History of Dresden

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The city ​​museum located in the country house in the inner old town holds a large collection on the city's history for visitors and researchers.
The city ​​archive in Albertstadt contains documents on the city's history from the 13th to the 21st century.

The history of Dresden begins with the prehistory and early history of the Upper Saxon areas along the Elbe long before Dresden was first mentioned in documents in 1206. The first settlements in the area date back to 5500 BC. BC, the founding of today's city probably took place in 1173 or shortly thereafter. Evidence of this early phase of settlement can be seen in the city ​​museum and in the city ​​archive .

prehistory

The Elbe valley offered from around 5500 BC. Good settlement conditions on the loess slopes on the left bank of the Elbe. The sandy areas north of the Elbe , the slope of the Ore Mountains or the floodplain forest of the Elbe, which was often flooded by the Elbe and its inflowing waters , probably offered poorer conditions.

The Neolithic in the Dresden area
Model of a ceramics settlement and circular moat in Dresden-Nickern; State Museum for Archeology Chemnitz

The Elbe basin was permanently settled in the Neolithic Age by immigrants from the linear ceramic culture . The first finds come from an excavation near Dresden- Mockritz . A ceramic shard is believed to be around 5500 BC. Dated. More recent traces of settlement of the ceramic band culture (5500-4500 BC) were also found mainly on the left Elbe loess slopes, but also on the Taschenberg (today's location of the Dresden Castle ) and occasionally in other parts of the Elbe valley and in the area of ​​today 's Cottas .

A regionalization of the band ceramics related from the Paris Basin to the Carpathian Mountains to stitch band ceramics in the area from the Harz to far into the “ Bohemian ” can be seen particularly well in Prohlis . The circular moats in Nickern from the 5th millennium BC Are the first monumental buildings in today's urban area.

The transition to the funnel-beaker culture (peaceful and gradual or oppressive or suppressive) is still unclear, but here too there are signs of settlement.

Cord ceramics have been found in the Dresdner Heide and in Striesen .

The Aunjetitz culture ( early Bronze Age ) is documented in the Elbe Valley by the Prohlis depot , as well as by the oldest find in the important Dobritz depot .

Lusatian culture on the Pfaffenstein

For the late Bronze Age , here the Lausitz culture (1300–780 BC), and the transition to the Iron Age , the town-like settlement on the Heidenschanze stands . The entire Elbe Valley experienced the strongest settlement for a long time.

In the 7th and 6th centuries BC The Billendorfer culture is said to have left its traces in Stetzsch ; then the Jastorf culture .

Research results from 2010 locate the Lupfurdum settlement , which Ptolemy had recorded in his Atlas Geographia near the Elbe around 150 AD and whose name indicates a ford , in the Dresden area. According to Roman sources, the Semnones or the Hermundurs lived here at this time.

"During the migration period , the settlements were mostly very short-lived, so that only a few archaeologically tangible traces have been left."

At the end of the 6th century, Slavic groups coming from Bohemia settled along the Elbe.

Early history

Dresden in the 5th and 6th centuries

The name Dresden is of Slavic origin and goes back to the right Elbe west Slavic settlement Drežďany , whose name comes from the Slavic word drežga "swamp forest" and thus means swamp or floodplain forest inhabitants . In Sorbian the city is still called Drježdźany ( Czech Drážďany ).

In documents from the 10th and 11th centuries, the area of ​​the Dresden Elbe valley is referred to as pagus Nisan . Its Slavic inhabitants evidently called themselves Nisani, which means “the people in the lowlands”. Numerous Slavic ramparts in this landscape indicate the former existence of Supania . The early German Burgwarde Bresnice ( Briesnitz ), Woz (probably Niederwartha ) and Bvistrizi (probably Coschütz or Plauen ) are mentioned for the westernmost area of ​​Nisan in documents, some of which date back to the 11th century . Assuming an early German Burgward Dohna , the area of ​​the high medieval city foundation of Dresdene was in a gap in the Burgward network. The decay and complete leveling of two castle walls for the central area of ​​Nisan in the catchment area of ​​the Kaitzbach between the castle complexes in Coschütz and Lockwitz is suspected.

The Taschenberg and a presumed early town merchants' settlement on the left bank of the Elbe were probably the earliest origins in the area of ​​the high medieval town foundation. Ostra (Ostrow), Poppitz , Fischersdorf , the settlement in the Frauenkirche area and the Elbberg were probably also inhabited before the city was built, but were initially left out of the urban planning.

The favorable traffic situation at the Elbe crossing was already marked by a Slavic boatmen and fishing settlement. Here was the natural connection from Franconia to Bautzen . The seat of the margrave and bishop was, however, the strategically more favorably located Meißen with its cliff rising up on the Elbe .

In 1144, Naundorf and Gohlis, the first evidence of Wettin rule still exists in the western part of the Dresden Elbe valley by means of a royal document . The burgraviate of Dohna , which can be documented from 1156 , was decisive for the area of ​​Dresden, sovereign rights transferred to Konrad the Great of Wettin were lost again. For this reason and the archaeological excavation activities, it is almost impossible that a Wettin castle existed or was built around this time in the area of ​​Dresden on the left bank of the Elbe. However, an initial development can be assumed for 1170/1180, as the archaeological finds and the dendrochronological determination of the wood used for its felling time showed. From the beginning of the 13th century, some of the wooden structures were replaced by stone structures and were finally removed around 1230. This first fort probably served to protect the bridge construction over the Elbe , Wettin construction activities could only be assumed after the Reich pledge of the Nisan district was handed over to Margrave Dietrich.

The fact that a margravial castle could have existed on the left bank of the Elbe in 1206 should also follow from the location at the end of the contract of March 31, 1206. In a fishing village of this name, no contract could have been concluded. In the deed of March 31, 1206 (also the first mention of Dresden), also in a deed of 1215, the closing formula is:

"Acta sunt hec dresdene."

The final formula on January 21, 1216 is already:

"Acta sunt hec ... in civitate nostra Dresden."

Dresden is now already referred to as a civitas (city), a fortified complex was built around a stately building in these ten years. According to Otto Eduard Schmidt , the experience of urban design in Freiberg was used in the new construction . There were 3 locations with crooked streets and a new facility with right-angled streets combined in a wall ring. In contrast, in Dresden on the left side of the Elbe on the Taschenberg a city location surrounded by a fortification ring with streets crossing at right angles is the basis. From the later Georgentor (directly at the ferry crossing, probably soon with a bridge, which was already referred to as stone in 1287) ran along Schloßstraße to the market with the town church , then Nikolaikirche, a main path that crossed Wilsdruffer Straße . The settlement in the Frauenkirche area remained with its houses and its historically developed network of paths to the east outside the wall ring. According to Walter Schlesinger and Reinhard Spehr , this harbor settlement was identical to Nisani , the center of " Nisana " from the Staufer table goods directory, which was probably created between 1152/53 and 1189 . Karlheinz Blaschke , however, concluded from a performance of pottery outside the city in Registrum dominorum marchionum Missnensium from 1378 under the Old-Dresden , that the name "Dresden" was originally used for the settlement area on both banks of the Elbe . The right Elbe part of Alten-Dresden only received its own fortifications in the 16th century.

