Rudy Giuliani

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Rudolph Giuliani, 2016
Rudolph Giuliani at the lectern, 2002

Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944 in Brooklyn , New York ) is an American lawyer and politician of the Republican Party . He was the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2001  . The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001 fell during his tenure .

Giuliani was one of the candidates of the Republican Party to succeed US President George W. Bush (see United States presidential election, 2008 and Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries ).

On January 12, 2017, the time appointed designated the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump , Giuliani to his cyber-security adviser. During Trump's presidency in 2018, he worked for him as a legal advisor and as a personal lawyer until February 2021. On January 6, 2021, he called the front of the White House gathered supporters of President Trump for "trial by combat" (German court battle ) because of the US presidential election in 2020 on, see the article Storm at the Capitol in Washington 2021 . On June 24, 2021, a New York court provisionally revoked his lawyer license for making false claims about the presidential election.

Family, education and work

Giuliani was born to Harold Angelo Giuliani (1908-1981) and Helen Giuliani (nee D'Avanzo, 1909-2002), both of whom were children of Italian immigrants. His father was convicted of robbery and assault and sat in Sing Sing for a while . After his release, he worked for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who was a member of the New York Mafia, as an enforcer (thug and blackmailer).

After Rudolph Giuliani graduated from the Law School of New York University in 1968, he entered the office of the 1970 United States Attorney , a (federal prosecutors). At the age of 29 he was deputy public prosecutor. It was thanks to the support of his superiors that he did not have to serve in the Vietnam War . Giuliani was brought to the US Department of Justice in 1975 . From 1977 he worked in a New York law firm.

Justice career

Four years later, he was Associate Attorney General , the third highest position in the Justice Department. In 1982, 2,000 Haitians traveled to the USA and asked for political asylum because their home country was ruled by the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier (“Baby Doc”). Giuliani advocated the thesis in the proceedings surrounding the asylum seekers that there was no or only negligible political repression in Haiti. In 1983 Giuliani was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . In the term of office of Giuliani as an Associate Attorney General the attack fell on the money stock of Sentry Armored Car Courier Co . on the night of December 12, 1982, which was declared the largest cash robbery at the time - more than 11 million US dollars were said to have been stolen. In the film Empire State - The Streets of New York , shortly after the robbery, a character is introduced as the prosecuting attorney Giuliani. (approx. 64th to 65th minutes of the film). 1983 published mobster Joseph Bonanno , former boss of the Bonanno crime family , his autobiography A Man of Honor , in the first time the existence of the Commission , the Executive Committee of the National Crime Syndicate , and the five families of Cosa Nostra in New York City added were. Giuliani took the book as an opportunity to file charges against members mentioned there. In 1985 the Mafia Commission Trial began with Giuliani as chief prosecutor. The indicted were the heads of the Five Families and their main followers. The trial ended with the bosses being sentenced to heavy sentences and, from the prosecutor's point of view, was a great success. In 1986 a trial began in the USA against a total of 22 defendants (so-called "monster trial ") who were supposed to belong to this drug ring. It was through the coverage of the news that the name " Pizza Connection " became popular. Former Mafia boss Gaetano Badalamenti was sentenced to 45 years in prison.

It is a tremendous victory in the effort to crush the Mafia.

"It is an immense success in our endeavor to smash the Mafia."

- Rudolph W. Giuliani, then public prosecutor

As a federal attorney, Giuliani first gained national prominence in the United States. In that position, he served on several significant cases, including insider trading charges against leading Wall Street greats Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken . Giuliani was criticized, among other things, because he liked to arrange high-profile arrests, which sometimes later ended in releases for lack of evidence instead of a trial.

Giuliani began his political work as a democrat and was later registered as an independent. He has been a Republican since 1976 .

Mayor of New York

Giuliani with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld at Ground Zero , November 14, 2001

In the competition for the successor of the outgoing mayor Ed Koch, Giuliani was defeated in 1989 as a candidate for the Republican Party and the Liberal Party of New York to the Democrat David Dinkins , who was the first African American to become New York City Mayor.

