List of court and imperial days (Holy Roman Empire)
The list of court and imperial days of the Holy Roman Empire includes assemblies of the Roman-German kings and emperors with leading political powers of the empire. The demarcation between the two terms is very vague, and both terms can sometimes be found for a single assembly. Earlier research tended to call Hoftage the Reichstag.
"Court day" means a meeting between the ruler and the princes and nobles who are personally connected to him through the feudal system . These were enfeoffed with land by the king / emperor and, in return, owed him not only allegiance, but also “advice and action”, which was realized in the court days. In contrast, the term “Reichstag” reflects a tendency towards decentralization, in the course of which the princes became an autonomous imperial estate with their own power base, which as an independent power factor also represented their own interests.
For individual Reichstag places and Reichstag see also category: Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)
Places of the court and Reichstag
In the time before the beginning of the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg in 1663, the Imperial and Court Days were held more than ten times in nine cities. If you take the following list below as a starting point, then the coronation cities Frankfurt (43) and Nuremberg (41) were the cities with the most frequent Reichstag. It met between 19 and 25 times in Aachen (25), Worms (22), Regensburg (20, excluding the Perpetual Reichstag) and Speyer (19). Augsburg (15), Mainz (14) and Forchheim (11) follow. The imperial city of Frankfurt and the episcopal cities of Mainz, Speyer and Worms are located in the northern Upper Rhine Graben, one of the central landscapes of the empire. A second focus was the middle south of the empire with the large imperial cities of Nuremberg, Regensburg and Augsburg (today all Bavaria). Aachen and Forchheim, on the other hand, are somewhat peripheral - but the former was still central in the early days of the empire, when the Franconian Empire was not yet divided and the focus of the empire stretched from northern France via today's Benelux to the Lower Rhine.
Court and Imperial Diets of the Carolingians and Conradines (751–918)
| year | place | Chair | Events |
|---|---|---|---|
| 754 | Quierzy | Pippin the Younger | |
| 764 | Worms | Pippin the Younger | |
| 770 | Worms | Charlemagne | Reconciliation with Karlmann. The Worms Reichstag is the first under Karl's government |
| 771 | Valenciennes | Charlemagne | |
| 772 | Worms | Charlemagne | |
| 776 | Worms | Charlemagne | |
| 777 | Paderborn | Charlemagne | Imperial Assembly 777 : Saxony is divided into mission clusters and a campaign to Spain is probably decided. |
| 781 | Worms | Charlemagne | The Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. Karl swears the oath of allegiance. |
| 782 | Lippspringe | Charlemagne | Imperial Assembly at the Lippequellen : The county constitution is introduced for Saxony and the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae may be issued. |
| 784 | Worms | Charlemagne | |
| 786 | Worms | Charlemagne | The leader of the Bretons is brought to Karl. |
| 787 | Worms | Charlemagne | |
| 788 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Charlemagne | Deposition of Tassilos III. |
| 790 | Worms | Charlemagne | |
| 799 | Paderborn | Charlemagne | Charlemagne meets with Pope Leo III. the agreement on the imperial coronation. |
| 806 | Diedenhofen | Charlemagne | Enactment of the Divisio Regnorum (Reich Division Act) for the succession of Charlemagne for the Frankish Empire |
| 817 | Aachen | Louis the Pious | Succession plan with division of the Reich |
| 819 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Louis the Pious | |
| 826 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Louis the Pious | Summons of the Sorbian chief and reception of foreign ambassadors |
| 828 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Louis the Pious | |
| 829 | Worms | Louis the Pious | Redistribution of the empire taking into account the claims of Charlemagne |
| 830 | Compiègne | Lothar I. | Confession of guilt and (temporary) disempowerment of Ludwig the Pious |
| 830 | Nijmegen | Louis the Pious | Settlement of the conflict between Emperor Ludwig the Pious and his sons Lothar , Ludwig the German |