Late Middle Ages

Early urban development

The early as the Middle Ages oldest church of the place, to are our Lady was with her miraculous image of Mary , later the Cross Church with a splinter of the Holy Cross, an early stage of many of the target point pilgrimages . Otto's son, Margrave Dietrich the Oppressed , already had his residence in Dresden for a while, because the oldest documents of 1206, 1215 and 1216 date from his time, in the latter of which Dresden is mentioned for the first time as a city (civitas) . It is also the temporary residence of the margrave.

  • Dresden around 1206

  • Dresden around 1270

  • Dresden around 1500

At the time, Dresden was clearly subordinate to other cities and dominated by other cities. It belonged to the Margraviate of Meissen and the Diocese of Meissen , which in turn was assigned to the Archdiocese of Magdeburg as a suffragan diocese .

The oldest depiction of the Dresden city arms can be found as a seal on a certificate of homage from 1309.

The development of the city was mainly limited to the district on the left bank, which, although small in size, was already surrounded by walls and ditches, while Altendresden on the right bank (today's Neustadt ) lagged behind in development. In 1403 Altendresden received city rights. The expansion of the city and the commercial development proceeded only very slowly at first, at the end of the 13th century there was a Franciscan monastery , at the end of the 14th century there were two hospitals.

After Henry the illustrious death in 1288, when the country was divided under his heirs, City and Care Dresden passed to his youngest son, Friedrich the Little , who, barely a year after his father's death, sold his territory to the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II without doing so to give up his residence and his court in Dresden.

After his death in Dresden and the corresponding area was due to the war, in which Frederick's nephew and heir Frederick the free digestion , better known under the name of "Bitten", with Brandenburg had been involved, to the Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg , however, after his death in 1319 The whole land that Heinrich the Illustrious had brought together again went to Frederick the Freidigen , who, however, as Landgrave of Thuringia, preferred to hold court at the Wartburg . In 1300 the first schoolmaster is mentioned.

Under the following margraves, the city enjoyed a slow but progressive development despite the multiple internal and external challenges and accidents, including the plague and war and in 1429 the cremation of a large part of the city by the Hussites . Around 1500 the city of Dresden, including its suburbs and Altendresden, had around 6,000 inhabitants.

Towards the end of the Middle Ages, in the 15th century, the Weißeritzmühlgraben was created on the western edge of Dresden , which was to play an important role in the city's economic history for centuries.

Residential city

Dresden 1529

After the death of Frederick the Meek in 1464, his sons Ernst and Albrecht initially took over rule together. The joint residence was moved from Meissen to Dresden.

With the division of Saxony ( Leipzig division ) between Ernst and Albrecht the Courageous in 1485, Dresden came to the latter and has remained the residence of the Albertine line ever since. On June 15 and 16, 1491, most of the city was destroyed by a major fire. In 1501, the city council had the Weichbild marked with soft stones. Albrecht's son, Duke George, Duke of Saxony , was from 1521 to 1528, the fortifications of the city and reinforce the 1534-1537 George Castle built.

His successor, Henry the Pious led in 1539 here, the Reformation , and in the result of the Schmalkaldic War received the Albertine princes 1547 Electorate . Thus Dresden was the capital of the most important Protestant country, which was the most powerful German state after the Habsburg countries.

Elector Moritz gave the old town a different shape, laid out Moritzstrasse and ensured that the city was properly administered. His brother and successor August had the streets paved, the Kreuzschule , the Annenkirche , the armory , the Jägerhof and many other public buildings built, and he became the founder of the library and most of the scientific and art collections. The Dresden mint, built by Elector August 1556 in the immediate vicinity of the Residenzschloss, became the only mint in the Electorate after all state mints were closed.

As part of this promotion of the arts, the Hofcantorey , the forerunner of the Saxon State Orchestra , was founded in 1548 , and in the same year the foundation stone for the courtly, later Saxon art collections was laid.

Early modern age

Thirty Years' War

City view of Dresden from a bird's eye view (around 1634)

From 1620, Kursachsen participated alternately on the imperial and Swedish sides in the fighting of the Thirty Years' War . As a result of the war, Altendresden was also fortified on the right bank of the Elbe. Although the city itself was not conquered, starvation , plague and economic decline caused severe setbacks in urban development.

In the decades that followed, however, the city quickly regained its former glory, especially thanks to the strong promotion of cultural and economic development by the electoral court.

The first manufactories were established in Friedrichstadt , which was founded in 1670 . The Great Garden was laid out as a courtly festival area, the first magnificent baroque buildings were erected, and with the work of Heinrich Schütz , who came to Dresden in 1614 and died here in 1672, the city's musical life reached a climax.

The reign of Friedrich August I.

The Zwinger (carillon pavilion with arched galleries)

The city's most brilliant period began with the reign of Friedrich August I (often called "August the Strong"), who became King of Poland as August II after the election in 1697 and established the personal union of Saxony-Poland . Altendresden , which burned down in 1685, was rebuilt according to a large-scale plan and from then on called Dresden- Neustadt . During this time, many important buildings such as the block house , the knight academy , the barracks , the Japanese palace , the Zwinger building (actually the forecourt to a never built new palace), the Dreikönigskirche , the current Frauenkirche and other outstanding buildings ( Dresden Baroque ) . The art collections and the library also received valuable enrichments. Friedrich August II. (As August III. King of Poland 1733–1763) completed several buildings begun by his father and had the magnificent Catholic court church built between 1739 and 1754 . In the course of this upswing and due to the great needs of court life, the number of inhabitants tripled between 1700 and 1755 to 63,000 people. For the first time since the expulsion of 1430, a larger Jewish community emerged .

The conversion of Augustus the Strong to the Catholic Church as part of his efforts for the Polish crown led to confessional tensions in Lutheran Dresden, which in May 1726, after the murder of the Kreuzkirche preacher Hermann Joachim Hahn by the Catholic Franz Laubler , erupted violently.

After the Prussians in the War of Austrian Succession , after the Battle of Kesselsdorf (15 December 1745), Dresden had conquered, here came the peace between Austria, Prussia and Saxony on 25 December 1745 concluded.