Four years later, Giuliani ran successfully against incumbent Dinkins in an election that divided the city according to its ethnic groupings. 1997 Giuliani was confirmed in office by the voters with a large majority.

First term of office

In his first term (1994-1998) Giuliani tackled the problem of crime through a strict law-and-order policy . He introduced an aggressive and successful police surveillance system that led to a decrease in the number of cases in almost all crime categories. Giuliani reinforced the so-called zero tolerance strategy in New York , which had already begun before his term in office. After taking office, Giuliani made William Bratton head of the New York City Politice Department. Bratton was previously the head of the New York Transit Authority, which began crackdown on dodgers and graffiti back in 1984 . Bratton followed the broken windows theory of the criminologists James Q. Wilson and George Kelling.

As police chief under Giuliani, Bratton eventually expanded the strategy to other areas. Over time, the crime rate dropped significantly and the image of New York changed. There was less graffiti on the subway and an economic boom. This was attributed, among other things, to the fact that people felt safe again even outside at night.

However, the crime rate also fell due to factors other than Giuliani's zero tolerance strategy. It had soared in the 1970s and 1980s due to the crack epidemic and the drug trafficking that went with it. As the crack epidemic subsided, crime fell across the country, including in cities that had different strategies. However, the decline in crime in New York did not begin until the crack epidemic subsided with a considerable delay.

However, the zero tolerance strategy also reinforced the impression of police violence . In the late 1990s, 81% of New York City's black population identified police brutality as a "very serious problem". However, 62% approved of Giuliani's anti-crime policies, including 78% of white, 37% of black, and 61% of Hispanic respondents in a survey.

Second term of office

The terrorist attacks towards the end of his second term (1998-2001) required Giuliani to show leadership in a national disaster. After the two towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) and World Trade Center 7 collapsed on September 11, 2001, he steered the actions of the city administration and gave consolation to the relatives of the victims, especially those of the dead New York firefighters. Its role during this crisis is controversial.

Giuliani has been praised by some for his dedication to rescue and reconstruction efforts. However, others, including firefighters, police officers, rescuers and families of WTC victims, argue that Giuliani exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks in order to look good himself. Giuliani earned $ 11.4 million in speaking fees in one year  . In addition, Giuliani was accused of serious failures in crisis management by some of the bereaved, including the alleged lack of cooperation between the police and the fire brigade on September 11, 2001. The transfer of information between the emergency call center and the emergency services on site also did not work. Because of deficiencies in the emergency call system, the people in the World Trade Center had no access to essential information that could have saved their lives: The emergency call center did not find out in good time about the fire brigade's decision to evacuate the burning twin towers. That is why those affected in the World Trade Center were instructed not to leave the building when they were called, were not rescued in time and therefore died. Giuliani denied these allegations.

Giuliani's measures were controversial in both terms of office. In those eight years, the city's crime rate decreased by about 57%; he cut local taxes by about $ 2.3 billion and sought job creation.

criticism

Right-wing evangelical opponents criticize his liberal positions on abortion, same-sex marriage and gun control . This made his presidential candidacy particularly difficult.

Leftists criticized the increased police presence and their strict and often unjustified crackdown, as well as increased surveillance after the events of September 11, 2001. Known cases of inappropriate police action included that of the unarmed Amadou Diallo , who was shot by New York police officers, and the brutal use of force within the police custody against Abner Louima .

Joe Biden criticized Giuliani's tendency to make political capital out of his role during the 2001 terrorist attacks: "He only mentions three things in one sentence: a noun, a verb and the 2001 terrorist attacks."

further activities

After his legal resignation from office - until 2008 only two terms were allowed - the lawyer founded a consulting company for emergency and crisis management. In 2002 a book by Giuliani was published with the title " Leadership ". He also worked for Purdue Pharma .