| 831 | Aachen | Louis the Pious | Criminal court over the rebels of the previous year |
| 833 | Compiègne | Lothar I. | Trial against Ludwig the Pious after his second deposition |
| 835 | Diedenhofen | Louis the Pious | Deposition of Ebos from Reims |
| 838 | Speyer | Louis the Pious | |
| 838 | Nijmegen | Louis the Pious | |
| 839 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Louis the Pious | Ludwig shares his inheritance between his sons Ludwig and Karl |
| 845 | regensburg | Ludwig the German | |
| 857 | Worms | Ludwig the German | |
| 862 | Ludwig the German | ||
| 868 | Worms | Ludwig the German | Reichstag and Synod |
| 872 | Forchheim | Ludwig the German | |
| 874 | Forchheim | Ludwig the German | Inheritance question and succession planning |
| 881 | Charles III | ||
| 882 | Worms | Charles III | |
| 884 | Worms | Charles III | |
| 885 | Charles III | ||
| 887 | Tribur | Charles III | 11/10: Charles III. flees from the Reichstag to Frankfurt when he learns that Arnulf von Kärnten is on his way to Tribur . |
| 889 | Forchheim | Arnulf of Carinthia | |
| 892 | Forchheim | Arnulf of Carinthia | Preparation of a campaign against the Slavs |
| 894 | regensburg | Arnulf of Carinthia | |
| 895 | Tribur | Arnulf of Carinthia | |
| 896 | Forchheim | Arnulf of Carinthia | |
| 900 | Forchheim | Ludwig the child is elected king. | |
| 903 | Forchheim | Ludwig the child | Distribution of the possessions of the executed Babenberger Adalhard |
| 906 | Tribur | Ludwig the child | |
| 907 | Forchheim | Ludwig the child | Advice on the Hungarian invasions in Saxony and Bavaria |
| 907 | Fuerth (?) | Ludwig the child | March 18: Deed of donation issued to the king's mother, Oda
March 19: Confirmation of an exchange of goods between the Fulda Monastery and the Echternach Monastery |
| 911 | Forchheim | Election of Konrad I as king | |
| 914 | Forchheim | Konrad I. | Decision on war against the Bavarian Duke Arnulf |
Court and Reichstag of the Ottonians (919-1024)
| year | place | Chair | Events |
|---|---|---|---|
| 919 | Fritzlar | Election of Henry I as king | |
| 926 | Worms | Heinrich I. | Castle Decree |
| 938 | Steele | Otto I the Great | |
| 952 | on the Lechfeld near Augsburg | Otto I the Great | Reichstag in Augsburg : After King Otto I's first expedition to Italy , Berengar II is made his vassal by Italy . In addition, the Reichstag condemned Guntram for high treason. |
| 953 | Aachen | Otto I the Great | |
| 954 | Arnstadt | Otto I the Great | The rebellious dukes Liudolf of Swabia and Konrad the Red of Lorraine submit to Otto. The so-called Liudolfin uprising is over. |
| 956 | Cologne | Otto I the Great | Archbishop Ruotbert von Trier died of the plague during the court day |
| 961 | Forchheim | Otto I the Great | |
| 967, summer | Worms | Otto II. | |
| 967 | Ravenna | Otto II. | Reichstag on the coronation procession to Italy. |
| 973 | Quedlinburg | Otto II. | |
| 975 | Weimar | Otto II. | |
| 976 | regensburg | ||
| 978 | Dortmund | Otto II. | Decision of the campaign against France in autumn 978 |
| 980 | Aachen | Otto II. | |
| 983 | Verona | Election of Otto III. to the king | |
| June 29, 984 | Rara | Empress Theophanu | Duke Heinrich II of Bavaria is to surrender Otto III. forced. Theophanu takes over government affairs for the underage king. |
| 985 | Frankfurt am Main | Empress Theophanu / Otto III. | Heinrich of Bavaria gets his duchy back. |
| 991 | Quedlinburg | Empress Theophanu / Otto III. | |
| 993 | Dortmund | Adelheid / Otto III. | |
| 995 | Sohlingen | Otto III. | End of Adelheid's four-year reign; Otto III. takes over the imperial business himself at the age of 15. |
| 996 | Nijmegen | Otto III. | |
| 1007 | Frankfurt am Main | Henry II | |
| 1016 | Frankfurt am Main | Henry II | |
| 1017 | Aachen | Henry II | |
| 1019 | Strasbourg | Henry II | |
| 1022 | Aachen | Henry II |
Court and Reichstag of the Salians and Supplinburgers (1024–1137)
| year | place | Chair | Events |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1024 | Aachen | Konrad II. | |
| 1028 | Aachen | Konrad II. | |
| November 1053 | Tribur | Henry III. | Determination of the successor to Heinrich 's son of the same name |
| 1064 | Aachen | Henry IV. | |
