March 31

The March 31 is the 90th day of the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years ), thus remaining 275 days until the end of the year.

Historic anniversaries February · March · April

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The protection period for bats in their wintering quarters in Germany ends on March 31, and they can be re-entered.

Events

Politics and world events

• 1084 : Clement III, enthroned as antipope on March 24th . crowns Henry IV and his wife Bertha Emperor and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire .
• 1206 : Margrave Dietrich von Meißen settles a dispute between the Burgrave of Dohna and the Bishop of Meißen about Thorun Castle . Dresden is mentioned in a document for the first time in the conciliation document.

1492: Edict of the Alhambra

• 1492 : Almost two months after the final reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors, the Catholic monarchs Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon sign the Alhambra Edict , according to which all Jews in the country must convert to Christianity or emigrate.

1495: Pope Alexander VI.

• 1495 : Pope Alexander VI. brings significantly from the Roman-German King I. Maximilian based Holy League of Venice against Louis XII. of France. It includes the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Milan and the Republic of Venice. The alleged goal is the resistance against the Ottoman Empire.
• 1547 : With the death of King Franz I , his son Heinrich II becomes the new King of France .
• 1723 : The Vaudois militia Abraham Davel marching in Lausanne one to the Vaud from the rule Berns to free. The uprising is put down within a few days.
• 1814 : The Russian Tsar Alexander I and Prussia's King Friedrich Wilhelm III. march into Paris as the victors of the wars of liberation against Napoleon Bonaparte .
• 1848 : The pre-parliament meets for the first time in Frankfurt am Main.

1854: Perry's "Black Ships"

• 1854 : The commander of the " Black Ships " Matthew Calbraith Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese Shogun . The associated opening of the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to trade with the USA heralds the end of the Edo period in Japan .
• 1865 : The American Civil War leads to the battle of Dinwiddie Court House , a minor skirmish during the Appomattox campaign . The Northern Virginia Army of the Confederacy under George Pickett and Fitzhugh Lee prepares the Potomac army of Philip Sheridan a recent setback.
• 1866 : During the Spanish-South American War, the Spanish Navy shells the port city of Valparaíso in Chile and inflicts severe damage on the city.
• 1877 : Shortly before the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War , the major European powers sign the London Protocol .
• 1905 : The German Kaiser visits the city of Tangier in Morocco at the urging of State Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow , who sees the conclusion of the Sudan Treaty between Great Britain and France as a danger . This expression of imperialist power politics provoked the First Morocco Crisis .
• 1909 : After the German Reich demonstratively backs Austria-Hungary , Serbia recognizes the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Bosnian annexation crisis is an important milestone on the way to the First World War .
• 1933 : In Austria , the Austro-Fascist regime under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss bans the Republican Schutzbund .

1933: "Law on the Imposition and Execution of the Death Penalty"

• 1933 : The German Reichsgesetzblatt is Lex van der Lubbe published. The law was passed on the occasion of the fire in the Reichstag on March 29th in order to be able to sentence the alleged arsonist Marinus van der Lubbe retrospectively to death and thus contradicts the rule of law .

1936: Italian East Africa

• 1936 : The Battle of Mai Ceu , in which the Italians commit war crimes through the massive release of mustard gas , finally decides the Abyssinian War in Italy's favor . Ethiopia becomes part of the Italian East Africa colony .
• 1937 : After the defeat in the Battle of Guadalajara changes Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War , the strategy and opens up the war in the north . The village of Durango is the first victim of an air attack by the Condor Legion .
• 1939 : With the British-French declaration of guarantee, Great Britain and France announce that they will declare war on the German Reich in the event of a German attack on Poland . The prehistory of the Second World War in Europe is entering its decisive phase.
• 1940 : Sea captain Bernhard Rogge sets off with the auxiliary cruiser Atlantis for a pirate voyage . The trip will lead around the world and with over 600 days it will be the longest war mission of a German warship.
• 1948 : The Danish King Frederik IX. signs the law on the autonomy of the Faroe Islands ( Heimastýrislógin ) , which is still in force today . It guarantees the Faroe Islands extensive self-determination in all internal affairs, while foreign and defense policy remains with Denmark .

1949: Canada and Newfoundland

• 1949 : Following a referendum the previous year, the independent state of Dominion Newfoundland becomes the tenth province of Canada under the name Newfoundland and Labrador .

1964: Humberto Castelo Branco

• 1964 : In Brazil , the military, with the support of the USA , staged a coup against President João Goulart to prevent a land reform he was planning. General Humberto Castelo Branco becomes President. The military dictatorship in Brazil lasted until 1985.
• 1965 : In Vienna, the former resistance fighter Ernst Kirchweger is fatally injured during a demonstration against the controversial historian Taras Borodajkewycz by the student Günther Kümel, a member of the Ring of Freedom Students .

1979: Malta

• 1979 : 15 years after Malta's independence , the last British troops leave the Mediterranean island .
• 1979 : In a referendum in Iran in the course of the Islamic Revolution , an overwhelming majority opts for the introduction of an Islamic Republic .
• 1979 : With around 40,000 participants, the largest demonstration of the anti-nuclear power movement in the Federal Republic of Germany to date takes place in Hanover.
• 1990 : Around 70,000 people demonstrate in London against the poll tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government .
• 1991 : In a referendum organized by the chairman of the Supreme Soviet, Swiad Gamsachurdia , officially almost 99% of the electorate vote for Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union .
• 1991 : The Warsaw Pact military structures are dissolved.
• 1991 : The first pluralistic elections take place in Albania, but the opposition does not yet have equal opportunities, which leads to a victory for the Labor Party of Albania under Ramiz Alia .
• 1994 : The British Army of the Rhine is officially dissolved. Parts of the armed forces are still stationed in Germany as British Forces Germany .
• 1998 : The Bavarian Border Police is merged into the Bavarian State Police .
• 2011 : In Olten , a letter bomb attack was carried out on Swissnuclear , a specialist group made up of representatives from Swiss electricity network companies. The letter was addressed to a member of the management of the Mühleberg nuclear power plant .

economy

• 1831 : The Mannheim Act regulates shipping on the Rhine as an international agreement . In 1868 the agreement in the Mannheim Act was revised.
• 1910 : In the Samson mine in Sankt Andreasberg in the Upper Harz Mountains , after around 400 years of operation, the last shift is taken to mine ore.
• 1956 : For the last time in the Federal Republic of Germany tax stamps for the Berlin emergency victim have to be affixed to mail. The revenue from the emergency sacrifice stamp introduced after the Berlin blockade was intended to help reduce West Berlin's economic hardship .
• 1958 : The Austrian airline Austrian Airlines takes up scheduled flights between Vienna and London. It is the first connection of air traffic that was permitted again after the conclusion of the State Treaty .
• 1963 : After more than a hundred years of operation, the coal- producing Zeche Centrum in Wattenscheid is shut down as a victim of reduced coal demand and for productivity reasons .