In 2000 he ran against Hillary Clinton for the seat of the state of New York in the US Senate . However, he withdrew his application during the election campaign. Previously, his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan had become known. Giuliani later divorced Donna Hanover and married Nathan in May 2003. He has a son and a daughter with her.

In 2006 he was appointed to the Baker Commission . He announced his retirement on May 24, 2006 due to lack of time; Edwin Meese was his successor.

2008 presidential candidacy

On November 11, 2006, Rudolph Giuliani announced an interest in running for the US presidency . The Republican applied for a funding committee to be set up to raise funds for an election campaign. Giuliani had no primary success in January 2008 and withdrew his candidacy on January 30, 2008.

One of Rudy Giuliani's most important political advisors during his 2007 pre-election campaign was the influential neoconservative thought leader and editor of Commentary magazine , Norman Podhoretz , who for years has been vehemently advocating military action against Iran because of its nuclear program : “Rudy agrees with me agreed? ”asked Podhoretz rhetorically in an interview with the London“ Daily Telegraph ”at the end of October 2007.“ I don't know and don't want to know. But Rudy's view of war is very similar to mine, ”he is quoted as saying.

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign

Despite numerous controversies about the polarizing election campaign of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , Giuliani was one of the most resolute and staunch supporters of the campaign in the summer of 2016. Speaking of the Obama administration at a campaign rally, he said :

Under those eight years before Obama came along, we didn't have any successful radical Islamic terrorist attack in the United States. They all started when Clinton and Obama got into office.

“In the eight years before Obama came, there were no successful radical Islamic terrorist attacks in the United States. They started when Clinton and Obama came into office. "

- Rudolph W. Giuliani

Alard von Kittlitz commented in Die Zeit : “Everyone can easily see through his lie. Even the people who applaud him know when in doubt that it was a lie. But they are indifferent. ”The facts are apparently irrelevant for Giuliani and his audience. For his audience, however, it is apparently " felt true that everything has got worse since Obama, including the terror." Giuliani's statement is an example of a post-factual style of politics .

Giuliani accused Hillary Clinton in the election campaign of not having been in New York after the attacks on September 11, 2001. He was there and did not see her there. He later admitted it was a mistake and apologized. Clinton had been in Washington, DC on the day of the attacks and had flown to New York the following day. The media showed a photo of Giuliani and Clinton visiting the site of the attack on September 12th.

Before and after the 2020 presidential election

In the 2020 election campaign, Guiliani was instrumental in spreading the theory that Biden had abused his position as US Vice President to stop investigations against his son Hunter . Members of Biden's campaign team then wrote a letter to all the leading media in the US demanding that, despite his role as a close confidante of Trump, he no longer interviewed and no longer allowed to speak on television.

Following the November 3, 2020 U.S. presidential election , Giuliani claimed, without substantive evidence, that the election was fake and that the Democrats did so with the help of communists from Venezuela . Trump hired Giuliani to legally represent the counting and re-counting lawsuits . None of the strenuous processes led to success because relevant election manipulation could not be proven.

The voting machine manufacturers Dominion Voting Systems sued Giuliani in January 2021 to 1.3 billion US dollars in damages.

From December 6-10 , 2020, Giuliani was treated at Georgetown University Medical Center after testing positive for COVID-19 . He received experimental antibody therapy and was treated with remdesivir . He said it helped to be famous and to have received the same treatment as Trump. In the week before the infection became known, Giuliani had appeared in public and traveled several times.

On June 24, 2021, a New York appeals court ruled that Giuliani had made "demonstrably false and misleading" allegations about the 2020 presidential election and alleged election fraud in the states of Arizona, Georgia and Pennsylvania, and provisionally revoked his lawyer license.

Controversy

Spread of Russian disinformation

On his trip to Ukraine in December 2019, US intelligence services warned the White House that Giuliani had come into contact with Russian intelligence circles. The US Treasury Department identified the Ukrainian Andrii Derkach, whom Giuliani had met, as a Russian agent. In the final stages of the 2020 presidential election campaign, Giuliani appeared in a supposed reveal story that was supposed to harm Joe Biden.