| January 1066 | Tribur | Henry IV. | Heinrich IV referred Adalbert von Bremen at the urging of the court and took away his political influence. |
| 1076 | Worms | Henry IV. | Heinrich declares Pope Gregory VII deposed. |
| 1077 | augsburg | Planned Reichstag in Augsburg to settle the investiture dispute , which Heinrich IV presumably prevented by going to Canossa . | |
| 1084 | Aachen | Henry IV. | |
| 1098 | Mainz | Henry IV. | |
| 1099 | Aachen | Henry IV. | |
| 1105 | Ingelheim am Rhein | Henry IV. | Forced abdication of Henry IV. |
| 1119 | Tribur / Maaraue | Henry V. | A Reichstag appointed by the princes for Tribur is moved by Heinrich to the Maaraue in Mainz |
| 1122 | Worms | Henry V. | |
| 1126 | Speyer | Lothar III. | Appointment of Norbert von Xanten as bishop of Magdeburg |
| 1131 | Aachen | Lothar III. | |
| 1132 | Aachen | Lothar III. |
Court and Imperial Diets of the Hohenstaufen and Welfs (1137–1254)
| year | place | Chair | Events |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1139 | Strasbourg | Conrad III. | |
| 1140 | Schwäbisch Hall on the Comburg | Conrad III. | |
| 1141 | Strasbourg | Conrad III. | Comparison between the St. Blasien Monastery and its Vogt Konrad I von Zähringen on the one hand and the Prince-Bishopric of Basel on the other. |
| 1146 | Speyer | Conrad III. | Animated by the sermons of Bernhard von Clairvaux at Christmas 1146 in Speyer Cathedral, Konrad III decided. participation in the Second Crusade . |
| 1147 | Frankfurt am Main | Conrad III. | During the Reichstag, Heinrich the Lion files a lawsuit against the award of Bavaria to Heinrich Jasomirgott by Heinrich III. (HRR) . |
| 1152 | Dortmund / Merseburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1154 | Goslar | ||
| 1156 | regensburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Elevation of the Mark of Austria to a duchy with special privileges |
| 1157 | Bisanz | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Cardinal Roland reads out a letter from Pope Hadrian IV , which describes the imperial crown as a papal benefit. Outrage among the German princes |
| 1158 | augsburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1158 | on the Ronkal fields | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Creation of the regal catalog for the restoration of imperial rights in Italy by Bolognese lawyers ( Laws of Roncaglia ) |
| 1165 | Wurzburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Würzburg oath of the emperor and almost all princes never to recognize "Roland" (Pope Alexander III ). Engagement of Henry the Lion to Mathilde , daughter of King Henry II of England . |
| 1165 | Aachen | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1168 | Bamberg |
Friedrich I. Barbarossa and Heinrich VI. |
|
| 1173 | Goslar | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1173 | Erndorf or Ermindorf, today Hermsdorf or Erbendorf | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | The emperor deposed Vladislav II and his son Friedrich (Bedřich) , for which he installed Udalrich (Oldřich) , a son of Soběslav I , who passed control of Bohemia to his older brother Soběslav II . |
| 1174 | Aachen | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1178 | Speyer | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | The German princes are suing Henry the Lion . |
| 1179 | Worms | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Negotiation of the Henry the Lion dispute; however, this does not appear. |
| 1179 | Magdeburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | The imperial ban is imposed on Heinrich the Lion for not appearing in court (Kontumaz) . |
| 1180 | Wurzburg | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Both duchies ( Saxony and Bavaria ) are revoked from Heinrich the Lion . |
| 1180 | Gelnhausen | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Division of the Duchy of Saxony between the Archbishop of Cologne, Count Bernhard von Anhalt and the Landgraves of Thuringia (see Gelnhausen document ) |
| 1181 | Erfurt | Henry VI. | Enfeoffment of Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia with the Palatinate County of Saxony |
| 1182 | Erfurt | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Arbitration of a dispute between Landgrave Ludwig III. of Thuringia and the imperial abbey of Hersfeld for bailiwick rights |