1965: Headframe of the Georg pit

• 1965 : With the last layers in the pits Georg in Willroth and feet mountain in Daaden of over 2500 years operated ends of ore - mining in the Siegerland .
• 1969 : In the Aachen coal mining area , the Gouley mine in Morsbach , which was mentioned in 1599, is shut down.
• 1971 : Starbucks , a retail company specializing in coffee products, is founded in Seattle .
• 1993 : The Tübingen company Zanker , a manufacturer of household appliances , is closed. His name will be retained as a trademark of the buyer Electrolux .

science and technology

• 1880 : Wabash , Indiana is the first place in the world to be fully equipped with electric street lighting .

1889: Tour of the Eiffel Tower

• 1889 : In Paris will be presented at the World's Fair that of Gustave Eiffel built and named after him Eiffel Tower was inaugurated. The tallest steel lattice tower at the time , perceived by the Parisian population as an “eyesore”, was originally intended to remain in place for only 20 years.
• 1903 : The New Zealand aviation pioneer Richard Pearse succeeds in Waitohi for the first time in a motorized flight with a flying machine heavier than air. However, the flight is uncontrolled and does not take very long.

1909: Titanic before launching in 1911

• 1909 : In the shipyard of Harland & Wolff Ltd. the keel-laying of the RMS Titanic takes place in Belfast . After the RMS Olympic , this is the second Olympic-class ship to be built.
• 1911 : During the construction of the Lötschberg line by the Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon railway takes place in the Bernese Alps of Lötschbergtunnel -Durchstich.
• 1966 : The Soviet Union launches the Luna 10 space probe , which will be the first satellite to orbit the moon .
• 1970 : The US American Earth satellite Explorer 1 , the first satellite in the Explorer program , is re-immersed in the earth's atmosphere after 12 years in space .

1992: The USS Missouri

• 1992 : The USS Missouri is retired from the United States Navy as the last battleship of World War II .

Culture

1745: Jean-Philippe Rameau

• 1745 : The ballet comedy Platée by Jean-Philippe Rameau is premiered in the rooms of the Great Royal Stables in Versailles . The occasion of the premiere is the wedding celebration of Louis Ferdinand de Bourbon, dauphin de Viennois , son of King Louis XV. , and the Infanta Maria Theresa Rafaela of Spain .
• 1841 : At the Leipzig Gewandhaus is Robert Schumann's Symphony No. 1, the Spring Symphony premiered. The conductor of the Gewandhaus Orchestra is Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy , and the work has been very well received by the audience.
• 1898 : In Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal ) the largest Bismarck monument to date is unveiled on the eve of Bismarck's birthday .

1901: Prague National Theater

• 1901 : At the Prague National Theater will Dvořák on Slavic folk myths based fairytale opera Rusalka premiered.
• 1913 : Scandal concert or Watschenkonzert : a performance of works by contemporary composers with Arnold Schönberg as conductor in the Wiener Musikvereinssaal caused tumults, so that the concert had to be stopped prematurely.
• 1930 : The American Association of Film Producers and Distributors adopts the Production Code created by Will Hays , guidelines for the representation of sex, violence and religion.
• 1934 : Walter Wilhelm Goetzes operetta Der goldene Pierrot is premiered in the Theater des Westens in Berlin.

1943: Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein (right)

• 1943 : The musical Oklahoma! by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein premieres at New York's Saint James Theater. The musical will run non-stop on Broadway until 1948 , which is a new record.
• 1961 : Fritz Hüser and Paul Polte , together with numerous writers, found the working group for artistic engagement with the industrial world of work . The later Dortmund Group 61 aims to bring together writing workers on the one hand and editors, critics and journalists on the other.
• 1964 : The British music group The Beatles are with five singles in positions 1–5 on the US charts - a situation that has never been seen before.

religion

• 1146 : After Bernhard von Clairvaux's sermon, King Louis VII of France declares his will to take part in the Second Crusade in Vézelay .
• 1272 : Pope Gregory X. convenes a council in Lyon to reform the Catholic Church.
• 1462 : Pope . Pius II rejects the Hussite existing Bohemian compacts and demands the church reunification in Bohemia . This wish was only fulfilled over a century later.

1829: Pius VIII at the coronation

• 1829 : Francesco Saverio Castiglione is elected Pope and takes the name of Pius VIII .

Disasters

• 1845 : The Saxon Flood reaches its climax in Dresden .
• 1931 : An earthquake destroys Managua , Nicaragua , killing 2000.
• 1986 : After a fire on board, a Boeing 727 of the airline Mexicana de Aviación crashes into a mountain near Mexico City. All 166 passengers die.

Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Disaster .

Sports

• 1985 : The first WWF Wrestlemania takes place in Madison Square Garden in New York City .
• 1997 : Martina Hingis becomes number 1 in the WTA rankings as the youngest tennis player (at the age of 16) .
• 2007 : Henry Maske beats the reigning WBA cruiserweight champion Virgil Hill on points at the age of 43 after a ten-year break in Munich's Olympic Hall , making boxing history with it, as he has taken the longest break from fighting in history. Mask declares his final resignation after the fight.

Entries of track and field world records can be found under the respective discipline under track and field .