Anti-Semitic remarks

In December 2019, Giuliani sharply attacked the Jewish billionaire and philanthropist George Soros in an interview with New York Magazine . Soros is "hardly a Jew" and also a "terrible person". Giuliani, who belongs to the Christian faith, himself is "more of a Jew than Soros". Giuliani accused Soros of being "an enemy of Israel" and of having "controlled" former US ambassador to Ukraine Marie L. Yovanovitch . Soros would have “sent all four ambassadors there” and would “ employ FBI agents.” Giuliani's omissions were widely classified as anti-Semitic : Jonathan Greenblatt, chairman of the Anti-Defamation League , described Giuliani's statements as “confusing and offensive”. “Soros' philanthropy has been used as fodder for massive anti-Semitic conspiracy theories for decades; it is repeatedly claimed that there is a Jewish control and manipulation of countries and global events. ”Guiliani should apologize if he does not want to address anti-Semites and White Supremacists .

Appearance in the Borate sequel 2020

Giuliani can be seen in the film Borat Anschluss Moviefilm , which was released in Germany on October 23, 2020. The scene shortly before the end of the film shows him sitting on the bed in a bedroom in a New York hotel. The supposed underage reporter who had interviewed him shortly before helped him remove his microphone and pulled his shirt out of his pants. He asked the young woman for her phone number and address. In the next moment you can see Giuliani pushing his hand into his pants. Borat, played by Sacha Baron Cohen , then interrupts the scene with the words “She is 15. She is too old for you.” The two actors then storm out of the hotel.

House searches

In April 2021, FBI officials searched Giuliani's Manhattan home and office in the early hours of the morning and seized electronic equipment. Such a measure is very rarely used in the United States in the case of lawyers. The search for evidence was about his involvement in the Ukraine affair , which led to the first impeachment against Trump .

The investigation authorities are particularly interested in communication between Giuliani and Ukrainian officials and the Trump administration via the then American ambassador in Kiev, Yovanovitch. The aim here is to clarify whether he had campaigned for the dismissal of Yovanovitch in April 2019 only on behalf of the president, or whether he had also received such a mandate from Ukraine. The latter would be a violation of US federal law , as lobbying for a foreign government in the United States must be registered with the Department of Justice . According to the New York Times report, an order in this sense could exist even if Giuliani was not paid by the Ukraine, but only received incriminating information about Biden's son in return.

In pop culture

The New York satirical magazine Spy themed Giuliani's hairstyle in his series The Illustrated History of Hair (The Illustrated History of the hair) is from 1988. In an article the development of the Comb-overs basis, so the überkämmten Bald, the former New York mayor candidates followed several images: "the unruly comb-over" ("the irrepressible Comb-Over", 1983), "the glued-down comb-over" ("the masked Comb-Over", 1985) and "the oddly dimensional comb- over ”(“ the oddly sized comb-over ”, 1987). In the August 1989 issue, Manhattan hairdresser Tom Oliva was interviewed, who was hairdressing both Giuliani and incumbent Ed Koch . Oliva described Giuliani's hairstyle as "traditional, early comb-over". In 2002 the Washington Post commented on the change in Giuliani's hairstyle with the sentence "The world's most famous comb-over has vanished." In the television movie Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story (2003) James Woods plays Giuliani. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , he said he immortalized the comb-over with his role.

In the 2003 film Die Angerprobe, starring Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson , Giuliani played himself as a fan of the New York Yankees baseball team . He also played himself in a small supporting role in the film Sleepless in New York . He played himself in an episode of the Seinfeld series .

Numerous media commented on an appearance by Giuliani after the 2020 presidential election in which Giuliani ran a dark liquid over his face, and speculated whether it was hair dye .