Seven Years War

Dresden Fortress (1750)
Kreuzkirche before and after the bombing in 1760

The Seven Years' War broke Dresden's heyday for a long time. Friedrich II entered Dresden on September 9, 1756 and "captured" the Saxon army enclosed near Pirna . When the Imperial Army and the Austrian main army under Daun approached the city at the beginning of November 1758 , the Prussian governor, Lieutenant General Karl Christoph Graf von Schmettau , had the Pirnaische and later (1759) the Wilsdruffer suburb burn down. After the battle of Kunersdorf , the enemy troops appeared in front of Dresden on August 26, 1759, initially displaced the Prussians from Neustadt and, after one of them surrendered on September 4th, took possession of the entire city. The city suffered the hardest during the unsuccessful siege and bombardment by the Prussians under Frederick the Great himself in July 1760.

After the Seven Years War

Demolition of the Kreuzkirche (1765)

Elector Friedrich August III. (1763–1827) succeeded the elector Friedrich Christian , who ruled for only 74 days, to the throne as the third son of Friedrich August II . Because of its minority, Saxony was under the guardianship of Prince Xavier until 1768 . During the guardianship period, the city was initially restored and expanded, and the Academy of Arts was founded in 1764 . Nevertheless, the city's economic recovery was very slow, it took 60 years before the population was back to the level before the outbreak of the Seven Years War.

After he came of age, Friedrich August completed what his guardian had started. The French Revolution brought many emigrants to Dresden, but even more did the last partition of Poland . After the Saxon Army was defeated on October 14, 1806 in the Battle of Jena on the side of Prussia, the French General Thiard occupied Dresden on October 25. But on December 20th, after the elector had joined the Confederation of the Rhine and assumed the royal dignity (now as Friedrich August I King of Saxony), Dresden became a Saxon royal city. During the war with Austria in 1809, Dresden was occupied several times for a short time by the Austrians under Karl Friedrich in the end . The demolition of the fortifications began in 1810, but this work was interrupted when the Russo-French War broke out .

Napoleonic period

From May 16 to 28, 1812, a prominent meeting of Napoleon , the Emperor of Austria , the King of Prussia and various other princes took place in Dresden . In 1813, the city was a main point of Napoleon's operations , who had positioned himself here on both banks of the Elbe with his entire army and included Pirna , the Lilienstein , the Königstein and Stolpen in his tactical considerations, so that the area was entrenched Army camp resembled.

On March 13th, Marshal Davout advanced with 12,000 men from Meissen to Dresden and took over the command there. Since skirmishes with Cossacks had already taken place in front of Neustadt , the marshal had one pillar and two arches of the Elbe bridge blown up on March 19 and withdrew with his troops, whereupon the Russians occupied Dresden on March 22. After the Battle of Großgörschen , the city was evacuated by the Russians, and on May 12th the king returned to Dresden. The French now fortified the Neustadt, and when war broke out again in August after Austria declared war on France , Dresden remained the center of the movements of the French army and on August 26th and 27th it was attacked by the Bohemian at the Battle of Dresden Army exposed. Napoleon achieved the last victory on German soil.

In response to the news that Vandamme , who had crossed the Elbe near Königstein on the 25th , was advancing towards Pirna and threatening the connection with Bohemia , the Allies returned on the night of August 27th to 28th. They had lost 15,000 dead and wounded and over 20,000 prisoners. But the French also had more than 10,000 wounded alone. The approach of the allies caused Napoleon and the King of Saxony to leave the city on October 7th. In and around Dresden an army of some 30,000 men remained under St. Cyr and Count Lobau . The city, initially only observed by a small army detachment, was blocked by the Austrian General Klenau after the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig . A shortage of food and a violent fever forced Saint-Cyr to surrender , in which he was granted free retreat. But Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg refused his consent, and Saint-Cyr had to give himself up on the way with 35,000 men. Now the Russians moved into the city under General Gouriew , and Dresden became the seat of the Russian state administration under Prince Repnin-Volkonsky on November 17th , until it was handed over to the Prussian governor von der Recke on November 8th, 1814 .

Modern times

Dresden in the Kingdom of Saxony

The destruction of the Dresden police building in 1830

After the peace and under the reign of King Friedrich August , who returned to his country, which had been reduced by Prussian partition on June 7, 1815 , Dresden gradually gained an increasingly friendly reputation, especially as a result of the demolition of the fortifications, which had been resumed since 1817. Under the government of King Anton (1827–1836) gas lighting was introduced, the city post was built, the cavalry barracks in the Neustadt, the Altstädtische Hauptwache , the new post house in the old town and the Ostra Bridge over Weißeritz in Friedrichstadt were rebuilt. In 1828, under King Anton, the technical educational institution, the so-called polytechnic, was established at new scientific institutions . The expansion of the city on the Neustadt side was combined in 1835 to form a fourth district under the name Antonstadt and given city justice.

The uprising that broke out on September 9, 1830 as a result of the July Revolution in France resulted in the city being redesigned in its police force and the city structure.

But it was no longer just the royal court that determined urban development; business and the bourgeoisie were also increasingly involved. Industrial companies emerged (in 1836 the mechanical engineering institute Übigau ), in 1825 the technical training institute was founded and in 1839 the Leipzig-Dresden Railway, the first German long-distance railway , was put into operation.

“The first Semperoper” - the Royal Court Theater

Dresden was also expanded and embellished under the reign of King Friedrich August II (1836–1854), in particular with the new Royal Court Theater , which burned down on September 21, 1869, the Royal Orangery and the Belvedere on Brühl's Terrace . As a result of the rejection of the German imperial constitution drawn up after the March Revolution of 1848 on the part of the King of Saxony, the Dresden May uprising and barricade fighting took place on May 3, 1849 , which was suppressed by Saxon and Prussian troops on May 9. The ministerial conferences of the German states took place here from December 23, 1850 to May 15, 1851 .

industrialization

"The second Semperoper of -" Gottfried Semper designed and managed by his son Manfred Semper built

With the beginning of industrialization , population growth increased. Around 1800 around 62,000 people lived in the city. At the time of the German Confederation (1815–1866) the number of inhabitants exceeded the limit of 100,000, making the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony a major city in 1852 . Dresden is one of the oldest German cities after Berlin (since 1747), Hamburg (1787) and Breslau (1840), along with Munich and Cologne (also major cities since 1852). By 1880 the population had grown to over 220,000 and by the end of 1905 the number had more than doubled in 25 years to almost 517,000. The highest value in the history of Dresden to date was reached in 1933 with a population of 649,252.

Aerial photograph circa 1865

Under the reign of King Johann (1854–1873), Dresden experienced a significant upswing in terms of its internal and external development and beautification.

The interior of the city was embellished by numerous new buildings, and keeping pace with the rapid growth of the population, the suburbs with their villas increasingly strove towards closer connections with the nearest localities. The events of 1866, when Dresden was surrounded by the Prussian side as a strategic point with a strong belt of entrenchments which seriously threatened further development and which has recently lost its dubious character, only managed to inhibit this flourishing for a short time.