Born

Before the 18th century

René Descartes (* 1596)

• 1347 : Friedrich III. , Duke of Austria
• 1360 : Philippa of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal
• 1366 : Peter of Navarre , Count of Mortain
• 1373 : Catherine of Lancaster , through marriage to Heinrich III. Queen of Castile and León
• 1499 : Giovanni Angelo Medici , Pope Pius IV.
• 1504 : Angad Dev , founder-guru of Sikhism
• 1519 : Henry II of France , French king
• 1519 : Johann Konrad Ulmer , Protestant theologian and scholar with a wide range of interests
• 1526 : Benedict the Mohr , Italian Catholic saint
• 1536 : Ashikaga Yoshiteru , Japanese Shogun
• 1571 : Pietro Aldobrandini , Cardinal of the Roman Church and Archbishop of Ravenna
• 1576 : Luise Juliana von Oranien-Nassau , Electress of the Palatinate
• 1580 : Bogislaw XIV. , Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast
• 1596 : René Descartes , French philosopher, mathematician and scientist
• 1621 : Andrew Marvell , English poet
• 1623 : Johannes Colberg , German Lutheran theologian
• 1626 : Atto Melani , Italian castrato singer, spy, diplomat and writer
• 1635 : Patrick Gordon , Scottish general in Russian service
• 1651 : Charles II , Elector Palatinate
• 1656 : Juan Andrés de Ustariz de Vertizberea , Spanish merchant and governor of Chile
• 1667 : Hieronymus von Erlach , Swiss general
• 1670 : Louis Auguste I , Duke of Maine, illegitimate son of Louis XIV.
• 1675 : Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini , Pope Benedict XIV.
• 1684 : Francesco Durante , Italian composer
• 1685 : Johann Sebastian Bach , German composer, organ and piano virtuoso of the Baroque
• 1691 : Johann Georg Dominikus Grasmair , Tyrolean painter
• 1693 : Elisabeth Albertine von Anhalt-Bernburg , Princess of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
• 1699 : Françoise-Louise de Warens , French nobleman and reference person to Jean-Jacques Rousseau

18th century

Joseph Haydn (* 1732)

• 1706 : Bernard Stuart , Scottish Benedictine priest, architect, mathematician and clockmaker and court architect in Salzburg
• 1707 : Sophie Karoline von Brandenburg-Kulmbach , Princess of East Frisia
• 1712 : Anders Johan von Höpken , Swedish politician and co-founder of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• 1717 : Carl Friedrich Aichinger , German linguist
• 1718 : Maria Anna of Spain , Princess of Spain and Queen of Portugal
• 1722 : Jacob Reinbold Spielmann , French pharmacist, medic and chemist
• 1723 : Frederick V , King of Denmark and Norway
• 1728 : Johann Gottfried Clemen , German plantation owner
• 1730 : Étienne Bézout , French mathematician
• 1730 : Kaspar Faber , German entrepreneur
• 1732 : Joseph Haydn , Austrian composer, leading exponent of Viennese classical music
• 1734 : Adélaïde-Louise-Pauline Hus , French actress of the Comédie-Française and courtesan
• 1736 : Franz von Paula Rosalino , Austrian Catholic theologian
• 1745 : Marianne von der Leyen , German Countess, regent in Blieskastel
• 1747 : Johann Abraham Peter Schulz , German musician and composer
• 1753 : Johann Martin Abele , German publicist and historian
• 1754 : Karl Gottlob Hausius , German Protestant clergyman and writer
• 1767 : Friedrich Wilhelm Hagen , German author
• 1771 : Karl Joachim , Prince of Fürstenberg
• 1772 : Franz Ferdinand Fritz , Bishop of Hildesheim from 1836 to 1840
• 1774 : Karl Gottfried Erdmann , German medic and botanist
• 1777 : Louis Cordier , French geologist, petrographer and mineralogist
• 1778 : Hippolyte-Marie de Rosnyvinen , French general in the cavalry
• 1778 : Coenraad Jacob Temminck , Dutch zoologist
• 1779 : Georg Lankensperger , German wagon builder, inventor of the stub axle steering
• 1782 : Louis-Hippolyte Lebas , French architect
• 1788 : Rama III. , King of Siam
• 1794 : Karl Friedrich Christian Hasselmann , German pastor and politician
• 1794 : Wilhelm Friedrich Volger , German educator
• 1796 : Karl Howald , Swiss conservative pastor and chronicler
• 1798 : Michael Neher , German painter
• 1798 : John Craven Westenra , British politician
• 1799 : Ernst Friedrich Wüstemann , German classical philologist

19th century

1801-1850

• 1805 : Abel Burckhardt , Swiss pastor and composer
• 1808 : James Pinckney Henderson , American lawyer and politician, Senator and 1st Governor of Texas
• 1809 : Otto Lindblad , Swedish composer

Prince Clovis of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (* 1819)

• 1819 : Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst , German statesman, Bavarian Prime Minister, Reich Chancellor, Prussian Prime Minister
• 1821 : Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller , German biologist
• 1822 : Dmitri Wassiljewitsch Grigorowitsch , Russian writer
• 1823 : Ernest Doudart de Lagrée , French explorer and sailor
• 1833 : Carl Scherres , German painter
• 1834 : Liborius Hausner von Hauswehr , Kuk field marshal lieutenant
• 1835 : Rudolf Arndt , German psychiatrist and university professor
• 1840 : Benjamin Baker , British civil engineer
• 1843 : Bernhard Förster , German high school teacher, political agitator and husband of Elisabeth Nietzsche
• 1844 : Andrew Lang , British writer from Scotland
• 1847 : Hermann Volz , German sculptor
• 1848 : William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor , US-British financier, politician, diplomat and nobleman
• 1848 : Diederik Johannes Korteweg , Dutch mathematician
• 1849 : Ernst Assmann , German medic and scientist

1851-1900

• 1851 : Karoline von Arnim , German writer
• 1853 : Otto Nikolaus Witt , Russian chemist
• 1856 : Alexander Iwanowitsch Vwedenski , Russian philosopher and psychologist
• 1856 : José Benjamin Zubiaur , Argentine educator

Édouard Rod (* 1857)