Awards (selection)

Sanctions

  • Exclusion from YouTube advertising income in January 2021 due to repeated dissemination of, among other things. judicially dismissed allegations of manipulation in the 2020 US presidential election .
  • New York State bar was revoked in June of that year for the same reasons. The court justified the drastic step with the direct threat to the public interest ( "[Giuliani's] conduct immediately threatens the public interest and warrants interim suspension from the practice of law." )

Fonts (selection)

  • Responsibility in difficult times. My principles of successful leadership ("Leadership"). Goldmann, Munich 2004, 415 p .; ISBN 3-442-15261-5 .

literature

  • Wayne Barrett: Grand Illusion. The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 . Harper Paperbacks, New York 2007, 416 pp .; ISBN 978-0-06-053660-2 .
  • Wayne Barrett: Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudy Giuliani . Basic Books, New York 2001, 512 pp .; ISBN 0-465-00524-1 .
  • Andrew Kirtzman: Rudy Giuliani. Emperor of the City; The Story of "America's Mayor" . Harper Paperbacks, New York 2001, 384 pp .; ISBN 0-06-009389-7 .
  • Edward I. Koch : Giuliani. Nasty Man . Barricade Books, New York 2007, 176 pp .; ISBN 1-56980-337-4 (reprint of the 1999 edition).
  • Fred Siegel: The Prince of the City. Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life . Encounter Books. San Francisco 2006, 374 pages; ISBN 1-59403-149-5 .

Web links

Commons : Rudy Giuliani  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Rudy Giuliani  - Quotes
Wikisource: Rudy Giuliani  - Sources and full texts (English)