The economy also grew very quickly, in the decades after 1850 the branches of industry typical of Dresden: precision mechanics ( Universelle , Seidel & Naumann ), optics ( Ihagee , Ernemann , ICA  - from 1926 Zeiss Ikon ) as well as chocolate ( Hartwig & Vogel , Jordan) & Timaeus ) and cigarettes ( Jasmatzi & Sons ). On the eastern edge of Friedrichstadt , the Yenidze cigarette factory ( Salem brand ) was completed in 1909 . The building in the style of a mosque , which can still be seen from afar, has a total height of 62 meters.

Map of Dresden in 1876
Borrower's note for 500 marks from the City of Dresden from May 27, 1905

After the German Empire was founded in 1871, the city housed one of the largest garrisons in the German Empire . For the Saxon XII. Army corps , several barracks were built (especially the extensive Albertstadt complex in the north of the city).

The Dresden horse tram opened its first line in 1872. The “second” Semperoper was inaugurated in 1878. Especially in the time of the Belle Époque around the turn of the century ( Fin de Siècle ), numerous public administration buildings followed, such as the ministerial building from 1904 (today the Saxon State Chancellery ) or the New Town Hall (1910). Extensive traffic structures changed the face of the city: Railway lines and stations, additional bridges over the Elbe , such as the Loschwitz road bridge (“ Blue Wonder ”) in 1893 and the Marienbrücke for railway traffic completed in 1901 , were built and the Alberthafen Dresden-Friedrichstadt was built.

At the turn of the century, thanks to many incorporations with 400,000 inhabitants , Dresden was the fifth largest city in the German Empire and despite the stormy development, the cityscape was able to retain its charm thanks to careful building regulations.

20th century

After the First World War

The November Revolution of 1918 also forced King Friedrich August III., Who had ruled since 1904, to abdicate. The Free State of Saxony was formed. At the beginning of the twenties, a large number of localities around Dresden were incorporated. During the politically more stable second half of the twenties, significant structural and cultural achievements were made.

Dix and Kokoschka were important teachers at the art academy, with Mary Wigman and Gret Palucca the history of European expressive dance began in Dresden . The German Hygiene Museum , in 1912 after the First International Hygiene Exhibition of the Dresden entrepreneurs and Odol -Fabrikanten Karl August Lingner founded, moved in 1930 to today's construction at flowering park .

time of the nationalsocialism

Then the continued takeover of the Nazi party in 1933 the progressive cultural traditions of the city to an end. The brutal repression of the political opponents culminated in the mistreatment and deportation of the Jewish residents of Dresden.

In May 1939, before the start of the Second World War , Dresden was eighth on the list of the largest cities in the “Greater German Reich” with over 630,000 inhabitants , including Vienna . The Dresden area was spared attacks in the aerial warfare of World War II until August 1944 because it was still out of the reach of Allied bombers. In autumn 1944, the Saxon metropolis in the German Reich was one of the last intact industrial locations, as well as the garrison town and the Dresden railway junction as an important distributor for transports by the Wehrmacht to the Eastern Front .

In the year the National Socialists came to power there were 4,397 Jews among the 642,143 inhabitants, twelve years later there were only 41.

Persecution of the Jews

“Aryanizations” and persecution until 1938 In
1938, the persecution of Jews also spread in the Gau capital Dresden. At the beginning of the propaganda wave "Enlightenment campaign between peoples' peace or Jewish dictatorship" , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann demanded at a rally in the " White Eagle " on January 31, 1938 in front of over 2000 NSDAP officials that one had to "get rid of the Jewish world plague" and took measures at the same time known, with which Jewish spa guests were to be expelled from Bad Weißer Hirsch . In March “things and rights” of the foundation of the Israelite religious community in Dresden, the dissolved Fraternitas Lodge and the Israelite women's association were confiscated from the state of Saxony. The property of citizens of the Jewish faith had to be registered and the wearing of the Star of David became compulsory. The wave of tyrannies reached its peak for the time being in the November pogroms in 1938 .

Between 1933 and 1938, the following Dresden private banks and companies owned by Jews were expropriated (" Aryanized "):

Expropriated company Year of expropriation Beneficiaries
Banking house, brothers Arnhold 1935 Dresdner Bank (Dresdner parent company)
S. Mattersdorf Bank 1936 General Deutsche Credit-Anstalt (ADCA)
Bondi & Maron banking house 1937 Deutsche Bank
Banking house Gebr. Arnhold 1938 Dresdner Bank / Hardy & Co. (Berlin)

November pogroms 1938, first deportations
On Thursday, October 27, 1938, the Foreign Office ordered the complete expulsion of all Jews of Polish nationality. The same evening the deportations began in Dresden in public. The Gestapo arrested that night all Polish Jews, which they could find, and brought them to the police stations. According to an eyewitness, around 500 people were brought to the 3rd Johannstadt police station alone by the next morning, and at 11 a.m. they were driven to Dresden-Neustadt station in an open truck in the rain without sleeping or eating . At 4 p.m. they were loaded onto a train and transported to Poland under SS escort, where they were forced to disembark in the open field behind the border in the early morning hours of Saturday. A total of 724 Polish Jews from Dresden and 2804 from all of Saxony were brought to Poland in this first action. The traces of many of them are lost today in the ghettos or extermination camps of Poland, which was occupied a year later. After 1939, their properties and accounts went to the Treuhandstelle Ost .

From November 7, 1938, a wave of propaganda ran through the local newspapers. In the evening and at night there were rallies - supposedly spontaneous - throughout the city. The largest rally took place on Rathausplatz, followed by a march along König-Johann-Straße, Altmarkt , Prager Straße to the main train station. The synagogue was set on fire. Their ruins were blown up; the costs of the demolition were billed to the Israelite community. Between November 10 and 14, at least 151 Dresden Jews, including famous and wealthy citizens, were brought to the Buchenwald concentration camp 's special pogrom camp , and more were transported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp . An unspecified number was imprisoned in the Mathildenstrasse detention center and others in the Schießgasse police building .

Concentration in “Jewish houses”
The “Law on Tenancy Contracts with Jews” , which came into force on April 30, 1939, repealed tenant protection for Jews and obliged Jews to take in homeless Jews. From autumn 1939, Jews were concentrated in so-called “ Jewish houses ” ". At first 37 Jewish houses were known in Dresden. Through the "Ordinance on the clean divorce between Jews and Aryans in Dresden" of 1940, Jews who still had their own apartments were forced to move out by March 31, 1940 and look for space in the remaining 32 Jewish houses ("to disturb the public To avoid security and order ”).

traffic

The railway lines to Prague, Berlin, Leipzig, Nuremberg and Breslau crossed in Dresden. In 1944, rail traffic in the entire Berlin - Leipzig - Dresden region was mainly handled via the Friedrichstadt marshalling yard , the Neustädter freight and passenger station and the main train station . In Frederick city also was the Reichsbahn repair shop . The Alberthafen and the Dresden – Werdau railway, which supplied the industrial companies in Dresden and Freital with coal from the Zwickau district via the coal station , were also important. Dresden was the third largest rail transshipment point in the empire.