| 1183 | Worms | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1184 | Mainz | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Mainz Court Day from 1184 : After his successes against Henry the Lion and in Italian politics, Frederick I organized a Court Day on which numerous gifts were given to countless knights after a sumptuous banquet and horse riding events with 10,000 members took place. In addition to some disputes over rank among Frederick's followers, negotiations with Henry the Lion about an anti-French alliance with England were of political importance, but remained unsuccessful. |
| 1184 | Erfurt | Henry VI. | Erfurt latrine fall : The rotten floor of the Dompropstei of the Erfurt Marienstift collapses under the load and three princes, five counts and numerous knights perish in the fecal pit below. Henry VI. can save himself by jumping into a window recess. |
| 1186 | Gelnhausen | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | Information about the conflict with Urban III. and isolation from Philipp von Heinsberg |
| 1187 | Worms | Friedrich I. Barbarossa | |
| 1188 | Mainz | Henry VI. | |
| September 24, 1190 | Schwäbisch Hall on the Comburg | Henry VI. | The Duchy of Lower Lorraine is dissolved when Heinrich informs the heir Heinrich von Brabant that the Duchy no longer belongs to him. |
| 1193 | Speyer | Henry VI. | The English King Richard I the Lionheart , captured near Vienna, is handed over to Heinrich and arrested at Trifels Castle . |
| 1195 | Gelnhausen | Henry VI. | Cardinal legate John of Salerno promotes the emperor's crusade . |
| 1196 | Frankfurt am Main | Henry VI. | |
| 1204 | Aachen | Philip of Swabia | |
| 1205 | Speyer | Philip of Swabia | |
| 1209 | Wurzburg | Otto IV. | |
| 1213 | Speyer | Friedrich II. | Burial of his uncle, Philipp von Schwaben, who was murdered in Bamberg in 1208, in Speyer Cathedral |
| 1213 | Eger | Friedrich II. | Waiver of all royal rights towards the Church |
| 1220 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich II. | Court day: Election of nine-year-old Heinrich as Roman-German king |
| 1222 | Aachen | Friedrich II. | |
| 1227 | Aachen | Friedrich II. | March 28: Margarete von Babenberg is coronated as Roman-German queen |
| 1227 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich II. | Court day |
| 1231 | Worms | Henry (VII.) | In the Statutum in favorem principum Heinrich leaves most of the regalia to the German princes . |
| 1232 | Aquileia | Henry (VII.) | |
| 1234 | Frankfurt am Main | Henry (VII.) | Heinrich (VII.) Calls on the inquisitors to moderate their actions against heretics and thus indirectly condemns the actions of Konrad von Marburg , who had been murdered shortly before. |
| 1235 | Mainz | Friedrich II. | |
| 1246 | Frankfurt am Main | Heinrich Raspe | The counter-king Heinrich Raspe is said to have held his first court day in Frankfurt immediately after the battle of Frankfurt . |
| 1251 | augsburg | Conrad IV. (HRR) | Conrad IV appoints Duke Otto II of Bavaria as his deputy. |
Court and Imperial Diets from the Interregnum (from 1254) to 1437
Court and Imperial Diets under the Habsburgs (from 1438)
| year | place | Chair | Events |
|---|---|---|---|
| March 1438 | Frankfurt am Main | Albrecht II. | election day |
| July 1438 | Nuremberg | Albrecht II. | |
| October / November 1438 | Nuremberg | Albrecht II. | |
| 1440 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | election day |
| February / April 1441 | Mainz | Friedrich III. | |
| November / December 1441 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| May-August 1442 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| 1442 | Aachen | Friedrich III. | June, coronation day |
| 1443 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1443/44 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1444 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1444 | Speyer | Friedrich III. | The theme is the Armagnaks , which have been marauding for some time , but which eventually retreat to Lorraine. |
| 1445 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| 1446 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| 1447 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| April / May 1454 | regensburg | ||
| September – October 1454 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | As Imperial Commissioner, Enea Silvio calls for a crusade against the Turks at the Reichstag and reintroduces the term “ Europe ” , which has been forgotten since the Carolingian era . |
