it would not change its reporting guidelines.

In the course of Al Jazeera's reporting on the revolution in Egypt in 2011 , the station's enormous opinion-forming power was critically questioned: The station not only reports, but also clearly takes sides. Some western observers even described the station as the driving force behind the protests. According to the Israeli historian and Middle East expert Itamar Rabinovich , "Al-Jazeera ceased to be a medium in the classical sense a long time ago", but instead presented itself "as a political instrument for a nationalist and Islamist agenda." The journalist and terrorism expert Elmar Theveßen criticized "a development towards a partisan broadcaster". In contrast, Theveßen observed “a high level of interest in independence and freedom of expression” in the English-language program of the station. The coverage of the English Al Jazeera in the past few days has been great. ”The New York Times complained that while the White House used the indisputably unique channel Al Jazeera to monitor the protests in the Middle East, most of them Americans are denied this option because almost all cable and satellite operators have banned Al Jazeera from their programs.

At the time , Carola Richter summed up that "the emotional fraternization with the victims of a policy that was perceived as unjust" was not new for the Arabic-speaking channel, "the western enthusiasm about it was". Since it was founded in 1996, the station has "developed to the horror of almost all authoritarian rulers in the region". As "allegedly anti-American notorious" in the West, in the Arab countries he "primarily played the role of corrective of a media landscape domesticated by the regime". There is "almost no Arab country in which the station has not already been banned."

Aktham Suliman , the former Germany correspondent of Al Jazeera and head of the office of the news channel Al Jazeera in Berlin since February 2002, left the station in October 2012 and in December reported in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung the accusation of a creeping and meanwhile massive ( outside) political influence of the Qatari government on the station in the direction of positive reporting in favor of " Muslim Brotherhood " groups, "which Qatar supports in all Arab countries":

“The Al Jazeera news channel was committed to the truth. Now it is being bent. It's about politics, not journalism. For the reporters, that means it's time to go. [...] The downward trend between 2004 and 2011 was creeping, subliminal and very slow, but with a catastrophic end. "

Similar allegations of unbalanced coverage in favor of the Muslim Brotherhood and Qatar stated and The Economist in January 2013. The Egyptian branch of the station Al Jazeera Mubashr Misr had in the Egyptian government crisis without comment around the clock pictures of demonstrations in favor of the then deposed President Mohamed Morsi sent and has been the mouthpiece of the Muslim Brotherhood for many Egyptians since then. In a February 2015 report of attacks by the Egyptian Air Force on IS positions in Libya , Al Jazeera used pictures of dead children from a hospital in Morocco and incorrectly presented them as pictures of victims of the air strikes.

reception

Al Jazeera can be received digitally in Germany via the following satellites:

  • Astra at 19.2 ° East: 11627 MHz, vertical, symbol rate: 22000 Msym / s, FEC: 5/6
  • Hotbird at 13.0 ° East: 11137 MHz, horizontal, symbol rate: 27500 Msym / s, FEC: 3/4

The English and Arabic programs can also be received in Germany via the Internet television services Zattoo and Magine TV . The German Telekom has the transmitter in early July 2015. The program offer of Telekom Entertain taken.

In addition, Al Jazeera English is distributed via digital cable, satellite (also in HD), video and audio live stream and YouTube .

Offshoot

Al Jazeera English news room

Al Jazeera operates numerous special interest channels alongside the original news channel. In addition, several accompanying websites as well as a training center and a research center belong to the media group Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera also organizes an annual international documentary film festival in Doha.

In September 2006, Al Jazeera's children's channel took over 78 episodes of the RBB program Unser Sandmännchen .

Since November 15, 2006, Al Jazeera’s English- language news channel, Al Jazeera English , has been running . On November 11, 2011, Al Jazeera Balkans (AJB), the group's first European offshoot, began broadcasting in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo . The television channel, which is accompanied by a website, is aimed at members of the successor states of Yugoslavia and sees itself as the first regional information broadcaster in the region of over 35 million people. It initially broadcasts six hours a day in the largely identical languages Croatian , Serbian , Montenegrin and Bosnian , while the remainder of the broadcasting time still shows English-language programs from Al Jazeera English.

Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr was shut down in Egypt by the government there in the course of the crisis in Qatar in June 2017.

Start of transmission website
Al Jazeera the original Arabic-language 24-hour news channel November 1996 aljazeera.net/channel
Al Jazeera Mubasher (Al Jazeera Live) a station that reports live on political and social events, comparable to C-SPAN or PHOENIX . 2005 mubasher.aljazeera.net
Al Jazeera Children's Channel (JCC) JeemTV (formerly JCC, for 7 to 12 year olds) 2005 www.jeemtv.net
Baraem.TV (for 2 to 6 year olds) January 2009 www.baraem.tv
Al Jazeera English an international English language 24 hour news channel 2006 aljazeera.com
Al Jazeera Al Wathaiqiya Arabic-language documentary broadcaster 2007 doc.aljazeera.net
Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr Version by Al Jazeera Mubasher with a focus on Egypt . 2011 mubasher-misr.aljazeera.net
Al Jazeera Balkans Version of Al Jazeera in Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian languages. 2011 balkans.aljazeera.com
Al Jazeera America English-language version of Al Jazeera, with a focus on topics that are interesting and relevant to Americans. August 2013 america.aljazeera.com
Al Jazeera Turk Turkish version of Al Jazeera. (under construction, so far only website active) aljazeera.com.tr
Al Jazeera Kiswahili Swahili-language version of Al Jazeera. (under construction) www.aljazeerakiswahili.com

Awards

See also

literature

  • Christoph Kotowski: Al Jazeera. The new power in the Middle East? , Munich 2010, ISBN 3-640-72801-7
  • Hugh Miles: Al Jazeera. An Arab news broadcaster challenges the west , Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-434-50594-6
  • Abdo Jamil Al-Mikhlafy: Al-Jazeera. A regional player on the global media stage , Marburg 2006, ISBN 3-89472-408-0