Industry

According to evaluations by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), "at least 110" factories and companies were located in February 1945 that represented "legitimate military targets". 50,000 workers were employed in the armaments industry alone, including the supply industry for aircraft construction. According to local sources there was a chemical industry in Niedersedlitz, the Lehmann weapons factory, the optical works, v. a. Zeiss Ikon on Schandauer Strasse, Junghansstrasse and Bärensteiner Strasse as well as the Goehle plant in Pieschen , the steel construction Kelle & Hildebrandt in Großluga , Koch & Sterzel in Mickten , Seidel & Naumann , Universelle and other armaments companies. Radio Mende and the Sachsenwerk produced radio technology for the Wehrmacht. Avus and MIAG produced with prisoners of war in Leuben who were interned on the site of the MIAG factory (formerly Mühlenbau Gebr. Seck ) in Zschachwitz . Forced laborers from the Flossenbürg concentration camp and other concentration camps had to work in industry.

military

North of the Outer Neustadt , Albertstadt was built as a military town in the 1870s and expanded until 1939. There were extensive barracks complexes including supply facilities with siding, such as army bakery and metal processing companies or simple craft businesses as well as parade grounds, cannon firing tracks and the army officers' school . Barracks were also set up in Mickten, Johannstadt and Strehlen . In the mid-1930s, the Klotzsche airport and the aerial warfare school of the same name were built . From 1940 the square was used exclusively for military purposes.

After the end of the Empire , the Reichswehr was stationed in Dresden in the Weimar Republic from 1921 and the city was expanded militarily during the Nazi era . Dresden was the seat of the military district command  IV of the Wehrmacht. In Strehlen, southeast of the city center, the building complex of Luftgau Command IV was completed in 1938 . From 1939 another extensive barracks complex of the Luftwaffe was built between Lockwitz and Nickern ; however, the construction of the associated airfield was stopped after the outbreak of war and the building was used for training purposes.

In 1939 there were around 20,000 men of the IV Army Corps of the 6th Army in Dresden in Wehrkreis IV . After the start of the war in 1939, the active units were assigned to the front and the barracks were filled with troops from the replacement army . In the further course of the war, the garrison city of Dresden became a hospital and supply city, in which ball houses, restaurants and the Elbe steamers of the White Fleet were converted into hospitals and camps. In 1944/1945 Dresden was the last intact garrison town in the rear of the Eastern Front . In January 1945 there were only half-trained soldiers and the troops of the Volkssturm in the city and large parts of the flak stationed around Dresden were relocated to the nearby eastern front to fight the Red Army ( Lower Silesian operation ).

"Dresden-Riesa Defense Area", "Dresden Fortress Area"

In November 1944 ten Volkssturm battalions were recruited and sworn in in Dresden . Among them units for building entrenchments, tank hunting commandos, intelligence units. All trucks in Dresden were combined with drivers in two Volkssturm transport battalions. Individual battalions were assigned to the Eastern Front in January, but the majority remained barracked in Dresden and were trained in schools like army officers. Since the armament was no longer sufficient for the approx. 20,000 strong troops from the Volkssturm and Hitler Youth after supplying the Wehrmacht , SS and police , they were assigned to build positions.

On December 1, 1944, Colonel General Heinz Guderian ordered the establishment of the Dresden-Riesa defense area . This order was kept secret for the time being and was not published until April 1945. Anti-tank barriers, anti-tank trenches, trenches, artillery positions and minefields were to be built around the city. The authorities in the city were placed under the command of the corps staff. Since the German military expected the advance of the Red Army as far as the Elbe, the Elbe was to represent the last German line of defense from Hamburg to Prague.

After the establishment of the Lublin Committee by the Soviets in competition with the planned post-war government in London and the fighting of the communist partisans against British troops in Greece, the German military were under the illusion that the anti-Hitler coalition could disintegrate. For the Elbe line, the command was issued: "Hold until the last!" .

On May 7, 1945, one day before the unconditional surrender , the Albertbrücke , Carolabrücke and Augustusbrücke were blown up by the Wehrmacht.

Air strikes

The destroyed city center, 1945

From August 1944 to April 1945 there were several air raids on Dresden and the surrounding area , most of which were aimed at the industrial and transport facilities of the garrison town and the industrially developed Elbe valley. The attacks of February 13 and 14, 1945, in which the city center was almost completely destroyed over an area of ​​15 km², have remained in the collective memory . Johannstadt , the Innere Neustadt , Striesen , parts of the Südvorstadt and Zschertnitz as well as Strehlen were set on fire and badly damaged. The Äußere Neustadt was less affected . Mickten , Pieschen and Übigau received only a few hits. The number of those killed is still controversial today. At the beginning of 2010, a commission of historians set up by the city of Dresden established a proven minimum number of 22,700 and an assumed maximum number of 25,000 victims. Of the 222,000 apartments in Dresden, 60,000 were completely destroyed in the air raid, 11,000 were badly damaged, 7,000 were of moderate severity and 81,000 were light. The railroad facilities that were only damaged in February 1945 were only completely inoperable after another attack on April 17, 1945. The industrial plants were largely paralyzed.

To this day, falsifying or dramatic representations of the attacks that favor ideological instrumentalization regularly appear. This instrumentalization began just a few days after the attack by the Nazis' propaganda and was recognized by the Soviets as useful in the first post-war years. There are also reports from false memories of traumatized eyewitnesses. This emotional narrative core has solidified in the collective memory and has become constant and proverbial worldwide to this day. The bombing of Dresden has become a constant phrase in English: like Dresden is thoughtlessly used to describe a devastating fire or the destruction of cultural assets.

The legend is wrong that Dresden was the city most destroyed in the war. This claim does not even apply in comparison with German cities like Berlin or Hamburg. In the air raid on Pforzheim on February 23, 1945 , 17,600 people, a third of the population at that time, died in the relatively small town compared to Dresden; 98% of the buildings were destroyed. However, a particularly large number of cultural assets were destroyed in the attacks on Dresden. Depictions of low-level aircraft attacks on fleeing people, the use of napalm or “raining down phosphorus” over the city are also wrong. Other traditional representations were refuted and are now considered false. These include the dramaturgical elements of the narrative called “constants” by Neutzner, the attacks are described as the sudden, unexpected, senseless destruction of a unique and innocent city shortly before the end of the war. The almost undamaged city, widely known as a splendid royal seat, was still an important military goal in February 1945 and not just “the innocent culturally beautiful”.