Comments

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elisabeth Bumiller: “Field Narrows as Giuliani and Edwards End Campaigns” in: The New York Times , January 30, 2008
  2. ↑ Trump makes ex-mayor a cyber security advisor. In: The time . January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Trump's opaque helper. In: Tagesspiegel. September 28, 2019, accessed May 11, 2021 .
  4. ↑ Trump is said to have refunded payment to porn actress. In: Spiegel Online. May 3, 2018, accessed May 3, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Rudy Giuliani calls for 'trial by combat' to settle election in rant at wild DC rally. In: Online Article by the Independent . January 6, 2021, accessed January 17, 2021 .
  6. ↑ a b Rudy Giuliani has suspended New York law license. BBC News, June 24, 2021, accessed June 24, 2021 .
  7. ↑ wargs.com, Ancestry of Rudy Giuliani
  8. ^ Wally Bock: Rudy Giuliani: The Long View of Leadership . Wally Bock's Monday memo. Archived from the original on May 7, 2002. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  9. ↑ Wayne Barrett : Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor's Ex-Convict Dad . In: The Village Voice , July 4, 2000. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2015. 
  10. ↑ Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study . The smoking gun . April 8, 1993. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
  11. ^ The Sunshine Patriots . In: The Village Voice , August 24, 2004. Retrieved February 7, 2007. 
  12. ^ A Biography of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani , accessed November 18, 2006
  13. ↑ Facsimile of the "Wilmington Morning Star" from February 3, 1983 with the AP report about the attack on the company Sentry Armored Car-Courier Co.
  14. ↑ Full casts Dan Triandiflou as Rudy Giuliani IMDb , online, (English)
  15. ^ Bonanno, Joseph / Lalli Bonanno, Sergeo: A Man of Honor: the Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno. Simon & Schuster 1983, 416 p .; ISBN 0-671-46747-6
  16. ↑ Lindlau, Dagobert : "The Mob: Research on Organized Crime." Dtv Sachbuch 1987, 343 p .; ISBN 3-423-30070-1
  17. ^ The Passionate Prosecutor Richard Stengel in Time, June 24, 2001, accessed November 15, 2006
  18. ↑ The Washington Post : “18 Guilty in 'Pizza Connection Trial'; Case Called Major Victory in US Assault on Organized Crime, ” March 3, 1987
  19. ↑ Malcolm Gladwell: Tipping point. How small things can make a big difference. Munich, 2002, pp. 164-172
  20. ↑ Bernard E. Harcourt , Jens Ludwig: “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment” ( Memento February 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) in: University of Chicago Law Review 2006, Vol. 73 , Pp. 271-320
  21. ↑ Michael Tonry: Why Crime Rates Are Falling Throughout the Western World . In: Crime & Justice . tape 43 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 1–2 , doi : 10.1086 / 678181 (English, alternative full text access : scholarship.law.umn.edu ).
  22. ↑ Malcolm Gladwell: Tipping point. How small things can make a big difference. Munich, 2002, p. 165
  23. ↑ Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, “New York Is Safer, But Police Brutality Is A Problem” ( June 6, 2009 memento on the Internet Archive ) June 17, 1999, New York City
  24. ↑ Article (May 20, 2004) on spiegel.de.
  25. ↑ Christian Wilp: “'Open race like never before': Searching for candidates in the USA” in: n-tv .de, March 6, 2007
  26. ↑ NBC Report: “Giuliani Criticized for Amadou Diallo Shooting” (PDF) January 4, 1999
  27. ↑ Tribune news services: Giuliani says there were no 'radical Islamic' attacks in US before Obama. Retrieved November 20, 2020 .
  28. ↑ A triumph for Bloomberg: New York clears the way for a third term "in: Der Spiegel.de, October 31, 2008
  29. ↑ a b René Pfister: Rudy Giuliani: How Donald Trump's lawyer turns himself into a joke. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved November 20, 2020 .
  30. ↑ News Release: Edwin Meese Replaces Rudolph Giuliani on Iraq Study Group, United States Institute of Peace, May 31, 2006. ( Memento of May 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ Maureen Dowd: “WMD in Iran? QED ” . In: The New York Times , October 28, 2007
  32. ↑ Toby Harden: "We must bomb Iran, says US Republican guru." In: telegraph.co.uk ( The Daily Telegraph ), October 27, 2007.
  33. ↑ CNN interview , August 11, 2016
  34. ↑ Giuliani says there were no 'radical Islamic' attacks in US before Obama . Chicago Tribune, Aug. 15, 2015.
  35. ↑ The Earth is a Disc , by Alard von Kittlitz, Die Zeit, September 28, 2016
  36. ↑ Leigh Ann Caldwell: Giuliani Apologizes for 'Mistake' About Clinton and 9/11 , NBC News, October 13, 2016.
  37. ↑ Jose A. DelReal: Giuliani incorrectly suggests Clinton lied about visiting Ground Zero after 9/11 , Washington Post, October 12, 2016.