• 1857 : Édouard Rod , Swiss author
• 1857 : Bailey Willis , American geologist
• 1861 : Cabbar Qaryağdıoğlu , Azerbaijani mugham singer
• 1865 : Anandi Gopal Joshi , Indian doctor
• 1865 : Helene Raff , German painter, writer and collector of sagas
• 1867 : Elmer Ivan Applegate , American botanist
• 1868 : Karl Bonhoeffer , German psychiatrist
• 1870 : James M. Cox , American politician, presidential candidate, governor of the state of Ohio
• 1870 : George Holt Thomas , British publisher and aviation pioneer
• 1872 : Sergei Pavlovich Djagilew , Russian editor, art critic and curator
• 1872 : Arthur Griffith , Irish politician, minister, founder of the Sinn Féin party
• 1872 : Alexandra Michailovna Kollontai , Russian revolutionary, diplomat and writer
• 1873 : William D. Denney , American politician
• 1873 : Paul Lensch , German politician
• 1874 : Andrés Gaos , Spanish composer, violinist and music teacher

Henri Marteau (* 1874)

• 1874 : Henri Marteau , Franco-German violinist and composer
• 1875 : Adolf von Arnim , German sports official
• 1875 : Ludwig Kießling , German crop scientist and plant breeder
• 1875 : Hans Osten , German businessman and astronomer
• 1876 : Astrid Ahnfelt , Swedish writer
• 1876 : Otto Nussbaumer , Austrian physicist and radio pioneer
• 1876 : Borisav Stanković , Serbian writer
• 1878 : Jack Johnson , American boxer
• 1878 : August Winnig , German trade unionist and writer
• 1879 : John Hart , Canadian politician
• 1880 : Paul Gleeson , American tennis player
• 1880 : Charles Mochet , French designer
• 1881 : Otto Stolz , Austrian historian and folklorist
• 1882 : Artur Schweriner , German writer and journalist
• 1882 : Kornei Ivanovich Tschukowski , Russian poet
• 1885 : Karl von Fischer-Treuenfeld , high-ranking member of the Waffen SS
• 1885 : Jules Pascin , French painter
• 1886 : Tadeusz Kotarbiński , Polish philosopher
• 1887 : Willi Knesebeck , German football player
• 1887 : Waldus Nestler , German reform pedagogue
• 1889 : Erich Albrecht , German football player
• 1889 : Otto Friedländer , Austrian writer and pacifist
• 1889 : Adolf Jäger , German football player
• 1889 : Muriel Hazel Wright , American historian
• 1890 : Benjamin Willard Adams , American athlete

William Lawrence Bragg (* 1890)

• 1890 : William Lawrence Bragg , British physicist and Nobel Prize winner
• 1891 : Oszkár Asbóth , Hungarian engineer and aviation pioneer
• 1892 : Stanisław Maczek , Polish general
• 1892 : Wilhelm Weiß , SA-Obergruppenführer, editor-in-chief of the Völkischer Beobachter
• 1893 : Clemens Krauss , Austrian conductor
• 1893 : Samuel Münchow , Danish-German politician
• 1895 : Otto Griebel , German painter
• 1895 : John Jay McCloy , lawyer and politician, American High Commissioner in Germany
• 1896 : Wilhelm Reichert , German rower
• 1897 : Fred Forbát , architect and town planner
• 1898 : Kurt Angermann , German administrative lawyer
• 1899 : Richard Schmid , German lawyer and politician, resistance fighter against National Socialism
• 1899 : Franz Völker , German singer (tenor)
• 1900 : Bernhard Bauknecht , German politician
• 1900 : Heinrich Schlier , German Evangelical Lutheran and Catholic theologian
• 1900 : Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester , British Prince and Governor General of Australia

20th century

1901-1925

• 1901 : Josef Goubeau , German chemist
• 1901 : Ludwig Kusche , solo pianist, conductor and co-designer of radio broadcasts
• 1902 : Bill Hoffman , American football player
• 1902 : André Lanskoy , Russian-French painter
• 1903 : Ernst Arnold , German politician
• 1904 : Harry Buckwitz , German director
• 1904 : Sam Zimbalist , American film producer
• 1905 : Big Maceo Merriweather , American blues musician
• 1905 : Robert Stevenson , British-American film director, screenwriter, and film producer
• 1906 : Vinzenz Erath , German narrator
• 1906 : Marianne Frostig , Austrian social worker, teacher and psychologist

Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (* 1906)

• 1906 : Shin'ichirō Tomonaga , Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize winner
• 1906 : Bernhard Welte , German theologian and philosopher
• 1907 : Hilde Lotz-Bauer , German photographer and art historian
• 1907 : Karl Schmid , Swiss literary historian
• 1908 : Franz Dusika , Austrian cyclist
• 1908 : Red Norvo , American jazz vibraphonist
• 1909 : Johann Tauscher , Austrian field handball player
• 1910 : Walther Ahrens , German microbiologist and hygienist
• 1910 : Hans Nüsslein , German tennis player
• 1911 : Elisabeth Grümmer , German singer
• 1911 : Robert Hamer , British director and screenwriter
• 1912 : Hermann Höcherl , German politician
• 1913 : Nils Erik Åkerlindh , Swedish wrestler
• 1913 : Etta Baker , American blues singer and guitarist
• 1914 : Emil Kemmer , German politician

Octavio Paz (born 1914)

• 1914 : Octavio Paz , Mexican writer and diplomat, Nobel Prize winner
• 1915 : Max Riccabona , Austrian writer
• 1917 : Dorothy DeLay , American violinist and violin teacher
• 1918 : Jean-Jacques Siegrist , Swiss historian
• 1920 : Rolf Boysen , German actor
• 1920 : Hubert Bradel , German horn player
• 1920 : Yvette Z'Graggen , Swiss writer
• 1921 : Lowell Fulson , American blues guitarist and singer
• 1922 : Walt Stickel , American football player
• 1923 : Don Barksdale , American basketball player
• 1923 : Shoshana Damari , Israeli singer
• 1924 : Charles Guggenheim , American film director, producer and screenwriter
• 1924 : Anna Krommer , German-speaking writer
• 1925 : Andrea Bianchi , Italian director, screenwriter and film editor
• 1925 : Fritz Cron , German motorcycle racer
• 1925 : Bernhard Heisig , German painter ( Leipzig School ), important representative of GDR art

1926-1950

• 1926 : Caspar Diethelm , Swiss composer and conductor
• 1926 : John Fowles , British novelist

César Chávez (* 1927)