To this day it is predominantly right-wing extremists who use these myths and the exaggerated statements about the number of dead and the degree of destruction of the city. These historical falsifications culminate in the latently anti-American comparison of the air strikes with the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki or even in the relativization of the Holocaust .

1945 to 1989

Dresden around 1980

In the first few years after the war, some burned-out buildings such as B. the circus building Sarrasani blown up. The reconstruction or reconstruction of important historical monuments such as the Zwinger , Hofkirche and Albertinum lasted until the 1960s; the Semperoper could only be reopened in early 1985. Some buildings were still in such a condition that they could be used again shortly after the end of the war, such as the Great House of the State Theater on Ostra-Allee . Former soldiers were obliged to defuse the mines and duds buried in positions between March and May 1945 .

Baroque houses on Grosse Meißner Strasse were blown up. The city center was cleared of the rubble by tens of thousands of volunteers as part of the national reconstruction project. Up until the 1950s, piles of rubble lay along the exposed streets in the Inner New Town, and the ruins of the old department stores on Prager Strasse in the center had not been cleared either. A special ruin ("foreign capital") was used as the "Gambrinus restaurant" until the 1960s.

Historically valuable ruins were also torn down in the 1960s, as a representative example of the demolition of the burned-out Sophienkirche in 1962. This had to give way with the construction of further modern residential and representative buildings in the city center of a large restaurant (" Fresswürfel "). At this time, Ernst-Thälmann-Strasse and the Altmarkt (the foundation stone was laid in 1955) were expanded into a socialist city. In contrast to the (former Centrum) department store , which was built in 1950 , it now has a historicizing design. The motto of the urban planning that led the reconstruction has been handed down and has not been documented: “A socialist metropolis needs neither baroque nor churches.” During a visit by Walter Ulbricht (1963), the building method that had been started on the Altmarkt and adapted to the history was broken again.

The Frauenkirche was of particular importance for the situation in Dresden . The ruins of the ruin were cleared up and inventoried since 1947, stones were recovered to examine the possibility of rebuilding. Contrary to the recommendations of the Monument Protection Office, it was not rebuilt and work was stopped in 1949. In 1959 even 600 m³ of the rubble was brought to the Elbe as bank reinforcement. However, it was spared from being blown up and was saved as a “memorial”.

Many streets were renamed during the GDR era. After 1989 these mostly got their old names again. New names were, for example: Salvador-Allende- Platz (Münchner Platz), Fučik Platz ( Straßburger Platz ) and Juri-Gagarin -Strasse (formerly Reichsstrasse, now Fritz-Löffler-Strasse ). The Königsbrücker road was by Otto Buchwitz renamed Otto Book joke Street.

From 1972, the new districts of Prohlis and Gorbitz were built on the outskirts of the city. As part of the housing program, large estates with prefabricated buildings were built here in order to meet the still existing housing needs. As early as the 1960s, residential districts with prefabricated buildings began to emerge in the city center on the old city quarters, in Johannstadt and in Schandauer Strasse. While new buildings were being built on a large scale, the old buildings inevitably fell into disrepair, especially in Dresden-Neustadt (Art Nouveau apartments). On the other hand, these buildings made of prefabricated parts (panels) were important in order to meet the housing requirements that were absolutely necessary with quick construction and inexpensive calculations.

At the beginning of the 1960s there was still huge amounts of rubble in the city. In the concrete plant in Gerokstrasse, the brick chippings obtained from this were used as an economical solution for large block constructions. However, central planning also created additional bureaucracy and difficulties.

Prager Strasse has been completely redesigned as a wide pedestrian zone with several fountains and an unobstructed view from the main station to the Altmarkt with the Kulturpalast on Wilsdruffer Strasse . The circular cinema was rebuilt in the early 1970s .

Circular cinema

During the Cold War , Dresden again became an important garrison town; The headquarters of the 1st Guards Panzer Army of the Soviet occupation troops and the 7th Panzer Division of the NVA were located there . The military academy "Friedrich Engels" and the army museum of the GDR were also located in Dresden.

In the 1980s, Dresden was in second place among the major GDR cities in terms of the number of patent applications. In terms of standard of living, Dresden was also in second place after the capital Berlin. After the destruction of the war, the district capital Dresden was again an important industrial city with companies such as Pentacon and the Robotron combine . This was the basis of the good development after the fall of the Wall .

The Saxon Switzerland was the target of many weekend getaways, small city gardens and weekend houses ( dachas ) flourished, youth clubs and numerous other clubs emerged.

1989 and 1990

The turning point and peaceful revolution in the GDR was marked in Dresden primarily by the powerful demonstrations against the construction of a high-purity silicon plant in Gittersee and by the establishment of the " Group of 20 ". On October 4, 1989, during the otherwise mostly peaceful revolution, violent clashes broke out between the People's Police and around 3,000 demonstrators at the main train station . The trigger for this unrest was the nightly passage of trains carrying refugees from the Prague embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Their passage was previously announced in the GDR news program Current Camera . By blocking the station, the demonstrators wanted to force the trains to stop and take them along.

Note : In Dresden, due to its great distance from West Berlin and Bavaria, West media could not be received for the most part, but at the end of the 80s there were satellite reception systems in some parts of the city. The reception of Western media was not regulated by law in the GDR and was generally tolerated .

Helmut Kohl during his speech on December 19 in front of the ruins of the Frauenkirche

As a result, after further demonstrations, beginning on October 8, 1989, dialogues took place between a randomly selected group of 20 and the then Lord Mayor of Dresden, Wolfgang Berghofer ( SED ). These contributed significantly to the peaceful course and received international attention. On December 19, 1989, then Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl gave a speech to around 100,000 people on Neumarkt , which is considered to be an initial step towards German reunification in the fall of 1989.

Saxon state capital

On the Day of German Unity, Dresden became the state capital of the re-established state of Saxony and is one of the cities in Germany. Since then, Dresden has again been the seat of the Saxon state organs of the executive and legislative branches.

One of the co-opted members of the Group of 20, Herbert Wagner ( CDU ), was elected Lord Mayor of Dresden in 1990 and held this office until 2001, when he was replaced by Ingolf Roßberg . Rossberg's opposition candidacy was only supported by a part of the members of the local branch of his own party ( FDP ), but not a few held to incumbent Wagner. The Wagner challenger Roßberg started as a candidate for the citizens' initiative “ OB for Dresden ” with the support of the SPD , Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , PDS and other groups.

The city received a new structure after 1990, from five city districts ten local authority areas (renamed city districts in 2018), in 1997/99 nine localities were added through incorporations (city districts and localities have different status).