| 1455 | Wiener Neustadt | Friedrich III. | |
| 1456 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| March 1460 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| September – October 1460 | Vienna | ||
| June 1461 | Frankfurt am Main / Mainz | Friedrich III. | |
| August 1461 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1466 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1467 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1469 | regensburg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1470 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1471 | regensburg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1473 | augsburg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1474 | augsburg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1479 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1480 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1481 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1485 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| February 1486 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | Election of Maximilian I as German king with significant support from the already terminally ill Albrecht Achilles . |
| April 1486 | Aachen | Friedrich III. | Coronation day |
| May 1486 | Cologne | Friedrich III. | |
| January 26 - February 7, 1487 | Speyer | Friedrich III. | |
| March-July 1487 | Nuremberg | Friedrich III. | |
| 1488 | Esslingen am Neckar | Friedrich III. | Proclamation of the Swabian Confederation on February 14, 1488 |
| 1489 | Frankfurt am Main | Friedrich III. | |
| 1491 | Nuremberg | Maximilian I. | On July 6th 1491 confirmation of the Löwlerbund |
| 1492 | Koblenz | Maximilian I. | |
| 1493 | Colmar | Maximilian I. | |
| March 26 - August 7, 1495 | Worms | Maximilian I. | Reichstag zu Worms (1495) : Comprehensive reform of the empire, including the Eternal Peace , the establishment of the Imperial Court of Justice , the common pfennig . Their rejection by Switzerland was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the Swabian War . |
| 1496/97 | Lindau (Lake Constance) | Philip of Habsburg | The Reichstag was convened by Maximilian I , but because of his war in Italy it was chaired by his son Philip; The venue was the Great Hall in the Lindau Town Hall (today the Old Town Hall ). |
| 1497 | Worms | Maximilian I. | Convocation by King Maximilian on January 30, 1497 and the Reichstag in the Lindau Reichs Farewell on February 9, 1497 for April 9, 1497. After only one and a half years , the Reich Chamber of Commerce is relocated from Frankfurt am Main to Worms |
| 1497/1498 | Freiburg | Maximilian I. | Reichstag in Freiburg : Instead of the planned clarification of the still controversial questions about Reich reform, only a few results were achieved: a dress code , a begging permit for poor people and the first German wine code. Maximilian was unable to assert his domestic political interests, for which he had to incur large debts in Freiburg and ultimately leave his wife behind as a pledge. |
| 1500 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : Creation of the Reich regiment as a control body for the princes over the emperor, decree of the Reich Execution Code to deal with violators of the peace . | |
| 1505 | Cologne | Arbitration in the Landshut War of Succession : The posthumous grandchildren of the late Georg von Bayern-Landshut , to whom he inherited his duchy, Philipp and Ottheinrich receive the newly created Pfalz-Neuburg , the rest of the area in question falls to the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbach family . | |
| 1507 | Constancy | ||
| 1509 | Worms | Maximilian I. | |
| 1512 | Trier / Cologne | In addition to the six imperial circles created as early as 1500, four more are the Burgundian , the Austrian , the Upper Saxon and the Kurrheinische Reichskreis. Apart from Bohemia , Switzerland and Imperial Italy, only a few areas remain independent . | |
| 1518 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : attempts are in vain to secure the succession of the imperial grandson Karl , to respond to the anti-papal mood in the empire and to bring about a crusade against the Muslims. Martin Luther was also interrogated at the Reichstag , the ban on the Palatinate was lifted and Albrecht von Brandenburg was awarded the cardinal dignity by the Pope. | |