Web links

Commons : Al Jazeera  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Al Jazeera Chief Wadah Khanfar on Obama's Expansion of the Afghan War, US Policy in the Middle East and the Role of Independent Voices in the Media. In: Democracy Now. March 31, 2010, accessed April 17, 2010 .
  2. ↑ Sonja Pohlmann: For Al Dschasira in Berlin In: Der Tagesspiegel from May 17, 2011
  3. ↑ a b c "Farewell to Al Jazira - Forget what you saw" by Aktham Suliman, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 11, 2012.
  4. ↑ Petra Ramsauer , Muslim Brotherhood: Your Secret Strategy. Your Global Network , Styriabooks, 2014, ISBN 9783990402603 , Chapter 6: Great Empire in the Shell , Section: Brothers Under Arms: The Difficult Teachings of Syria
  5. ↑ BBC: Western competition for Al-Jazeera . In: The press . ( archive.org [accessed August 7, 2017]).
  6. ^ State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Baden-Württemberg: The Al-Djazira satellite channel from Qatar ( Memento from July 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ Christoph Plate: Voice of the Revolution. In: NZZ. March 6, 2011, accessed March 8, 2011 .
  8. ↑ a b Birgit Cerha: The image of the Arab world. In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 3, 2006, accessed March 8, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Telepolis: Al-Jazeera under pressure , January 31, 2005
  10. ↑ Secretary Colin L. Powell Remarks with His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani ( Memento from August 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), October 3, 2001 (English)
  11. ↑ Committee to Protect Journalists: CPJ dismayed by US pressure against Arab satellite news channel , October 4, 2001 (English)
  12. ↑ CNN.com: Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview , February 5, 2002 (English)
  13. ↑ Transnational Broadcasting Studies: Courting Al-Jazeera, the Sequel: Estrangement and Signs of Reconciliation ( Memento from September 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), February 20, 2002 (English)
  14. ↑ Committee to Protect Journalists: AFGHANISTAN: US AIRSTRIKE DESTROYS AL-JAZEERA OFFICE IN KABUL , November 13, 2001 (English)
  15. ↑ Asim Khan & Mahfoud El Gartit: Guantanamo ordeal of Aljazeera cameraman. In: Al Jazeera. October 26, 2005, accessed March 5, 2011 .
  16. ↑ Al Jazeera under fire. Al Jazeera English, November 1, 2006, accessed August 6, 2011 .
  17. ↑ Bush al-Jazeera 'plot' dismissed. In: British Broadcasting Corporation . November 22, 2005, accessed June 15, 2012 .
  18. ↑ AFP / Khaleej Times: Al-Jazeera to reopen Baghdad bureau , March 3, 2011.
  19. ↑ Annual Arab Public Opinion 2008 ( Memento from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ( MS PowerPoint ; 840 kB) Survey of the Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland (with Zogby International), Prof. Shibley Telhami
  20. ↑ teleSUR: Aljazeera amplía cobertura en América Latina para llevarle al mundo la evolución de la región  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , March 15, 2008@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.telesurtv.net  
  21. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Snowden revelations: NSA spied on al-Jazeera - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Netzwelt. Retrieved June 20, 2017 .
  22. ^ Video footage from Gaza. In: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010 ; accessed on April 17, 2010 (English).
  23. ↑ Tagesschau article "Work ban for Al Jazeera" (in Egypt). Archived from the original on February 2, 2011 ; Retrieved January 30, 2011 .
  24. ↑ Egypt detains Al Jazeera journalist. In: Al Jazeera. February 6, 2011, accessed February 6, 2011 .
  25. ↑ Al-Jazeera's office manager in Cairo and another journalist arrested. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012 ; Retrieved February 6, 2011 .
  26. ↑ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122115405296823.html
  27. ↑ Al Jazeera cameraman killed in Benghazi. In: Tyrolean daily newspaper. March 12, 2011, archived from the original on March 14, 2011 ; Retrieved March 13, 2011 .
  28. ^ Bahrain: Shouting in the dark. The story of the Arab revolution that was abandoned by the Arabs, forsaken by the West and forgotten by the world. Al Jazeera English, August 4, 2011, accessed August 6, 2011 .
  29. ^ DiePresse.com: Head of TV station al-Jazeera resigns September 21, 2011, accessed on September 21, 2011
  30. ↑ Hugh Miles: Al-Jazeera boss steps down: strains with Qatar royals? , in: BBC News of October 1, 2011, accessed August 20, 2013 (English)
  31. ^ Spiegel Online: After unrest in Iraq: Authority revokes al-Jazeera broadcasting license from April 28, 2013 (accessed on April 28, 2013).
  32. ↑ tagesschau.de: Iraq revokes Al Jazeera 's permission to broadcast ( memento from April 28, 2013 on WebCite ) from April 28, 2013 (accessed on April 28, 2013).
  33. ^ Remarks by President Trump and President Iohannis of Romania in a Joint Press Conference. At: whitehouse.gov. June 9, accessed June 10, 2017.