The economic development (collapse of the Eastern market, lack of awareness of products in the West, weak equity, new legal system, monetary union ) led on the one hand to the closure of a number of businesses. On the other hand, significant new companies were opened, including the chip factories of Siemens (today Infineon , temporarily also Qimonda ) and AMD (today Globalfoundries ) as well as the Transparent Factory of Volkswagen , one speaks of the technology region " Silicon Saxony ". Over the years long-believed dead and even insolvent companies experienced their comeback ( optical industry , delicatessen goods ).

The documentary film Dresdner Interregnum 1991 , which was intentionally only released in 2009, shows impressions of Dresden from the time of upheaval for one hour.

21st century

A number of cultural traditions were continued, such as the International Dixieland Festival Dresden and the Dresden Music Festival ; two festivals that attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to Dresden every year.

In August 2002, Dresden was hit by a " flood of the century ". Most of the damage caused could be repaired in a relatively short time. Thanks to improved flood protection , the flood that followed eleven years later was less destructive, despite its almost as large scale.

Frauenkirche with scaffolding (May 17, 2003)

The Frauenkirche was rebuilt and reopened in autumn 2005 . The reconstruction of the Dresden Palace is also progressing.

The Green Vault moved and was reopened in the palace in September 2004 .

In July 2004, UNESCO declared the Dresden Elbe Valley cultural landscape (the course of the Elbe and adjacent areas within Dresden's city limits) a World Heritage Site . After a referendum in 2005, in which two thirds of the voters voted in favor, the Waldschlößchenbrücke was built in the middle of the area. The world heritage title was revoked again in 2009 during construction .

Based on the first documentary mention on March 31, 1206, Dresden celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2006. On this occasion, a large parade took place on August 27, for which, among other things, the prince's procession was recreated with real people and horses.

On April 21, 2015, the city, together with the Swedish city ​​of Vara, received the European Prize , which is awarded annually by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to municipalities that have made a contribution to the European idea.

On the evening of September 26, 2016, the bomb attacks occurred in Dresden 2016 .

See also

literature

Summary literature

prehistory

  • Annett Pratsch: The line and stitch ribbon ceramic settlement of Dresden-Cotta. Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe 17 (Weissbach, Beier and Beran 1999)
  • Patricia de Vries: Prehistoric settlement choice in the Dresden Elbe valley expansion. Dresden 2013