| 1521 | Worms | Charles V | Reichstag zu Worms : The Habsburg possessions are divided between Charles V and Ferdinand and, in view of the Turkish threat, an imperial regiment is established and an imperial register order is adopted ( Reichstürkenhilfe ). Martin Luther is also questioned ; Finally the Edict of Worms is issued. |
| 1522 | Nuremberg | ||
| 1522/23 | Nuremberg | ||
| 1524 | Nuremberg | The Edict of Worms is included in the Reichstag farewell - the formal errors that its opponents objected to when it came about in Worms in 1521 is thus eliminated. | |
| 1525 | augsburg | ||
| 1526 | Speyer | Ferdinand I. | Reichstag zu Speyer : The king's brother asks the estates in vain for help against the Turkish threat , they rather pushed for religious questions to be dealt with. The implementation of the Edict of Worms is ultimately left to them, the military aid promised in return is rendered obsolete by the victory of the Turks at Mohács . |
| 1529 | Speyer | Reichstag zu Speyer : Protestant rulers protest against the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, from which the term Protestantism is derived, and refuse to provide further aid in the Turkish war . To combat the Anabaptist movement that is at the Diet Anabaptists mandate decided. | |
| 1530 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : Again political questions were overlaid by religious ones: The Protestant confessional Confessio Augustana is contradicted by the papal Confutatio Augustana , numerous other confessional documents are read out. In addition, Charles V passed the first German penal code , introduced uniform rules for Jewish and Christian bankers and granted Georg I Pomerania and his brother Ferdinand Württemberg . | |
| 1532 | regensburg | Ferdinand I. | The ratification of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina passed in 1530 , the “Embarrassing Neck Court Code of Charles V”, is of particular importance at this Diet . |
| 1541 | regensburg | ||
| 1542 | Speyer | Ferdinand I. | Reichstag zu Speyer : The imperial estates passed a general wealth tax to finance the imperial army . The negotiations with the Protestants took a back seat. |
| 1542 | Nuremberg | Ferdinand I. | The Treaty of Nuremberg grants the Duchy of Lorraine a great deal of independence. There were no further resolutions of the imperial estates. |
| 1543 | Nuremberg | Ferdinand I. | |
| 1544 | Speyer | Reichstag zu Speyer : The emperor obtained further financial aid for the French and Turkish wars and, in return, suspended various earlier anti-Protestant imperial farewells . He also holds out the prospect of a national council . In the Treaty of Speyer, he renounced the Danish-Norwegian crown and granted the Dutch access to the Baltic Sea. | |
| 1545 | Worms | ||
| 1546 | regensburg | Charles V met Barbara Blomberg during the Reichstag ; their child, Don Juan d'Austria , triumphs over the Turks in the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571 . | |
| 1547/48 | augsburg | Enactment of the Augsburg interim as an imperial law for the provisional regulation of religious conditions in the empire after the defeat of the Protestants in the Schmalkaldic War up to a general council . | |
| 1550/51 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : Charles V's plan to have his son Philip II (Spain) elected Roman-German king fails due to resistance from the Protestant ( prince uprising ) and some Catholic princes as well as the previous king Ferdinand I , Karl's brother. Further results of the Reichstag are a general and direct Reich tax , the expulsion of Gypsies from the Reich, a law against saffron forgery and a Reich coinage system . | |
| 1555 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : The Augsburg Religious Peace grants the sovereign freedom of religion, but the population must accept the religion of their respective prince or emigrate ( Cuius regio, eius religio ). As an exception, clerical territorial lords must be of Catholic denomination ( clerical reservation ). In addition, confirmation or slight modification of some imperial reforms . | |