• 1927 : César Chávez , American trade unionist
• 1927 : Knut Frydenlund , Norwegian diplomat and politician
• 1927 : Vladimir Sergeyevich Ilyushin , Soviet pilot
• 1927 : Erich Kirste , German physicist
• 1927 : Eduardo Martínez Somalo , Spanish cardinal
• 1927 : Ludwig Polsterer , Austrian newspaper editor
• 1928 : Lefty Frizzell , American country singer
• 1928 : Gordie Howe , Canadian ice hockey player
• 1928 : Karl Haehser , German politician
• 1929 : Joachim Bumke , German old Germanist
• 1929 : Alexander Gray , Canadian singer and music educator
• 1929 : Helmut Rothemund , German politician
• 1929 : Kazuko Saegusa , Japanese writer, essayist and literary critic
• 1929 : Alfred Schlosser , Austrian sculptor
• 1930 : Julián Herranz , Spanish cardinal
• 1930 : Luis Pavón , Cuban politician, journalist and writer

Hans-Joachim Arnold (* 1932)

• 1931 : Miller Barber , American professional golfer
• 1932 : Hans-Joachim Arnold , German mathematician and university professor
• 1932 : Nagisa Ōshima , Japanese director
• 1932 : Humberto Selvetti , Argentine weightlifter
• 1933 : Anita Carter , American country and folk singer
• 1933 : Gerhard Ruhbach , German theologian and church historian
• 1934 : Richard Chamberlain , American actor
• 1934 : Shirley Jones , American actress
• 1934 : Heinz Kautzleben , German scientist and geophysicist
• 1934 : John D. Loudermilk , American country singer and songwriter
• 1934 : Carlo Rubbia , Italian physicist
• 1935 : Herb Alpert , American musician

Rolf Becker (* 1935)

• 1935 : Rolf Becker , German actor
• 1935 : Adolf Dresen , German director
• 1935 : Heinrich Fink , German theologian, university professor and politician
• 1936 : Marge Piercy , American writer
• 1936 : Aung Thwin , Myanmar sculptor
• 1937 : Claude Allègre , French politician
• 1937 : Willem Duyn , Dutch rock singer
• 1937 : Sid Ahmed Ghozali , Algerian politician
• 1937 : Hartmut Lange , German writer
• 1937 : Herbert Ninaus , Austrian-Australian soccer player and coach
• 1937 : Jimmy Vass , American jazz saxophonist and flutist
• 1938 : Antje Gleichfeld , German athlete
• 1938 : Jimmy Johnson , American football player
• 1938 : Dietmar Schlee , German politician
• 1939 : Mary B. Anderson , American economist
• 1939 : Manfred Dammeyer , German politician

Swiad Gamsachurdia (* 1939)

• 1939 : Swiad Gamsachurdia , Georgian dissident and president
• 1939 : Wolfgang Pucher , Austrian clergyman and founder of the Vinziwerke
• 1939 : Volker Schlöndorff , German filmmaker and director
• 1939 : Karl-Heinz Schnellinger , German soccer player
• 1939 : Hiltigund Schreiber , Austrian art historian
• 1940 : Brian Ackland-Snow , British art director and production designer
• 1940 : Erwin Marschewski , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1940 : Timm Ulrichs , German artist
• 1941 : Mirla Castellanos , Venezuelan singer
• 1941 : Vera Vasilyevna Korsakova , Soviet athlete
• 1941 : Heinz Putzhammer , German teacher and trade unionist, member of the National Ethics Council
• 1941 : Alfred Paul Schmidt , Austrian writer
• 1942 : Anne Poirier , French artist
• 1943 : Roy Andersson , Swedish director and screenwriter
• 1943 : Sharon Hampson , Canadian actress and singer
• 1943 : Christopher Walken , American actor
• 1944 : Angus King , American politician
• 1944 : Till Meyer , German terrorist and MfS agent
• 1944 : Mick Ralphs , British guitarist
• 1945 : Edwin Catmull , American computer scientist and computer graphic artist
• 1946 : Jörg Schild , Swiss politician, President of the Swiss Olympic Association
• 1946 : Klaus Wolfermann , German athlete, Olympic champion
• 1947 : Alberto Anrango , Ecuadorian Kichwa teacher and politician
• 1947 : Kristian Blak , Faroese pianist and composer
• 1947 : César Gaviria , Colombian President
• 1947 : Luigi Padovese , Italian Bishop, Vicar Apostolic of Anatolia
• 1948 : Gary Doer , Canadian politician

Al Gore (born 1948)

• 1948 : Al Gore , American politician, vice president, entrepreneur and environmentalist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
• 1948 : Thijs van Leer , Dutch musician and singer
• 1948 : Rhea Perlman , American actress
• 1948 : Enrique Vila-Matas , Catalan writer
• 1949 : Reinhold Mathes , German football player
• 1950 : András Adorján , Hungarian chess player

1951-1975

• 1951 : Henry Spinetti , British drummer and session musician
• 1952 : Bruce Bechtold , German catamaran sailor
• 1952 : Horst Bredemeier , German handball trainer and functional
• 1952 : Vanessa del Rio , American model, porn actress and entrepreneur
• 1952 : Paul-Heinz Wellmann , German athlete, Olympic medalist
• 1954 : Marion Seib , German politician
• 1954 : Wolfgang Zenkner , German carom player
• 1955 : Svetozar Marović , President of Serbia and Montenegro
• 1955 : Adelheid Schulz , German RAF member
• 1955 : Angus Young , British musician
• 1956 : Claus Fabian , German music producer, drummer and singer
• 1956 : Wolfgang Nadvornik , Austrian economist and university professor
• 1957 : Alan Duncan , British politician
• 1957 : Patrick G. Forrester , American astronaut
• 1957 : Tom Vogt , German voice actor and film actor
• 1958 : Walter Ameling , German ancient historian

Dietmar Bartsch (* 1958)