  38. ↑ Roland Nelles: Excitement about Joe and Hunter Biden: Real scandal or much hot air? In: Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 20, 2020 .
  39. ^ Maxwell Tani, Sam Stein: Biden Campaign Demands TV News Execs Stop Booking Giuliani. In: The Daily Beast . September 29, 2019, accessed May 1, 2021 .
  40. ↑ Trump attorney Giuliani delves deeper and deeper into conspiracy theories. In: derStandard.at. November 20, 2020, accessed on November 20, 2020 (Austrian German).
  41. ↑ spiegel.de January 23, 2021: Giuliani sued for $ 1.3 billion in damages
  42. ↑ Matthew Brown: 'Getting great care': Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani hospitalized after testing positive for COVID-19. In: USA Today . December 6, 2020, accessed December 7, 2020 .
  43. ↑ "Feel better than ever" - Giuliani leaves the clinic after corona treatment. In: The world. December 10, 2029, accessed December 10, 2020 .
  44. ↑ Shane Harris, Ellen Nakashima, Greg Miller, Josh Dawsey: White House was warned Giuliani was target of Russian intelligence operation to feed misinformation to Trump. In: The Washington Post . October 15, 2020, accessed December 7, 2020 .
  45. ↑ Olivia Nuzzi: A Conversation With Rudy Giuliani Over Bloody Marys at the Mark Hotel. December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019 (American English).
  46. ↑ TOI staff: Giuliani says he is 'more of a Jew' than George Soros. In: The Times of Israel . December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019 (American English).
  47. ↑ Justin Baragona: ADL slams Rudy Giuliani for Claiming George Soros Is 'Hardly a Jew' . December 23, 2019 ( thedailybeast.com [accessed December 26, 2019]).
  48. ^ ZDF today: "Borat": Giuliani in a compromising scene. Retrieved on October 25, 2020 (German).
  49. ↑ William K. Rashbaum, Ben Protess, Maggie Haberman, Kenneth P. Vogel: FBI Searches Giuliani's Home and Office, Seizing Phones and Computers. In: nytimes.com, April 28, 2021; accessed April 29, 2021.
  50. ^ FAZ.net: Investigators search Rudy Giuliani's residence
  51. ↑ Ben Protess, William K. Rashbaum, Kenneth P. Vogel: Firing of US Ambassador Is at Center of Giuliani Investigation. In: nytimes.com, April 29, 2021; accessed April 30, 2021.
  52. ↑ Philip Weiss: "The Toughest Weenie in America", in: Spy, November 1988, pp. 105-116; P. 107. Digitized .
  53. ^ Eddie Stern: "The Illustrated History of Hair, Part VI: A Visit With Tom Oliva, Barber to the Mayoral Conternders", Spy, August 1989, p. 41. Digitized .
  54. ↑ Robin GivhancloseRobin GivhanFashion criticEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowFashion critic: Perspective | The time Rudy Giuliani boldly got rid of his comb-over, like a real man. Accessed July 4, 2020 .
  55. ↑ James Woods prepares for his role as NYC's ex-Mayor. Accessed November 27, 2020 .
  56. ↑ Emma Nolan On 11/24/20 at 9:55 AM EST: James Woods playing Rudy Giuliani in 'unintentionally funny' TV movie prompts flurry of jokes. November 24, 2020, accessed November 27, 2020 .
  57. ↑ Episode 7 of Season 5.
  58. ↑ Jonah Engel Bromwich: Whatever It Is, It's Probably Not Hair Dye . In: The New York Times . November 19, 2020, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed November 26, 2020]).
  59. ↑ Sonia Haria: The great undoing of Donald Trump and Rudy Giuliani . In: The Telegraph . November 20, 2020, ISSN  0307-1235 ( telegraph.co.uk [accessed November 26, 2020]).
  60. ^ Nancy Gibbs: Person of the Year 2001: Rudy Giuliani . In: Time magazine of December 31, 2001 (English), accessed on October 10, 2016 (beginning of article available).
  61. ↑ Giuliani, Knef and Feldbusch honored with Bambis . In: welt.de of November 16, 2001, accessed on October 10, 2016.
  62. ↑ German Media Prize 2001 to Rudolph Giuliani ( Memento from July 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). deutscher-medienpreis.de of February 16, 2002, accessed on October 10, 2016.
  63. ↑ Giuliani receives honory knighthood . In: BBC News of February 13, 2002, accessed October 10, 2016.
  64. ↑ RAZZ newz! Retrieved April 25, 2021 .
  65. ↑ YouTube lets Giuliani no longer earn money with videos orf.at, January 27, 2021, accessed January 27, 2021.
  66. ↑ Erica Orden, Veronica Stracqualursi & Katelyn Polantz: Rudy Giuliani suspended from practicing law in New York state. CNN .com, June 24, 2021; accessed June 24, 2021 .
  67. ↑ Original: R. Giuliani, Ken Kurson (2002): Leadership . Miramax Books, ISBN 0-7868-6841-4 .
predecessor Office successor
David Dinkins Mayor of New York City
1994–2001 		Michael Bloomberg
personal data
SURNAME Giuliani, Rudy
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Giuliani, Rudolph; Giuliani, Rudolph William Louis
SHORT DESCRIPTION American politician, 107th Mayor of New York City (1994–2001)
DATE OF BIRTH May 28, 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn , New York