| 1556/57 | regensburg | Ferdinand I. | The negotiations to remedy the split in faith, which were planned for the farewell in 1555, were not conducted, but the religious peace was confirmed and reaffirmed and a colloquium was convened to establish religious unity. Ferdinand demanded assistance from the Turks for 16 Roman months, which he received without any compromises. In addition, it was decided to convene a Reich Justice and Reich Mint Day to discuss the relevant problems. |
| 1559 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : During negotiations between the Protestant princes, which also included imperial cities , a Protestant party of estates was formed which, among other things , wanted to override the ecclesiastical reservation . A point of contention was whether one could risk a tax refusal for this (position of the Electoral Palatinate ) or should continue to grant Turkish aid to the Reich (position of Electoral Saxony ). In addition, another imperial coinage order was issued at the Reichstag by the Trento Prince-Bishop Ludwig von Madruzzo , but this was not generally recognized. | |
| 1566 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : Again, religious issues were the focus. The Curia refused to discuss them and called for submission to the decisions of the Council of Trent . While the Saxon Elector August again granted Turkish aid for the fight against Johann Sigismund Zápolya , he rejected a ban on Palatine Calvinism , which in fact accepted it. In addition, a new Imperial Coin Order was enforced at the Reichstag , the imperial ban on Wilhelm von Grumbach for breach of the peace with Würzburg was extended to include Johann Friedrich II of Saxony , and Ludwig Helmbold was honored with the poet's crown . | |
| 1567 | regensburg | ||
| 1570 | Speyer | Maximilian II | Reichstag zu Speyer : The defeated Johann Sigismund Zápolya hands over the Hungarian royal title to Emperor Maximilian II and calls himself from now on only Prince of Transylvania (Treaty of Speyer). The land confiscated by Johann Friedrich II of Saxony in 1566 is partially returned to his sons Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst . Printing works outside of imperial, royal and university cities are prohibited. |
| 1576 | regensburg | The Declaratio Ferdinandea was discussed. Aid to the Turks for 60 Roman months was awarded to Maximilian II, although there was little danger. This money was partly used to secure borders. The emperor dies on the last day of the meeting due to illness. | |
| 1582 | augsburg | Reichstag in Augsburg : Despite numerous entanglements between Catholic and Protestant imperial estates, a new aid to the Turkish Empire is decided. Furthermore, the powers of a Reichsherbmarschall in the city of a Reichstag and the principalities represented in the Reichsfürstenrat are determined, and the freedom of religion of the imperial cities is restricted ( Aachen religious unrest ). | |
| 1594 | regensburg | Decision to help the Reichstürkenhilfe, failure of the interpretation of religious peace in the sense of the Protestant classes | |
| 1597/98 | regensburg | Decision on aid to the Reichstürken, unsuccessful confrontation of the religious parties | |
| 1603 | regensburg | ||
| 1608 | regensburg | ||
| 1613 | regensburg | ||
| 1640/41 | regensburg | The acquisition of the Reichsstandschaft no longer requires the consent of the Reichstag; the Emperor can no longer determine the right to a seat and vote in the Reichstag alone. | |
| 1653/54 | regensburg | Ferdinand III. | Most recent Reich farewell : The aim of the Reichstag was to clarify the questions that remained open during the Peace of Westphalia . At the Reichstag, however, disputes over formalities on questions of principle were raised; Ferdinand III. adjourned the Reichstag after the first negotiations had turned out favorably for him. In the Reichs Farewell, the resolutions of the Peace of Westphalia and the amendments to the Nuremberg Execution Day were declared binding parts of the Reich Constitution and the Reich Chamber of Justice regulations were amended. |
| 1663-1806 | regensburg | Envoy congress as a perpetual Reichstag in the Regensburg town hall. Breaks: during the plague in 1713 Reichstag in Augsburg, later again briefly in Frankfurt |
literature
- Heinz Angermeier : The old empire in German history. Studies on continuities and caesuras . Munich 1998, ISBN 3-486-55897-8 .