• 1958 : Dietmar Bartsch , German politician
• 1958 : Sylvester Groth , German actor
• 1959 : Thierry Claveyrolat , French racing cyclist
• 1959 : Markus Hediger , Swiss writer and translator
• 1960 : Sándor Balogh , Hungarian-German handball player and coach
• 1960 : Popa Chubby , American blues musician
• 1961 : Jessica Kosmalla , German actress
• 1962 : Skylet Andrew , English table tennis player
• 1962 : Olli Rehn , Finnish politician
• 1963 : Hugo Dietsche , Swiss wrestler
• 1963 : Laurent Daniels , German actor
• 1963 : Paul Mercurio , Australian film actor and ballet dancer
• 1964 : Constanze Angermann , German journalist and television presenter
• 1964 : Jürgen Wegmann , German soccer player
• 1965 : Tom Barrasso , American ice hockey player
• 1966 : Roger Black , British athlete
• 1966 : Edith Thys , American ski racer
• 1967 : Robert Schirle , British racing car driver and racing team owner
• 1968 : Wilfried Eisenberg , German manager
• 1968 : Christian Liebig , German journalist
• 1968 : Yvonne Ritter-Elkuch , Liechtenstein cyclist
• 1969 : Frédéric Chassot , Swiss football player
• 1969 : Attik Kargar , German cartoonist and author
• 1969 : Francesco Moriero , Italian football player and coach
• 1971 : Martin Atkinson , English football referee
• 1971 : Pavel Vladimirovich Bure , Russian ice hockey player and team manager
• 1971 : Dieter Fischer , German actor
• 1971 : Klaus Härö , Finnish film director

Ewan McGregor (born 1971)

• 1971 : Ewan McGregor , British actor
• 1972 : Alejandro Amenábar , Chilean-Spanish film director, screenwriter and composer
• 1973 : Kristján Guy Burgess , Icelandic political scientist, politician, journalist and executive director
• 1974 : Benjamin Eicher , German director
• 1974 : Karen Heinrichs , German television and radio presenter
• 1974 : Stefan Olsdal , British musician
• 1975 : Toni Gardemeister , Finnish rally driver
• 1975 : Alexander Waske , German tennis player
• 1975 : Bettina Zimmermann , German actress

1976-2000

Anthony B (born 1976)

• 1976 : Anthony B , Jamaican dancehall and reggae performer
• 1976 : Jonas Ernelind , Swedish handball player
• 1976 : André Röhner , German actor and photographer
• 1978 : Fernando Ávalos , Argentinian football player
• 1978 : Sarah Masuch , German actress
• 1978 : Jérôme Rothen , French football player
• 1978 : Vivian Schmitt , German porn actress
• 1978 : Tony Yayo , American rapper
• 1979 : Danny Invincibile , Australian soccer player
• 1979 : Jonna Mendes , American ski racer
• 1979 : Benjamin Pratnemer , Slovenian dart player
• 1980 : Martin Albrechtsen , Danish football player
• 1980 : Wang Chien-ming , Taiwanese baseball player
• 1980 : Malik Joyeux , Tahitian surfer

Kate Micucci (born 1980)

• 1980 : Kate Micucci , American actress, comedian, and singer-songwriter.
• 1980 : Pa Dembo Touray , Gambian football player
• 1981 : Benjamin Adrion , German soccer player
• 1981 : Monika Augustin-Vogel , Swiss athlete
• 1981 : Wolfgang Bubenik , Austrian football player
• 1982 : David Poisson , French ski racer
• 1983 : Hashim Amla , South African cricketer
• 1983 : Sophie Hunger , Swiss singer and composer
• 1983 : Sophie Rogall , German actress and speaker
• 1983 : Christian Scott , American trumpeter and flugelhorn player
• 1984 : Haidar Al-Shaïbani , Canadian soccer player
• 1984 : Eddie Johnson , American football player
• 1985 : Jessica Szohr , American actress
• 1986 : Ahn Jae-hong , South Korean actor
• 1986 : Andreas Dober , Austrian soccer player
• 1986 : Peter Dempsey , Irish racing driver
• 1987 : Nordin Amrabat , Dutch-Moroccan football player
• 1987 : K. Humpy , Indian chess player
• 1988 : Ante Brkić , Croatian chess player
• 1988 : DeAndre Liggins , American basketball player
• 1989 : Pablo Piatti , Argentine soccer player
• 1991 : Fernando Arismendi , Uruguayan soccer player
• 1992 : Kim Haeng-jik , South Korean carom player
• 1992 : Henri Laaksonen , Swiss-Finnish tennis player
• 1992 : Christian Mathenia , German soccer player
• 1995 : Lindsay Agnew , Canadian soccer player
• 1996 : Lennart König , German actor
• 1998 : Anna Seidel , German short tracker
• 2000 : Elias Abouchabaka , German soccer player
• 2000 : Lars Lukas Mai , German soccer player

Died

Before the 16th century

• 32 BC BC : Titus Pomponius Atticus , Roman knight
• 0310 : Ōjin , Japanese emperor
• 1028 : Lý Thái Tổ , ruler of the Vietnamese Empire Đại Cồ Việt and founder of the Lý dynasty
• 1046 : Guido von Pomposa , Benedictine
• 1185 : Beatrix von Rethel , Queen of Sicily
• 1251 : William of Modena , Bishop of Modena, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. Papal legate for Livonia, Prussia, Holstein, Estonia, Semgallia, Samland, Courland, Wierland, Guland (Öland?), Bornholm, Rügen and Gotland
• 1366 : Otto von Ziegenhain , German canon in the cathedral chapters in Mainz and Cologne and provost of the Petristift in Fritzlar
• 1379 : Georg von Wildenstein , abbot of the St. Gallen monastery
• 1388 : Everard 't Serclaes , Duke of Cruyckembourg (Ternat)
• 1460 : Heinrich Laufenberg , Swiss priest and author
• 1493 : Martín Alonso Pinzón , Spanish navigator and participant on the first Columbus voyage
• 1495 : Guy Pot , French nobleman