  34. ↑ Astrid Frefel: Isolation and flight bans: Riyadh wants to bring Qatar to its knees. In: The Standard. June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  35. ↑ Six airlines stop flights to Qatar. At: SputnikNews.com. June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  36. ↑ a b c DWDL.de GmbH: Al Jazeera reports serious hacker attack - DWDL.de . In: DWDL.de . ( dwdl.de [accessed June 11, 2017]).
  37. ^ Crisis in the Gulf: Large-scale hacker attack on Qatari broadcaster al-Jazeera . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . June 8, 2017, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed June 11, 2017]).
  38. ↑ Zahraa Alkhalisi: Al Jazeera blocked by Saudi Arabia and the UAE. May 24, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017 .
  39. ↑ FAZ, [1] , July 24, 2017
  40. ↑ Booth Robert: WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy . In: Guardian , December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved on December 21, 2010. 
  41. ↑ Booth, Robert: WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy . In: The Guardian , December 5, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2013. 
  42. ↑ US embassy cables: Qatar using al-Jazeera as bargaining tool, claims US . In: the Guardian . Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  43. ↑ US embassy cables: Al-Jazeera 'proves useful tool for Qatari political masters' . In: the Guardian . Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  44. ↑ WikiLeaks: al-Jazeera 'used as bargaining tool by Qatar' . In: Telegraph.co.uk . December 6, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  45. ↑ QATAR / US / WIKILEAKS - WikiLeaks: Qatar using Al-Jazeera as diplomatic tool in Mideast . Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.
  46. ↑ Petra Ramsauer , Muslim Brotherhood: Your Secret Strategy. Your Global Network , Styriabooks, 2014, ISBN 9783990402603 , Chapter 6: Great Empire in the Shell , Section: Brothers Under Arms: The Difficult Teachings of Syria
  47. ↑ Stefan Ulrich: Saddam's right to honor. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. December 15, 2003, accessed April 15, 2009 .
  48. ^ Geneva Convention. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. December 15, 2003, accessed April 15, 2009 .
  49. ↑ New Age: More news is good news ( Memento from June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), November 13, 2006 (English)
  50. ↑ MEMRI : Critique of the Middle East coverage of Al-Jazeera ( Memento of July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), MEMRI Special Dispatch June 20, 2003, accessed on January 10, 2009
  51. ^ "Al Jazira" - Resistance , Frankfurter Allgemeine, July 8, 2004
  52. ↑ Saudi Arabia is fighting against al-Jazeera ( Memento from March 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Financial Times Deutschland, February 4, 2003 (fee required)
  53. ↑ Bahrain bans TV station al-Jazeera from working. In: ORF. May 19, 2010, accessed May 30, 2010 .
  54. ↑ a b Al-Jazeera in Egypt: The forum of the angry citizens , report on heute.de from January 31, 2011  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de  
  55. ^ Al Jazeera English Finds an Audience , nytimes.com, January 31, 2011
  56. ↑ Al Jazeera on all channels , Zeit Online from February 5, 2011
  57. ↑ “ Al Jazeera: Must Do Better, ” The Economist , Jan. 12, 2013.
  58. ↑ tagesschau.de: Qatari broadcaster: The descent of Al Jazeera. Retrieved June 11, 2017 .
  59. ↑ disinformation concernant les bombardments égyptiens contre Daech: Les internautes Remontes contre Al Jazeera , Tuniscope, February 16, 2015
  60. ↑ a b "Al Jazeera English discontinues parallel broadcasting on Astra and Hot Bird - new frequency" infosat.de May 3, 2016
  61. ↑ Telekom throws Al Jazeera out of the Entertain program. tagesspiegel.de, July 2, 2015, accessed October 17, 2015 .
  62. ^ Aljazeera International Documentary Film Festival. ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / festival.aljazeera.net archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Official website, accessed October 2, 2013 (English / Arabic)
  63. ↑ Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg : Sandmännchen & Co .: Al Jazeera children's channel takes over successful RBB programs . September 6, 2006
  64. ↑ The Guardian: Al-Jazeera renames English-language channel , November 14, 2006 (English)
  65. ↑ Ex-Yugoslavia re-networked media: Al-Jazeera Balkans in Sarajevo started in: Die Presse from November 18, 2011, accessed on November 25, 2011
  66. ↑ Al Jazeera launches Balkans channel message on the Al Jazeera website from November 11, 2011, accessed on November 25, 2011 (English)
  67. ↑ The 1999 Prince Claus Awards ( Memento from November 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  68. ↑ IBN RUSHD Prize for Freedom of Thought. In: Ibn Rushd Fund for Freedom of Thought. Retrieved April 18, 2010 .
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