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to Reinhard Spehr's thesis of a royal foundation of Dresden after a royal court day of Friedrich Barbarossa in 1173 in Oberhermsdorf (near Wilsdruff ). In: Reinhard Spehr, Herbert Boswank: Dresden: Founding a city in the dark of history , Verlag DJM, Dresden 2000, ISBN 3-9803091-1-8 , p. 290.
  2. ↑ a b c Patricia de Vries: The pulsating life in the Elbe valley . In: Judith Oexle (Ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 . Dresden, 2006. ISBN 3-910008-72-0 .
  3. ↑ These early settlement areas were once pictorially characterized as clearing islands in the sea of ​​forest. see Judith Oexle (Ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 . Dresden, 2006, p. 24.
  4. ↑ In Kaitz , similarities to the Jordansmühler culture were found, there also finds of corded ceramics, see In der Erde, auf der Erde: New Archeology on the New Highway. (PDF; 2.4 MB) State Office for Archeology Saxony with State Museum for Prehistory , p. 3 , accessed on May 28, 2014 .
  5. ↑ Striesen-Ost , www.dresden.de, accessed on December 14, 2013.
  6. ↑ Characteristic ceramics of the Aunjetitz culture were found in Kauscha , see Judith Oexle (Ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 . Dresden, 2006, p. 21; Steinkistengräber in Kaitz , pp. 38–40; in Gostritz a group of graves, see In der Erde, on Earth: New Archeology on the New Highway. (PDF; 2.4 MB) State Office for Archeology Saxony with State Museum for Prehistory , p. 4 , accessed on May 28, 2014 . ; still Aunjetitz grave finds from Dresden-Nickern.
  7. ^ Judith Oexle (ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 . Dresden, 2006, p. 24.
  8. ↑ “Whether Saxony was Celtic or Germanic settled in the Iron Age cannot be clearly stated ... The landscape on the upper reaches of the Elbe ... was sparsely populated 2500 to 2000 years ago. The population living here had things in common with the Germans in the north and close contacts with the Celts in the south. Their everyday life differed only slightly from the Celtic population group living in the Bohemian region around Lovosice. However, the burial of the deceased was carried out uniformly following the example of the neighbors in the north. ”From: Page 6 of a booklet accompanying the exhibition Celts and Teutons on the Elbe , 2009 ( Memento from December 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ^ Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Eberhard Knobloch, Dieter Lelgemann : Germania and the island of Thule. The decoding of Ptolemy's "Atlas of the Oikumene". Scientific Buchgesell., Darmstadt 2011.
  10. ↑ z. B. Benjamin Gottfried Weinart: Topographical history of the city of Dresden: and the areas around it. Dresden 1777, pp. 6-8 ( online in the Google book search).
  11. ↑ Two graves in Nickern were assigned to the Lombards .
  12. ^ Prague type in Dresden-Stetzsch, see Judith Oexle (ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 . Dresden, 2006, pp. 55–57 and Hans K. Schulze: Settlement, Economy and Constitution in the Middle Ages: Selected essays on the history of Central and Eastern Germany. Volume 5 of sources and research on the history of Saxony-Anhalt, Cologne Weimar 2006, p. 57 ( online in the Google book search).
  13. ^ Norbert Oelsner : The Dresden Castle in the Middle Ages . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 121-149, here: pp. 121, 123, 128-130. ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 .
  14. ↑ Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae II 1, pp. 70-72 No. 74, here p. 72 line 10. ( Online ), cf. also Peter Wiegand: "The first time Dresden" . In: Sächsisches Archivblatt . No. 1 , 2006, p. 26 ( online at sachsen.de ). See also: Eckhart Leisering (edit.), Publications of the Saxon State Archives, Series B: Small writings, Volume 3: Acta sunt hec Dresdene… - The first mention of Dresden in the document of March 31, 1206 , published by the Saxon State Archives in commission at mdv Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle / Saale, 2005, ISBN 3-89812-320-0 (text and translation of the certificate pp. 10-14).
  15. ↑ Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae 1 A 3, No. 215, p. 161 line 15. ( Online )
  16. ↑ Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae 1 A 3, p. 162 f. No. 217, here p. 163 line 15. ( Online )
  17. ^ Otto Eduard Schmidt : Electoral Saxon forays. Volume 6 - Dresden and Saxon Switzerland . Page 27. Wilhelm and Bertha v. Baensch Foundation. Dresden 1928.
  18. ^ Heinz Jacob (draft), Anna Schulze (cartography): The development of the city of Dresden. (= Map 5), No. 13 = settlement in the Frauenkirche area . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 57. ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 .
  19. ↑ Reinhard Spehr : Archaeological studies on the medieval architectural history of the Dresden Castle. In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Hrsg.): The Dresden Castle. History and reconstruction. (= Dresdner Hefte , 12th year, No. 38). Verlag Dresdner Geschichtsverein, Dresden 1994, ISBN 3-910055-23-0 , p. 11–19, here p. 11f: During the early Middle Ages, ie until the end of the 12th century, when the port settlement “Nisani” (on the Münzgasse), the associated market settlement (on Grosse Frauengasse, Judengasse, Niclasgasse) and the Frauenkirche with its cemetery [12] as well as the river bank settlement on the other side of the Elbe (at Kohlmarkt), according to our archaeological findings, remained evidently uninhabited .
  20. ↑ Reinhard Spehr, Herbert Boswank: Dresden. City foundation in the dark of history. Verlag D. J. M., o. O. [Dresden] 2000, ISBN 3-9803091-1-8 , p. 16: Frauenkirche in Nisan. [...] The parish church of St. Maria on the highest hilltop, now proven to be a stone basilica, proves that "Nisani" had grown into an important early urban settlement on the Elbe [...].
  21. ^ Reinhard Spehr: Archaeological soundings in the medieval Frauenkirche in Dresden. In: Society for the Promotion of the Reconstruction of the Frauenkirche Dresden e. V. (Ed.): The Dresden Frauenkirche. Yearbook 1998. (= yearbook on their history and on their archaeological reconstruction. Volume 4). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Successor, Weimar 1998, ISBN 3-7400-1029-0 , pp. 39–58, here p. 41: With the river port at the north foot of the Frauenkirch hill, the author believes that the famous, long sought after, Walter Schlesinger suspected that he found the port area "Nisani" near the Frauenkirche decades ago [...] At the same time he believes [...] that this is where the eponymous center of the "Nisana" named in the Hohenstaufen table goods directory was located.
  22. ↑ Hans Beschorner (Ed.): Registrum dominorum marchionum Missnensium. = Directory of the income due annually to the Landgraves in Thuringia and Margraves of Meissen in the Wettin lands 1378. Volume 1: Introduction. Text. Documented appendix. Namesake. Map. Teubner, Leipzig et al. 1933, p. 267
  23. ^ Karlheinz Blaschke : The beginnings of Dresden . In: History of the City of Dresden - Volume 1: From the beginnings to the end of the Thirty Years War. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1906-0 , pp. 88-105, here p. 97: As a result, the place name Altendresden also applied to the area around the Frauenkirche at that time, so that the conclusion that the name “ Dresden "was originally used for the settlement area on both banks of the Elbe, in which the city was then given the name" Neuendresden ", which only applied to the city in the narrower sense.
  24. ^ Dresden-Altstadt in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
  25. ^ Friedrichsbrücke in the Stadtwiki Dresden
  26. ↑ “Based on the tumult in Leipzig on September 2, 1830, Saxony experienced revolutionary upheavals nationwide.” The revolution of 1830 at LeMO - Lebendiges Museum Online , Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum; also on the prehistory "The religious unrest in Dresden and Leipzig at the end of June ..." Michael Hammer: Small-state revolution in Saxony 1830/31. Bonn 2001; s. a. Sovereign Kingdom of Saxony. In: Saxony yesterday and today . Retrieved June 16, 2019 . ; Report in Freimuthige Assessment of the riots which took place in Dresden in June and September 1830. Nuremberg 1830, riots for the 300th anniversary of the Augsburg Confession ( p.36ff. )
  27. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. City and district of Dresden. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  28. ^ A b c d Nora Goldbogen: National Socialist persecution of Jews in Dresden since 1938 - an overview. In: Between Integration and Annihilation. (= Dresdner Hefte 45), p. 76 ff. ISBN 3-910055-34-6 .
  29. ^ A b c d Simone Lässig: Jewish private banks in Dresden. In: Industrial City of Dresden? Economic growth in the empire. (= Dresdner Hefte 61), 2000. ISBN 3-910055-53-2 .
  30. ↑ Victor Klemperer: I want to give testimony to the last. Diaries 1933 - 1945. Berlin 1995. ISBN 3-351-02340-5 .
  31. ^ Statistical Handbook of Germany: 1928–1944, Munich, 1949, p. 8 (for land area), p. 343 (for railway mileage), and p. 353 (for railway tonnage). Quoted in: Air Force Historical Studies Office: Historical Analysis Of The Bombings Of Dresden. ( Memento from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Joachim Riecker: Statistics of death: When the attack on Dresden there were at least 22,700 victims. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . April 15, 2010, accessed August 18, 2014 .
  33. ↑ Matthias Neutzner: “Why are we still alive? To wait until the Russians come? ” In: Dresden - The year 1945 (= Dresdner Hefte 41), 2005, ISBN 3-910055-27-3 . The following is cited: Stadtarchiv: Stadtbauamt A, supplement 3, letter from the head of the immediate structural measures, March 8, 1945.
  34. ↑ a b Matthias Neutzner: The story from February 13th. In: Myth of Dresden, fascination and transfiguration of a city. (= Dresdner Hefte 84). ISBN 3-910055-79-6 .
  35. ^ Matthias Lerm : "In fulfillment of the bombardment at the time" - The demolition of the baroque houses on Grosse Meißner Strasse in June 1950. In: Reconstruction and Dogma - Dresden in the fifties (= Dresdner Hefte 28), 1995, ISBN 3-910055-12 -5 . P. 16 ff. ( Digitized version )
  36. ^ Hans Nadler : Contribution to the preservation of monuments in Dresden 1946–1952. In: Reconstruction and Dogma - Dresden in the fifties (= Dresdner Hefte 28), 1995, ISBN 3-910055-12-5 . P. 2 ff. ( Digitized version )
  37. ↑ Michael Richter, Erich Sobeslawski: The group of 20 Social change and political opposition in Dresden 1989/90 . Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Cologne, 1999. ISBN 3-412-06499-8 .
  38. ↑ Helmut Kohl: The moment when I knew we were creating unity . In: Saxon newspaper . December 20, 2009 ( online ( memento of September 13, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) - excerpt from the book From the fall of the wall to reunification: My memories ).
  39. ^ Dresden in Germany and Vara in Sweden are the winners of the 2015 Europe Prize. (No longer available online.) In: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . April 21, 2014, archived from the original on July 27, 2015 ; accessed on July 27, 2015 .
  40. ^ Wolf Riepl: Dresdner Geschichtsbücher: pause after number 18. In: statistik-dresden.de. January 15, 2014, accessed August 29, 2014 .