- Axel Gotthard: The Old Empire 1495–1806 . Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-534-15118-6 .
- Peter Claus Hartmann: The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in the Modern Era 1486–1806 . Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-017045-1 . (Very informative brief overview of the Reich and its institutions) .
- Edgar Liebmann: Reichstag . In: Friedrich Jaeger (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Modern Times , Volume 10: Physiology - Religious Epos . Stuttgart 2009, Sp. 948-953, ISBN 3-534-17605-7 .
- Helmut Neuhaus : The Empire in the Early Modern Age (= Encyclopedia of German History , Volume 42). Munich 2003, ISBN 3-486-56729-2 . (Encyclopedic part and an additional detailed overview of current research) .
- Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger : The emperor's old clothes. Constitutional history and symbolic language of the Old Kingdom. Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57074-2 .
Web links
Commons : Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire) - Collection of images, videos and audio files
- Imperial assemblies of the years 1376–1485, compiled by Gabriele Annas ( PDF )
- Directory of the imperial assemblies and diets of the reign of Maximilian I (1486–1519) by Dietmar Heil and Reinhard Seyboth, Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences ( PDF )
- Reichstag and imperial assemblies under Emperor Karl V (1519–1555) by Silvia Schweinzer, Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences ( PDF )
- The Imperial Assemblies 1556–1662. Directory of the days with data and literature by Josef Leeb and Maximilian Lanzinner, Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences ( PDF )
- Heinz Angermeier, Erich Meuthen and Eike Wolgast: The Reichstag files edition - On the status of the research company of the Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences http://www.ahf-muenchen.de/Forschungsberichte/jahrbuch1997/Angermeier.shtml ( Memento from 31 December 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- Reichstag from 1467 to 1654 in the Thuringia archive portal ( online )
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. to Wilfried Hartmann : The Council of Worms 868. tradition and meaning. (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class, No. 105). Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 1977, ISBN 3-525-82384-3 .
- ↑ The place of issue is most likely, if by no means with absolute certainty, to indicate Fürth an der Rednitz (near Nuremberg); see. Erich Freiherr von Guttenberg: The medieval Fürth in the mirror of the imperial and territorial history . In: Journal for Bavarian State History , Volume 6, 1933, p. 370, note 2.
- ^ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg: Document of March 19, 907 .
- ↑ Manfred Höfer: The emperors and kings of the Germans . 6th edition, Bechtle Verlag, Munich, Esslingen 2003 (special edition), ISBN 3-7628-0524-5 .
- ^ RI IV, 1,2 n.204, in: Regesta Imperii Online, accessed on October 6, 2016 .
- ^ RI IV, 2,3 n.2038, in: Regesta Imperii Online , accessed March 19, 2017 .
- ↑ Ulrich Baron: On my throne, I am emperor . In: Die Welt , August 7, 2004.
- ^ Regulations of the Frankfurt Court Conference on the Inquisition .
- ↑ Wolfgang Stürner : 13th century. 1198–1273 (= Gebhardt, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte 6). 10., completely reworked. Edition. Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 3-608-60006-X , pp. 278f.
- ^ RH Foerster: Europe - history of a political idea. Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, Munich 1967, pp. 86–87.
- ↑ List of the Reichstag and Reich assemblies during the reign of Maximilian I (1486-1519)
- ↑ Jost Hausmann: The changing residences of the Reich Chamber Court to Speyer , in: The Reich Chamber Court. The path to its foundation and the first decades of its activity (1451-1527) , Böhlau, Vienna 2003, p. 149.
- ↑ Silvia Schweinzer-Burian: The Reichstag in Nuremberg 1542 . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-486-58733-3 , pp. 63, 95, 174 ff . ( Google Books ).
- ^ Josef Leeb: RTA RV 1556/57 . S. 71 ff . ( reichstagakten.de ).