16th and 17th centuries

• 1518 : Heinrich Bebel , German humanist
• 1529 : Gabriel von Taxis , Innsbruck postmaster
• 1547 : Francis I , King of France
• 1550 : Barbara von Rottal , Moravian noblewoman, possibly illegitimate daughter of Emperor Maximilian I.
• 1567 : Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse
• 1593 : Johannes von Schröter , German physician and first rector of the University of Jena
• 1596 : Francesco Ciceri , Italian humanist and university professor
• 1616 : Johann Adolf , Prince-Bishop of Lübeck and Bishop of Bremen and Hamburg
• 1621 : Philip III. , King of Spain and Portugal
• 1631 : John Donne , English writer
• 1665 : Susanna Edelhäuser , victim of the witch hunt in Friedberg
• 1671 : Anne Hyde , first wife of James Stuart, Duke of York
• 1673 : Christoph Friedrich von Salza , electoral Saxon council, state elder of the Görlitz district, founder of the exile town of Neu-Salza
• 1676 : George Konrad Crusius Dutch jurist
• 1693 : Jiří Melcl , Czech composer

18th century

• 1702 : Filippo Giannetto , Sicilian painter
• 1703 : Johann Christoph Bach , German composer, son of Heinrich Bach
• 1722 : Eberhard von Danckelman , tutor of the first Prussian king, Brandenburg minister, Prussian chief president and baron
• 1722 : Campegius Vitringa the Elder , Reformed theologian
• 1724 : Sophia von Sachsen-Weißenfels , Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst

Isaac Newton († 1727)

• 1727 : Isaac Newton , British philosopher and mathematician
• 1732 : Franz Mozart , German sculptor
• 1739 : Magnus Berg , Norwegian painter and ivory carver
• 1740 : Johann Christoph Meurer , general superintendent
• 1744 : Johann Ulrich Tresenreuter German pedagogue, philologist, philosopher and Protestant theologian
• 1749 : Johann Heel , south German painter
• 1750 : Johanna Charlotte von Anhalt-Dessau , Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt
• 1751 : Friedrich Ludwig von Hannover , Prince of Wales
• 1763 : Marco Foscarini , 117th Doge of Venice
• 1765 : Anna Constantia Countess von Cosel , mistress of Augustus the Strong
• 1767 : George Wilhelm von Sydow , Prussian district administrator
• 1791 : Archibald Campbell , British officer, politician and governor of Georgia, Jamaica and Madras
• 1794 : Bernardino Galliari , Italian painter
• 1797 : Benjamin von Amaudruz , Prussian lieutenant general

19th century

• 1804 : Victor-François de Broglie , French military leader and statesman
• 1810 : Luigi Lanzi , Italian historian
• 1814 : John Dawson , American politician
• 1816 : Giuseppe Angeluni , Greek Catholic Archbishop
• 1816 : Francis Asbury , American bishop
• 1821 : Josephine Brunsvik , Hungarian nobleman
• 1822 : Leonhard Johann Bertholdt , German Protestant theologian and university professor
• 1834 : Landolin Swoon , German sculptor
• 1837 : John Constable , British landscape painter
• 1841 : Eduard Gurk , Austrian painter
• 1843 : Thomas Fowler , mathematician and inventor
• 1850 : Heinrich Franz von Bombelles , Austrian diplomat, officer and educator of the later Emperor Franz Joseph I.
• 1850 : John C. Calhoun , American politician

Charlotte Brontë († 1855)

• 1855 : Charlotte Brontë , British writer ( Jane Eyre )
• 1867 : Philipp Allmang , German Protestant clergyman and politician
• 1868 : Theodor Reh , German politician
• 1869 : Allan Kardec , French educator and spiritualist
• 1873 : Wilhelm Stern , German educator
• 1875 : Gaetano Nava , Italian music teacher and composer
• 1877 : Antoine-Augustin Cournot , French mathematician and economic theorist
• 1880 : Henryk Wieniawski , Polish violinist and composer
• 1884 : Konrad Deubler , Austrian farmer, baker, innkeeper and mayor of Goisern
• 1885 : Franz Abt , German composer and conductor
• 1886 : Józef Bohdan Zaleski , Polish poet
• 1888 : Jean-Marie Guyau , French philosopher
• 1897 : Hugo Hanke , Berlin building contractor and member of the city council
• 1898 : Eleanor Marx , German-English socialist
• 1899 : Juliane Déry , German writer

20th century

1901-1950

• 1901 : John Stainer , British organist and composer
• 1904 : Auguste Bernus , Swiss Protestant clergyman and university professor
• 1911 : Ella Magnussen , German painter
• 1913 : JP Morgan , American entrepreneur and banker
• 1914 : Hubert von Herkomer , British painter, sculptor, musician and writer
• 1914 : Christian Morgenstern , German poet and writer
• 1915 : Wyndham Neck Shaft , British athlete, Olympic champion
• 1917 : Emil von Behring , German bacteriologist and serologist, Nobel Prize winner
• 1918 : Richard Mandl , Austrian composer
• 1920 : Paul Bachmann , German mathematician
• 1920 : Lothar von Trotha , German infantry general
• 1927 : Kang Youwei , Chinese reformer, educator and philosopher
• 1928 : Gustave Ador , Swiss politician
• 1928 : Medardo Rosso , Italian-French sculptor

Hans Fischer († 1945)

• 1929 : Myron T. Herrick , American politician, governor of Ohio
• 1929 : Evaristo Lucidi , Italian clergyman, cardinal to the Curia
• 1930 : Emil Krebs , German language genius
• 1933 : Paul Nikolaus , German emcee, cabaret artist, poet and playwright
• 1934 : Franziskus Ehrle , German clergyman, curia cardinal
• 1934 : René Guisan , Swiss Protestant clergyman and university professor
• 1937 : Ahmed İzzet Pasha , Ottoman soldier and statesman
• 1938 : Jacobus Marinus Janse , Dutch biologist
• 1939 : Johan Petter Åhlén , Swedish entrepreneur and curler
• 1944 : Johannes Greber , German clergyman and politician, MdR
• 1945 : Hans Fischer , German chemist and physician, Nobel Prize winner
• 1946 : Martin Davey , American politician
• 1946 : Takeda Rintarō , Japanese writer
• 1947 : Georg Ledebour , German journalist and politician, MdR
• 1947 : Qazi Mohammed , sole head of government in the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
• 1948 : Egon Erwin Kisch , journalist and reporter
• 1950 : Karl Birnbaum , German psychiatrist and neurologist

1951-2000

• 1952 : John George Clark Anderson , British ancient historian and epigraphist
• 1952 : Walter Schellenberg , German general of the SS and the police, head of the combined secret services of the SD and defense of the RSHA, war criminal
• 1953 : Jan Akkersdijk , Dutch football player
• 1956 : Ralph DePalma , American racing car driver
• 1958 : Hans Ehrenberg , German theologian
• 1959 : Peter Suhrkamp , German publisher and founder of the publishing house
• 1960 : Franz-Josef Binder , Austrian motorcycle racing driver and development engineer
• 1962 : Hermann Bollnow , German historian
• 1963 : Wilhelm Heinitz , German musicologist
• 1968 : Homer D. Angell , American politician
• 1968 : Skeets McDonald , American country musician
• 1968 : Elly Ney , German pianist and music teacher
• 1971 : Michael Browne , Irish religious, cardinal to the curia
• 1971 : Alfred Desenclos , French composer

Karl L. King († 1971)

• 1971 : Karl L. King , American composer and conductor
• 1972 : Ramon Iglésias Navarri , Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra
• 1973 : Ota Pavel , Czech writer, sports writer, storyteller and journalist
• 1973 : Kurt Thomas , German composer and choir director
• 1974 : Karl Hohmann , German football player
• 1975 : Karl Höger , German soccer player and coach
• 1975 : Virginio Rosetta , Italian soccer player, world champion
• 1976 : René Ahrlé , German graphic artist, painter and photographer
• 1976 : Hans-Adolf Asbach , German lawyer and politician
• 1976 : Edward Streeter , American journalist and writer
• 1978 : Charles Best , American physiologist
• 1980 : Arthur Kleiner , Austrian-American film composer
• 1980 : Jesse Owens , American athlete, Olympic champion
• 1983 : Karandasch , Russian clown
• 1983 : Augustin Farah , Lebanese Archbishop
• 1983 : Ozaki Kazuo , Japanese writer
• 1986 : Helga Anders , Austrian actress and voice actress
• 1986 : Paulus Rusch , Bishop of the Diocese of Innsbruck
• 1987 : Eugen Andergassen , Austrian writer
• 1988 : William McMahon , Australian politician and Prime Minister
• 1988 : Oliver Hassencamp , German author, cabaret artist and actor
• 1989 : Karl Fuchs , German politician, MdL, MdB, MdEP
• 1990 : Jerzy Karol Ablewicz , Polish bishop
• 1992 : Alfredo De Angelis , Argentine musician, band leader and composer
• 1993 : Brandon Lee , American actor
• 1994 : Léon Degrelle , Belgian fascist
• 1995 : Roberto Juarroz , Argentine poet and writer
• 1995 : Selena Quintanilla-Pérez , Texan Grammy winner
• 1996 : Jeffrey Lee Pierce , American singer, songwriter and guitarist ( The Gun Club )

Friedrich Hund († 1997)

• 1997 : Friedrich Hund , German physicist
• 1998 : Bella Abzug , US politician and suffragette
• 1998 : Arthur Cunningham , American composer
• 1999 : Jerry Toth , Canadian jazz saxophonist, clarinetist and flutist, composer and arranger
• 2000 : Gisèle Freund , German photographer and sociologist
• 2000 : Pierre Chancel , French racing car driver

21st century

• 2001 : Clifford Shull , physicist
• 2001 : Rob Stolk , Dutch activist
• 2002 : Richard Ackerschott , German soccer player
• 2003 : George Connor , American football player
• 2003 : Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter , British-Canadian mathematician
• 2003 : Fermín Vélez , Spanish racing car driver
• 2004 : Luigi Agustoni , Swiss theologian, church musician and professor
• 2004 : Hedi Lang , Swiss politician
• 2004 : Hedwig Pistorius , Austrian actress
• 2005 : Renato P. Arlati , Swiss writer
• 2005 : Stanley Sadie , British musicologist
• 2005 : Terri Schiavo , American coma patient
• 2006 : Heny Álvarez , Puerto Rican composer, percussionist and singer
• 2007 : Phil Cordell , British musician
• 2007 : Paul Watzlawick , Austrian-American communication scientist, psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, sociologist, author and philosopher
• 2008 : Jules Dassin , American film director
• 2009 : Raúl Alfonsín , Argentine President
• 2011 : Claudia Heill , Austrian athlete
• 2014 : Frankie Knuckles , American DJ and musician
• 2015 : Arndt Frauenrath , German entrepreneur and association official
• 2016 : Ronnie Corbett , British entertainer
• 2016 : Georges Cottier , Swiss cardinal
• 2016 : Zaha Hadid , Iraqi-British architect

Hans-Dietrich Genscher († 2016)

• 2016 : Hans-Dietrich Genscher , German politician
• 2016 : Imre Kertész , Hungarian writer, Nobel Prize winner
• 2017 : Erwin Kruk , German-Polish writer, poet and literary critic
• 2017 : James Rosenquist , American pop art painter
• 2017 : Roland W. Schmitt , American physicist and manager
• 2018 : Peter Rabe , German politician
• 2019 : Nipsey Hussle , American rapper
• 2020 : Abd al-Halim Haddam , Syrian politician
• 2021 : Erwin Piechowiak , German soccer player

Holidays and memorial days

• Church memorial days
  • Akakios Agathangelos , Bishop of Hither, possibly martyr (Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox)
  • John Donne , English priest and poet (Anglican, Protestant: ELCA )
  • Joseph , one of the ancestors of the people of Israel (Evangelical: LCMS )

• Name days
  • Benjamin , Cornelia

• Action days
  • International Transgender Day of Visibility (TDoV), International Day for trans Visibility (since 2009)

The list of commemorative and action days contains further entries .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Kremb / Lautzas: State history excursion guide Rhineland-Palatinate . tape 2 . Verlag Arbogast, Otterbach 1991 (quoted in the entry on Buchenloch - Paleolithic Cave (Gerolstein) in the database of cultural assets in the Trier region ; accessed on September 12, 2017.).
2. ↑ [1]
3. ↑ Queer Calendar: Transgender Day of Visibility. In: Queer-Lexikon.net. December 19, 2019, accessed July 9, 2020.
4. ↑ Anna Siegel: Anti-Discrimination: Nuremberg Greens demand bathing day only for trans * and intergender people. In: inFranken.de . July 7, 2020, accessed July 9, 2020.

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